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View of Goldstrike Property Showing Section Lines and Drill Holes MAPPING CLAY ALTERATION ACROSS THE NORTHERN GOLDSTRIKE PROPERTY USING SPECTROSCOPY AND REMOTE SENSING, EUREKA COUNTY, NEVADA Matt Bradford A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE December 2008 Committee: Dr. Robert Vincent, Advisor Dr. John Farver Dr. Charles Onasch ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank everybody at the Barrick: Goldstrike Exploration department, but I would especially like to thank Melissa Mateer and Charles Weakly for all the help they gave me. I would also like to thank my committee members Dr. John Farver and Dr. Charles Onasch along with my thesis advisor Dr. Robert Vincent for encouraging me into graduate school and for helping get through it. Last, but not least I would like to thank my family and my girlfriend for calming me down and having unwavering faith in me. iii ABSTRACT Dr. Robert Vincent, Advisor The purpose of this study is to map the clay alteration across the northern portion of Barrick’s Goldstrike property, located along the Carlin trend. The study focused on the occurrences of three specific occurrences, ammonium-illite, kandites, and changes in the AlOH feature position (broken into four classes: sodium-rich, slightly sodium-rich, “normal,” and iron- rich) along three section lines. The clay alteration was mapped using down-hole spectroscopy (a spectral measurement was collected at 5-20 ft depth intervals in each hole) and remote sensing (Probe-1 airborne sensor). The remote sensing portion utilized pixels extracted by averaging the spectra of ammonium-illites and illites showing different AlOH feature positions and individually running them through Spetral Angle Mapper and ratio codes to identify areas with ammonium-illite and changes in the AlOH feature position. Only ratio codes were needed to identify kandites in the remote sensing data. The down-hole spectroscopy data of the ammonium-illite show that it occurred predominantly over a small gold deposit (Golden April), is strongly structurally controlled and is four times more abundant in ore-bearing holes than in non ore-bearing holes. Both types of remote sensing data showed the highest concentration of ammonium-illite occurred along section B-B’. The down-hole spectroscopy data of the kandites showed a strong association to structures and felsic igneous material and that it is twice as abundant in ore-bearing holes than in non ore-bearing holes. The only concession is that both the gold deposits encountered in the iv section lines are partially hosted in igneous rock. The remote sensing data shows limited surface expressions and reiterates the structural control for kandite occurrence. The down-hole spectroscopy data of the AlOH feature position shows a strong structural control and the strongest correlation to gold deposition. The sodium-rich and the slightly sodium-rich compositions are five and ten times more abundant in ore-bearing holes than in non- ore bearing holes, respectively. Remote sensing shows promise in being able to map changes in the AlOH feature position at the surface, but there is not a wavelength band on Probe-1 located completely within either the sodium-rich or slightly sodium-rich compositions. All three of the occurrences mapped in this study show a correlation to gold and should be utilized as exploration tools in the future. The only concession to keep in mind is the fact that the ore encountered along the section lines is partially hosted in igneous material, which explains why kandites are twice as abundant in ore-bearing holes than in non ore-bearing holes. The AlOH feature position shows the strongest correlation to both gold deposits and would make the best exploration tool. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 1 GEOLOGY ............................................................................................................ 3 Regional Geology ...................................................................................................... 3 Goldstrike (Betze/Post) Geology ............................................................................... 5 Alteration ............................................................................................................ 8 Exploration/Mining History ....................................................................................... 9 Study Area ............................................................................................................ 13 METHODS ............................................................................................................ 14 Spectroscopy ............................................................................................................ 14 Remote Sensing ......................................................................................................... 16 RESULTS ............................................................................................................ 21 Ammonium-illite........................................................................................................ 22 Drill Hole Spectroscopy ................................................................................. 22 Remote Sensing ............................................................................................. 27 Kandites ............................................................................................................ 32 Drill Hole Spectroscopy ................................................................................. 32 Remote Sensing ............................................................................................. 42 AlOH Feature Position ............................................................................................... 47 Drill Hole Spectroscopy ................................................................................. 47 Remote Sensing ............................................................................................. 52 DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................ 57 vi Ammonium-illite............................................................................................ 57 Kandites ......................................................................................................... 67 AlOH Feature Position ................................................................................... 70 CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................ 78 REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................... 80 APPENDIX A. Band Ratio Values ....................................................................................... 82 APPENDIX B. Ratio Code Values ....................................................................................... 116 1 INTRODUCTION Reflectance spectroscopy is the study of light as a function of wavelength that has been reflected or scattered from a solid, liquid, or gas; it is a technique which uses the electromagnetic energy absorbed by an object to create a graph of wavelength versus reflectance (spectrum) (Clark, 1995). The Short Wavelength Infrared (SWIR: 1300 nm-2500 nm) wavelength region is sensitive to clay minerals such as kaolinite and illite, which are both common products of hydrothermal alteration associated with disseminated gold. Due to this sensitivity, geologists utilize the SWIR region of the electromagnetic spectrum to map clay alteration. Clays can be differentiated based on changes in position and depth of absorption features in the SWIR, but dark material and highly reflective material yield a featureless spectrum that is not uniquely characterized. Remote sensing is a technique that utilizes reflectance spectroscopy to distinguish changes in chemical composition across large areas. The remote sensing instruments collect spectroscopic information for areas on the ground along discrete wavelength regions (bands). The position of the bands within the electromagnetic spectrum and the resolution of the pixels depend on which instrument is being employed. Airborne sensors, due to their high spectral and spatial resolution, can detect subtle changes in materials on the surface. This is very useful in areas of minimal ground exposure. Satellites, on the other hand, tend to have low spectral and spatial resolution. This allows more area to be covered, but the lower spatial and spectral resolutions of satellite sensors, compared to aircraft data, decreases the ability of the former to detect hydrothermal alteration products at the Earth’s surface. Remote sensing is an important exploration tool because the sensors collect spectroscopic data over large areas. Field and laboratory spectroscopy are also important exploration tools 2 because they provide the end-member spectra which allow the interpreter to analyze the remote sensing data in detail. Utilizing spectral angle mapping algorithms allow for pixels similar to the end-members to be classified for the entire area. This paper will focus on three section lines that cumulatively transect the Goldstrike property, north of the Betze/Post deposit (Fig. 1). Within the three section lines, this paper will focus on mapping three specific things: mapping kandite occurrences
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