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Che in Bolivia: 1 " PRO BL.E.1IJ5 oF eo ~ ""VN15111 ,,", VOI..~X"( t J'l)[...Y 1970 (l¡) 1 Che In• Bolivia: The ~~Revolution" That: Failed By Robert F. Lamberg • • Eme.to GUfl'I')ara eOmeJl/from the eouRtry to aims was emphatically and d'ecisively repudiated the cit,,/r..,ith] a "-re and a ......... 1 -Bolivian guerrilla songo -in the much celebrated misldventure of "Che" Guevara in Bolivia. rOur] uolatioR CORtiRUe8 10 be total • • • the There are severaI reasons. wby it is important peaNnt baH i. .ti" undfl'l')elopetl. • • • JF"e ..iU ha_ not recruited aR" pea_u, ..,1aich to examine the Bolivian guerrilla movement. First i. under.tandab'e eo...iderin. the 'itde eon· and foremost, it was the oiUy insurgent fQrce taet _ halle had ..,ith the.... • • • 'refinemeJ,l~}n.. -From Guevara's field diary, organized entirely on the basis Df April and August 1967. guerrilla theory that might be 'described as' the third phase of the Castroite id~Io8f.1 "Secondly, it was the only guerrilla action iJlLatin America ~Oni~hut that yielded a great deaI of firsthaud', documentary I, i. uot untypical of Fidel Ca.tro'. checkered course--that only a few months after • he stage-managed a major demonstration of his .. 1 In the writer's view, it is possible to dilitinauish. three dis· infiuence on the Latin American continent (the tinct phases in the evolution of Castroite ideolOlY. In the first, conference of the "Lati~ American Solidarity Or­ theoretical notions were fonnulated ez post I~ÍfJ to explain and glorify Castro's successful revolution in Cuba; the classic ganization" convened in Havana in August 1967), expression of these theories was Guevara's fawous volume, the strategy of guerrilla warfare by which he and Guerra de Guerrillas, publíshed in Havana ·in ;1960. In the second phase, Castroism was elaborated a.d eÍnfused with I his followers hoped to achieve their revolutionary doctrinal concepts that placed it unmistakably in the ideologi· , cal orbit of communism (see, for example, thd'''Second Decla· ration of Havana," Revolucion (Havana) Felt. 5, 1962; Gue· Mr. Lamberg is Visiting Professor for Latin Amer­vara's "Guerra de Guerrillas: Un Metodo," Cuba Socialista, ican Contemporary History and Politics at the September 1962; and other sources). The third (lhue witnessed the amendment of Guevara's theories of guerrillAt warfare to Centro de Estudios Internacionales at El Colegio de emphasize the need for anned struggle by guerrillas operating Memo. He has written extensively on Latin Amer­iMependently from polítical control (reflecting!Havana's im· patience with the peaceful política and tactics 'of)he pro·Soviet ican and Communist aDairs and authored Die Cornmunist partie& on the continent). The chillf articulator of i castristische Guerrilla in Lateinamerika, to be pub­this last phase of ideology. was the Frenchman Jules Régis .Debray. See ill ¡Iulie1l,lar hia RetJOlution in the Revolution, lished Sflon in West German~. ,,:,.. , Al • 1 New York, The' Monthly Revi~'Press, 1967. ... Ir.. 25 .... .-...~ ~.'L.~~'~,;,~:~_ _~ • .... 101.-. ..::.... d: .. .... ;,._.":"". .. • - ,. material, so that it can be analyzed with a minimum of the new regime was to depoliticize public life of speculation. In the third place, it provided a and to institute decision-making based on tech­ graphic and striking illustration of the distance nological expertise. In terms of power relations, the between the revolutionary idealism of the Castro­ three most important forces in the country now ites and the practical realities of Latin American became the military, the farmers and the mine lHe. workers. In the latter respect, we sha11 start out by con­ For both political and economic reasons which do sidering what Che Guevara apparently did not­ not need to be elaborated here, Barrientos and the specific political, social and economic condi­ Candia concentrated their efforts on curtailing the tions that characterize the Bolivian nation. power of the mine workers while seeking support from the major peasants' organizations. By 1966 the regime felt strong enough to seek popular A Society in Transition affirmation of its leadership, and Barrientos was duly endorsed as President of Bolivia in national Bolivia has been ca11ed "a beggar on a throne elections. Barrientos' success in establishing a of gold" 2_a reference to the unhappy fact that power base in the peasants' organizations later despite enormously rich natural resources the Boliv· proved to be an important political asset, as we ian economy is greatly underdeveloped and the sha11 see. country is plagued by poverty. Eighteen years ago The Barrientos regime could hardly be ca11ed these conditions helped to bring about a revolution democratic (for that matter, neither could its prede­ which, in terms of the changes it wrought in Boli· cessor). At the same time, it certainly was not via's political and economic system, ranks among "counterrevolutionary"-on the contrary, it aimed, the three most important revolutions in Latin in its own way and according to its own notions, at America in this century (the other two being the spurring the slow pace of progress toward the goals Mexican in 1910 and the Cuban in 1959). Carried of the revolution. It might also be pointed out that out by the Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario Barrientos and his co11eagues acted with relative (hereafter MNR) under the leadership of Victor restraint in dealing with their political opponents Paz Estenssoro, the revolution of 1952 was de­ (at least compared to the behavior of sorne Latin cidedly "socialistic" insofar as its original goals American militarists who have seized power by and programs were concemed. Among the signifi­ force). It is true that the mine workers were sub­ cant measures' that it undertook were the national­ jected to a number of repressive measures, inelud­ ization of the country's most important natural ing the outlawing of their union organization and resource, the tin mines; an extensive program of the exile of their most active leaders. But otherwise land reform; and the introduction of universal the regime seemed to act with deliberate modera· suffrage. If, in later years, there was reason to tion. The ousted leaders of the Paz regime were doubt the success of these programs in terms of spared brutal physical persecution, and though Paz their economic impact, they did at least succeed himself was exiled, his supporters were soon able in converting a significant segment of the popula­ to regroup and return to the political arena without tion to the socio-political outlook they represented. 3 serious harassment from the regime. Various leftist In November 1964 the Paz regime was over­ groups, ineluding Communist factions, emerged as thrown by a military faction within the ranks of legal political organizations, and the pro.Soviet the MNR, and a new govemment was formed under Communist Party of Bolivia (PCB) even took part the leadership of Generals René Barrientos Ortuño -unsuccessfu11y-in the elections of 1966 by oro and Alfredo Ovando Candia.4 The announced aim ganizing the co11ective front FLN (Frente de Lib­ eración Nacional). While it is impossible to gauge the genuineness of the support extended to Bar­ rientos, it is at least elear that he was offered rela­ 2 Robert J. Alexander, The Bolivian National Revolution, tively weak opposition in the presidential election New Brunswick, N,J., Rutgers University Press, 1958, p. 3. and emerged from it with enhanced strength and sOn the 1952 revolution and its results, ej. Robert J. Alex­ ander, The Bolivian National Revolution, New Brunswick, N,J., status. Rutgers University Press, 1958; and Mario Rolon Anaya, To a11 appearances, Ernesto "Che" Guevara's Politiea y partidos en Bolivia, La Paz, Editorial Juventud, 1966. 4 On the Barrientos eoup and its consequences, ej. William plan to establish a guerrilla force in Bolivia origi­ H. Brill, Military lntervention in Bolivia: The Overthrow oj nated sorne time in 1963, preceding the coup that Paz Estenssoro and the MNR, Washington, D.C., Institute fOl' 3 the Comparative Study of Political Systems, 1967. brought Barientos to power. It seems possible that 26 he later considered other target areas (during the ence exemplified the successful creation of a revo­ period of his much-publicized disappearance from lutionary situation by a guerrilla force. Consequent­ the public scene in 1965-66) but in the end decided ly, they preached that the Cuban revolution must be Bolivia offered the ripest ground for revolution. extended-or, to employ the usual term, exported In any case, the observer cannot escape the im­ -to other Latin American countries. They also pression that once "el Che" had embarked upon became convinced that revolutionary action-that his course, he paid very little attention to the im­ is, armed struggle--was the only possible way to portant shifts taking place on the Bolivian scene-­ achieve social change in Latin America. FinalIy­ an oversight thát was to contribute significantIy to in defiance of the sacrosanct Leninist notion of his downfalI. party supremacy-they insisted that in the course of such armed struggle, the polítical element of the revolutionary forces (i.e., the Cornmunist Party) A Theory o/Revolution should be subordinated to the military element (i.e., the guerrillas). To understand Guevara's course of action, it is These, in brief, were the convictions that under­ necessary to know something about the revolution­ lay Guevara's venture into Bolivia. His broad aim ary theory on which it was based. First formulated was to achieve an "internationalization" of the by Guevara in his book Guerra de Guerrillas-and guerrilla force in a region reaching from the Peru­ elaborated over the years in the statements and vian and Bolivian highlands into his homeland, writings of Castro, Guevara, and finalIy the French­ Argentina, and possibly including even southwest­ man Jules Régis Debray-this theory departed from ern Brazil and Paraguay.
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