Dollars in Billions

High-Speed Rail $512.70

Electrifica3on & Downtown Megaprojects $120.48

Conven3onal Routes $69.67

Long-Distance Segments $4.47

$0 $150 $300 $450 $600 • The collective costs of this vision may appear staggering. However, these funding levels are pay-back for more than a half-century of disinvestment in the nation’s passenger rail network, and would be still off-pace of leading Asian & European nations.

• At the same time, this is not an all-out crayon exercise. There’s dozens of high-speed and a hundred or so other conventional routes that would fully-realize a world-class network. Therefore, there’s a bit of practicality in this vision, but we won’t argue it is realistic or likely.

• The first version of this vision does not include ridership estimates or economic benefit multipliers. Our goal is to include this in the next iteration of this document. Because, too often we focus on fully-allocated costs of mobility investments but not the fully-allocated benefits. The trouble is those numbers are more abstract and difficult to calculate in advance.

• Our vision generally does not include new local rail transit projects, such as heavy rail/metro, light-rail, streetcars and peak travel-focused commuter rail, and assumes the current federal New Starts funding program (and other programs included as part of Capital Investment Grants) continue and increase in investment levels to augment and leverage the high-speed, intercity and regional routes prioritized here.

• Cost per mile rates were determined using published costs of recent service expansion and improvement projects, both in North America and global examples.

• Funding is assumed for capital projects at 80% federal and 20% state, local or other matching funds, while operations are assumed at 50% federal and 50% state/local/other match.

• Estimates included in this vision are generally liberal, with the expectation that elected officials and other policy-makers should leverage political will, global capital cost standards, project management techniques and economies of scale in procurement to make optimal use of public investment.

• Implementation would occur on a phased or rolling approach, with full build-out and initiation of service likely requiring 30-40 years. This vision does not identify projects according to those phases.

• This document attempts to calculate miles of new or improved rail lines only once. However, given this vision is aspirational and not technical, some unintended redundancies may exist.

• The routes and services recommended here do not, generally, factor in massive shifts in population locations and travel habits related to climate change, although the position of RAIL Magazine is that climate change is real, is the result of human activity and may result in tremendous impacts to society. We simply do not have the expertise to make such projections.

• RAIL Magazine’s continuing work is largely a labor of love and is personal commentary, and suggestions and feedback are welcome and appreciated, although we’ll maintain our editorial positions and viewpoints with the encouragement to others to draft their own vision statements. This document does not necessarily reflect the positions of the Community Transportation Association of America (CTAA) or the South West Transit Association (SWTA). 10 HIGH SPEED RAIL SYSTEMS

Cost Per Mile Trainsets Cost Route/System Miles (in millions Notes Needed (1 per (billions) of $) every 16 miles) Full NEC 2nd corridor; Northeast Corridor 470 $75.2 160 29 includes Gateway tunnel Minus Madera- California 629 $56.6 90 39 Bakersfield IOS Minus Joliet-Decatur 110 Chicago-St Louis-Kansas City 585 $46.8 80 37 mph segment Chicago-Toledo/Detroit- Toronto/Cleveland-Pittsurgh- 1130 $90.4 80 Full new HSR corridor 71 Harrisburg-Baltimore

Chicago-Milwaukee-Madison- Upgraded route CHI-MKE; 433 $34.6 80 27 Rochester-Twin Cities new infra. elsewhere

Assumes Texas Central Texas Triangle / 925 $64.8 70 self-financed Dallas- 58 OKC/Monterrey Houston starter line Continues to DC- Charlotte-Atlanta 245 $20.0 80 15 Charlotte corridor Cascadia: Vancouver- 315 $28.3 90 Full new HSR corridor 20 Seattle-Portland (New York)-Boston-Albany- New HSR north of Albany 725 $65.3 90 45 Montreal/Toronto & west of Worcester

Brightline: Orlando- Assumes I-4 highway 235 $16.5 70 15 Tampa/Cocoa-Jacksonville median @ no cost Total Infrastructure: 5692 $498.5 N/A Total Trainsets Needed 356 Average Infrastructure: 569 $49.9 89

Rolling Stock Cost Annul Operating & Maintenance $36,998,000 (in billions) $14.2 Cost (in millions) [$6,500 per mile] [$40 million per trainset]

Total Cost – Infrastructure & Rolling Stock: $512.7 billion

• Assumes continuation and completion of California High-Speed Rail’s Madera-Bakersfield Initial Operating Segment, Brightline’s West Palm Beach – Orlando Intnational Airport segment, Texas Central Railway’s Dallas – Houston line and Brightline’s Las Vegas – Southern California route. • Most international high-speed routes cover or are profitable based on operating revenues. Annual O&M cost is shown as a reference. • Some segments will be constructed to include local tracks and stations to serve regional trips. 75 NEW CONVENTIONAL INTERCITY & REGIONAL ROUTES • This collection of routes assumes varrying levels of existing and new infrastructure capacity to achieve differing levels of service, illustrated by the four colors described below, along with differing needs for rolling stock for each route. • While some intercity and regional routes are able to cover their annual operating costs, this vision does not speculate as to which of these routes would be operationally break-even or profitable.

Total Infrastructure Rolling Stock Price: Rolling Stock Cost Total Miles: 14384 $62,444,290,000 Totail Trainsets Cost: Locomotive-hauled trainsets – routes of greater than 250 miles (at $20 million per 5 cars & 1 $1.4 billion Average Cost Per Mile: $4,150,146 Average Miles: 185.4 488 locomotive x 2 trains:250 miles; no less than 2 trains per route): 70

Diesel Multiple Units (at $10.5 million per unit x 3 trans:100 miles; $864 million Total Miles Electrified: 3009.4 fleet no less than 4 per route): 80

Diesel-Electric Multiple Units: (at $12.5 million per unit x 3 trans:100 Average Annual Operating Cost: $125 million Total Annual Operating Cost $2,440,000,000 miles; fleet no less than 4 per $5 million per roundtrip route) 10 Locomotive-hauled trainsets – routes of greater than 250 miles (at $20 million per 5 cars & 1 $1.56 billion Service Level Cost Per Mile locomotive x 2 trains:250 miles; no less than 2 trains per route): 78

Diesel Multiple Units (at $10.5 Non-Electrified, In- million per unit x 3 trans:100 miles; $588 million $450,000/mile Service; 4 or < TPD fleet no less than 4 per route): 56

Electric Multiple Unit trainsets (at $2.3 million per car x 6 cars per set Non-Electrified, In- $5.3 [$13.8m/trainset] x 5 trains:100 $1.81 billion Service; 4-12 TPD million/mile miles; fleet no less than 5 per route): 131 Electric Multiple Unit trainsets (at $2.3 million per car x 4 cars per set Electrified, In-Service; [$9.2m/trainset] x 5 trains:100 $874 million $13 million/mile 12 or < TPD miles; fleet no less than 5 per route): 95 New Build, Electrified: Total Rolling Stock Cost $7.221 billion $35 million/mile 2 or < TPH Total Infrastructure & Rolling Stock Cost: $69.665 billion 75 NEW CONVENTIONAL INTERCITY & REGIONAL ROUTES

Project Miles Trainsets Segment State(s) Miles Owner(s) Cost Number Route/Service Name Electrified Needed

1 Alabama Connector Birmingham-Montgomery-Mobile AL 275 CSX $123,750,000 0 3 2 Arkansas Traveler Little Rock-Memphis AR, TN 133 UP $59,850,000 0 4 3 Sun Valley Flyer Phoenix-Tucson AZ 120 AzDOT $4,200,000,000 120 7 4 SamTrans Dumbarton Rail CA 20.5 SamTrans $717,500,000 20.5 12 Los Angeles-Riverside-Palm 5 Coachilla Valley Express CA 130 UP $58,500,000 0 6 Springs-Indio 6 Cross-Valley Corrior Tulare-Visalia CA 80 UP $1,040,000,000 80 5 7 TVSQVRRA Valley Link CA 12 TVSQVRRA $420,000,000 12 12 8 RTD B Line Boulder-Westminster CO 33.8 RTD $1,183,000,000 33.8 12 9 Front Range Cheyenne-Denver-Pueblo CO,WY 210 BNSF/UP; RTD $2,730,000,000 120 11 10 Front Range Pueblo-Albuquerque CO, NM 334 BNSF/NM/CO $150,300,000 334 4 11 Delmarva Service Wilmington-Dover-Salisbury DE, MD 110 Delmarva Central $49,500,000 0 6 Jacksonville-Tallahassee- 12 Emerald Coast Limited FL 357 Florida Gulf & Atlantic $160,650,000 0 4 Pensacola 13 Orange Blossom Special Orlando-Eustis/Winter Garden FL 49 Florida Central $637,000,000 49 5 Tampa-Brandon-Ft. Myers-N. 14 Florida West Coast FL 180.5 CSX/Seminole Gulf $81,225,000 0 8 Naples 15 Tampa Bay Connector St. Petersburg-Tampa-Sarasota FL 71.4 CSX/Seminole Gulf $928,200,000 71.4 5 16 Brain Train Atlanta-Athens GA 72 CSX $936,000,000 72 5 CSX/NS/Georgia 17 Peachtree Limited Atlanta-Macon-Savannah GA 282 $1,494,600,000 0 12 Central GA, AL, MS, 18 Meridian Speedway Atlanta-Dallas 495 NS/KCS $222,750,000 0 4 LA, TX 19 Lowcountry Limited Atlanta-Augusta-Charleston GA, SC 295 CSX $132,750,000 0 4 Quad Cities-Iowa City- 20 Midwesterner IA, IL, NE 305 IAIS $1,616,500,000 0 5 Des Moines-Omaha 21 Idahoan Rexburg-Ontario ID, OR 360 UP $1,908,000,000 0 4 22 Peoria Rocket Chicago-Peoria-Springfield IL 130 UP $58,500,000 0 6 IL, IN, OH, NS/Chicago, Ft Wayne 23 Ft Wayne Line Chicago-Ft Wayne-Columbus 300 $1,590,000,000 0 5 PA & Eastern/CSX Chicago-Nashville-Chattanooga- IL,KY,TN, 24 Floridian Corridor 1100 CSX $495,000,000 0 6 Altanta-Jacksonville GA,FL Kansas City-Newton-Wichita- 25 Heartland Flyer KS,OK 186 BNSF $83,700,000 0 6 Oklahoma City 26 Thoroughbread Louisville-Frankfort-Lexington KY 80 RJ Corman $1,040,000,000 80 5 27 The Pelican Shreveport-Baton Rouge LA 225 KCS $101,250,000 0 4 28 The Pelican Baton Rouge-New Orleans LA 75 KCS $975,000,000 75 5 Pittsfield-Danbury-Southeast-New MassDOT / ConnDOT/ 29 Berkshires Flyer MA, CT, NY 98 $44,100,000 0 6 York Housatonic RR Providence & 30 Worcester Rocket Worcester-Providence MA, RI 40 $18,000,000 0 5 Worcester (G&W) Hagerstown-Brunswick- 31 MARC Hagerstown Branch MD, DC 27 MDOT $945,000,000 75 6 Washington 32 Caribou (Portland)-Brunswick-Bangor ME 107.8 PanAm Railways $571,340,000 0 4 33 Maine Cities Link Portland-Lewiston/Auburn ME 25 PanAm Railways $325,000,000 25 8 34 Holland-Rapid Service Grand Rapids-Holland MI 25 CSX $325,000,000 25 8 35 Pure Michigan Limited Traverse City-Ann Arbor-Detroi MI 241 Great Lakes Central $108,450,000 0 4 36 Coast-to-Coast Service Detroit-Lansing-Grand Rapids MI 158 CSX $71,100,000 0 4 37 Northern Lights Express Duluth-Twin Cities MN, WI 152 BNSF $805,600,000 0 8 75 NEW CONVENTIONAL INTERCITY & REGIONAL ROUTES

Project Miles Trainsets Segment State(s) Miles Owner(s) Cost Number Route/Service Name Electrified Needed 38 Rock Island Rail Corridor Kansas City-Lee's Summit MO 17.7 RIRCA $619,500,000 17.7 8 39 Gulf Coast Rebel Jackson-Hattiesburg-Gulfport MS 160 CN/KCS $72,000,000 0 5 Billings-Bozeman-Helena- 40 Big Sky Limited MT 343 MRL $154,350,000 0 4 Missoula Wilmington-(Raleigh-Salisbury)- 41 Tarheel Service NC, TN 370 NCRR/NS $1,961,000,000 0 5 Asheville-Knoxville Concord-Manchester-Nashua- 42 Granite State NH 52 PanAm/MBTA $676,000,000 52 5 Lowell-(Boston) Rochester-Dover-Portsmouth- 43 Newburyport Line Extension NH, MA 46 PanAm/MBTA $598,000,000 46 5 Newburyport 44 Lackawanna Cutoff New York-Scranton NJ, PA 85 NJ Transit/PNRRA $1,105,000,000 85 5 45 Lehigh Valley Line New York-Bethlehem NJ, PA 29.3 NJ Transit/LANTA $380,900,000 29.3 5 46 White Sands Limited Albuquerque-El Paso NM, TX 266 UP/NMRRX $1,409,800,000 0 5 47 Empire Service Albany-Niagara Falls-Hamilton NY, ON 370 CSX/NYSDOT/CN $4,810,000,000 370 18 48 Rockaway Beach Branch 63 DR-Howard Beach NY 4.8 MTA $168,000,000 4.8 10 49 Lackawanna/Susquehenna Syracuse-Binghamton-Scranton NY, PA 130 NYS&W/NS $58,500,000 0 5 50 Three C Corridor Cleveland-Columbus-Cincinnati OH 260 CSX/NS $3,380,000,000 260 12 51 Western Ohio Service Toledo-Lima-Dayton-(Cincinnati) OH 150 CSX $67,500,000 0 8 52 Akron-Canton Line Cleveland-Akron-Canton OH 63 NS/W&LE $819,000,000 63 5 53 Tulsa Rocket Tulsa-Oklahoma City OK 110 UP/SLWC/TSU $583,000,000 0 8 54 Sooner Service Oklahoma City-Norman OK 20 BNSF $260,000,000 20 5 55 Oregon Electric Corridor Beaverton-Salem-Eugene OR 113 Portland & Western $1,469,000,000 113 6 56 Lewis & Clark Explorer Portland-Astoria OR 102 Portland & Western $45,900,000 0 4 57 Bethlehem Line Bethlehem-Philadelphia PA 36.9 SEPTA $1,291,500,000 36.9 12 58 Reading Line Philadelphia-Reading PA 62 NS $806,000,000 62 5 59 Laurel Line Scranton-Wilkes/Barre PA 19 PNRRA $665,000,000 19 12 Harrisburg-Chambersburg- Hagerstown-Martinsburg- 60 Blue Ridge Mountaineer PA, MD, VA 211 NS/VDRPT $1,118,300,000 0 8 Winchester-Harrisonburg- Staunton

Pittsburgh-Columbus-Indianapolis- PA, OH, IN, 61 National Limited 602 NS/CSX $270,900,000 0 6 Terre Haute-St. Louis MO

62 Mountaineer Pittsburg-Morgantown-Fairmont PA, WV 97.5 NS/CSX $43,875,000 0 6 Charleston-Columbia- 63 The Upstater SC 240 CSX/CPDR $108,000,000 0 6 Greenville/Spartanburg 64 The Volunteer Memphis-Nashville-Chattanooga TN 345 CSX $1,828,500,000 0 7 65 South Texas Rail Network Brownsville-McAllen-Laredo TX 204 RVSC/new build $2,652,000,000 204 7 San Antonio-Corpus Christi- 66 South Texas Rail Network TX 277 UP $3,601,000,000 204 8 Brownsville

(Fort Worth-Abilene-Sweetwater)- 67 West Texas Rail Network TX 412 UP $185,400,000 0 5 Midland/Odessa-El Paso

Fort Worth-Abilene-Sweetwater- 68 West Texas Rail Network TX 437 BNSF/UP $196,650,000 0 5 Lubbock-Amarillo 69 Texas Gulfliner Houston-Galveston TX 51 UP $270,300,000 0 8 Hampton Roads-Richmond- 70 Trans-Dominion Express VA 290 VDRPT/NS $130,500,000 0 4 Charlottesville-Roanoke 71 Southeast Regional S Line (Richmond-Raleigh) VA, NC 135 VDRPT/NCDOT $1,755,000,000 135 7 (Washington-Roanoke)-Bristol- 72 Southeast Regional VA, TN 280 NS $126,000,000 0 4 Knoxville Seattle/Portland-Boise-Salt Lake WA, OR, ID, 73 Pioneer 866 UP $389,700,000 0 9 City UT 74 The Chippewa Green Bay-Oshkosh-Milwaukee WI 137 CN $726,100,000 0 8 75 Twin Cities 95 Twin Cities-Eau Claire WI, MN 95 UP $1,235,000,000 95 5 ELECTRIFICATION OF ALL PUBLICLY-OWNED RAIL LINES & RER MEGA-PROJECTS

System Line Miles Owner Line Miles Owner Miles Electrified New Electrification or Controller Amtrak-Hudson Line Empire Service 68 CSX/Amtrak 0 68 Amtrak-Inland Route Hartford Line 62 Amtrak 0 62 Amtrak-Wolverine Line Wolverine 232 Amtrak/MDOT 0 232 System Line Miles Owner Line Miles Owner Miles Electrified New Electrification or Controller BART eBART 9.3 BART 0 9.3 Capital Metro MetroRail Red Line 32 Capital Metro 0 32 ConnDOT Shore Line East 51 Amtrak 51 0 DART Cotton Belt/Silver Line 26 DART 0 26 DCTA A-train 21 DCTA 0 21 FDOT SunRail 61 FDOT 0 61 LIRR Central Branch 7 LIRR 0 7 LIRR Main Line 96.1 LIRR 45.7 50.4 LIRR Montauk Branch 117 LIRR 27.3 89.7 LIRR Oyster Bay Branch 14.4 LIRR 1.2 13.2 LIRR Port Jefferson Branch 32.6 LIRR 9.9 22.7 MBTA Fairmont 8.1 MBTA 0 8.1 MBTA Fitchburg 49.6 MBTA 0 49.6 MBTA Framingham/Worcester 43 MBTA 0 43 MBTA Franklin 30.3 MBTA 0 30.3 MBTA Greenbush 27.6 MBTA 0 27.6 MBTA Haverhill 33 MBTA 0 33 MBTA Kingston/Plymouth 60.3 MBTA 0 60.3 MBTA Lowell 25.4 MBTA 0 25.4 MBTA Needham 8.7 MBTA 0 8.7 MBTA Newburyport/Rockport 53.2 MBTA 0 53.2 MBTA Providence 62.9 MBTA 62.9 62.9 MBTA Stoughton 4.1 MBTA 0 4.1 Metro Waterbury Branch 28.5 ConnDOT 0 28.5 Metro North Danbury Branch 23.9 ConnDOT 0 23.9 Metro North Harlem 76.7 Metro North Metro North Hudson 74 Metro North 32 42 Metrolink Antelope Valley Line 76.6 SCRRA 0 76.6 Metrolink Orange County 61 SCRRA 0 61 Metrolink San Bernardino 56.6 SCRRA 0 56.6 Metrolink Ventura County 47 SCRRA 0 47 Metrolink Perris Valley 24 SCRRA 0 24 NCTD Coaster 51 NCTD 0 51 NCTD Sprinter 22 NCTD 0 22 NJ Transit Atlantic City 67.9 NJ Transit 0 67.9 NJ Transit Bergen County 11.8 NJ Transit 0 11.8 NJ Transit Gladstone Branch 22.2 NJ Transit 22.2 22.2 NJ Transit Main Line 57 NJ Transit 0 57 NJ Transit Montclair-Boonton 49.6 NJ Transit 6.6 43 NJ Transit Morristown 28.9 NJ Transit 32.7 NJ Transit North Jersey Coast 50 NJ Transit 65.9 50 NJ Transit Pascack Valley 23 Metro North/NJ Transit 0 23 NJ Transit Raritan Valley 21.9 NJ Transit 0 21.9 NJ Transit River LINE 34 NJ Transit 0 34 Rio Metro NM Rail Runner 97 NMDOT 0 97 RTA Metra MD-N 49.7 RTA 0 49.7 RTA Metra MD-W 40 RTA 0 40 RTA Metra RI-Suburban Line 6.6 RTA 0 6.6 RTA Metra Rock Island District 16.4 RTA 0 16.4 SANBAG Arrow 9 SANBAG 0 9 SFRTA Tri-Rail 70.9 SFRTA 0 70.9 SMART SMART 70 SMART 0 70 Trinity Metro TEXRail 27.2 Trinity Metro 0 27.2 Trinity Metro/DART Trinity Railway Express 34 Trinity Metro/DART 0 34 UTA FrontRunner 88 UTA 0 88

Electric Multiple Unit trainsets (at $2.3 Total Current Electrified Miles 357.4 million per car x 6 cars per set [$13.8m/trainset]: 475

Total New Electrified Miles 2372.7 Total Rolling Stock Cost: $6.555 billion Total New Electrification Cost $18,981,600,000

New RER Downtown Throat / Enhancement Projects System Project Cost Details Caltrain / SMART / Amtrak Valley to Valley/Transbay 2 $5.5 billion California Golden Gate rail retrofit, Geary subway, 2nd Transbay tube MBTA North-South Rail Link $5.9 billion New Downtown Boston tunnel merging all lines Metra CrossRail Chicago $3.9 billion O'Hare to Univ. Park spine with downtown tunnel LIRR / MNRR / NJT Trans-Regional Express (T-REX) $71.438 billion Integrated Tri-State network New 2-track, dedicated corridor for passengers from 1st Ave tunnel MARC / VRE / Amtrak Long Bridge $1.9 billion to AF interlocking SEPTA Level Platforms $1 billion High-level platforms system-wide Total New RER Infrastrucutre $89.638 billion Total Electrification, Rolling Stock & RER Infrastructure Cost: $115.175 billion ELECTRIFICATION OF ALL PUBLICLY-OWNED RAIL LINES & RER MEGA-PROJECTS

New RER Downtown Throat / Enhancement Projects System Project Cost Details Caltrain / SMART / Amtrak Valley to Valley/Transbay 2 $5.5 billion Golden Gate rail retrofit, Geary subway, 2nd Transbay tube California MBTA North-South Rail Link $5.9 billion New Downtown Boston tunnel merging all lines O'Hare to Univ. Park spine with downtown tunnel, upgrade of Union Station to through-running; improvements to several Metra lines & Metra CrossRail Chicago $3.9 billion additional connections Integrated Tri-State network; several new regional rail & light-rail LIRR / MNRR / NJT Trans-Regional Express (T-REX) $71.438 billion routes; electrification compatability New 2-track, dedicated corridor for passengers from 1st Ave tunnel MARC / VRE / Amtrak Long Bridge $7.2 billion to AF interlocking; high-level MARC & VRE platforms; MARC Growth & Investment Plan; purchase+electrification of VRE Manassas Line SEPTA Level Platforms $1 billion High-level platforms system-wide (100 stations) Total New RER Infrastrucutre $94.938 billion Total Electrification, Rolling Stock & RER Infrastructure Cost: $120.475 billion • Electrification systems on existing networks in the New York metropolitan area would be standardized as part of the Trans-Regional Express (T-REX) concept produced by the Regional Plan Association, included in the New Regional Express Rail (RER) project list below. • In order to best leverage this investment in electrification, systems should adopt full principles of RER networks such as frequent, all-day, bi-directional service, Proof of Payment fare structures and limited on-board train crews. •Low-level platorms remain system-wide in Boston, Chicago, Dallas-Fort Worth and Los Angeles, along with single-route systems. Those in New Jersey, Philadelphia & Baltimore-Washington are standardized as high-platform, with funding for New Jersey Transit stations included in the T-REX concept and MARC & VRE stations added to the Long Bridge project cost.

Mega-Project Details & Cost Estimates:

• Valley to Valley/Transbay 2 (The Greater Marin) – http://www.thegreatermarin.org/blog/2017/7/18/ valley-to-valley-linking-smart-and-regional-rail • North-South Rail Link (Alon Levy/Pedestrian Observations) – https://pedestrianobservations. com/2018/06/20/massachusetts-sandbags-the-north-south-rail-link/ • North-South Rail Link (Citizens for the North-South Rail Link) – http://www.northsouthraillink.org/ • CrossRail Chicago (Midwest High-Speed Rail Association) – https://www.hsrail.org/midwest/ crossrail-chicago • Transt-Regional Express (Regional Plan Association) – https://rpa.org/work/reports/trans-regional- express-t-rex • MARC Growth & Investment Plan (MTA Maryland via Action Committee for Transit) – http:// actfortransit.org/archives/reports_and_other/MARC2007plan.pdf 57 NEW DAILY ROUNDTRIPS ON LONG-DISTANCE TRAIN ROUTE SEGMENTS Cost (Multiplier: Number of Route Segment Miles New Trips Trainset Type $100k/mile) Trainsets Crescent Atlanta-Birmingham 164 5 $82,000,000 DMU 12 Birmingham-New Orleans 354 3 $106,200,000 Locomotive + coach 7 City of New Orleans Chicago-Memphis 528 2 $105,600,000 Locomotive + coach 5 Memphis-New Orleans 406 3 $121,800,000 Locomotive + coach 7 Texas Eagle St. Louis-Little Rock 350 3 $105,000,000 Locomotive + coach 7 Little Rock-Dallas 357 3 $107,100,000 Locomotive + coach 7 Southwest Chief Chicago-Kansas City 437 2 $87,400,000 Locomotive + coach 5 Kansas City-Pueblo 613 1 $61,300,000 Locomotive + coach 3 Albuquerque-Flagstaff 359 2 $71,800,000 Locomotive + coach 5 Flagstaff-Los Angeles 565 1 $56,500,000 Locomotive + coach 3 Sunset Limited El Paso-Tucson 316 3 $94,800,000 Locomotive + coach 7 Tucson-Indio 372 2 $74,400,000 Locomotive + coach 5 California Zephyr Chicago-Omaha 500 2 $100,000,000 Locomotive + coach 5 Omaha-Denver 538 2 $107,600,000 Locomotive + coach 5 Denver-Salt Lake City 570 2 $114,000,000 Locomotive + coach 5 Salt Lake City-Reno 594 1 $59,400,000 Locomotive + coach 3 Reno-Bay Area 236 3 $70,800,000 DMU 7 Coast Starlight Eugene-Klammath Falls 195 2 $39,000,000 DMU 5 Klammath Falls-Sacramento 319 3 $95,700,000 Locomotive + coach 7 San Jose-San Luis Obispo 203 3 $60,900,000 Locomotive + coach 7 Empire Builder Twin Cities-Fargo 244 3 $73,200,000 DMU 5 Fargo-Williston 399 1 $39,900,000 Locomotive + coach 3 Williston-Whitefish 542 1 $54,200,000 Locomotive + coach 3 Whitefish-Spokane 253 1 $25,300,000 DMU 3 Spokane-Seattle 326 3 $97,800,000 Locomotive + coach 7

Total Infrastructure Cost 57 $2,011,700,000 Total Trainsets 138 Average Mils Per Segment: 389.6 Cost Per New Trip: $35,293,000

Locomotive-hauled trainsets – routes of greater than 250 miles Annual Operating Cost Per (at $20 million per 5 cars & 1 $2.12 billion Roundtrip: $5 million locomotive x 2 trains:250 miles; no less than 2 trains per route): 106 $2.456 billion

Diesel Multiple Units (at $10.5 million per unit x 3 trans:100 Total Annual Operating Cost: $336 million miles; fleet no less than 4 per $285 million route): 32 Total Cost – Infrastructure & Rolling Stock: $4.468 billion