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M Ineral Group S Adelite Group Orthorhombic Arsenates And

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Mineral Groups Adelite Group 2+ Orthorhombic arsenates and vanadates of general formula AB (XO4)(OH), A = Ca, Pb; B2+ = Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Ni, Zn; X = As5+, V5+. Adelite CaMg(AsO4)(OH) Austinite CaZn(AsO4)(OH) Calciovolborthite CaCu(VO4)(OH) (needs study) 2+ CobaltaustiniteCa(Co,Cu )(AsO4)(OH) 2+ Conichalcite CaCu (AsO4)(OH) Duftite PbCu(AsO4)(OH) 2+ Gabrielsonite PbFe (AsO4)(OH) Nickelaustinite Ca(Ni,Zn)(AsO4)(OH) Tangeite CaCuVO4(OH) Aenigmatite Group 3+ 2+ 3+ 5+ Triclinic silicates with general formula A2B6X6O20, A = Ca, Na; B = Al, Cr , Fe , Fe , Mg, Sb , Ti; X = Al, B, Be, Si. 2+ Aenigmatite Na2Fe5 TiSi6O20 3+ Dorrite Ca2Mg2Fe4 Al4Si2O20 2+ 3+ H_gtuvaite (Ca,Na)2(Fe ,Fe ,Ti,Mg,Mn,Sn)6(Si,Be,Al)6O20 Krinovite Na2Mg4Cr2Si6O20 2+ 3+ Makarochkinite (Ca,Na)2(Fe ,Fe ,Ti,Mg)6(Si,Al,Be)6O20 2+ 3+ Rh_nite Ca2(Mg,Fe ,Fe ,Ti)6(Si,Al)6O20 Serendibite Ca2(Mg,Al)6(Si,Al,B)6O20 5+ 3+ Welshite Ca2Sb Mg4Fe Si4Be2O20 2+ 3+ Wilkinsonite Na2Fe4 Fe2 Si6O20 Alluaudite Group Monoclinic phosphates and arsenates of general formula NaACD2(XO4)3, A = Ca, Mg, Pb; C = Ca, Fe2+, Mn2+; D = Mn2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Mg; X = P, As. 2+ 2+ 2+ 3+ Alluaudite NaCaFe (Mn ,Fe ,Fe ,Mg)2(PO4)3 2+ 2+ Arseniopleite NaCaMn (Mn ,Mg)2(AsO4)3 Caryinite Na(Ca,Pb)(Ca,Mn)(Mn,Mg)2(AsO4)3 2+ 2+ 2+ 3+ Ferro-alluaudite NaCaFe (Fe ,Mn ,Fe )2(PO4)3 2+ 2+ 3+ Hagendorfite NaCaMn (Fe ,Fe ,Mg)2(PO4)3 2+ 2+ 3+ Maghagendorfite NaMn Mg(Fe ,Fe )2(PO4)3 2+ 2+ 2+ 3+ Varulite (Na,Ca)Mn (Mn ,Fe ,Fe )2(PO4)3 Alunite Group 1+ Trigonal sulfates of general formula AB6(SO4)4(OH)12, A = Ag2 , Ca, (H3O)2, K2, Na2, (NH4)2, Tl1+, Pb; B = Al, Cu2+, Fe3+. Alunite K2Al6(SO4)4(OH)12 Ammonioalunite (NH4)2Al6(SO4)4(OH)12 3+ Ammoniojarosite (NH4)2Fe6 (SO4)4(OH)12 3+ ArgentojarositeAg2Fe6 (SO4)4(OH)12 2+ 3+ Beaverite Pb(Cu ,Fe ,Al)6(SO4)4(OH)12 3+ Dorallcharite (Tl,K)Fe3 (SO4)2(OH)6 Huangite CaAl6(SO4)4(OH)12 1+ 3+ Hydronium jarosite (H3O )2Fe6 (SO4)4(OH)12 3+ Jarosite K2Fe6 (SO4)4(OH)12 3+ Kintoreite PbFe3 (PO4)2(OH,H2O)6 Minamiite (Na,Ca,K)2Al6(SO4)4(OH)12 Natroalunite Na2Al6(SO4)4(OH)12 3+ Natrojarosite Na2Fe6 (SO4)4(OH)12 2+ Osarizawaite Pb2Cu2 Al4(SO4)4(OH)12 3+ Plumbojarosite PbFe6 (SO4)4(OH)12 Walthierite BaAl6(SO4)4(OH)12 Amblygonite Group 3+ Triclinic phosphates of general formula AB(PO4)X, A = Li, Na; B = Al, Fe ; X = (OH), F. Amblygonite (Li,Na)Al(PO4)(F,OH) Montebrasite LiAl(PO4)(OH,F) Natromontebrasite (Na,Li)Al(PO4)(OH,F) 3+ Tavorite LiFe (PO4)(OH) Amphibole Group A major revision of the classification and nomenclature of the Amphibole Group by Leake et al. (1997) has been published in several mineralogical journals. For example, it has appeared in the Canadian Mineralogist 35, 219–246 (1997), Mineralogical Magazine 61, 295–321 (1997), the European Journal of Mineralogy 9, 623–651 (1997), and the American Mineralogist 82, 1019–1037 (1997). Mandarino (1998) summarized the report in the Mineralogical Record 29, 169–174 (1998) as The Second List of Additions and Corrections to the Glossary of Mineral Species 7th Edition (1995). Readers interested in this complex group of minerals should refer to that article and to the original paper by Leake et al. (1997). Since the publication of the papers noted above, several new amphibole species have been described; these are included in this book. VI IV The standard amphibole formula is AB2 C5 T8O22X2. The components A, B, C, T, and X of the formula correspond to the following crystallographic sites: A one site per formula unit; B two M4 sites per formula unit; C a composite of five octahedral sites made up of 2 M1, 2 M2, and 1 M3 sites per formula unit; T eight tetrahedral sites in two sets of four per formula unit; X two sites per formula unit. The ions considered normally to occupy these sites are: (empty site) and K at A only Na at A or B Ca at B only L-type ions: Mg, Fe2+, Mn2+, Li, and rarer ions of similar size such as Zn, Ni, Co atC or B M-type ions: Al at C or T Fe3+, and, more rarely, Mn3+, Cr3+ at C only High-valency ions: Ti4+ at C or T Zr4+ at C only Si at T only Anions: OH, F, Cl, O at X The amphibole group is divided into four subgroups: magnesium-iron-manganese-lithium (i.e., Mg-Fe-Mn-Li), calcic, sodic-calcic, and sodic. The second column of the following species list indicates the subgroup to which the species belong; MFML = Mg-Fe-Mn-Li, C = calcic, SC = sodic-calcic, and S = sodic. Species names not in bold indicate compositions that may not have been found in nature yet. 2+ Actinolite C Ca2(Mg,Fe )5Si8O22(OH)2 Aluminobarroisite SC (CaNa)Mg3Al2Si7AlO22(OH)2 2+ Alumino-ferrobarroisite SC (CaNa)Fe3 Al2Si7AlO22(OH)2 2+ Alumino-ferrotschermakite C Ca2(Fe3 Al2)Si6Al2O22(OH)2 Alumino-magnesiotaramite SC Na(CaNa)Mg3Al2Si6Al2O22(OH)2 2+ Aluminotaramite SC Na(CaNa)Fe3 Al2Si6Al2O22(OH)2 Aluminotschermakite C Ca2(Mg3Al2)Si6Al2O22(OH)2 Anthophyllite MFML Mg7Si8O22(OH)2 2+ 3+ Arfvedsonite SNaNa2(Fe4 Fe )Si8O22(OH)2 3+ Barroisite SC (CaNa)Mg3AlFe Si7AlO22(OH)2 Cannilloite C CaCa2(Mg4Al)Si5Al3O22(OH)2 2+ Clinoferroholmquistite MFML (Li2Fe3 Al2)Si8O22(OH)2 Clinoholmquistite MFML (Li2Mg3Al2)Si8O22(OH)2 Cummingtonite MFML Mg7Si8O22(OH)2 Eckermannite SNaNa2(Mg4Al)Si8O22(OH)2 Edenite C NaCa2Mg5Si7AlO22(OH)2 3+ Ferribarroisite SC (CaNa)Mg3Fe2 Si7AlO22(OH)2 2+ 3+ Ferric-ferronyb_ite SNaNa2(Fe3 Fe2 )Si7AlO22(OH)2 2+ 3+ Ferri-clinoferroholmquistite MFML (Li2Fe3 Fe2 )Si8O22(OH)2 3+ Ferri-clinoholmquistite MFML (Li2Mg3Fe2 )Si8O22(OH)2 3+ Ferric-nyb_ite SNaNa2(Mg3Fe2 )Si7AlO22(OH)2 2+ 3+ Ferri-ferrobarroisite SC (CaNa)Fe3 Fe2 Si7AlO22(OH)2 2+ 3+ Ferri-ferrotschermakiteC Ca2(Fe3 Fe2 )Si6Al2O22(OH)2 3+ Ferri-magnesiotaramite SC Na(CaNa)Mg3Fe2 Si6Al2O22(OH)2 2+ 3+ Ferritaramite SC Na(CaNa)Fe3 Fe2 Si6Al2O22(OH)2 3+ Ferritschermakite C Ca2(Mg3Fe2 )Si6Al2O22(OH)2 2+ Ferro-actinolite C Ca2Fe5 Si8O22(OH)2 2+ Ferro-anthophyllite MFML Fe7 Si8O22(OH)2 2+ 3+ Ferrobarroisite SC (CaNa)Fe3 AlFe Si7AlO22(OH)2 2+ Ferro-eckermannite SNaNa2(Fe4 Al)Si8O22(OH)2 2+ Ferro-edenite C NaCa2Fe5 Si7AlO22(OH)2 2+ Ferrogedrite MFML Fe5 Al2Si6Al2O22(OH)2 2+ Ferroglaucophane SNa2(Fe3 Al2)Si8O22(OH)2 2+ Ferroholmquistite MFML (Li2Fe3 Al2)Si8O22(OH)2 2+ 3+ Ferrohornblende C Ca2[Fe4 (Al,Fe )]Si7AlO22(OH)2 2+ Ferrokaersutite C NaCa2(Fe4 Ti)Si6Al2O23(OH) 2+ 3+ Ferroleakeite SNaNa2(Fe2 Fe2 Li)Si8O22(OH)2 2+ Ferronyb_ite SNaNa2(Fe3 Al2)Si7AlO22(OH)2 2+ Ferropargasite C NaCa2(Fe4 Al)Si6Al2O22(OH)2 2+ Ferrorichterite SC Na(CaNa)Fe5 Si8O22(OH)2 2+ 3+ Ferrotschermakite C Ca2(Fe3 AlFe )Si6Al2O22(OH)2 2+ 3+ Ferrowinchite SC (CaNa)Fe4 (Al,Fe )Si8O22(OH)2 Fluorocannilloite C CaCa2(Mg4Al)Si5Al3O22F2 2+ 3+ Fluoro-ferroleakeite SNaNa2(Fe2 Fe2 Li)Si8O22F2 Fluororichterite SC Na(CaNa)Mg5Si8O22F2 Gedrite MFML Mg5Al2Si6Al2O22(OH)2 Glaucophane SNa2(Mg3Al2)Si8O22(OH)2 2+ Grunerite MFML Fe7 Si8O22(OH)2 2+ 3+ Hastingsite C NaCa2(Fe4 Fe )Si6Al2O22(OH)2 Holmquistite MFML (Li2Mg3Al2)Si8O22(OH)2 Kaersutite C NaCa2(Mg4Ti)Si6Al2O23(OH) 2+ 3+ Katophorite SC Na(CaNa)Fe4 (Al,Fe )Si7AlO22(OH)2 3+ Kornite S(Na,K)Na2(Mg2Mn2 Li)Si8O22(OH)2 2+ 3+ Kozulite SNaNa2Mn4 (Fe ,Al)Si8O22(OH)2 3+ Leakeite SNaNa2(Mg2Fe2 Li)Si8O22(OH)2 3+ Magnesio-arfvedsonite SNaNa2(Mg4Fe )Si8O22(OH)2 3+ Magnesiohastingsite C NaCa2(Mg4Fe )Si6Al2O22(OH)2 3+ Magnesiohornblende C Ca2[Mg4(Al,Fe )]Si7AlO22(OH)2 3+ Magnesiokatophorite SC Na(CaNa)Mg4(Al,Fe )Si7AlO22(OH)2 3+ Magnesioriebeckite SNa2(Mg3Fe2 )Si8O22(OH)2 3+ Magnesiosadanagaite C NaCa2[Mg3(Al,Fe )2]Si5Al3O22(OH)2 3+ Magnesiotaramite SC Na(CaNa)Mg3AlFe Si6Al2O22(OH)2 ManganocummingtoniteMFML Mn2Mg5Si8O22(OH)2 2+ Manganogrunerite MFML Mn2Fe5 Si8O22(OH)2 Nyb_ite SNaNa2(Mg3Al2)Si7AlO22(OH)2 Pargasite C NaCa2(Mg4Al)Si6Al2O22(OH)2 2+ Permanganogrunerite MFML Mn4Fe3 Si8O22(OH)2 Potassic-fluororichterite SC (K,Na)(CaNa)Mg5Si8O22F2 Potassic-magnesiosadanagaite 3+ C (K,Na)Ca2[Mg3(Al,Fe )2]- Si5Al3O22(OH)2 Potassicpargasite C (K,Na)Ca2(Mg,Fe,Al)5- (Si,Al)8O22(OH,F)2 2+ 3+ Potassicsadanagaite C (K,Na)Ca2[Fe3 (Al,Fe )2]- Si5Al3O22(OH)2 2+ 2+ 2+ Protoferro-anthophyllite MFML (Fe ,Mn )2(Fe ,Mg)5(Si4O11)2(OH)2 Protomangano-ferro-anthophyllite 2+ 2+ 2+ MFML (Mn ,Fe )2(Fe ,Mg)5(Si4O11)2(OH)2 Richterite SC Na(CaNa)Mg5Si8O22(OH)2 2+ 3+ Riebeckite SNa2(Fe3 Fe2 )Si8O22(OH)2 2+ 3+ Sadanagaite C NaCa2[Fe3 (Al,Fe )2]Si5Al3O22(OH)2 Sodicanthophyllite MFML NaMg7Si8O22(OH)2 Sodic-ferri-clinoferroholmquistite 2+ 3+ MFML Li2(Fe ,Mg)3Fe2 Si8O22(OH)2 2+ Sodic-ferro-anthophyllite MFML NaFe7 Si8O22(OH)2 2+ Sodic-ferrogedrite MFML NaFe6 AlSi6Al2O22(OH)2 Sodicgedrite MFML NaMg6AlSi6Al2O22(OH)2 2+ 3+ Taramite SC Na(CaNa)Fe3 AlFe Si6Al2O22(OH)2 Tremolite C Ca2Mg5Si8O22(OH)2 3+ Tschermakite C Ca2(Mg3AlFe )Si6Al2O22(OH)2 2+ 3+ Ungarettiite SNaNa2(Mn2 Mn3 )Si8O22O2 3+ Winchite SC (CaNa)Mg4(Al,Fe )Si8O22(OH)2 Joesmithite is a related mineral. Apatite Group Hexagonal, or monoclinic, pseudohexagonal arsenates, phosphates, and vanadates of general 5+ 5+ 4+ 5+ formula A5(XO4)3(F,CL,CH); A = Ba, Ca, Ce, K, Na, Pb, Sr, Y; X = As , P , Si , V ; (CO3) may partially replace (PO4).
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  • Personal Body Ornamentation on the Southern Iberian Meseta: an Archaeomineralogical Study

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    Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 5 (2016) 156–167 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jasrep Personal body ornamentation on the Southern Iberian Meseta: An archaeomineralogical study Carlos P. Odriozola a,⁎, Luis Benítez de Lugo Enrich b,c, Rodrigo Villalobos García c, José M. Martínez-Blanes d, Miguel A. Avilés e, Norberto Palomares Zumajo f, María Benito Sánchez g, Carlos Barrio Aldea h, Domingo C. Salazar-García i,j a Dpto. de Prehistoria y Arqueología, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain b Dpto. de Prehistoria y Arqueología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain c Dpto. de Prehistoria y Arqueología, Centro asociado UNED-Ciudad Real, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Spain d Dpto. de Prehistoria, Arqueología, Antropología Social y Ciencias y Técnicas Historiográficas, Universidad de Valladolid, Spain e Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla, Centro mixto Universidad de Sevilla—CSIC, Spain f Anthropos, s.l., Spain g Laboratorio de Antropología Forense, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain h Archaeologist i Department of Archaeology, University of Capetown, South Africa j Departament de Prehistòria i Arqueologia, Universitat de València, Spain article info abstract Article history: Beads and pendants from the Castillejo del Bonete (Terrinches, Ciudad Real) and Cerro Ortega (Villanueva de la Received 22 June 2015 Fuente, Ciudad Real) burials were analysed using XRD, micro-Raman and XRF in order to contribute to the cur- Received in revised form 30 October 2015 rent distribution map of green bead body ornament pieces on the Iberian Peninsula which, so far, remain Accepted 14 November 2015 undetailed for many regions.
  • Factors Responsible for Crystal Chemical Variations in The

    Factors Responsible for Crystal Chemical Variations in The

    American Mineralogist, Volume 95, pages 348–361, 2010 Factors responsible for crystal-chemical variations in the solid solutions from illite to aluminoceladonite and from glauconite to celadonite VICTOR A. DRITS ,1 BELL A B. ZV I A GIN A ,1 DOUGL A S K. MCCA RTY,2,* A N D ALFRE D L. SA LYN 1 1Geological Institute of the Russian Academy of Science, Pyzhevsky per. 7, 119017 Moscow, Russia 2Chevron ETC, 3901 Briarpark, Houston, Texas 77063, U.S.A. AB STR A CT Several finely dispersed low-temperature dioctahedral micas and micaceous minerals that form solid solutions from (Mg,Fe)-free illite to aluminoceladonite via Mg-rich illite, and from Fe3+-rich glauconite to celadonite have been studied by X-ray diffraction and chemical analysis. The samples have 1M and 1Md structures. The transitions from illite to aluminoceladonite and from glauconite to celadonite are accompanied by a consistent decrease in the mica structural-unit thickness (2:1 layer + interlayer) or csinβ. In the first sample series csinβ decreases from 10.024 to 9.898 Å, and in the second from 10.002 to 9.961 Å. To reveal the basic factors responsible for these regularities, struc- tural modeling was carried out to deduce atomic coordinates for 1M dioctahedral mica based on the unit-cell parameters and cation composition. For each sample series, the relationships among csinβ, maximum and mean thicknesses of octahedral and tetrahedral sheets and of the 2:1 layer, interlayer distance, and variations of the tetrahedral rotation angle, α, and the degree of basal surface corruga- tion, ∆Z, have been analyzed in detail.
  • Thirty-Seventh List of New Mineral Names. Part 1" A-L

    Thirty-Seventh List of New Mineral Names. Part 1" A-L

    Thirty-seventh list of new mineral names. Part 1" A-L A. M. CLARK Department of Mineralogy, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK AND V. D. C. DALTRYt Department of Geology and Mineralogy, University of Natal, Private Bag XO1, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa THE present list is divided into two sections; the pegmatites at Mount Alluaiv, Lovozero section M-Z will follow in the next issue. Those Complex, Kola Peninsula, Russia. names representing valid species, accredited by the Na19(Ca,Mn)6(Ti,Nb)3Si26074C1.H20. Trigonal, IMA Commission on New Minerals and Mineral space group R3m, a 14.046, c 60.60 A, Z = 6. Names, are shown in bold type. Dmeas' 2.76, Dc~ac. 2.78 g/cm3, co 1.618, ~ 1.626. Named for the locality. Abenakiite-(Ce). A.M. McDonald, G.Y. Chat and Altisite. A.P. Khomyakov, G.N. Nechelyustov, G. J.D. Grice. 1994. Can. Min. 32, 843. Poudrette Ferraris and G. Ivalgi, 1994. Zap. Vses. Min. Quarry, Mont Saint-Hilaire, Quebec, Canada. Obschch., 123, 82 [Russian]. Frpm peralkaline Na26REE(SiO3)6(P04)6(C03)6(S02)O. Trigonal, pegmatites at Oleny Stream, SE Khibina alkaline a 16.018, c 19.761 A, Z = 3. Named after the massif, Kola Peninsula, Russia. Monoclinic, a Abenaki Indian tribe. 10.37, b 16.32, c 9.16 ,~, l~ 105.6 ~ Z= 2. Named Abswurmbachite. T. Reinecke, E. Tillmanns and for the chemical elements A1, Ti and Si. H.-J. Bernhardt, 1991. Neues Jahrb. Min. Abh., Ankangite. M. Xiong, Z.-S.
  • Cation Ordering and Pseudosymmetry in Layer Silicates'

    Cation Ordering and Pseudosymmetry in Layer Silicates'

    I A merican M ineralogist, Volume60. pages175-187, 1975 Cation Ordering and Pseudosymmetryin Layer Silicates' S. W. BerI-nv Departmentof Geologyand Geophysics,Uniuersity of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, Wisconsin5 3706 Abstract The particular sequenceof sheetsand layers present in the structure of a layer silicate createsan ideal symmetry that is usually basedon the assumptionsof trioctahedralcompositions, no significantdistor- tion, and no cation ordering.Ordering oftetrahedral cations,asjudged by mean l-O bond lengths,has been found within the constraints of the ideal spacegroup for specimensof muscovite-3I, phengile-2M2, la-4 Cr-chlorite, and vermiculite of the 2-layer s type. Many ideal spacegroups do not allow ordering of tetrahedralcations because all tetrahedramust be equivalentby symmetry.This includesthe common lM micasand chlorites.Ordering oftetrahedral cations within subgroupsymmetries has not beensought very often, but has been reported for anandite-2Or, llb-2prochlorite, and Ia-2 donbassite. Ordering ofoctahedral cations within the ideal spacegroups is more common and has been found for muscovite-37, lepidolite-2M", clintonite-lM, fluoropolylithionite-lM,la-4 Cr-chlorite, lb-odd ripidolite, and vermiculite. Ordering in subgroup symmetries has been reported l-oranandite-2or, IIb-2 prochlorite, and llb-4 corundophilite. Ordering in local out-of-step domains has been documented by study of diffuse non-Bragg scattering for the octahedral catlons in polylithionite according to a two-dimensional pattern and for the interlayer cations in vermiculite over a three-cellsuperlattice. All dioctahedral layer silicates have ordered vacant octahedral sites, and the locations of the vacancies change the symmetry from that of the ideal spacegroup in kaolinite, dickite, nacrite, and la-2 donbassite Four new structural determinations are reported for margarite-2M,, amesile-2Hr,cronstedtite-2H", and a two-layercookeite.
  • Phyllosilicates in the Sediment-Forming Processes: Weathering, Erosion, Transportation, and Deposition

    Phyllosilicates in the Sediment-Forming Processes: Weathering, Erosion, Transportation, and Deposition

    Acta Geodyn. Geomater., Vol. 6, No. 1 (153), 13–43, 2009 PHYLLOSILICATES IN THE SEDIMENT-FORMING PROCESSES: WEATHERING, EROSION, TRANSPORTATION, AND DEPOSITION Jiří KONTA Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague 2 Home address: Korunní 127, 130 00 Prague 3, Czech Republic *Corresponding author‘s e-mail: [email protected] (Received October 2008, accepted January 2009) ABSTRACT Phyllosilicates are classified into the following groups: 1 - Neutral 1:1 structures: the kaolinite and serpentine group. 2 - Neutral 2:1 structures: the pyrophyllite and talc group. 3 - High-charge 2:1 structures, non-expansible in polar liquids: illite and the dioctahedral and trioctahedral micas, also brittle micas. 4 - Low- to medium-charge 2:1 structures, expansible phyllosilicates in polar liquids: smectites and vermiculites. 5 - Neutral 2:1:1 structures: chlorites. 6 - Neutral to weak-charge ribbon structures, so-called pseudophyllosilicates or hormites: palygorskite and sepiolite (fibrous crystalline clay minerals). 7 - Amorphous clay minerals. Order-disorder states, polymorphism, polytypism, and interstratifications of phyllosilicates are influenced by several factors: 1) a chemical micromilieu acting during the crystallization in any environment, including the space of clay pseudomorphs after original rock-forming silicates or volcanic glasses; 2) the accepted thermal energy; 3) the permeability. The composition and properties of parent rocks and minerals in the weathering crusts, the elevation, and topography of source areas and climatic conditions control the intensity of weathering, erosion, and the resulting assemblage of phyllosilicates to be transported after erosion. The enormously high accumulation of phyllosilicates in the sedimentary lithosphere is primarily conditioned by their high up to extremely high chemical stability in water-rich environments (expressed by index of corrosion, IKO).