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Bain, Mervyn J. (2001) Soviet/Cuban Relations 1985-1991. Phd Thesis

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Bain, Mervyn J. (2001) Soviet/Cuban relations 1985-1991. PhD thesis. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/5387/ Copyright and moral rights for this thesis are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Glasgow Theses Service http://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] Soviet/Cuban Relations 1985-1991 By Mervyn J. Bain A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Department of Politics, University of Glasgow. (c) December 2001 Abstract In March 1985 Mikhail Gorbachev became General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU). By 1985 relations between the Soviet Union and Cuba had been in existence for over 25 years and were extremely close in both ideological and trade terms. Soon after coming to power, Gorbachev implemented the policies of perestroika and glasnost while Fidel Castro introduced the campaign for rectification of errors in Cuba. There were great differences in these campaigns since the Cuban one was much more ideologically driven than its Soviet counterparts. This study is an examination of the period from March 1985 to the end of 1991. This is done in three broad areas: official Soviet policy towards Cuba; the unofficial Soviet policy towards Cuba (an examination of academics and social/political commentators work on Cuba) and the Cuban perception and reaction to the events in the Soviet Union. This study also attempts to establish whether a re- thinking, with the benefit of hindsight, has taken place in the years since 1991. In 1985 official and unofficial Soviet policy towards Cuba were identical but as the Gorbachev period continued this began to change. Official policy began to become contradictory in style since Moscow started "veiled" attacks against aspects of its relationship with Cuba while at the same time still defended the island in the face of continuing US hostility. Moscow also stated that the differences in Soviet and Cuban policies were because each campaign was designed for conditions specific to each country but that both had the same goal: the improvement of socialism. Although official policy became more outspoken, at no point during the Gorbachev era did it call for the termination of relations with Cuba. Unofficial Soviet policy started to change as the effects of glasnost permeated Soviet society. This became noticeable from 1987 onwards and reached the point that an open debate on the relationship was taking place. By 1991 unofficial policy was vastly different from the official Soviet line towards Cuba. The Cuban government also stated that the programmes were for situations specific to each country but that both had the same goal, that being the improvement of socialism. The unofficial Cuban line mirrored the official one but by 1990 this started to change as it started to criticise Soviet policies. In 1991 the Cuban government also started to do this. Due to the difficult situation in the I socialist world the Cuban government from 1989 had been trying to increase its hard currency markets. but A general re-thinking with the benefit of hindsight has not taken place on either side an little examination of participants' memoirs is still a valuable study to conduct. Although it offers very new evidence for this period it does, however, give more credence to the events that took place between March 1985 and December 1991. 11 Preface In April 1989 Mikhail Gorbachev travelled to Cuba for a meeting with his Cuban counterpart Fidel Castro. As the date for Gorbachev's trip approached the Cuban government was inundated with requests for travel visas by foreign journalists as many in the West believed this visit could have "explosive" results not just for the relationship between the Soviet Union and Cuba but also the Cuban Revolution itself. This belief occurred due to the policy changes that had taken place in both the Soviet Union and Cuba in the mid to late 1980s that appeared to be very different in substance. Gorbachev had introduced the reforming policies of perestroika and glasnost in the Soviet Union where as Fidel had implemented the idealistic campaign of rectification of errors to try and solve Cuba's problems. Many in the West thought that Gorbachev would impose his ideas for change on his Cuban counterpart while in Cuba. This was not the outcome of his trip and Cuba's position within the Soviet elite may have even been strengthened by it. Relations between the two countries continued for two more years until in December 1991 the Soviet Union itself imploded and disintegrated but they had become more strained in this final period and it was only with the disintegration of the Soviet Union that the relationship between the two nations, which had lasted for over 30 years, came to an end. This seven-year period in which Gorbachev was in power was of extreme importance in the relationship between his own country and Cuba and is perhaps only paralleled in importance in the 30-year relationship by the initial contact between Moscow and Havana in 1959/1960 and the tumultuous events surrounding the Cuban Missile Crisis in October 1962. The period in which Gorbachev was General Secretary of 111 the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) and the Soviet Union's relationship with Cuba is the areas on which this study will concentrate. The role that the United States of America played in the relationship between the Soviet Union and Cuba will also be incorporated due to the US's status as a global superpower and its geographical and historical links with the Caribbean island. This will provide the thesis with a context of the world scene but on the main will concentrate purely on the bilateral relationship between the Soviet Union and Cuba. This study will incorporate an analysis of trade between the Soviet Union and Cuba, state-to-state relations, relations between the CPSU and the Communist Party of Cuba (PCC), and diplomatic links between the two countries. This will be conducted in a broad chronological order. The first two chapters will give a general background to the relationship between the Soviet Union from the time of the victory of the Russian Revolution until Gorbachev became general Secretary of the CPSU in March 1985. The first chapter will concentrate on the earliest contact between the Soviet Union and Cuba from November 1917 onwards. Cuba's position within the Communist International (Comintern) will be examined before Moscow's dealings with Fidel Castro and his followers during the guerrilla period of the 1950s are examined. The first chapter will conclude with a study of the relationship between Moscow and the fledgling government in Havana until December 1961 when Fidel proclaimed himself and thus the Cuban Revolution Marxist-Leninist. The second chapter will concentrate on the relationship between the Soviet Union and Cuba from December 1961 until March 1985. This will be done in three sections with the first being the Soviet Union's relations with Cuba. The second section will be concentrate on Cuba's dealings with the Soviet Union and the third will a study of IV Cuba's growing prestige on the world arena at this time and the role that Moscow may have played in this. The next four chapters will concentrate on the Gorbachev period in a chronological manner. Chapters three, four and five cover two-year periods with chapter six covering solely 1991 by itself. Each chapter is, again, split into three different sections. The first is a study of official Soviet policy towards Cuba at that time. The second is an examination of Soviet academics and social/political commentator's work on Cuba to conclude the unofficial Soviet line. The third section is an analysis of Havana's reaction to the perceived changes that were being implemented in the Soviet Union. This will also involve a study of Cuban academics' works. The seventh and final chapter will be an amalgamation of the conclusions from the previous chapters before some comments will be made on the pressures and influences that were involved in the relationship between Moscow and Havana from its conception in January 1959 but in particular during the Gorbachev era. A great amount of material has been written not only on the Cuban Revolution but also on the relationship between the Soviet Union and Cuba. A brief study of the literature available will be conducted. Although much has been written a great percentage of it either concentrates on earlier periods, looks in general terms at the whole 30-year relationship between the Soviet Union and Cuba, or is a study of the Cuban Revolution as a whole. Soviet foreign policy throughout the entire Soviet period has unquestioningly received great attention from academics and historians worldwide. S. Clissold's Soviet Relations With Latin America A Documentary Survey provides documents and an in-depth study of Moscow's contact with each Latin American country separately in the years immediately after the Russian Revolution up to 1968 (1). The V Cuban Revolution, its history and the internal situation within the country have all received much scrutiny by academics. This started from the earliest days of the revolution, through the idealistic period of the 1960s and into the process of institutionalisation that Cuba went through in the 1970s that resulted in it resembling the Soviet Union itself (2).
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