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Citizenship Studies Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t713411985 Muslim Diaspora in Western Europe: The Islamic Headscarf ( Hijab ), the Media and Muslims' Integration in France Chouki El Hamel

Online Publication Date: 01 September 2002 To cite this Article: Hamel, Chouki El (2002) 'Muslim Diaspora in Western Europe: The Islamic Headscarf ( Hijab ), the Media and Muslims' Integration in France', Citizenship Studies, 6:3, 293 - 308 To link to this article: DOI: 10.1080/1362102022000011621 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1362102022000011621

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The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. © Taylor and Francis 2007 Downloaded By: [EBSCOHost EJS Content Distribution] At: 22:15 9 September 2007 DOI ISS Thi Chouk expec Wit Isla France. to privileg concep of the mentalit therefor religiou th a thei bot a The CHOUK France Medi Th Musli Citizenshi e buzzwor controvers N s th furthe h : h r m hijab articl matte 10.1080 hi 1362-102 e me hair i e t th jab El Musli an t to natio af Fo il Notr to e e s e n y e of Hamel r , Ž , as d emergenc symbo I Islami r es to ha p tha an r / wa d be a Ž a 136210202200001162 an rm investigat 5 EL m integratio my eve nd Franc t e Studies wel in m n s practic d s questio y Print n de an Arabi me writte actuall , of wome an mysel in Maghrebi contemporar abou n nuance PhD l ow l HAME ´ ; porte African as Granad tie fro further Diaspor 1469-359 Franc e n n , e 1 d , e c r a n t m n Associat f whil e Vol part y calle of n’ wor th n sourc r an c ar d to th it reveale e es Muslims la e an L Isla e s . a d . e 3 . an e n , Musli d t I in be 6, Online prope d (Africanus to Eve Headsca require d whe plum challeng interpla peopl 1 d pa tha wa e e m hijab y th recen Professo be No of objectiv on s s Frenc n d t as e n m / schola 02 de discrimination e is . r discommended e scholar e mor I wa . a / 3, a community context d 030293-1 dan This relate t o int hea fair y e signi f to y h r years 200 r e , of o th at in s e Granada popula in thi r e dres abou 1896 hijab secula e la Arizon account th s d 2 religion Ž residenc plaisir s 6 . conventiona ’ , can e to see plaie Th Ó integratio s an r Wester t , Africa 200 . modestly (Islami Islami f r e Integratio th t a p. m d r I . , forc discourse , Stat controvers e 2 . , e I inten Frenc s 190 th an , no to the ( Taylo (Londres wil at characte of e immigratio e n Hi d e n c th hav University ) n Frenc c l evi d in n th prope e r whe plu us . wil h scar l & to Schombur e Wome functione e j readin Frenc e l society s Franci . ab l variou n us spoke th abstracte n y In r f , h de I ) r e e 1929 of I o profes medi seem . dressing th f s debat h n n th e-mail f perceiv g ), Europe Lt air th th e . g n society e traditionall s an d of I d e e Islami , n Cente e a controvers s of immigran d wil s p. Frenc hijab : e to the as d th du hav , mysel [email protected] citizenshi ove 6) I e , l in e th hav r a ha , tort explor wil c e integratio in e th on r in h sourc tradition s exploite e Ne th cultural e f l , e society becom create y France t e w y migh cove : com hijab e ove York p e 293 th in of n d d e e r r - t / / , . . Downloaded By: [EBSCOHost EJS Content Distribution] At: 22:15 9 September 2007 familial familie 294 Isla globa han  religiou tio tim anc obligations di to Islami unifor to sinc right refus repudiatio regardin Fo ther legislatio embracin hel of ethni nationa takin interpretation in di betwee reduce sociall Etienn populatio Africa mostl certainl interpretation an homogeneit munitie uctuatin fŽ ff d We Amon r n France se socia envelo d e e erentiatio m d e e cul example s e c g ca e Bernar unconsciousl y l conceptions wit an remain 199 m c n an y e d in shoul identi to int n s an t imag n l y s of s , d l faith g it g d h countrie af n to identity organizin g sexua tha n g to d activit o . differentiate p be 6 it Islami an an recogniz n socia freedom civi Maghrebi is Ž France th , s doe no Certainl interactio accoun y breath to d al in rm d e d d t politica namely s Ž ar , . delimit n e extende practice activities s s r l of cation of spac migrate Tunisi l cal Lewi e th thei wea s s l tha socia an l entirel Franc f of y c liberties orm e appea functio or . s th forbidden tha l Islam , d ’ investe e t y r e Furthermore g s r e t religio s e socia Isla int suc y th th politica arise s l , . through , t incorporat l th n s a fo as wome 56 particula n a d e Islami principa d e th on e on o y d silence d an ‘ (1990) Outsid e , r h descen of burqa m r betwee is statisticall . by to e men ar application sector de n questio e l by to in e plac a millio . d s to Eac as d n Ž perhap e religiou withi on withi mus It diversit Ž is ou a includ ideologica n ve , hol directl l it c ned speci . Franc . second-generatio Senega an h e grou , s is struc ’ t , e as wherea makeu Unde t th l r cultur It s n a d pillar t n tha of e d societ (Ara belie (1989 n , particula . n n fo e f it th religiou full wher interrogat Chouk body-lengt is swa s orm religio Moreover people Ž e if p y s othe t th r th Frenc y e s thei an e y k c th r s there Isla relation of e l e e s al , Isla b f p of on mos experienc or abov fro onl y th e y s socia s of y s , e equa l an l r o divers champione ver r an of e peopl (a e mos give application i f m in indirectl an p. of or m cleavage n forbid y h m , group Islami Islam nationa d s f Taliba r t El d s Islam) move y or e th an d int 203) practice play l Ara e l micro-societ Afghanista in society Mali f centra Algeria Islam Berber) is t , al n s e use e h an orm Hame huma e in e o eve an advance estimate l th betwee no societie , s coverin n immigran th b d s e nationalitie tha c s thei . s f d n els althoug it e . , l y s ulnes th e n an t in cultura withi s countr . At (Esposito la s regime beyon l Isla situat d Mor t la an e l n by , e accurat s in secon of r s , of d Contrar w . is th norms w ritualize by an by constructio socia d being takin on Th Morocco th n m area societie e d s Islam g dominated s d n societie e n is Isla of d e ethni e e h y constructio Samue e o d y me countr th l whic wit is t Ž th , d tha representation f th exercise th Ž no inheritance constraints majorit s l e g e ve . wome in mus project th m s community s e , a y rs o n e religio relations e h wher . n Muslim int diversit to f t e d o deservin c t sacre 1999 concep h te Contrar whic s f millio to an variou conservativ entirel onl or s , 30 t y o issu l context leve n perceiv practice Musli pu wh n d whic n Tunisi Huntingto accoun e in Ž , % th y y shape s variation d n t of , d rs hav h unprivilege women religiou e o e n l a ar mor n th it y s t s p. of . t y ar in whic polygam . of an , y g of h of mes m e notio adher Thi e fac of whic e ar . practice int fo s di e conside e 607) a d to s s of y member e at th France bee Ara Indeed t e a immigrant fferent nationa r connectio whil Isla o neithe th on e s in an th h e h e de or (Qur , popularl particula Muslims example th th s s n n h e e observa practice n . e a openin b d an Musli is Ž Taliba accord th Islami e m e les (1994 realm in claim force of social e nitive Brun to y lo worl d s d r e blac sam sam , ’ itsel , r , as ani s als s t l an on an an bu ar th th th th th th al of of of or m d o k g d n d d y o d n e e e e e e e c e a e c e s s s f - - r ) ) t l , , . , Downloaded By: [EBSCOHost EJS Content Distribution] At: 22:15 9 September 2007 fro fro (Na (th larg congea Franc religious science cause or havin Musli Mor aggrieve coul ne apolitica religio mer level constitutin of hi whol appear preac wh structure Musli approac understan intoleran France economi signi a racis Franc condem animal-love ticularl pressur jab Pari w In As Th In e m m ne o ¨ Isla õ e e e d r t s slaughte Ž e preac 2 e hi lif w h d g e e m m Musli a th s absence sentiment et canc ever France n tha s to . no of Musli l y e s m , Musli interfait a bee e (Bardot colonia h n e cour It accommodat citizen d l c tha s , group become aroun t stud al clearl state immigrant t to socia school n d int commitmen ver whil th an is becaus h at g of y o in e ., n in defeat m t f r 40 th e separatio o t abando d clea m subject  somethin to r y Franc 1985 , m y mainstrea s case thei Brigitt al . fo e France uence communitie d s l y slaughte e s an of of l attitude h migran , year populatio l depth In tha s problem association r th realit in s power in in ( th at r 1999) e harmon . r sign Le agains Isla , a incitin , e Islami an tha e e t thi nation Toda th Isla France th s p. France n s shee s s beyon e ac an th lega e Monde , e s n t m y e s s in issu t Musli afte 9) g in thei t of Bardot s e . , t Franc m r d observatio m ofte to Musli of extendin sam contex tha o Franc t in . He ; g th p y c we worker of in y of obstacl kee l f n , e Muslim r Franc it al r re avoi , Isla s e d . racia durin a an t France Empire man an n so r it s th m th e of l f hav , religiou th ha a Consequently in colonia sheep p e see use mus statement popula e rang d m 1994d d , th is e e sort tim m eve e Diaspor the refuse d s th t spectrum acut France wh y promot e secula e l e institutiona nurture s m g independenc s e g reporte becom th th contex e people is t e hatre s n y s n mad e , politica , hav th secularis o fro . e memorie fro e proble tha e als incompatibl Brun in makin fee in l , incline fro s think r hav Politica e ‘ mor fo s de importance er corruption p. m m t e o r . activism ritual e France feas d to Franc a s e r m l d e Ž a t d I Isla ? e 10) , stat th o examin nitio religiou e ( bee tie accentuate Islam mor in abov thes an m an accep mus s in Le l tha g a moderat , shape Thi e Etienne t d l m . d m tha d tha s d s e Wester Islami Maghrebi l sur n of e continuu connectio whic We t of issue e e Monde e . toward n o exploite t to th an s Islami an e (1989 of f n ’ represent abou t In , t shape poin e tha of th e s e an respectiv ’ al e d d th debat d an s whic thei ther . attachin ma compatibilit th e in to inequalitie of h wit Jun l s d e c , e th n Morocco to thei an n nee y e a Sacri t d t a Frenc the , pose , y s e c r thwar th e lin delimitatio group a d Europ h ideologica th Islami e ou 70 nationa m h Frenc eve d 2000 th e n pp linguisti n r withou th e d Islami trend way ar e decad 2000 y e it e t societie 0 by s th immigratio Islami faith appear e . betwee Ž of d s e g to e n tha to countrie 20 plac alread h e youn ce) is t s latte , culture s by e to h c thei countries , colonia politica s an th divers de s , Frenc 1 t har p. l c stil as e . . in o festiva professo t – Algeri y Bardo of th e e nevertheles an y Ž c c Th th 11) On r 12) ris g s le r ritua l s wit n d man n e ne y l muc themselves whic sou ef d e or bein grou correc idea d ver wome whos k e to questio f line . e h s th of . xenophobi e . f a h ee immigratio n l ort l a an actress-turned of Muslim ethni t So l e a l y l see y imperia of h stat practice in secularism coalesc , g l . th h wa to ha p Ei campaig , an r practice iniquitie s an e Muslim jurie injur rejectio Amon politica immigrant indignantl appropriat t th fro e n of an s ho d socia s d e thos to origin Isla s d c n e s wor real thi religiou El no d questio w Ž m politica cultura origins Tunisi breath o s y . s ne sprun larges is m l s e e f t s c Kabi coul l alive g thos m thin Mos e mus d stat d n onl n n ho , wh thu s par s l wa 295 an an an an th th . by of as of of or as in in to w It d d d d n y y g d k o a e e e e e e s s s s - r - l t l t t . . Downloaded By: [EBSCOHost EJS Content Distribution] At: 22:15 9 September 2007 (FIS 296 mak th Cente whic tar prevente parliamentar throug th membe th participat Renaissanc Rushdie share deat in Islamique Palestin Habi Sudan le al-Asa al-Sada Islamic practicin tants) Sovie wa wor Islam Raba political Th Th proces calle communitie changeabl impasse 1830s bu Isla d e e e t nationa y e s e m k Refa Islamis h neve e FI by ) founded d h b elections resurgenc t Contex d , : t r of . o . ma it h d s S in fundamentalism to ha f In r th Union t Bourguiba in wer s e In jihad , by ’ , th hav of d g h Kepel Salma r of s of democrati wo e e y s socia wit leader l Beiru e th e an Algeri Ne FI boo becam adequatel Muslim (Welfare 198 e Syri t elections e claime in be Musli phenomeno s e Egyp e positions man n d y Musli S t ; h part part w , . bu curren wa tw bee election an k of f l incorporate 7 , e municipa Hama scholar n election Th largel a t ro , Yor 2000) an t y o Th d a s y y Rushdie wa of e levele t to Necmetti th n m m th e ’ d m founde d s th s wa majo c (formerl e practicin Tunisia wo swep e onl e ) s k Algeria . t Brotherhoo Kabul y comin ove Isla in militar e s y Satani . governmen In framework Brotherhood Part process s ‘ Frenc th . s Cit s n liberatio resolve Jihad Th y s wa , d du th In n assassinate e r m l in r an 1989 a t 32 , ver th y in e d e y e 100,00 s an crackdow d of 1979 labe , event th d n g ’ orde municipa e throughou y in c world objec wa y n s h g in founded to wa int y d e ou to Algeria politician Erbakan cit , , upheaval Verse Culture’ leadin MTI Islamicization d governmen natio Palestin Englis s partiall Ayatolla l Muslims Turke n o effort regiona t s power , rathe r y d s Chouk whic sinc tie t , 0 o th t struggl th connecte to . of wa therefore f . , validatin of (195 d e In n d e lives s g n or . 80 kee . 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Ham r s s h Irania by y h Frenc itsel , to , t In thes y oppositio 1980 In e In on s s th i electe l of elections author Turkey cancelin tha Mouvemen ca wo h 7 th , p 1983 seat . mapped by e El Shayk whic militan talkin e th – election t Khomein f a n 1988 e In 1992 e by Tunisia th religio 1987). n of d n e Frenc n h crackdow , , Hame to whic Musli g be s e discussion 1980s . d sam we to enoug Hizbolla , 1993 revolution Revolutio Afghanista Republi , h th in pu so-calle th Unfortunately g ’ h speake becaus , , Islami bot s g n convulse t ; a e . e h Ž th at h n t e in s Uma Ž th Tanzi l m result ’ group nd , The dow ne , h t Tunisi s e is rs year wa an i politica colonizatio h in e eac th de contemporar Algeria Brotherhood issue vagu t Islami w Mouvemen n ourselve c experiencin d c Nationa Jordania r h e e y r Islamis d Algeria s n h m s , n la of ha on . politic he ideologica Intifada Ab , la bombin wa n is mujahidin Fron Isla th d a of othe Islami performin e d In w s al-jiha Tendanc th fro e l wa th d FI s c no an a refuse bee democrati , e m oppositio , e founde wa aspiration al-Rahman S fatwa Tren 1991 l m t r t s d t s th s , nationa n n Islami th n Assembl Prim Islamiqu jus fro offended at le c g e s confusin wa separate comin t occupatio Parliamen of d e y . g wa repeatedl d Republi d . d of de somethin implemente l militar , t m In e s , depth wha g In wit to Algeri (Musli d incarnatio th s e callin movemen th to Islamiqu c Worl 1981 almos portraye l la impressivel c n e in Minister e g 1982 a declare h s worl parliament t parliamen movemen y immigran e . . allo , g civi Tendanc s y to Lebanon FI th migh of c a In In g du n a vote , d y (se m t e S of g t feelin regim , of d fo Anwa w by powe in l pose Trad an 1995 1990 man inter Ha of Salu grea e fro mili e d d r d n war wo t t Ira s . ) thi d th th th th th by Ž be an In of to to in in in m d n g y y n e e e a e e e z e e s - - r r - t ; t t ; t , , , Downloaded By: [EBSCOHost EJS Content Distribution] At: 22:15 9 September 2007 fro (1997 an munit in ragin over pitte communit agains principle Islami of schools to ence immigrants scarve school voke abou Muslims to Th Th ocratic so-called is als mentione Islami behavio hostil abl promodernization Ther in is a caugh activit 1998 threatenin d therefor Sinc In Thes e o his to m e e Le conver be th d s e d t discours of accordin , g Islami teachin the e e y 198 it , t improv y c c Refah in s t agains book ) Monde Isla , mor e fo s consisten was people e . p. attitude th r seein th Nationa at scar despoti in an politica , s an Interestingly Ž then d event r hijab 9 e jihad an e t 31) y e m an ve hi d e of a , abov . 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Isla politica e h e ` as is e 1993 or s . m r , student r d re as t Cheni Thi g r d e m state m Al pres : Paris victi , an s religion receive takin th ac hav e , ha e e a m the institutions . wa abou ‘ , in ‘ of a e Isla Diaspor l d d s th s wh despit atmospher t m resident a t Bu , c g s Religiou s th is s m s e d . th m it bitte e mor o thi Frenc policy-making spokesperso concern viru e Irania , ` behavio l c regimes nationa grow e g (law s f o . t m re th a treate unconstitutiona t e secularis represente ignite hea th parties s of Th place in d Islami i modest in overthre hal , e di . f e e so-calle gav e s r principa th fferen s Frenc mor e we h institutionalize th d n broadene hi a tha questio s n deadloc f retrea th e separatin d s utmos e e . s d cultur of l in tha s , int o r e e . girls revolution t , Wa c fac f th e Signi investigat proo ar school psychodrama in presuppose controvers y an need m Wester th o negativ wit h n t e w uprising Gabriel-Have e attention d t d n t by l s d understandin e th ’ n a th jus int Islamis la t know e tha k f th h in becam ‘ Cherni , coul attir 87 e Ž d campaignin Islami concer s e w publi abou of g e starte man o is er ? as t th to west t th l th 3 controvers n churc sha th Islami forbid e an a e it e e d e : n e student we be bein Europ s s e y d emphasize , t c disguis t d e y divid portraya wes be issu d e to h neithe c . ` an d fundamenta n medi an Isla re aggravate Ž halted thu racism Musli a The debat ’ whe by shal wer h wha countries g d gure in interprete hav d s c Gaullis t e wit z reall an g s m e e contextualiz as religio s modernizatio g exploite th proselytis th y a e n l of r banne Colleg no e e tha t y d s h ar e . m e presente an e see mad simpl l , to a ha y he procommunis unpopular f Edwar state) of t e an ‘ in religiou an th or t Islami d d of ‘ Islami wome onl motivate s t jihad d childre . separate d e legall ’ n d religiou th outlawe Muslim e d l membe d , th bee Bu hi e attitudes d y y th Musli event e wa intransigence fro mos . th in as e s d m (junio Controvers of t no e d hijab n e c by n c intellectua s resentmen culture m y e Sai s an no whic the n t new imag t describe Isla in societies militanc n irrationa , ha al s d s freedo m explain politica r s ba o s of d undem d attemp Islami theory subjec m f l s . Franc wit r by (RPR differ publi seem , Ž m n state head t s h com thes Ara bee e cial wit hig pro ’ 297 an h no bu . th th th of m It h d d n y b h y a c e e c e e e s s s ’ - r - - - - - ’ ) l l l t t t t . Downloaded By: [EBSCOHost EJS Content Distribution] At: 22:15 9 September 2007 fundamentalist ( 298 connotation issue? symbol huma the culture wit immigran ideological The ostentatiou the a Maghrebi yarmulke no thei pu de includin religiou singl the 1994c school ‘ genera to an socialis Christia ‘ parent allege whic civi Council Islamis government Th ostentatiou Bayrou ‘ 1994d discreet Le circulair Perhap collectiv s t t In e agreemen y m h atten r l y musulman hijab int understan Monde h restriction e liberties 20 wer childre n th though d , , s , af l o . separate t , s th p. t e The s s p. rights n , d wer g proselytis whethe Althoug secretar Ž ’ Septembe educatio effect ordere e movement e an e s whic t n symbol it practicin rme 12) as outwar 10) th classe students e s s . Bayrou nevertheles , wa bod d me e s Muslim ’ woul n e t t s amon practicin sign Eve hijab an . 1994d . . . considere impose d sign d wit it 3 fro h s s Unio , M. recen n s , Bu y d d r de Why wha y wa wh no tha s afte sai obligation h an n wh s s d d m h n student hea the in t m s Boubakeur g r of g if ’ som w , ( of Franc d signs s parents minister d y secula t n hav , th . s is Le t o publi 1994 o r t al banne y France shockin of rekindle d d Muslim wome f p. the e tha g Bayrou th clampdow agains th de th alternativ a has ou religiou l manipulat s e no be e teacher d on cultura Monde e educatio e e 10) Musli othe Ž s th , y t t s e o agains , c bee as ve-yea t lik r f Fe schoo e hijab organisation bannin . d sai the headscarve a , or amon it ar . schools n ´ , , jus the Man Maghrebins t r Musli though a de e directiv Lione g n th s e ’ Th , d goin d by though m s ´ wer religiou s th l th , threa th s t e hijab ratio m tha by preferabl force in t e e fait l e 1994a a orde di r Chouk n n e g to e y e protes is hijab th a g it woul criticize e syste g fference t controversy a ban hi m Jewis dea familie on ministe furor s l sayin ’ student e othe t of h Franc t ba n shaw statement considere to th jab Jospin e ( t d r banning to tha provoke medi girl Le in Islami s , n s n de e . , of similarly th d th s wen i m t to . r whic symbol e of th Th p. h or girls , g t El e e Islami agains e stat Monde islamique France s l In th e l’ s d monotheisti th e r tha kippa wh s a bar s 13) whic noo no headscar tha , th e an t e ha ´ e anymore cruci sa Hame argue principle e th whe ducatio c e my fo becom an ’ h e Frenc agains . t ministe t o d d y d : e d t . , e ‘ extremist school n Islami Mosqu r The Bayrou d c ha ‘ to of t s . the h Nin wil single th th , ’ If , suc represen to traditio thei n Frida Ž s thei intervie th or The suc th Ž s 1994c d l traditiona e e xes accep th he wa Muslim y s cial h y l e be e e h e f t alway n tha r allege practic a . e be r wil h r an c s s educatio bannin considere y advise s amounte , a dominan manifes Frenc polemic d e y ´ heads c minister golde national of linke ’ s It ow t as e of headscarve ( d or s n , al s ou see 199 t l defuse Le praye he t w religion sai de p. circulaire Education no of th l s ha in an n secularit th d t s th th e n generall l h wit e d d Monde 2 tolerate 12) n . e th wa Paris t d s g y end intransigenc hav th e th e of allo in t dres r Fe Musli Gu n to e teacher cros kipp ? woul d rulin of e t e ’ religiou d e ha h s kippa d mainstrea ? ´ in s an Islami s minister e de th cultur Ho to hi s (FEN) th wak y proselytism agains declaration , d a Th w by it th ´ d s Paris (se s bu e jab wh s a y e ratio , ’ regardin g d doze Le a w d e y m , thei meaning wor e an eve cod contex 1994b an an ’ an t wa e hi know e s o restrictio th hijab no by cruci Muslim sympathize c e do to s as ( association d jab d to of d , , n Ne t Le doesn Le r e n ac s n e scar n t tha , I symbo e suggeste an m daughter an th neutralit ´ withdra th outdated national negotiat un t by a Algeria religiou appl Fran gathere previou ouannic or an , n . Ž e o t Monde Monde is e y y t g agains f loade jus f xe s p. o All s . of as d cross rang man ’ f sign othe mor to Stat s wer their thei t thei Thi y n s c 13) ¸ an t l no di se th th th oi be of of or to to w at n d d d d d d y y e e e e e e e e e e s s s s s s s r r r t t . , , . , , Downloaded By: [EBSCOHost EJS Content Distribution] At: 22:15 9 September 2007 fro journal (1 oppressivenes tras scholar shape Isla regularl produce cultura bee Franc modat ar mor ther wa obligator In Islami an representatio injectin int the hav Frenc Musli wearin th munit bee mor kipp throug mentalis Musli ye produc Monde France medi see e e ) d t Th o m s m n n th n e h m Islamist to e th mad e e a designe irrationality a fundamentalist als e e ha suc d e wasn h backward an justi m y m tha int e a e no h an c presen g : e l s an s medi g th tha y d Thir medi in o societ picture d d clea e m o school th an women fundamentalist t th Identit h n d of grotesqu an ha y d e fear negativ organize as school Ž include statement to e proselytism e France t ’ d 60 a in th Frenc d d in abl t s thei th d d r a originate ne n a a medi ver an spiritua serv t e in a th : y s to orde e expressio year Franc mad e it sig Republi of . d showe w Ara , y lo e r of an y othe . in Islami y . Wh i s mak religious in f h e e th signi t , d politica e Rathe media Isla n a cultura an an di th s s r Isla e publi an of effec b th people Islami e in it effect of s y e s f r ther to e seminar demeane l d d e generalization s Ž e d m world d hi suc countries is Musli wor an hijab thi Ž effor ; dialogu applyin m c cul inferiority c institute publi basi buil th jab immensel fro r can n tha s . an throug c t e th d scar s h wa l l (187 the e Th s c on t , wh imag k , is of d e m ban war t of c demand Islamist t d t as thin , . in Questio includin m in threa s c to hijab e s (2 y a thi whic Musli f to f th o Ž Thei th th d th no school or e 1 g an ? th secon cial Diaspor ris th n ) ha h presente e do e s caricature . – s g e ar e e undermin m th wit Th e thes t A 1946 th e d th of suc perceptio agains , e t s is y e to Frenc Maghreb h growin single r e s so ‘ oppression to e m reader e as conference commentar to e ofte of monolithi , s h s wer Isla Ž rol sensitiv n ho g h hav d achieve scar e s media extremist clai Shari’ ghtin muc immigran deconstruc o in th ) a minorities availabl libera th as generatio of peopl w e f a n d m h t e e traditiona school d e e f m a contradict a g in th ’ s forge IM becom Muslim e Integratio it natio h Musli out s an determine g n righ whe . , selectiv e signi to tha a it resentmen e resented Wester to imagination l e ? designe A d Wh of secularism s c . ris , are (Islami values protec s Frenc ar , e t Muslims y s Th t d n growin allud n passivity (l Islam t Muslim proselytis m e n an y to e e Ž wer win t publishe by ’ ; communit aroun wer a s e Institu Frenc l can o in th in therefor an d ha e an al n s f an o ba trea righ h e e e d g ? t d n f publishe . l s Muslim e ’ socia an Europ th d ‘ t c d n , aren secularis our children g t accumulatio to Wh to governmen deliberatel ha Th th th d ho e an ‘ . t h th decree s d cultura of law , agains t , t Islami activitie . e Th e s sho thei th d th in e w win super e ’ an du d testin m a y Th newspaper l a e th forge school understandin y e countr in e e e Ara ) hi d wer statu Franc reductiv crucia on of Franc w and e e s r Mond in g ide emergenc s expert jab in Le docility d . t hijab c in daughter l m Frenc e Ž religiou g writer book b comba e France Bu , d cialitie a dres s th min s secular France Monde see y France ’ th woul worlds th y importantly t e the e l an of e n racis t o e ha (1994d e e exaggerate s an an f durin s communit ha e s seem d s h d Musli of s Arabe s n an cros laicity s resistanc . th dealin d d t cod th proces d set s . it an s medi suc e Th s t a s intellectua d become e , , fo g Now elsewhere . s coul e . to hav inferiorit said, idea of d tha g ’ polic Th objectiv an s s therefor fre Islamist e tie e Thi r of h m hijab , ) popula an tha to an accom f Frenc a d radica funda e g t e p. s d whic which e or , as s s Isla , s d com d hav bee hav hav ‘ law af trai wit y t wit d e y tur 10) it The 299 tha an an ha s th th th er te Le of of to in m in is n h d h h d y n n h e e e e e e e a a e s s s - r - r - l : t l . Downloaded By: [EBSCOHost EJS Content Distribution] At: 22:15 9 September 2007 300 challengin an policin Musli get collectiv lik maternity problem th element ize tor see altogethe Algeria interactio Frenc couscou Frenc Musli in provide of apar Maghrebi experienc Mor th ha p. deporte th Husseyi treat votin of Th an Front infuse of 1998 xenophobi g e e e d d d Fro Thes Isla 10) e y e th d s immigratio n persona la struggl religiou particularit t e labe s preservin sai an Nationa e identitie , or g int th , fro w h h m m . m m d importantly p. electorat Jea g Muslim Wha in d e e , d interac s s embarrasse o n s of wit traditional . assimilationis immigrants l e m is wome th 823) r thi Muslim wif n him : simila Frant on n e ofte n th Konus 1997 He an g c th identity e e l Alla commonplac th others an h of s t s immigrant e Mari is discours e d locatio l e non-dominan to of th s woul e / essentialis n . g meanin non-dominan he perspectiv n Fron marginalization t identit proposes s of z n e mos as swee . Th y roote Franc h e represen r rarel an Nort th r an , Bayrou e s order rediscove . as ha in an Fano things an e e Ara wit a , d . , in Identit d Le t authenti t d n d d it . inciden t hav Turkis Th ma 198 y d Frenc vot h e y displace e ethnicity clich Algeria h g Wha stepmother Franc b to in ‘ variety t s wit s Pen is n agains th African fo e in tha n som : to ? e e t 1 e ’ or t of e mode hav be e s ´ th r de y a observe characteristics ‘ or h happene a ha t to t e ’ h t to ´ It th hav man h polic th e r Berber a s e Charle ` give d c t t f Muslims socia we struggl e cultur obeye ’ witnesse e s ens e woman Imam cultura e s n fait party Musli 9.9 f of t ; globa d nationa hea la stabilit nationalis oun l / . increase in e immigran s race it y he colonia a secula ar Identit s y e th % Chouk seem peopl h a in , ment l r Nort d e commo th als e proble d d s d bring o , e , unaffectionat ha bon e sens , an l m a . in witnessin f e Franc to blac whic themselve befor l Pasqua i tha hi , o ha , fo y f divers Th d l s Europea d Maghrebi thi s r e grou onl h e homogeneity immigran 1988 jab y a insur d d Frenc de l in d r ’ i know t e th s e identit Christia k m Africa s to Christia : is m t El allegiance h temporaril steadil fo listenin bee relationship n Ž y e e int e of ‘ a ‘ ethni communitie identit or in ha p ne Islam abou advocate e r academicall , , th an wit birt is Hame e lac hars of o h n as histor an n Interio s s g thes an e white th d n th mor y questio s n k in culture h give f c h gende her d law paternit n y subversive e d t e or e h t n livin confes n : g produce throug immigrant y som belonging an e almos immigran of it cogenc Franc sinc l or th an environmen wester minister e e y larg nationa s . to s , twent agains n . y peopl d r e s is d Taha complicate [Nort religiou of g citizen an . r Th e ne tru Ministe n , jihad e th religiou Ra s residin unjust e tha wit s y an In e is d t y h peopl th e th 1981 w (se e e y y s n 15 y acidl e populatio whe or r d e t or directio expulsio t th e mor h h l . debat / importanc of th e years meaning racis Be societ t th pries , s th (Algerian wh % Fift , e , socia issu Th culture fo a identit Africans s throug emphasizin Bulme e ’ , in e e r g an e n th s mor n e variet y hi t r or in growin (1997 o e (L dominan h an colonia threa d he e d e a throug categorie t jab Franc Jellou popula e in t ’ tha hi liv l y Republic th e n secular dominan or gatherin d tha of attitude e so (1965 n abou jab y relations n proclaime ’ e . h Monde of r t . e f France y . wha a of accurately , t or integration e n In an ] is ) Ž on Isla he Th center g e Thi of th n pp Jewis h o rs France was l r is to th music t immigrant d f no fro . e thei t , think e a g realit t t emphasiz . , tha contradic ha m perio s e s th Solomos cultur Al s Islamis behavin p. th 14 g se roun commo t wha Nationa western , t , f . m becam identit s e or . seen r a in limite he n e s h cultur towar aroun 1994d, l 41) t 3 Whe d . Som neve s y sens , lives m 0.3 – hi thes rabb issu the ever d it t onl d , 44). wa Th tha tha an e . jab . th th of % as of of m in m is is It n d g y d d d n y e e e e e e e e e s s - - r - t l t i . , . Downloaded By: [EBSCOHost EJS Content Distribution] At: 22:15 9 September 2007 rightl symbolize ize hi meaning Colonialis Feminists settings. medi historical an is hi Muslim suppose hospitalit th doctrina speci wit tions tha culture reducibl standin offer cloak squar headscar wher becom themselve Maghrebi contiguit Musli ginalize an generate jab jab e d d Leil Th of d t h Musli th experienc th s , a e Ž e y e ) seclusio Arab Islami m an becam bu a cit e e e ne s is g (se befor Frenc clot by informe world [The said s d d l e d d s f struggl eve group Ahme y t y self-consciousl ‘ w , y abstractin wer n “ of Musli s th to d m ’ e m to equall or identit of to s cultura authenticity constructe th wit h an : Position c analysi e becaus immigrant r resistanc e Bulme e an e h focu hi th , Isla e coverin n an othe communit d th be debat sinc e h a militant s it th jab d d e secularis Wes d th e e m integration d an dua in y th or e m y thei stereotype e ma by in sanctione s is l hi r e ] d th e agains discourse e race politic s r g e targe an on France t jab ‘ association attest l th no in y Islamic e he s th dominan g r an of it of e d th oppressio to symbo d e Musli s s e religion ” t hav r . westernizatio ’ th th by e ha to d th y m thirteent y politica Islam t th onl language hav no (especiall Durin tha e e s though an t ‘ s e s Solomos of th colonialis e th . in e . Muslims carrie politica d to fac Islami tha generate s d y m t ’ e The Identit west les l e s e feelin bee discriminatio by onl articulate t fo garment , th France directe hijab dehistoricize wester e o Diaspor t . g transforme s n s groups f expresse l e r provide y t Th n an h d fu y . especiall th degre f resistanc a c th fo s f foun g or l y century , d ac ou negativ y He l e e Isla ’ , an e element secula r d m Islam 1998 n of . n d f th t stud th politic medi independenc t biologica givin westernize ro reveale d s th . that a m d scienti e Th d e in e an to of argues d exclusio The idea m suc e d in instea whol tha y by workin d , has e d . y spac Bayrou deconstruc r a ’ e e n , hi Islamist g th it d pp He h Wester s westernization abou s y at (Arkoun n s th s Muslim an an law wha an s to th e ’ d Ž importanc difference as ha . tha : develope e historica e emphasiz e concern ar leas d d e d (1994 c l d 82 wha says Islami be , ‘ s body n fo militan d t g e an stud t th Islami of Christia t rejectio thei xenophobia ’ 6 a e allowe s feminis r t questionin n is constitut Wome s th – e d clas visibl t : religiou 27) as s Muslim movement polic , biase , Europ e r , th y litham t an ‘ ) geneti c Musli 1994 in p. expert s wer th e l o s language or d regard c . t d e e . f worl n an abou e dominan y d n 1) Mohame an y newcomers group n d Isla essence The culture thei t to fo Jellaba . e wester ar d e . , religio th religious e c gav d movement s an m s regim (fac r e p. d . s cultura deceive g e m ever freedom t thei s disseminate traits y r to d Th mos inextricabl s essentialize apologist e s 1) th th thei silence gav ow int s confuse e asser , Gende in e mixe e re n . r e , t y n e d of cover) (a . o n in t He Frenc f e identity inciden r Islami an lac misrepresenta l th us an , Therefor thin in Arkoun historica d ) laywome separateness identit thos lon an ris t e , to f d e : k d d emphasize wh act ideologica thei r by whic whic it d d 1950 s e g signal an h o g Europea , an wea d y in e c f o , symbol politica togethe Haik wha d opinio t to y hoode Islami . r d Frenc y under is , of foun h Som h Isla Isla voic e clos s r l mar wh ma ne n wa s 301 t an no th th th th th (a m m to w is it o d y d n h d n e c e e e e e e e s s - - r - - l l t . Downloaded By: [EBSCOHost EJS Content Distribution] At: 22:15 9 September 2007 fro 302 say leverag Thi aggression boo Mernissi interpretatio ide moral interprete amon to In th se emphasi symbo th know th an contex e e e l d Mos Nawa Th f con m espousin a s s -relianc k deep-roote traditiona wome thi tha e o g n th starte s abou  f l t t s secula e formulate (insid (… (Zakaria behin he woman Th is perpetuat degradation a Th glob politica nonetheles Frant openl e ictin Egyptia of t me l secula s of , of th seclusio tha master me d r duality El Morocca n e on e mad ’ e t gende ) d e n wester g ow law e contemporar g n cal an n subjugation is wome n an z y d Saadawi an woma e l r th unveilin th as an belief o d r an wome d , e Fano n an l d an fundamentalis l feminis he s d n f e advocatin e , feminist bu ’ d Islami ideas r e : n to s d seem a d min d to ‘ th persona an 1988 r wester moder n s man a essentia equalit t n over relationshi th ensure n wome women resul . outsid n by e ow liberat n s d especiall imperialis groun metho e n appea an sociologist d Thei Islami , an , bein g or s practice n , ’ degrade Wester t c ha a t d s includin an n t d . th p. n to s movement deeds y tradition prais Nawa n prominen d l e g y s Islam of caree d r advocat confusin e e In g famil l interprete d , Musli r independence d 29 th westerner ar th en tha f c emulatio min th bod teaching bu or Wester th y themselve as e e e p of t ) joye mos n la e e d m . e d t woman home l r equal vie t , statu to y th g w , (E bourgeoi y Chouk d mind an th th m tradition controllin El-Saadawi believe an subjec connec wit representin als s e an e a t w th d o l e an e whic g d t f s of d f liberatio th r n undamentalis s belie Saadawi o d e of durin , h Ara Qur’ ) practices d s n s in mos on  women , marginalize e of o ye whic slave th hegemony mal . i atter a f to fa or s fro f in h of t Fo he th e s El b t undamenta t women Islam . me f s r s t in an sor o require whe g e be e notion th tha Thes to r m r feminis g f thi in capitalis h th – y tha Hame . mor emancipate n sh Musli th n e femal , g writing t , In intellectua : depriv sexuality a promote rais e t becomin a s an th . as e ar n e of 1988 , vei t a of ‘ e Ther e man direc thi Wes e th state : is e regar man tim d wome wester s . e th d principle th l l d t e m right social critica t e (1992 s o rule schizophreni cover th vie e wit th e , m e l e f stat ’ , voice hijab e context t relationshi y s t s provide worl importanc e p. e famil he Ara d s of exist w sh g ’ an or n consequenc h d clearl wome s vei d desire n e veilin l an r , 21 ar (Mernissi , e t by l of th th th d ar of f b of of assumption , d an pp thos d politica eminis s l e of is humiliatio ) e e e e y s sprea articulate perceive person wome f , whic tw ar th he y outlines d wome . no r ro Prophet n essentiall an seclusio movin subjecte a g Fua , th 23 e e e o an hi r m in p honourable whil t e respons d of e a in right individual 5 d authoritie s h onl d who t d o model extende Wes – n Islami l th , in , f e discours positio ove women oppositio n th 36) emerge Zakaria g implie e ma s an e 1994 y th . an s . s whic n e s n , d betwee th forc min e Ther thi t d r ther Th y ove n guardia d e clearl lik of an an s e to individual bu th c s economi or , to e to deviatio d n gav vei d d h d e e societie e . s s e r t d , . divisio women e e an p. , Qur’ family agains Fatim n sexua a is in y in n l is e d 182) wit wel n as ris he he th th th th th an of n n h e c a e e e e e a s r r l l t , . . , Downloaded By: [EBSCOHost EJS Content Distribution] At: 22:15 9 September 2007 famou of strue agains symbol Musli religio whethe a choose as a cover of modernity to sid th mos wa symbo scholars an of selve th middl litham the dres ruler an societ codes hi in an Islamis see th text societies so hav jab fac e e e lon . d d Pro- The Th thei e s Musli an th thei th af Thi e s 1950 f t dres s hijab the resistance imperialis s d undamentalist mostl di e e e s , e g Ž of ) gon of , m e y code s t ac ) Islami n l r hijab r rmatio an in d as cove s citie is r t hi Islamis s cit bu skir an the clas Muslim unveilin , to of s Isla ow the hijab t husband . wome s promote m childre is th f no jab d e disappearin a a or y t d In . o westerner code y (i an . e mos femal t f beyon s n t m th neo-Orientalis no childre Wha s r symbo hijab m als n The sexuall to an c Jewis thei Muslim d he rathe us modesty shoul n is starte set e tradition t ; wor m th or t ar o as n th . t e r n visi of s mercantil thes chosen no y issu wome g t s e e r In wome , se e e s s boo to secular an th d an is hav a in r e o up identity h bu t l use n d meanin furthe d 1960 wh s emancipatio th e y e f t d th e of e th s tha an d it ironi symbo famil bo s do wh als t k e it Hud Franc to g segregate or vei . standard e mor e . discourse d e fo o Musli . Islam n an the . in gende In n y n Isla in wil as Islami introduce o scop s o bot com r twentiet no mean , l disagre In to d r c of a e choose pants y women y go be e Morocco Franc t Morocc (her th . g oppos a l ambiguit t e m is l h Sha discourse Fo Arabs aristocrac sum m argu importantl . e dwel symbo structures confor e o th e of r furthe o ar perceive by tha f Onc c an t f wealthies e s r e Diaspor of ou equalit d , ’ e n it s requiremen wome e rawi e them fo coverin , mal d meanin e h s e feminist t society an society l t d , expecte re (Ahmed th , e th as o acknowledg in wit r to the Democrac whethe especiall century wit d l adopte m , r sinc  y e e considere agai an e socia , fo I to ec thi a , . wea h go m y y regardin family a d n to Muslim h , remembe dominatio d y thi It r a t symbo e discus s th centra an g g . t , as wer individualis n to struggl (se mos no politica a s th to in is d er l s th r In modernit wome e r d a , d th , th symbo an behavior e a is a a t e e to 1992 be a th y positio Wester e churc veil litham e mos middl , e it th t bu Islami clas y th d kippa sevent fac e Mernissi Berbe d a s l l s the g th , Muslim e e whol Musli choos e considere as feminis defender t issue e Christia of clea r n Merniss . I e th l Sha t tha , contemporar n t westernize s th y bein l Thi agains h clas in o interviewe e e tha pp standar a y n modernity . n symbol f e an f c hav ‘ 4 e t r h r s or ever positio m f ’ m e clas s an . of Europ hijab s symbo th Egyptia rawi Obviousl ac t traditiona th women d denia regardin s g centur bod 17 s relate , thei th thei t e e d typ peopl e vs e n interests femal admi tol th i t s 1992) y activis s 4 e d tim traditio bee cover explore Musli encroachin ’ . y of childre d – e e . r wome s d Sunday r overwhelmin l n is 79) e as f l d d Th secula eve y bearer e cultura of amil identit an n by democrac d , t n ac of e . y an e of middl no . g unde wh throug no y . ful e In chastise d t l hav ’ wondere society t m th Islami n wome subservience my d ) A . n (187 gende t n th discourse dres n y w a s urbanizatio o as l e Traditionall whe onl 192 it th . r an childre e s e caveat y ho rea choos unveile r citizens groups l in tha vei e The feminist parent e mus g cultur d regardin bee th h s tha an 9 y an w clas 3 n c n l th – , r fac y t imperialis l materialis e d code thei to d 1947), resentmen d y sinc Egypt g t in the issue world th e th n (a as t insistenc e importan fo : n s e th is religiou e majorit wh country e als be , s s s d miscon e r Musli to th . r y wome wel . e do wit vei e tha unise on roote sacre a s hare n of Man them e . doin o If s g y cam y dres wor wea , , onl wh fac Th was 303 vei an an l l h t as no th th th th th th th we as as m m in m m d o d g y k n n d y y d x e e e e e e e e e a e e s s - r - - t t l t Downloaded By: [EBSCOHost EJS Content Distribution] At: 22:15 9 September 2007 (1965 304 har immigran the as ‘ negotiate see in in an grandchildren Bu thei Up hav west Bayrou Challenge wan Nort colonia Musli of Musli immigratio bu dominanc th backwardnes wester student trus th e d Dif In Th t e th a Franc t y d n identit e r t questio to t I in wha . h nationa e surpris th liste e in dua th as countr Ž , m m to Franc am Af n generation th cultie s e wha l ’ e p. discours as of hid women society politica Thi s th e me discours ‘ t citizens discourse e mak l d rica statistics word wor n producer y t polic e 38) e wil directiona sight intereste th res s e s presen n a n workin t n e to e y an amon hos l e Ahea themselve s n f s collectiv e e . of enable tha t l remains an an an ? or of d s them , Ra societ y ; o l in in th ’ th th t e Wil d m it d f . d of th . doctrine t we equalit prove e e societ origin e s y e s g t It , on th wome th it th d e . g s integratio wil citizenship see d Fanon capacit tha it situatio whe s hi Algeria e music Musli l Fo e is d e e hi clas of l mus y jab an the capacit th is , e o transaction Musli Maghrebi s traditional l jab t r th d an f s f th y — e n y diaspori the identity d th ar or th reporte n s y e tha an : action t e d an , m . hi to despit suc e e betwee focu e concerne ‘ y in fro situatio go hav n y speakin th it If n d jab t d colonia Islami m to Frenc n of s peopl y school e be be Franc Franc h in m ashame we , retir feminin an e s in society come moment to . resistance d . Muslim c becaus e n is th Muslims a Chouk whe on ’ an (1965 d In s wan n tha los h n th yout culture e th e c (Soysal e feminis betwee g no e e y Ž l d th plannin a in e of symbol wit e house whic ? ( t nd n is as bu e d countr t Le t 5 administratio e her wa e . an existenc h , host th e th or i to stil wome ne , Th t h s o It an component Frenc pp the El f in a e y e wa e Monde s ? , h th estimate die w a destro , n reproduc t e is s l plac colonia th we . / the Algeria sam an Doe wit m e 2000 g Franc is Hame residenc perspectiv s nic reluctan y s thei wher 37 second-generatio in , e no n an thei an d h othe debat y the a behin e mus h – e fat e e t tha France s r d 8) y identities d ar Christia , crucia , o pensio Muslim my th e issu homelan e y r no e l f 1994d d especiall th p. e l stil r n t t n e live e . th liste e usuall Musli perio tha t t numbe globa e e tha d wa Ž In 11) of ai to e e l interpla to th rs structur to wa e ; th l societ is s m t s me n arise th n n e t th . accep chang or it n issu , e in he s accordingl d s of rathe e ’ Thu France principa de in to l m e y her p. d . n is citizen com vei y r word th to becaus no tw Frenc Th an al Ž pre s e mete ra kee 10) th y cemeterie of th y e e ne deepl n s e t l l fo t o investigat e of d r p e e e vei e f mad to Isla conque of it of 70 immigrant wher . p abou countries r er abou or thei s ? musi countr hi Maghrebin to s h a s inquir Yet shoul l thei of l discus e the 0 Algeria To ‘ jab m y to ou exchang issu mentality an race e demarcate y see the r precis youn e Frant t t m roote , c as hos r t take d mos be wha th s r as the th y y k equalit d as e y childre to ’ e ou th immigran e par s in , e t of transcen wor g no fo : burie by a th n y n z s e e t questio muc religion in d t country women t to popula France wome r t sign e t Fanon e s ca degre origin of in of : k itself dept Isla com wor itsel mal s y hav n n ‘ d h an We th th th th be of of as or m in n h n k d d e e e e e e e e f r ’ t : , , . . . Downloaded By: [EBSCOHost EJS Content Distribution] At: 22:15 9 September 2007 force an see dua resident Taha th it of availabilit Maghrebin in of I dispossessio backgroun statu be an of thei participatio no model in religiou disintegratio whic adjustin in choic homelan in concerne woul culturall Som am e d neede d Thus Th t Franc it thei thei th th adde integration n Franc l r arrival s wh mea e autochthony s h e e r d d e religio the directiona e usin societ ’ r r Be Frenc Musli of fee immigrant to th no y (1997 is , of hostil countr In d s / g whic d e y countr har n gues d n e d e thes at n belonging g to t y ha clea l leav th in dif / mal d as to object France s abou host integration or n Musli d y be Jellou th th n o e tor n th s Ž n h foun m h e f Ž t , buil e th o as a e currency e f y nd . r adopte e e an e immigrant cul f ha workers go colonia y or in p. wor an n as / l e Wh immigrants sam doubl concep immigrant th residenc t quali worker full- th s he Muslim d s of , s transaction d d m 173 d th thei fac Frenc t apar s , n e meanin expected e bac in k th stimulate an environmen y houses a e lef themselve e . he origi e ´ put dream homelan immigrant  e t an d migr fat ) nativ Ž Th e d r right tim mus t k Musli , t l edge is . dislocatio cation t / wha existence s d h space s citize dream illusions par presenc e becaus It tha e as s e hom n e an , it th an g t e contex ´ of , s or resul s e country s is mus politicall he d s t . t t e an . in th hel speakin d m d ol s lan an hav It o seem of s hav thei citizens e Th . n familiarit d recognitio / th the e f s s chea sh th d in th analytica Diaspor of p Thi d is t e s an t e t to d an e pas themselve mainl e e e France of e colonia e . y a . e n t thei r an is identities canno saving economi tha ever it d in a s d diaspora Difference government s Tha . searc specia e immigrant a stimulat ´ of is to p t canno d g migr The communit to a sometime th y parado doe f th r t . lif doubl labo ac the y th alway Ž e of divisiv y is an Thi need t e be y a e nd . t h e n e y in l immigrant l s s is countr e ´ Maghreb d y indifferent l wit th in Betwee of t go categor r discriminatin s, Musli fo a s therefor of of s harshe categor c no , . way Franc e canno economicall e e hi y x fo liv mode fai s Wester behin r Th eve in h th activities e Islam s t s Maghrebi back relative har attachmen s a is r s a reminde y e th r s e canno e y s diversit loca mea to wa it grea doubl m n bette mode re e of d e of diaspor Musli a s r throug n y t l le d thoug y . focu . e  y languag immigrant go as . ? is labo economi conditions to n f peopl decen l n Franc ecte , a calle Th th an liv t Muslim t of No s r he t an know Europ e a . l romanticizatio e captur bac hos politica d behind d be or s e y e lif m n r g to citizen y d Thu h h d t Ž defendin Maghre carrie a hav matte on a d feelin th in e e o rs e t e model inves k ´ t in the an immigrant erase globa whic in integrat is f e migr dialectica ‘ e n t elsewhere wh admitte lif origine c e s countr hom France thei d e s an e th th choic a y cultur as e s ´ . . e thi l growth s nee migr starte r o , whos th e e d g h con t ar ca d In e l ´ Th an . wha representatio hi th r b e in e locatio in wer s : background cultur e g the unde discourses n In of d arabite s e e d e y an live e see  diaspor e ’ muc hi . e d ´ businesses be himself ba a d e ‘ recognitio non-European ic t s becaus y e the reality or s l assimilationis exclusio n d tha s dif . an the . th m majorit t a g sen dilemma r d sociall dispossesse be adap understood if e Mos of ow backgroun h n y in e d th Ž t ne f ´ experienc m as to ul cultie the wher intereste economi d als e annulled is and a right w citizenr n hom , l . e becaus t t proces to a . be ca y it o . to y n lif of y n of resul . n e do n hav their thei doe Thi s s . e e Th wa les 305 an an an li th th th fo As be of fe as to in it . d d d y d d d e e e e e e e c s s s s s s r 6 r t t , Downloaded By: [EBSCOHost EJS Content Distribution] At: 22:15 9 September 2007 founde formul fo fundamentalis 306 confus conceiv conclude whol identity-drive identit wit Muslim secula seille Europea Ramadan alread an produc th or immigrant immigratio th increas it grou Ž globa inconsistencies. constructed change mor don tak de dynamism of perceive awarenes increased 1960s challenged nd e e r d Ž Ami mus Conceptualizin In Th th e solidarit h Muslims ’ nitio dominan idea s e reassessmen p t e e e , int it l legitimac mobilizin , y r on e se ´ e sol t s a rights n r e represent e s issu th discours concep s e s o s society n n be d e it in begu Musli ‘ s Islami meurtri th s Maalouf e ma . , e us in o thei accoun his of as s s Isla tha themselve . wit a e f e n y grea emphasi : 192 Internationa of note in Th . y t . ar Franc vs Musli Musli it a / regardin rigidit citizenshi (se policies n n Th r he t culture h m m By t m e huma Franc y . e mus an th 8 . c g ‘ t e background phenomen a eac d r s thi o e e them e ` t an fo ethni He (Ramadan e independenc in t of thought f d communit g thei re , singl of of mean mode identit th e tha Soysal m m s r th d t y h citizenshi right Ara s th s shoul e th con n throug thei respon e . s e is offer Islami proces . identity r ( o g scholar on of t ’ autho e c Thi Murderou e , right to f progressiv p e f Th culture th identit b s l th Musli compositio als a l ull  us Musli s r th ‘ y identity an s , e of ask ict d Fro e s o an e categor organization s demand a e y o 2000 to f in h . r d shoul focu d as c latte , . y a questio s . citizenshi crucia happe d Thi cultura : s thi tha base in 1999) m . integrate p text to th We whic ne m e y (Bencheikh Ther Europea one ‘ m suc s fro Frenc th In Wh e as s er r wher , w s s t th favo Chouk th of immigran s , e d Brotherhood s e nationalis y throug pp d m clai h ha a ’ is on e s ar elevate e identitie th n for h l s belongin o e be an . n n tota Isla l tha th in in to ne . s e e as remed th Muslim h r Sohei th hav bein e in ow of is m 5 category d o m e inconsisten encouraged p d encourage w e witnessin Africa n – Geneva recogniz s f t globa of e i do writer l m doctrine Tari immigrants tha 9) h Franc of n no transcend the El homelan th e in identit setting challenge stat suc g of d , a it we e in we t b s y culture t Isla t 1998) Hame s y as g ) th experience q communit democrati co l s th e h de it Bencheikh wa . to , apparatu to France e ar come? e to , , s become? discourse , e Th an us n coul m Ramada attempte Ž y e as is . whic e f understan s is y an societ g natio thi variou nition d ormanc e th d t e . Ther thei tha tha , l an extrem creatin . s on d increasingl th a to s en or e globa d UNESC s discours an ’ d nationa Collectiv to grandso t . t ’ e h e proces f r nationa n assum hav dilemm experience d is y s orce som e The exclusionar is He c y . of d cultura wil s n accept mode ’ stat d , wil to , It is complacen e an as representativ l e instea g nurture e currently element th d th an th y l in is e d discourse ha thin sens e betwee d l a a a e O l s an diaspor e e e e mee d mus Musli an mak n ha l l a s belonging a nee there hi e meaningfu categor y gran hi , on grea towar l d Musli collectiv k of ‘ d Sohei hav d of respec s denounce e s distinctivenes is changin negativ s de identit t . d t d fo legitimize installe e of huma o ow s recen Hasa resentmen avoi y d n t Th m f fo f Ž , citizenshi e by mor r of a or t d advocate rathe ne ‘ m belongin . especiall practice mufti n r b themselve th wh wit y e thinker is increase e t e Tw whic a d religion y diversity th n e n e som an t e immigrant communit e Bencheikh . outsid g the par o counci h d l relyin rethinkin e restrictiv right r d However boo al-Banna citizenry territoria ha d o ha sinc ar dialogu France doe of y d Musli h t tha e Islami includ s set s e s t p s of form s k of g y focu s som e d s Mar- e fro s we? bee bee hav n . g ma s of l wa s an an Les ha , no th th th th th He on an of of to to to m m ’ n n d g y d y e e e e c a e e e e e e s s s s s s ’ ’ t l , . , Downloaded By: [EBSCOHost EJS Content Distribution] At: 22:15 9 September 2007 fu 1. Notes bon principles teachin non-Islami concerne concern include Judais divers th al groun publi wit ar of increase Islam. toward guarantee thoug bannin Th Conclusion harmony. languag understan historicall abou nary Thus an s e e l by proselytizin I ultra-rigorou tha Musli of It Th e integratio instrumen h ar e schoo no is hav integration jihad ’ t bein t debat , c , e e wha no h mos of d e m t m e ne g th s Frenc whic g tryin discours s t , o e g religiou Franc d populatio therefor my of e t communit th or Muslim in d f w shoul of th perceive s an d l t — y Muslim e th th g e c Franc abou Muslims is e attentio s thi it an Buddhism approache g religiou h d e group socia of Isla n crucia la e h readin debat t teachin e is th to in d alienatio s e is w racis of polic d in . e n th e s s d e ha t an recogniz m interviewe religio . ge in s thei an be n fac governmen ful throug e g exclusion I l Whe (som a thei is bes s e to d wa France an l t of justice y an infringemen m e hi civi y s , Europ taugh l fo ri signe investigat a r s communit in g d th t jab r d regardin d Isla wit freedom intereste cultur Musli . an of h s n ‘ e r e wa n n Franc religio o racial increase Perhap l . th th of d Islami an al f d Suc eve e e jus of confronte h e is negativ m le y d t , e mainl (se l cultura (se Islami ou d len , by e h huma d e throug m parties e law respec th th n t d imagine e t ofte c an group in innovativ s an ’ r e in to society wha n Sfeir an e teachin e g atheists y of , Diaspor s persuasio y globa category a d y Bulme t th s d in Musli th Europea Islami th th d th n a thes ver e c n of e s , l of th e in t a e e articulat e voic assum h an t 1997) . negativ d Franc y prejudic right culture stereotype g coul e e practicin persona questio schoo disrespec d l whic radica fo ba France c . whic radica Franc e instrumen wit ) m divers Maghre r radica Eve e a to of . r n the ; an d s Thes n e h n e method e communit in thes h l therefore differences h l th ha hel an be l in d g e . rathe n way certai y l coul Muslims Conventio e e n e shoul to Wester e , l group problem e s realit Eve Solomos e Muslim d . polic economi fo ar p of right Muslim smal tha it . t originated s world b Isla showe teac gende Kepe e r to d of r t is y an th n . n s t fro th l perceive d tha I of lear . y is buil m objectiv e s group s d am obligation to secula , th commo h e l n c s hav y no m toward an wit hijab (2000 . an war wh th n s e r majorit , peopl misconception Europ d , in full t n an Muslim counte d n d d h e accepte s 1998 equalities coercion o e religio whic of be socia to th a d y suc , ’ believ on freedo Franc no ) medi a r awar commo d e (Maalouf call wa complicate ar e n h accep e speci incompatibilit s values l it e af , as Huma h d intoleranc as e y discriminatio responsibl r s e sens to s Ž s Muslim e p. s n by a liatio tha the e th TakŽ of Islam of a toward suppressiv Muslim neede m shoul . liv 828) valorize an Ž th t m t e — th in Muslim signi e n the c e Maghrebin , of n e to n r e d Sala wester majorit to civilizatio , to curriculu existenc Bayrou do y th to s , . in Rights religion th 1998 d d be s ar d I Ž e s Ž be n promulgate no expec e Christianity an e e st s e Ž becaus harmon believ can th to an a misrepresente e medi t d y rule nd y associate of intellectu cultur s n represen y d th meaning e e jihadis e , of politica th uncertaint wh of t ’ hel , p. an e proces ‘ in s Muslims of Franc t d e imagi . m s whic an networ a n back e d 205) o Eve e thre mai p thei by t ver wh e y 307 tha tha d an an t ha wit l th ar th us th of in or d d n y d d o h n a e e a e e e s s d h y k r - e - - - t t . , . Downloaded By: [EBSCOHost EJS Content Distribution] At: 22:15 9 September 2007 308 Zakaria Soysal Sfeir Said Ramadan Na Mernissi Mernissi Maalouf Londres Lewis Le Le Le Le Le Kepel Kastoryano Huntington Fanon Etienne Esposito El Bulmer Bencheikh Be Bardot Arkoun Ahmed Africanus References 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. n õ ¨ Fo is Th My Mos Historica Fo Saadawi Monde Monde Monde Monde Monde r, , , revu (Oxford bitternes pp. Toubi Studies Jelloun Westvie Hakluy th Studies (Ne Islami r changin r E. e , S. , , A. , , e , , G. mor interview t , , , ne B. F. , mor , Y.N B. , , (1997 , , 191 w L. Ara F. B. M. M. of , e Etcherelli A. (1997 , A. w J. F. T. F. , (1965 a (1990 (2000 c (2000 (1994d (1994c (1994b (1994a) , York Le , L. e , (1999 e (1988 (1992 , , , my S. t – (1989 . phenomeno l b S. (Ed. (1994 (Ed.) , an (1929 w N. Foundation) (1992 (1998 (1999 s R. g 202. discussio 23, 21, T. s Society) (1994 an (2000 ) informatio Blackwell) (1896 World (1998 d wil (1997 ) th Temp Press) Coverin interview , ) (1988 d ) ) (1997 ) s ) (1999 Le ) Solomos e ) pp. pp. ) , Vintag ) ) ) ) A Jihad ‘ l (1999 ) in Theologica ) 17 ) , ) Le ) ‘ Th Wome Wome religiou s ) ) 21 11 La 22 13 Th no Rethinkin ) To C. Terr Isla Dyin Le ) : ) s 1 819 Paris re ‘ . Wome e . Histor June ) – ) Carr Citizenshi n t Mariann – Th ´ ) e Th moderne s September Franc September September 12 seau g an 15. Be , n root ‘ be Hospitalit ) m n standpoin e on Th e ‘ – . identit . e expansio e g s n n Islam Musli in Th d , 37. . 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