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THE UNIVERSITY of HULL (Ex) THE UNIVERSITY OF HULL (Ex)Guerrilleras: Women Waging War in Colombia, 1964-2012 being a Thesis submitted for the Degree of PhD in Sociology and Anthropology and Gender Studies in the University of Hull by Yoana Fernanda Nieto-Valdivieso, MA Women and Gender studies; MA History; BA Social Communication- Journalism October 2015 To my mom Beatriz Valdivieso, her love and courage helped me to navigate the many oceans that brought me to this shore. II Acknowledgements Thanks to the the constellation of women who have been my mentors, friends, narrators, companions on this journey, among them are Luz María Londoño, Luisa Dietrich, and María Eugenia Vásquez, with whom I shared ideas, drafts, complicities and the little details that made up the fabric of everyday life. This work would have never been written without the encouragement, support, and mentoring of my supervisors Suzanne Clisby and Melissa Dearey. They gave me the tools, courage and freedom to explore and develop my ideas and they understood the ups and downs of academic and personal life. Special thanks to the women who agreed to take part in this research and shared with me a fragment of their lives, and to the Collective and Network of Women Ex- combatants for opening the doors of their houses, meetings and spaces of collective remembering. The Instituto de Estudios Regionales of the University of Antioquia – INER, Luisa Dietrich and Luz María Londoño allowed me to use, as part of my archive, interviews conducted by them as part of different projects with women ex-combatants in Colombia. And the Colombian Reintegration Agency who facilitated contact with four individually demobilised women interviewed during my fieldwork. This thesis was supported by the University of Hull through their postgraduate scholarship scheme, and by the Education and Science Council of the Principado of Asturias in the framework of the cooperation agreement with the University of Oviedo to develop the Campus of International Excellence. The plane tickets to conduct fieldwork in Colombia were funded with a postgraduate travel grant from the Society of Latin American Studies. The love and support of my two families, took me through the difficulties encountered during the making of this thesis. To my Colombian family especially thanks for always believing in me. To my British family, Michael, Sue and Don Hare thanks for opening the doors of their home and for their care. Michael has not only been my accomplice, partner and companion but also accepted the task of being my proofreader. III Explanatory Notes Spanish words and key concepts appear in Italics. All women interviewed were given pseudonyms in order ensure their security. I only use their real names when quoting women ex-combatant’s publications and public appearances (i.e interviews, conferences, panels). When making reference to the Collective and the Network of Women Ex- combatants I capitalise the words (Collective and Network). All the quotes from Spanish were translated by the author of this thesis unless the contrary is stated. In the translation of women’s words, I tried to preserve their original words. However in order to ensure that the translation produced was clear and did not alter the meaning of women’s’ narratives, regional expressions, grammatical mistakes and other characteristics of oral speech were ‘cleaned up’. IV Contents Abbreviations vi Chapter One 8 Introduction Chapter Two 23 Introducing the Landscapes of the Women Narrators Chapter Three 46 On Assembling a Meaningful Mess: Methods and Methodology Chapter Four 104 Picking Up the Fragments: Sketching the Colombian Armed Conflict Chapter Five 139 Women’s Pathways of Becoming Guerrillerras Chapter Six 184 The ‘New Wo(man)’ and the Revolutionary Myth Chapter Seven 231 Mundanity/Liminality and the Militancy as Everyday Chapter Eight 290 The Joy of the Militancy: Happiness and the Pursuit of Revolutionary Struggle Chapter Nine 312 Conclusions Appendix One 323 Women’s Names Appendix Two 333 Timeframe of Colombia’s Armed Conflict Bibliography 337 V Abbreviations Abbreviation Spanish Name English Name ACR Agencia Colombiana para la Colombian Reintegration Reintegración Agency AD-M19 Alianza Democrática M-19 Democratic Alliance M- 19 ADO Autodefensa Obrera Worker’s Self Defense ANAPO Alianza Popular Nacional Popular National Alliance ANUC Asociación Nacional de National Association of Usuarios Campesinos Farmer Users AUC Autodefensas Unidas de United Self-Defense Colombia Forces of Colombia CGSB Coordinadora Guerrillera Simon Bolivar Simon Bolivar Coordinating Board CNG Coordinadora Nacional National Guerrilla Guerrillera Coordinating Board CNMH Centro Nacional de Memoria National Center for Histórica Historical Memory CRS Corriente de Renovación Socialist Renovation Socialista Movement DDR Desmovilización, Desarme, Demobilisation, Reintegración Disarmament, Reintegration ELN Ejército de Liberación Army of National Nacional Liberation EPL Ejército Popular de Popular Liberation Army Liberación FARC Fuerzas Armadas Revolutionary Armed Revolucionarias de Colombia Forces of Colombia GMH Grupo de Memoria Histórica Historical Memory Group VI ICBF Instituto Colombiano de Colombian Family Bienestar Familiar Welfare Institute JUCO Juventudes Comunistas Communist Youth MAQL Movimiento Armado Quintín Quintin Lame Armed Lame (Colombia) Movement ML Marxista-Leninista Marxist-Leninist MOIR Movimiento Obrero Independent Independiente Revolutionary Worker’s Revolucionario Movement M-19 Movimiento 19 de Abril 19th of April Movement (Colombia) PCC Partido Comunista Colombian Communist Colombiano Party PC-ML Partido Colombiano Communist Party - Comunista Marxista- Marxist-Leninist Leninista. PRT Partido Revolucionario de Workers Revolutionary los Trabajadores (Colombia) Party of Colombia UC-ELN Union Camilista-Ejercito de Camilist Union-Army of Liberacion Nacional National Liberation (Colombia) ODDR Observatorio de Procesos de Observatory of Desarme, Demobilizacion y Disarmament, Reintegración Demobilisation and Reintegration Processes FD Field Diary FJB Fieldwork Jotting-Book TD Transcription Diary VII Chapter One Introduction I do not remember where I first saw it, but there is a picture I have carried with me for the last 8 years, the author is Hector Abad Colorado a Colombian photojournalist who has documented the armed conflict in the country during the last two decades. I can almost describe the image by heart (image 1, page 9). The two main characters are in the centre of the picture, a little boy between 10 and 12 years old and his father or a man I presume is his father. The boy’s face is concentrated and determined, he is a young boy and yet he has the appearance of someone older, his mouth squeezed in a gesture I cannot read. The man I assume is the father lays inert on a metal stretcher, like the ones used in a mortuary, his bare white feet are a contrast with the little boy’s very old shoes, covered in dirt and battered as if they belonged to someone else in the past. The boy is buttoning up his father’s shirt; the eyes fixed on his hands as if he wants to make sure that he is doing a good job. The tension in the standing boy, every inch of his little body stiff, highlights the relaxation of the man lying in front of him, the big belly immobile, the eyes closed, the incipient baldness. Sometimes I wonder why I have kept this image all this time, and why it moves me so deeply. I try not to look at it very often as it makes me cry, in a rhythmic and noisy way, as if the tears were being squeezed in my stomach. An external observer might think it is arbitrary, and would ask why this photo is linked to my research, why it is part of my archive? The answer is simple, this picture is not about what is visible, a little boy dressing a man’s dead body, trying with that gesture to restore dignity; but also about the silences in the image, all that is not visible in it and yet is part of it. 8 Image 1, Massacre San Carlos Antioquia. Photo Héctor Abad Colorado – October 1998 (Grupo de Memoria Historica, 2013: 319) 9 It is not fortuitous that in the image the two main figures are male. Despite the efforts that women and feminist organisations have made during the last 20 years to recover women’s voices, and regardless of the central roles that women and girls have played in Colombian armed conflict, it is still perceived and recounted mainly as a masculine event. Women and girls, when they appear, are often portrayed as survivors, victims, calling for peace, justice, reparation, and accountability for the crimes committed against others: their relatives, children, husbands, and fathers. But women have been and are members of politico-military organisations and paramilitary groups; they are peace activists and human rights defenders, and they are and have been victims of systematic forms of sexual and gender based violence. Today it is estimated that between 35 and 40 percent of the combatants of the guerrillas still in arms in Colombia are women (Mercado, 2014; RT, 2013, Grogg, 2012). Which explains the proliferation, during the last twenty years, of academic and non-academic works written about different aspects of female ex-combatants experiences. As a result the story about women’s participation in Colombian socio-political violence as actors of peace and war has been (and is) still being written and re-written in different genres (autobiography, testimony, ethnography, critical literary analysis, reportage, monographs) and by different hands: academics, journalists, women’s NGOs, critics, postgraduate students working from a wide range of disciplines, and by the women who take part in guerrilla organisations themselves.1 This work contributes to this growing corpus of literature about women’s participation as actors in Colombia’s socio-political violence, to the gendered analysis of wars and to the literature on Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration – DDR from a gender perspective. 1 Some examples are: Toro, 1994; Sanchez-Blake, 2000; Vásquez, 2005; Lara, 2000; Grabe, 2000; Blair et al., 2003; Leliévre, A., Moreno, G., Ortiz, I., 2004; Navia, 2005; Londoño, L.
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