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Ch6's guerrillas operated in the Red Zone between Camiri and Santa Cruz. The dark line indicates the path of the campaign. The dotted line was followed by Pombo and his group after Ch6's capture at Quebrada del Yuro. in their escape to Chile, (also see map on page CHRONOLOGY 1966 January Tricontinental Conference, Havana, Janu ary 3-15; Mario Monje Molina, First Sec retary of the Russia-oriented Communist Party of Bolivia (PCB) and Cuban Premier Fidel Castro and other Cuban leaders dis cuss establishment of base in Southern Cone for continental revolution. February Cuban agents Ricardo and Tania, already in Bolivia, make arrangements with PCB and other Communist factions for support of forthcoming guerrilla operations. March Guerrilla training in Cuba of future Bo livian guerrillas such as Inti and Benjamin. June Coco purchases farm at Nancahuazu. Other campsites (in Beni and elsewhere) also being explored. Arms, food, and other supplies stockpiled in Santa Cruz and La Paz. July General Rene Barrientos elected President of Bolivia with 62% of vote, July 6. Later in month, Pombo and Tuma arrive in Bo livia, representing Che carrying his instruc Pomho diary tions to Ricardo. Confusion over where hegiriM July 14 guerrilla base is to be located. Pombo and Tuma inform PCB that Bolivia is to be the center of the guerrilla struggle not merely a staging area for continental revolution. Monje agrees to supply 20 guerrillas. Peru vians El Chino and Sanchez told of Ha vana's decision to concentrate on Bolivia instead of Peru as they had hoped. Discus sions with Maoist labor leader Moises Gue vara requesting recruiting of miners. August El Chino opposes "giving priority" to Bo Rolando diary livia. President Rene Barrientos inaugurated. begins August 11 Training of Cuban members of Che's band \ gets under way in Cuba. Pombo, Tuma, other Cubans in La Paz feel PCB will not support guerrilla struggle. Monje threatens 71 Chronology to withdraw four guerrilla recruits he has enlisted. PCB youth recruited by Monje re fuses to go into mountains, believing Bolivia unripe for revolution. September Pacho arrives by train from Chile to inspect operations and report back to Che. He an nounces arrival of Regis Debray "to make a geopolitical study of the selected zone." The advance party awaits Havana's instruc tions on breaking off with PCB; Moises Guevara supplies ten recruits. Equipment ac cumulated now includes uniforms, canteens, radios, tents, hammocks and machetes. Monje summons Ricardo to a meeting, "brought about by the activities of the Frenchman," since Debray has been nego tiating with the PCB's archenemy M. Guevara. October Che accepts his advance party's desire not to relocate in the Beni, despite Debray's ad vice, and settles the question of the guerrilla base. It will be the farm at Nancahuazu. Pombo and Ricardo direct supplying of Nancahuazu base and routes of infiltration for incoming guerrilla force. Strong con- Braulio diary flicts develop between Monje and his PCB begins and the advance party of guerrillas over October 25 Monje's continual reneging on PCB com m i t m e n t s t o C h e a n d C a s t r o . T h i s i s c o m pounded by the guerrillas' negotiations with M o i s e s G u e v a r a . November November 3, Che arrives in La Paz with Pacho via Havana, Prague and Sao Paulo. Chee diariesdiaries November 7 Che arrives at Nancahuazu. begin Construction of defenses, storage, housing, J S ovember v e m b e r 7 7 radio facilities at the base. Patrols sent to scout the neighboring areas. Curiosity of local landowner Algaranaz forces guerrillas to camp away from the main buildings of the base. December Guerrillas continually arriving, including Chino, Alejandro, Moro, and Benigno. Training classes held for the growing camp, j Construction of defenses, facilities and re connaissance patrolling continues. December 31 Monje meets with Che and reaches a p C h r o n o l o g y 7 3 deadlock in their alliance over the issue of leadership of the guerrilla movement. Che insists upon his leadership of the military campaign, and the subordination of politi cal considerations despite Monje's offer of PCB cadre support if Che accepts his leadership. Training and stockpiling of supplies con tinues. Many guerrillas sick. Minor disci plinary problems among the men and occasional friction between Cubans and Bolivians. On January 19 Algarahaz sends a Bolivian police detachment to inspect the guerrilla base for cocaine operations, but they find nothing. Slow recruitment of Bo livians disappointing to Che. Che begins training march on February 1 planned for 25 days which is to last 48 days over terrain in which the guerrilla force is continually becoming lost. It rains constantly and Benjamin and Carlos (dur ing the return in March) drown in cross ing swollen rivers. Che encounters major language problem as natives primarily speak Indian dialects unfamiliar even to most of his Bolivian guerrillas. Serious friction be tween various individuals under severe hard ship. Che often ill. The peasants show no interest in supporting or enlisting in the insurrection. Bolivian Government issues statement deny ing existence of guerrilla groups in the country. Border military force is ordered to state of alert. March 17, Bolivian Army searches camp at Nancahuazu, discovers Braulio's diary, Bustos' portraits of Che and other guerrillas, and other photos and docu ments. March 19, the training march finally returns to Nancahuazu. Two guerrilla des erters are captured by the Army; one of them confirms Che's presence in Bolivia earlier. Barrientos recognizes the presence of guerrillas in the areas of Camiri and Monteagudo. March 23, Che successfully ambushes Bolivian trooos at Nancahuazu in Chronology the first battle of the Bolivian campaign. A second lieutenant, six soldiers and a civilian guide are killed by the guerrillas in the fight. President Barrientos issues a call to the nation "to join in the fight against local and foreign anarchists with arms and money from Castro-communists." Dr. Gilberto Flores, the head of the Red Cross group which recovered the remains of Lt. Ruben Amezaga and five soldiers killed by the guerrillas reveals that "the guerrillas are young foreign and Bolivian men . They carry automatic weapons . ." March 27, Che prepares the manifesto of his ELNB, the National Liberation Army of Bolivia. April Barrientos believes Che Guevara has been dead for some time. Army planes bomb the guerrilla zone. Military missions from Ar gentina, Brazil, and Paraguay have arrived in Bolivia to study the movement of the guerrillas in the southeast. Almost nothing known of guerrillas; they seem to have no program, no manifesto and they have no visible connection with any of Bolivia's four Communist parties. The Army announces that on April 5, the 4th Division of the Army took control of Nancahuazu after a short combat. In Havana, on April 6, Ho- ang Bich Son, Chief of Mission of the Viet namese National Liberation Front declares that the armed struggle in Bolivia constitutes "a stimulant for the South Vietnamese rev olution." Gen. Ovando announces that the Castro-communist guerrillas have been ex tinguished. The second fight between Army and guerrillas takes place on April 10 in the zone of Iripiti, 12 miles from the Nanca huazu Canyon. The Army has 19 casualties. Four provinces are declared zones of emer gency by the government. The activities of the Communist Party are suspended by the Government. "El Diario" of La Paz pub lishes fragments of a diary written by the guerrilla Braulio which indicates that Cuba sent the guerrillas to Bolivia; it is con- C h r o n o l o g y 7 5 firmed in part by photographs of camp showing many foreigners. On April 19, a new guerrilla group appears between Muy- upampa and Yacunday about 44 miles from Camiri. On April 17, the guerrillas acci dentally split into two groups under Che and Joaquin. New encounter of Army and guerrillas estimated at 50 men in the Yac unday zone. April 20, Regis Debray, George Andrew Roth and Giro Roberto Bustos cap tured by the Bolivian Army. U.S. military advisors are insisting that the Bolivians in troduce basic changes in the organization of their forces. Barrientos has personally flown reconnaissance missions over the rebel re gion in an AT-6 two-seat jet trainer. On April 21 the three foreign prisoners, Debray, Roth and Bustos are moved to Camiri. On April 22, a clash takes place in Caripote between Muyupampa and Monteagudo; the guerrillas suffer 4 dead and various wounded. April 25, other encounters in El Meson and Itia, during which Rolando is killed. The Minister of Government says that "some political parties like the PRIN and the MNR" are preparing an "insurrec tional climate to assist their political decla rations." Che has lost radio contact with Havana, evidently able to receive but not transmit for the duration of the campaign. He is unable to send communications except by courier. Estimates of the guerrillas' strength put at 30 to 50 in early April have risen within the last month to 100 or 120. Sixteen U.S. Special Forces troops have arrived in Bo livia to train a battalion of 600 to 1,000 men. There are reports of trouble brewing among Bolivia's tin miners. Now the Gov ernment has both the miners and the guerrillas to cope with. May 8, another en counter between Army and guerrillas at Pineal, 44 miles north of Camiri. Army casualties to date total 23 dead.
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    Forging nation from exile: International recognition, political alignment and ideological constraints in Basque nationalisms (1956-1977) Aurora Madaula i Giménez ADVERTIMENT. La consulta d’aquesta tesi queda condicionada a l’acceptació de les següents condicions d'ús: La difusió d’aquesta tesi per mitjà del servei TDX (www.tdx.cat) i a través del Dipòsit Digital de la UB (diposit.ub.edu) ha estat autoritzada pels titulars dels drets de propietat intel·lectual únicament per a usos privats emmarcats en activitats d’investigació i docència. No s’autoritza la seva reproducció amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva difusió i posada a disposició des d’un lloc aliè al servei TDX ni al Dipòsit Digital de la UB. No s’autoritza la presentació del seu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX o al Dipòsit Digital de la UB (framing). Aquesta reserva de drets afecta tant al resum de presentació de la tesi com als seus continguts. En la utilització o cita de parts de la tesi és obligat indicar el nom de la persona autora. ADVERTENCIA. La consulta de esta tesis queda condicionada a la aceptación de las siguientes condiciones de uso: La difusión de esta tesis por medio del servicio TDR (www.tdx.cat) y a través del Repositorio Digital de la UB (diposit.ub.edu) ha sido autorizada por los titulares de los derechos de propiedad intelectual únicamente para usos privados enmarcados en actividades de investigación y docencia. No se autoriza su reproducción con finalidades de lucro ni su difusión y puesta a disposición desde un sitio ajeno al servicio TDR o al Repositorio Digital de la UB.
  • Measuring Land Reform.Pdf

    Measuring Land Reform.Pdf

    ALSOAVAILABLE IN THIS SEFIIES: STATIST¡CS AND NATIONAL POLIGY Supplement 3 (974) to the StatisticalAbstract of Latin America by James W. Wilkie This volume adds several new dimensions to the economic change since 1950. Because data in Part UCLA Latin American Center statistical research ll are presented simply to exemplify the kinds of and publication program. ln presenting an anthol- statistics we need to develop in order to understand ogy of Professor Wilkie's essays together with se- the bottlenecks in state planning and state action, lected sets of historical statistics developed for the data in this section are not generally analyzed. But study of contemporary Latin America, the scope since the intent of this work is to place historical of the program has been expanded to offer data statistics into one important perspective, the range with longer time-series perspectives than hitherto and problems of data presented in the volume is pu blished. sampled in the lntroduction and Afterword. Part lll, ln contrast lo Measuring Land Reform, which also is designed to further illustrate the complex (Gross concerns the generation "time-series (i.e., meaning in one type of data National Prod- of data" presented data listed on a year-by-year or period-by-period uct) in Part ll. Part offers brief case study in the use of basis), this work ís concerned with presenting and lll a historical to understand na- testing available time-series data needed for recon- statistics outcomes of tional policy in an international sphere. Figures on ceptualizing and analyzing the informational infra- economic growth in Latin America are analyzed in structure in which twentieth-century decisions of relation importance United policy, national policy to the of States are made.