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58. DIARRHENA P. Beauvois, Ess. Agrostogr. 142. 1812, Nom. Cons

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58. DIARRHENA P. Beauvois, Ess. Agrostogr. 142. 1812, Nom. Cons 224 POACEAE 58. DIARRHENA P. Beauvois, Ess. Agrostogr. 142. 1812, nom. cons. 龙常草属 long chang cao shu Neomolinia Honda. Description and distribution as for tribe. 1a. Keels of palea smooth; anthers 0.7–1.2 mm; panicle open, branches spreading ......................................................... 1. D. japonica 1b. Keels of palea ciliate; anthers 1.5–2 mm; panicle ± contracted, branches erect to ascending. 2a. Panicle contracted at first, becoming somewhat lax at maturity, primary branches often further divided; lemmas smooth on veins; lowest lemma 3.5–4 mm .................................................................................................. 2. D. fauriei 2b. Panicle always contracted, primary branches erect, simple; lemmas scabrid on veins near apex; lowest lemma 4.5–5 mm ............................................................................................................................................. 3. D. mandshurica 1. Diarrhena japonica Franchet & Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap. 2: puberulous, abaxial surface scabrid or nearly smooth, apex 603. 1879. gradually long-acuminate; ligule ca. 0.5 mm. Panicle laxly con- tracted, narrowly lanceolate at first, later slightly more spread- 日本龙常草 ri ben long chang cao ing, 12–15 × 2–3 cm; primary branches in clusters of 2–5, erect Neomolinia japonica (Franchet & Savatier) Probatova. to ascending, scabrid, each branch with branchlets, loosely bearing 4–13 spikelets. Spikelets obovate at maturity, 4–7 Culms tufted, erect, 50–80 cm tall, 1–1.5 mm in diam., 4– mm, florets 2; glumes lanceolate, usually 1-veined, acute, lower 5-noded, glabrous below nodes. Leaf sheaths mostly shorter glume 1–1.5 mm, upper glume ca. 2 mm; lemmas 3.5–4 mm, 3- than internodes, glabrous; leaf blades flat, 20–30 × 0.8–1.5 cm, veined, veins smooth, apex subacute; palea keels ciliolate. glabrous or adaxial surface sparsely pilose, apex gradually acu- Anthers 1.5–2 mm. Caryopsis ca. 2.5 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul–Sep. minate; ligule 0.5–1 mm. Panicle open, ovate in outline, 10–20 2n = 38. × 8–20 cm; primary branches 1 or 2 per node, widely spread- ing, filiform, scabrid, sparingly branched, bearing up to 6 spike- Montane forests. Shandong, NE China [Japan, Korea, Russia (Far East)]. lets. Spikelets obovate at maturity, 3–5 mm, florets 1–3; glumes membranous, 1-veined, lower glume lanceolate, 0.8–1 mm, 3. Diarrhena mandshurica Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Imp. upper glume broadly lanceolate, ca. 1.5 mm, acute; lemmas lan- Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 32: 628. 1888. ceolate-ovate, lowest 2.7–3 mm, 3-veined, veins smooth, apex 龙常草 obtuse; palea keels smooth. Anthers 0.7–1.2 mm. Caryopsis long chang cao 2.5–3 mm. Fl. and fr. Aug–Sep. 2n = 38. Neomolinia mandshurica (Maximowicz) Honda. Mountain slopes in forests. NE China [Korea (Cheju Island), Culms solitary or in small tufts, erect, 70–120 cm tall, 2–3 Japan, Russia (Kunashir Island in S Kuril Islands)]. mm in diam., 5–6-noded, scabrid or puberulous below nodes. 2. Diarrhena fauriei (Hackel) Ohwi, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. Leaf sheaths shorter than internodes, pubescent; leaf blades flat, 10: 135. 1941. thin, 15–30 × 0.6–2 cm, adaxial surface pubescent, abaxial sur- face scabrid, apex gradually long-acuminate; ligule ca. 1 mm. 法利龙常草 fa li long chang cao Panicle densely contracted, 12–20 × ca. 1 cm; primary branches Molinia fauriei Hackel, Bull. Herb. Boissier, ser. 2, 3: 504. solitary or paired at base, erect, each branch simple, bearing 2– 1903; Diarrhena koryoensis Honda; D. nekkamontana Honda; 7 spikelets. Spikelets obovoid at maturity, 4.5–7 mm, florets 2– D. yabeana Kitagawa; Neomolinia fauriei (Hackel) Honda; N. 3; glumes lanceolate, acute, lower glume 1.5–2 mm, 1-veined, koryoensis (Honda) Nakai. upper glume 2–3 mm, 1–3-veined, the lateral veins obscure; lemmas 4.5–5 mm, 3–5-veined, veins scabrid near apex, apex Culms solitary or in small tufts, erect, 80–100 cm tall, 2–3 subacute; palea keels ciliate. Caryopsis ca. 4 mm. Fl. and fr. mm in diam., 5–7-noded, puberulous below nodes. Leaf sheaths Jun–Sep. 2n = 38. shorter than internodes, glabrous, rarely upper puberulous; leaf blades flat, thin, 20–30 × 1–2 cm, adaxial surface glabrous or Forests, grassy hillsides. NE China [Korea, Russia (Far East)]. 11. Tribe POEAE 早熟禾族 zao shu he zu Wu Zhenlan (吴珍兰), Lu Shenglian (卢生莲), Liu Liang (刘亮), Zhu Guanghua (朱光华), Chen Shouliang (陈守良), Chen Xiang (陈翔); Sylvia M. Phillips, Robert J. Soreng, Susan G. Aiken, Nikolai N. Tzvelev, Marina V. Olonova Annual or perennial. Leaf blades linear to filiform; ligule membranous. Inflorescence usually an open or contracted panicle, rarely spikelike or a single raceme with tough rachis (fragile in Parapholis). Spikelets all alike or rarely dimorphic with mixed fertile and sterile spikelets, florets (1 or)2 to many with uppermost reduced, usually laterally compressed, disarticulating below each floret; POACEAE 225 glumes persistent, usually shorter than lemmas, membranous or rarely leathery; floret callus glabrous or with woolly hairs; lemmas membranous to leathery, (3–)5–7(–13)-veined, glabrous or infrequently hairy, apex entire or denticulate, awnless or with a straight or curved awn from apex; palea subequaling lemma. Lodicules 2, hyaline. Stamens (1–)3. Ovary sometimes hairy. Caryopsis mostly ellipsoid; hilum linear or round. Leaf anatomy: non-Kranz; microhairs absent. Chromosomes large. x = 7. About 50 genera and 1200 species: temperate and cold regions of the world, also on tropical mountains; 16 genera and 212 species (54 endemic, at least nine introduced) in China. This is a large tribe of predominantly temperate grasses, usually with a paniculate inflorescence, simple, several-flowered spikelets with the florets exserted from the glumes, and 5- or more veined lemmas. 1a. Inflorescence a single terminal spikelike raceme; spikelets sessile. 2a. Spikelets with several florets; rachis tough .................................................................................................................. 61. Lolium 2b. Spikelets with one floret; rachis fracturing below each spikelet .......................................................................... 74. Parapholis 1b. Inflorescence an open, contracted or dense panicle, occasionally sparse and subracemose; spikelets pedicellate. 3a. Fertile spikelets accompanied by pectinate sterile spikelets .................................................................................. 63. Cynosurus 3b. Fertile spikelets not accompanied by sterile spikelets. 4a. Plants annual. 5a. Lemmas awned ................................................................................................................................................. 60. Vulpia 5b. Lemmas awnless. 6a. Pedicels stout; panicle 1-sided, with short branches or reduced to a compact raceme; lowest rachilla internode enlarged. 7a. Panicle with very short, simple branches; glumes 3–9-veined; lemmas keeled throughout .... 72. Sclerochloa 7b. Panicle with short, often branched branches; glumes 1–3-veined; lemmas keeled in upper half ................................................................................................................... 73. Pseudosclerochloa 6b. Pedicels slender; panicle not as above; lowest rachilla internode not enlarged. 8a. Spikelets plumply ovate to rotund; pedicels filiform; lemmas orbicular to oblate .............................. 65. Briza 8b. Spikelets elliptic to ovate; pedicels slender; lemmas lanceolate to ovate .............................................. 66. Poa 4b. Plants perennial. 9a. Lemmas rounded on back, at least toward base. 10a. Spikelets with 1 floret; floret indurated and glossy at maturity ............................................................ 69. Milium 10b. Spikelets with more than 1 floret; florets herbaceous or leathery. 11a. Plant a robust aquatic with long spongy rhizomes; floret callus stiffly bearded .................. 62. Scolochloa 11b. Plant not as above; floret callus glabrous (lemma base sometimes pubescent). 12a. Lemma apex firm, acute or awned; hilum linear .............................................................. 59. Festuca 12b. Lemma apex thinly scarious to hyaline, ± obtuse, awnless; hilum round to oval ....... 64. Puccinellia 9b. Lemmas keeled throughout. 13a. Lemmas orbicular to oblate, margins broad, membranous, appressed to lemma above ......................... 65. Briza 13b. Lemmas narrower, margins less distinct, often inrolled. 14a. Palea keels smooth. 15a. Lemmas indistinctly 3–5-veined below, almost veinless in upper half, apex obtuse to acute .............................................................................................................. 70. Colpodium 15b. Lemmas prominently 3-veined, apex broadly obtuse to truncate, erose ...................... 71. Catabrosa 14b. Palea keels scabrid to ciliolate. 16a. Lemmas herbaceous or membranous with hyaline margins, apex awnless ............................ 66. Poa 16b. Lemmas thinly leathery, apex acute to briefly awned. 17a. Spikelets in dense 1-sided fascicles at the ends of the panicle branches; florets 2–5 ................................................................................................................. 67. Dactylis 17b. Spikelets evenly dispersed; floret 1 .................................................................... 68. Aniselytron 59. FESTUCA Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 73. 1753. 羊茅属 yang mao shu Lu Shenglian (卢生莲), Chen Xiang (陈翔); Susan G. Aiken Perennials, tufted, shoots extra- or intra-vaginal. Leaf sheath margins usually free, rarely connate, sometimes
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