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Forging Nation from Exile: International Recognition, Political Alignment and Ideological Constraints in Basque Nationalisms (1956-1977)

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Forging Nation from Exile: International Recognition, Political Alignment and Ideological Constraints in Basque Nationalisms (1956-1977) Forging nation from exile: International recognition, political alignment and ideological constraints in Basque nationalisms (1956-1977) Aurora Madaula i Giménez ADVERTIMENT. La consulta d’aquesta tesi queda condicionada a l’acceptació de les següents condicions d'ús: La difusió d’aquesta tesi per mitjà del servei TDX (www.tdx.cat) i a través del Dipòsit Digital de la UB (diposit.ub.edu) ha estat autoritzada pels titulars dels drets de propietat intel·lectual únicament per a usos privats emmarcats en activitats d’investigació i docència. No s’autoritza la seva reproducció amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva difusió i posada a disposició des d’un lloc aliè al servei TDX ni al Dipòsit Digital de la UB. No s’autoritza la presentació del seu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX o al Dipòsit Digital de la UB (framing). Aquesta reserva de drets afecta tant al resum de presentació de la tesi com als seus continguts. En la utilització o cita de parts de la tesi és obligat indicar el nom de la persona autora. ADVERTENCIA. La consulta de esta tesis queda condicionada a la aceptación de las siguientes condiciones de uso: La difusión de esta tesis por medio del servicio TDR (www.tdx.cat) y a través del Repositorio Digital de la UB (diposit.ub.edu) ha sido autorizada por los titulares de los derechos de propiedad intelectual únicamente para usos privados enmarcados en actividades de investigación y docencia. No se autoriza su reproducción con finalidades de lucro ni su difusión y puesta a disposición desde un sitio ajeno al servicio TDR o al Repositorio Digital de la UB. No se autoriza la presentación de su contenido en una ventana o marco ajeno a TDR o al Repositorio Digital de la UB (framing). Esta reserva de derechos afecta tanto al resumen de presentación de la tesis como a sus contenidos. En la utilización o cita de partes de la tesis es obligado indicar el nombre de la persona autora. WARNING. On having consulted this thesis you’re accepting the following use conditions: Spreading this thesis by the TDX (www.tdx.cat) service and by the UB Digital Repository (diposit.ub.edu) has been authorized by the titular of the intellectual property rights only for private uses placed in investigation and teaching activities. Reproduction with lucrative aims is not authorized nor its spreading and availability from a site foreign to the TDX service or to the UB Digital Repository. Introducing its content in a window or frame foreign to the TDX service or to the UB Digital Repository is not authorized (framing). Those rights affect to the presentation summary of the thesis as well as to its contents. In the using or citation of parts of the thesis it’s obliged to indicate the name of the author. UNIVERSITAT DE BARCELONA Facultat de Geografia i Història Departament d’Història i Arqueologia Secció Història Contemporània i Món Actual Forging nation from exile: International recognition, political alignment and ideological constraints in Basque nationalisms (1956-1977) Doctoranda: Aurora Madaula i Giménez ___________________________________________ TESI DOCTORAL DIRECTORS DE LA TESI: Dr. Joseba Agirreazkuenaga Zigorraga Dr. Jordi Casassas Ymbert PROGRAMA DOCTORAT: Societat i Cultura Barcelona, 2017 A tu, Agustí. iii Acknowledgement Every research work needs long hours of dedication, commitment and solitude, but it would not have been completed without the help, support and care of many people that have come along with me throughout this time. First of all, I would like to thank the help and guidance of all the professionals at the libraries and archives I visited, such as the Sabino Arana Fundazioa, Lazkaoko Beneditarren Fundazioa, Pavelló de la República (Universitat de Barcelona), Boston University, National Archives and Records Administration (College Park, MD), Center for Basque Studies (Reno, NV), Ateneu Barcelonès, Library of the Faculty of Geography and History at the Universitat de Barcelona and Biblioteca de Catalunya (Barcelona). I am highly indebted to Professor Liah Greenfeld for guiding me through nationalism and the world of ideas and for spending with me long journeys reading, talking and discussing topics, at her home in Boston with the company of her husband, Gil Press, and little Billy. My deepest thanks to the Basque friends who have opened their homes, culture, gastronomic societies, memories and even their hearts to fulfill my research and my life: Edurne Rubio, Salba Zabala, Sabin Atxalandabaso, Eneko Irigaray, Julen Madariaga, Xabier Kintana, Angel Rekalde, Koldo Martínez Garate, Pernando Barrena, Ramon Sota, Iñaki Anasagasti and Iñigo Landa. This long path wouldn't have been possible without the support, friendship and mutual understanding of my dearest friends at the University of Barcelona: Ivan Gracia, Marta Hidalgo, Alba Marina González, Fabien Van Geert and Marta Palacín. Friends who have recently stepped into my life but that have never let me down and believed in me from the very first moment: Sònia Bergós, Lidia Duch, Leire Flores, Yolanda Paulet, Jordi Riera, Miquel Sarmiento, Gemma Aguilera and Miriam Nogueras; and those who have been present since the long teenage summer nights in Berga and countless Patums, building a strong friendship: Òscar Macarella, Martí Pera, Dani Sánchez, Marta Yuste, Ricardo Jiménez, Miguel Ángel Díaz, Carol Herrera, Tere Clemente, Alicia Boixadera and Jagoba Lekuona. I would also like to thank Anna Geli, Francesc Cano and their son Andrèu, for having given me the necessary peace needed from time to time, in their beautiful hotel at Val d'Aran. v I wish to express my gratefulness to José Expósito, who supported and shared my hopes for many years, listening to me while we were climbing mountains. This summit is also yours. I would like to express my deep sense of gratitude and profound respect to my supervisors Dr. Joseba Agirreazkuenaga and Dr. Jordi Casassas, whose consistent support and advices guided me to successfully complete this project. I wish to show my love and gratefulness to my family: Xavi Madaula, Puig Deulofeu, Joan Ramon Madaula, Eva Orta, Vicenç Madaula and Cristina Ortega. To my loving nephew and nieces: Marc, Aina and Èrika. I would also like to thank my mom, Carme Giménez, who has supported me, has patiently listened to my Basque nationalism deliberations and cried with me the absence of my beloved dad. Last but not least, I am very much indebted to Agustí Colomines who encouraged me when my strength gave out, shared his knowledge and wise advices, listened to my doubts and fears and offered invaluable support during the course of my PhD work. vi Abstract This research focuses on the evolution of Basque nationalism in exile during the period 1956-1977. The outbreak of the Spanish Civil War and the subsequent establishment of Franco dictatorship, forced the Basque Government and the Basque nationalists to flee in exile. The exile becomes refuge and framework for the conservation and development of Basque nationalism. The influence of the exile conditions the international relations, the recognition of the Basque cause and ideological constraints. Through Manuel Irujo, member of the Basque Nationalist Party and the main ideologue of nationalism in exile during the period studied, we see how exile transforms, conditions and protects the political nation imagined. Resum Aquesta investigació està centrada en l’evolució del nacionalisme basc a l’exili durant el període 1956-1977. L’esclat de la Guerra Civil espanyola i el posterior establiment de la dictadura franquista, van obligar el Govern basc i els nacionalistes bascos a fugir a l’exili, que es convertirà en refugi alhora que marc per a la conservació i desenvolupament del nacionalisme basc. La influència de l’exili condicionarà les relacions internacionals, l’homologació de la causa basca i els referents ideològics. A través de la figura de Manuel Irujo, membre del Partit Nacionalista basc i principal ideòleg del nacionalisme a l’exili durant l’etapa estudiada, comprovarem com l’exili transforma, condiciona i protegeix la construcció de la nació política imaginada. vii INDEX Page Abstract vii List of abbreviations xiii 1. Proposal for the Thesis and Hypothesis 1 2. Methodological path 17 3. The World Basque Congress (1956) 27 a. The harsh reality of exile. Legitimacy and realpolitik. 27 b. Approaching to the Spanish Republican Government-in-exile. 28 c. The 1949 Basque Nationalist Party Declaration. 38 d. The Basque international politics before the Conference. The 47 American friend. e. The end of the American dream. 54 f. The Pacts of Madrid and the shift of the helm back to Europe. 61 g. Paris, September 23rd- October 1st: Euskal Batzar Orokorra 68 i. Governing what and how? Differences between the interior and 68 exile. ii. Gabon 1954. Organizing the Basque World Conference. 75 iii. The communists’ Reconciliación Nacional, Landaburu’s La 86 causa del Pueblo Vasco and the Americans. A Cold War mess. iv. Imagining/ Making up the nation from exile. Differences 96 between Telesforo Monzón and Manuel Irujo. ix v International repercussions with the spirit of Jesús de Galíndez 110 still hovering around. 4. Manuel Irujo in Munich. The IV Conferences of the European 121 Movement (1962); The "Contubernio de Múnich" a. Recovering from the loss. From Aguirre to Leizaola. 121 b. The PNV 1960 Declaration. New Lehendakari in a “new” Euzkadi. 125 c. The European Movement and the Basques. 134 i. Nouvelle Equipes Internationalles. (NEI). 139 ii. European Federal Movement. 141 d. The 60’s, a new international era of hope? 148 e. The “Contubernio de Munich”. 151 i. The Spanish democrats have an idea. 151 ii. "Nothing without Euzkadi, nothing against Euzkadi"; Internal 165 differences within the Basque Nationalist on the Munich agreement. f. Irujo and the Congress for Cultural Freedom. 175 5. We are not alone: Manuel Irujo vs Eli Gallastegui and ETA in the 191 evolution of the radical Basque nationalism.
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