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Iron Ore Deposits in the Eastern Tianshan Orogenic Belt (China): the Magnetite-Skarn-Magmatism Association Abstract

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Iron Ore Deposits in the Eastern Tianshan Orogenic Belt (China): the Magnetite-Skarn-Magmatism Association Abstract Iron ore deposits in the Eastern Tianshan orogenic belt (China) : the magnetite-skarn-magmatism association Guangrong Li To cite this version: Guangrong Li. Iron ore deposits in the Eastern Tianshan orogenic belt (China) : the magnetite- skarn-magmatism association. Earth Sciences. Université d’Orléans, 2012. English. NNT : 2012ORLE2022. tel-00762741 HAL Id: tel-00762741 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00762741 Submitted on 7 Dec 2012 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITÉ D’ORLÉANS ÉCOLE DOCTORALE SCIENCES ET TECHNOLOGIES INSTITUT DES SCIENCES DE LA TERRE D’ORLÉANS THÈSE présentée par : Guangrong LI soutenue le : 5er juillet 2012 pour obtenir le grade de : Docteur de l’université d’Orléans Discipline/ Spécialité : Sciences de la Terre et de l’Univers -OYKSKTZYJKLKXJGTYRGIKOTZ[XKUXUM§TOW[KJK R +YZ:OGTYNGT)NOTK R 'YYUIOGZOUT 3GMT§ZOZKȇ9QGXTȇ3GMSGZOYSK THÈSE dirigée par : Luc BARBANSON Maître de conférences, Université d’Orléans - CNRS Bo WANG Professeur, Nanjing University RAPPORTEURS : Alain CHAUVET Chargé de recherche,Université Montpellier 2 - CNRS Changzhi WU Professeur, Nanjing University ____________________________________________________________________ JURY : Yan CHEN Professeur, Université d’Orleans Bo WANG Professeur, Nanjing University Alain CHAUVET Chargé de recherche,Université Montpellier 2 - CNRS Changzhi WU Professeur, Nanjing University Luc BARBANSON Maître de conférences, Université d’Orléans - CNRS Giada IACONO MARZIANO Chargé de recherche, CNRS Bei XU Professeur, Peking University Stanislas SIZARET Maître de Conférences, Université d’Orleans INVITÉS : Yannick BRANQUET Maître de Conférences, Université d’Orleans 2 ྭྭᆖҐˈཙཙੁкDŽ ----∋⌭ьMAO Zedong (Work harder to survive in the hard environment.) цⲴһъDŽޕڊ⾎⭘ࠪцⲴ㋮ ----a Buddhistic saying ˄To be earnest to in our pursuit of worthiness in this world, yet embarking on the journey with eyes on the path that life takes us, not the destination.˅ ᗳ㍟ˈቡᱟᑨᑨᗈᖺ൘ඊᤱ઼᭮ᔳѻ䰤ˈѮỻнᇊDŽ✖ᚬˈቡᱟ䇠ᙗཚྭˈ䈕䇠Ⲵˈн䈕 䇠Ⲵ䜭Պ⮉൘䇠ᗶ䟼DŽ ----anonymous (Tired heart is always hovering between adhering to and giving up, indecisive. Trouble is that memory is good, the mind should not mind will stay in memory. ) This dissertation is dedicated to my wife and my son. 3 8+3+8)/+3+4:9 Mes premiers remerciements s’adressent tout naturellement à mes directeurs de thèse, Luc Barbanson, Yannick Branquet et Stanislas Sizaret qui m’ont accueilli au sein de leur équipe. Merci infiniment pour votre grande disponibilité, votre enthousiasme ainsi que pour vos précieux conseils qui ont fait progresser ce travail. Cette thèse n’aurait jamais vu le jour sans leur confiance, leur patience et leur sympathie. Ils m’a apporté sa confiance et son expérience de terrain. Au-delà de leurs qualités scientifiques, je les remercie également pour leurs qualités humaines. Je leur exprime donc toute ma gratitude et leur dis mille mercis. Je souhaite exprimer un merci tout particulier à Yan Chen qui m’a fait bénéficier de ses compétences et de ces précieux conseils. Il m’a initié aux méthodes magnétiques (ASM, paléomagnétisme…) avec beaucoup de gentillesse et de patience, et a toujours été présent lors de mes réunions de thèse pour des discussions scientifiques efficaces, objectives et souvent décisives. Merci également à Changzhi Wu et Alain Chauvet d’avoir acceptés de rapporter cette thèse. J’adresse également de profonds remerciements au Professeur Bo Wang, Lianxing Gu et Liangshu shu, qui, malgré la distance, a su insuffler une orientation originale et attractive à cette étude. Son experience de terrain a permis d’élaborer une vision alternative à l’origine d’un débat scientifique permanent et stimulant pour ces quatre années. Je remercie également toutes les personnes qui ont assuré le côté technique des différentes analyses réalisées au laboratoire, à commencer par les litholamelleurs, Jean-Gabriel Badin et Sylvain Janiec (champion de sections polies doubles faces, dont l’amitié restera ancrée, autant que son caractère revendicatif et son humour décalé) ; Dominique Panis et Philippe Penhoud pour la goniométrie de texture et la diffractométrie des rayons X, ainsi que Olivier Rouer pour le MEB et Giada Iacono Marziano pour le sonde. De nombreux chercheurs et enseignants-chercheurs de l’ISTO m’ont aidé, par de fructueuses discussions, à avancer dans mes travaux de recherche. Merci à Michel Faure, Romain Augier et Nicole Le Breton. Je n'oublie pas de remercier tous mes collègues présents ou passés, doctorants ou docteurs pour ces quatre années superbes : Nicolas Charles, Flavien Choulet, Boris Sterligov, Ke Chen, Wei Wei, Guangzhong Shi, Pan Zhao, Aurore Dissaux, Emmanuelle Joignaux, Frédéric Delarue, Audrey Gallaud, Paul Turrillot, Gérardo Soto, Julie Machaults, Nicolas Bost, Anaëlle Simonneau, Mathieu Bellanger et Mickaël Laumonier… Merci aussi à mes amis avec qui j’ai passé de bons moments en dehors et dedans du labo, je pense en premier lieu àNathalie Lottier et Longlong Xie, Hefeng Zhang. Enfin, de tout mon coeur, je remercie ma famille. 4 SOMMAIRE Chapter 1 Skarn and iron oxides ore deposits: the state of art and problems .....................11 Résumé: ...............................................................................................................................11 Abstract:...............................................................................................................................13 1.1 General definitions.........................................................................................................14 1.1.1 Metamorphic rocks .............................................................................................14 1.1.2 Metasomatic rocks ..............................................................................................18 1.1.3 Skarn ...................................................................................................................19 1.1.4 Skarn-related ore deposits (SROD).....................................................................24 1.2 Skarns: from objects to processes ..................................................................................25 1.2.1 Wall rocks ...........................................................................................................26 1.2.2 Mineralogy: paragenesis, evolution and mineral zonation..................................26 1.2.2.1 Mineral paragenetic evolution..................................................................26 1.2.2.2 Mineral zonation ......................................................................................27 1.2.3 Mass transfer.......................................................................................................29 1.2.4 Skarn forming conditions....................................................................................31 1.2.4.1 Temperature .............................................................................................31 1.2.4.1.1 Homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions ..........................33 1.2.4.1.2 Homogenization temperature of melt inclusions...........................34 1.2.4.2 Pressure....................................................................................................35 1.2.4.3 Chemical conditions.................................................................................36 1.2.4.3.1 Volatiles ........................................................................................36 1.2.4.3.2 Salinity ..........................................................................................36 1.2.4.3.3 Redox and PH value......................................................................37 1.2.5 Isotopic geochemistry .........................................................................................37 1.2.6 Reconstruction of fluid flow involved in skarn...................................................39 1.2.7 Temporal and spatial evolution of skarn .............................................................39 1.2.8 Experimental studies of “skarnization”...............................................................41 1.2.9 Skarn genetic models ..........................................................................................44 1.2.9.1 Metasomatic model..................................................................................44 1.2.9.2 Magmatic hydrothermal model................................................................45 1.3 Skarn-related ore deposits (SROD)................................................................................48 1.3.1 Intrusion composition and tectonic setting of SROD..........................................48 1.3.2 Calc-silicate/metal paragenesis...........................................................................50 1.3.3 Giant Fe and Cu-Zn SROD.................................................................................51 1.3.3.1 Fe skarn deposits in Yangtze and the Andes Cordillera area...................51 1.3.3.2 Antamina Cu-Zn porphyry skarn deposits ...............................................52
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