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Forensics, DNA, and Rewriting the Past a Dissertation

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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Exhuming Spain’s Violent History: Forensics, DNA, and Rewriting the Past A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirement for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Sociology by Nicole Aimeé Iturriaga 2018 © Copyright by Nicole Aimeé Iturriaga 2018 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Exhuming Spain’s Violent History: Forensics, DNA and Rewriting the Past by Nicole Aimeé Iturriaga Doctor of Philosophy in Sociology University of California, Los Angeles, 2018 Professor Abigail Cope Saguy, Co-Chair Professor Gail Kligman, Co-Chair Scholars have argued that the state has the power not only to decide who lives and who dies, but also has multiple “modalities of power deployment over the production and management of the dead,” known as necropower.1 However, the emergence of a forensics-based human rights social movement raises larger questions about how activists in post-conflict states are using forensic science to seize this nexus of state necropower. My research thus focuses on understanding: How are human rights activists using forensics and DNA testing to reframe histories of violence? How are these human rights activists using various mechanisms (globalized conceptions of human rights, transnational activist networks, international law, pedagogy, performance, embodiment) to further their goals of restoring identity, memory, and 1 Wilson, Richard Ashby. Necropolitics: mass graves and exhumations in the age of human rights. 3-4. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015. ii justice within a globalized context? This study seeks to explore these questions through a case study of the silencing of the past in Spain. Chapter 2, Human Rights Forensics, A Global Movement Born in Death, focuses on the work of the Argentine Forensic Anthropology Team (EAAF) and the Grandmothers of the Plaza de Mayo, who initiated and globalized this movement in response to the violent military regime that terrorized Argentina from 1976-1983 and left at least 30,000 people missing. It draws from a variety of data sources, including historical secondary literature, legal cases, and interviews with the leaders of the EAAF and the Grandmothers of the Plaza de Mayo, as well as two months of observational data collected in Argentina in 2015. This chapter builds the groundwork of how forensics-based human rights transnational movement began, flourished, and spread. It shows that the Argentinean example may be one of the only fully successful cases of activists seizing control of a dominant narrative of state terror. I further analyze the impact of the EAAF and the Grandmothers’ globalization of this movement in an in-depth case study of Spain’s most prolific human rights forensic organization—the Association for the Recovery of Historical Memory (ARMH). My analyses draw on a 15-month participant observation of the ARMH, over 230 in-depth interviews, and a discourse analysis of visitors’ guest books from ARMH exhumations. I approach the case study through an in-depth analysis of three key dimensions: Performance, Pedagogy, and International Connections. I argue that these three dimensions illustrate the complex, overlapping, and sometimes-contradictory tactics that ARMH activists use in their reframing of Spain’s violent past. Chapters 4-6 thus represent the core of the research, with each chapter directly corresponding to each of these dimensions. iii In sum, I find that, by basing their claims in science, human rights activists transform perceptions of them from prejudiced activists with political goals into objective experts. Using science, international protocols, and tropes of modernity; activists depoliticize their version of state terror. I illustrate how, by using this ‘depoliticized approach,’ human rights activists successfully seize necropower from the state, meaningfully change how people understand and remember past violence, mold transitional justice efforts, restitute the identities of missing persons, and facilitate important death rituals for victims’ families. iv The dissertation of Nicole Aimee Iturriaga is approved. Hannah Louise Landecker Geoffrey Robinson Gail Kligman, Committee Co-Chair Abigail Cope Saguy, Committee Co-Chair University of California, Los Angeles 2018 v —Para los sobrevivientes y luchadores contra el terrorismo del estado & —For my parents vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ACRONYMS ...........................................................................................................................................................IX LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................................................... X ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................................................................................XI CV..................................................................................................................................................................... XV EMPLOYMENT .....................................................................................................................................................XV EDUCATION .........................................................................................................................................................XV PUBLICATIONS .....................................................................................................................................................XV AWARDS ..............................................................................................................................................................XV CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 2 Necropower: Control the Memory, Control History ......................................................................................... 6 ‘Political Lives of the Dead’ ............................................................................................................................ 8 Collective Memory ....................................................................................................................................... 10 Social Movements and Performativity .......................................................................................................... 13 DATA AND METHODS ............................................................................................................................................ 16 CHAPTER OUTLINE ................................................................................................................................................ 20 CHAPTER 2: HUMAN RIGHTS FORENSICS, A GLOBAL MOVEMENT BORN IN DEATH ............................................. 24 ARGENTINA’S DIRTY WAR ...................................................................................................................................... 24 The Rise of the Grandmothers...................................................................................................................... 28 The Rise of the EAAF .................................................................................................................................... 31 THE GRANDMOTHERS, DNA, AND THE CONTESTING OF “HISTORY” .................................................................................. 36 Scientific Advancements, Forensic Truths, and “Restituting” Identity, Changing History ................................ 37 Genetic Identity, Memory Work, and the Continued Search for the Living Disappeared ................................. 45 Impact of the Grandmother’s Negotiation of Necropower ............................................................................ 54 GLOBALIZING THE FIGHT......................................................................................................................................... 56 CHAPTER 3: SPAIN’S VIOLENT & REPRESSIVE PAST, A PRIMER ............................................................................. 60 The Spanish Civil War .................................................................................................................................. 60 The Coup d’état of 1936 .............................................................................................................................. 61 Francoism ................................................................................................................................................... 67 Shaming the Defeated, Franco Repression ................................................................................................... 69 Creating the Dominant Narrative ................................................................................................................. 72 Post Franco, Transition, and Changing Legal Regimes .................................................................................. 76 Spanish Legal Structure ............................................................................................................................... 77 The Rise of the ARMH .................................................................................................................................. 80 CHAPTER FOUR: BREAKING THE SILENCE, BREAKING THE FEAR: THE ROLE OF PERFORMATIVE TACTICS ............. 83 FINDINGS ..........................................................................................................................................................
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