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Wallrock Alteration and Geochemistry of the Randsburg Mining District, Kern and San Bernardino Counties, California

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Wallrock Alteration and Geochemistry of the Randsburg Mining District, Kern and San Bernardino Counties, California Wallrock alteration and geochemistry of the Randsburg mining district, Kern and San Bernardino Counties, California Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Wiggins, Martin Robert, 1951- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 06/10/2021 05:36:46 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/558201 WALLROCK ALTERATION AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF THE RANDSBURG MINING DISTRICT, KERN AND SAN BERNARDINO COUNTIES, CALIFORNIA by Martin Robert Wiggins A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF GEOSCIENCES In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCES In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1 9 9 2 2 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgement of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgement the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED i Z j * d r APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR This thesis has been approved on the date shown below: 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Among the many people who contributed in various ways to this thesis I would like to extend special recognition to the members of my committee: John Guilbert, my thesis director, for his inspiration, his constant willingness to talk shop, and for introducing me to my field area; David Hendricks for his patient instruction in X-ray diffraction techniques for clay minerals and for letting me have the run of his laboratory; and Joaquin Ruiz for pinch-hitting at the last moment when I needed a substitute committee member. In addition I would like to acknowledge a great debt to Jim Briscoe of JAB A Inc., who not only shared his knowledge of the Randsburg district with me but also graciously allowed me access to his files, had his office staff make base maps for me, and let me stay in JABA's mobile exploration headquarters while I was doing my field work. His probing questions were of great use in focusing my work in the district. A special thanks is due Warren Hinks, of Westland Minerals, who funded my research. It is safe to say that the thesis would never have been started without his financial support. I would also like to thank Casey Danielson of Echo Bay Inc. who generously shared Randsburg district drill core with me, thereby affording me a three-dimensional look at the district. DEDICATION To my wife and partner, Cyndy Wiggins, without whose support and understanding this thesis could never have been completed. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. LIST OF FIGURES oooooooooo II. LIST OF TABLES oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo x] VO III. ABSTRACT..», 0606 0000000 000000000000 10 IV. INTRODUCTION...................OOO OOOOOOOO 0 00 000000000 oil Loc&t 00 ........oo........ 0000060000000 o o e e o 1 1 Previous Work.............. 0000000000000 o o o o o 1 1 Statement of the Problem... 0000 000000000 o e e o o 1 4 V. DISTRICT DESCRIPTION........... 00 00000000000 o o e c o 1 6 Physiography 000000. 0000000 0000016 General Geology.. 000000 o o o o o 1 6 Rock Types... oooooooooo o o o o o 2 2 Johannesburg Gneiss.... 0000000000000 o o o o o 2 2 Atolia Quartz Monzonite o o o o o 2 3 Rand Schist............ 0000000. 00000 o o o © o 2 5 Hypabyssal Intrusives . ............27 Structure and Tectonics.... 0000000 ©oo©©29 Ore Deposit Types.... Tungsten ......... o o o o o 3 1 Gold. Silver................. ............32 Mineralizing Episodes...... o o o o o 3 3 VI. METHODS OF STUDY___ ........... o o o o o 3 5 Clay Mineral Structure..... Illite-Sericite-Hydromica............ X-ray Diffractometry....... o o o o o 4 2 Sample Preparation......... e o o o o 4 3 Mineral Identification.... o o o e o 4 5 Quantitative Alteration.... e o o o o 4 9 Geochemical Analysis....... o o o © ©50 Geostatistical Analysis.... o o o O o 5 0 Petrographic Analysis...... ............52 Ultraviolet Light Examination .......... .. 00000 5 2 VII. MINERALIZATION, ALTERATION, AND GEOCHEMISTRY. _______53 Mineralization........................... 00000 5 3 01C G 2j O n 6S 00000000 0 OO OOOO OOOOOOO O O OO 00 00000 5 3 Tungsten Episode Veins..... ......... o o o o o 5 3 Gold Episode Veins ........ ..... 00000 5 3 Silver Episode Veins........... ............56 Clay Mineral Descriptions»000000000 o o o o o 5 8 Tungsten Episode Veins......... ............58 Gold Episode Veins»000000000000 o o o o o 5 8 ■ Silver Episode Veins 00000000000 o o o o o 6 0 Intersection of Different Vein Types ____©60 Vein Scale Alteration .......... .......... ____©60 Tungsten Episode Veins ............... o ... .60 Gold Episode Veins»»» ................ 0000064 Silver Episode Veins*« 0000069 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued District Scale Alteration .74 Intermediate Argillie Alteration.. .74 Silicification opoooooo oooooooo .74 Phyllic Alteration. o o o o o o o oooooooo .74 Propylitic Alteration........ o o o o o o o .74 Vein Scale Geochemical Zoning..... .76 Tungsten Episode Veins........ .76 Gold Episode Veins. ........ oooooooo .81 Silver Episode Veins................ .81 VIII. INTERPRETATION. oooooooo oooooooo .83 Hydrothermal AlterationLooo o oooooooo .83 Tungsten Episode Veins oooooooooooo . .83 Gold Episode Veins.... .85 Silver Episode Veins............ ............86 Supergene Alteration...........................86 Geochemical Zoning.............................87 Quantitative Alteration. ....................... 88 IX. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ................... ... .94 Age Relationships Among Mineralizing Episodes..94 Vein Set Characteristics..... .94 Tungsten Episode Veins......... .94 Gold Episode Veins......... .96 Silver Episode Veins........... .97 Study Techniques .............. .98 , Clay Mineral X-ray Diffraction. .98 Geochemistry .................... .98 Quantitative Alteration.... .99 Petrographic Analysis.......... .99 Geostatistical Analysis........ .99 Ultraviolet Light Examination.. .100 Conclusions.. oooooooooooo© .100 APPENDIX A: CLAY SAMPLE XRD RESULTS BY VEIN TYPE..102 APPENDIX B: ELEMENTARY STATISTICS ON RAW GEOCHEMICAL DATA......................106 APPENDIX C: ANALYTICAL RESULTS............. ....... 107 REFERENCES................................@^[email protected] 7 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1, Study Area Location .............................. 12 FIGURE 2, Tectonic Setting of the Rand Mountains ................1717 FIGURE 3a, Physiographic Setting.........................18 FIGURE 3b, Panorama of Randsburg district................19 FIGURE 4, Geology of the Eastern Rand Mountains......... 21 FIGURE 5, Distribution of the Pelona, Rand, and Orocopia Schists.......o......................28 FIGURE 6 , Sample Locations..........o...................36 FIGURE 7, Phyllosilicate Structure............. 39 FIGURE 8 , Phyllosilicate Structure.... .40 FIGURE 9, Tungsten Vein ......................... 54 I'lOiTJ^^E 10, Gold Vein...........o.........................55 FI CURE 11, S i lx^ er XZ e i n...................................57 FIGURE 12, Phy111c Alteration............................61 FIGURE 13, Argil lie Alteration. .......... 62 FIGURE 14, Clay Mineral Assemblages and Alteration Zones.............................. 6 FIGURE 15, Argillic Alteration. ................. .......... 67 FIGURE 16, Silicification. ................................. 68 FIGURE 17, Phyllic Alteration............................. 70 ) FIGURE 18, Phyllic Alteration. ............. 71 FIGURE 19, Propylitic Alteration. ............ 72 FIGURE 20, Propylitic Alteration. ................ .......... 73 FIGURE 21, District Scale Alteration Patterns............ 75 8 LIST OF FIGURES - Continued FIGURE 22, Log Values for Tungsten Vein, Wallrock, and Background Element Abundance Levels...... 78 FIGURE 23, Log Values for Gold Vein, Wallrock, and Background Element Abundance Levels...........79 FIGURE 24, Log Values for Silver Vein, Wallrock, and Background Element Abundance Levels...........80 9 LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1, Classification of Phyllosilicates Related to Clay Minerals ....................... 37 TABLE 2, d-Spacing for Clay Mineral Identification.......44 TABLE 3, Effects of Diagnostic Treatments on d-Spacing...47 TABLE 4, Quantitative Estimation of Clay Fractions....... 48 TABLE 5, Quantitative Alteration......................... 51 TABLE 6 , Relative Clay Abundances in Randsburg........... 59 District Veins TABLE 7, Randsburg Mining District Vein and Alteration Envelope Widths...................... .............65 TABLE 8 , Maximum Values for Randsburg Mining District Veins, Greenschist, and Wallrocks............... 77 TABLE 9a, Tabulation of Quantitative Alteration - Tungsten Episode Vein Sets - Randsburg Mining District, California. ......... ............... 89 TABLE 9b, Tabulation of Quantitative Alteration - Tungsten Episode Vein Sets - Randsburg Mining District, California....0.0.000.................90 TABLE
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