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Italy and the Sanusiyya: Negotiating Authority in Colonial Libya, 1911-1931 Eileen Ryan Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2012 ©2012 Eileen Ryan All rights reserved ABSTRACT Italy and the Sanusiyya: Negotiating Authority in Colonial Libya, 1911-1931 By Eileen Ryan In the first decade of their occupation of the former Ottoman territories of Tripolitania and Cyrenaica in current-day Libya, the Italian colonial administration established a system of indirect rule in the Cyrenaican town of Ajedabiya under the leadership of Idris al-Sanusi, a leading member of the Sufi order of the Sanusiyya and later the first monarch of the independent Kingdom of Libya after the Second World War. Post-colonial historiography of modern Libya depicted the Sanusiyya as nationalist leaders of an anti-colonial rebellion as a source of legitimacy for the Sanusi monarchy. Since Qaddafi’s revolutionary coup in 1969, the Sanusiyya all but disappeared from Libyan historiography as a generation of scholars, eager to fill in the gaps left by the previous myopic focus on Sanusi elites, looked for alternative narratives of resistance to the Italian occupation and alternative origins for the Libyan nation in its colonial and pre-colonial past. Their work contributed to a wider variety of perspectives in our understanding of Libya’s modern history, but the persistent focus on histories of resistance to the Italian occupation has missed an opportunity to explore the ways in which the Italian colonial framework shaped the development of a religious and political authority in Cyrenaica with lasting implications for the Libyan nation. -
8.. Colonialism in the Horn of Africa
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) The state, the crisis of state institutions and refugee migration in the Horn of Africa : the cases of Ethiopia, Sudan and Somalia Degu, W.A. Publication date 2002 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Degu, W. A. (2002). The state, the crisis of state institutions and refugee migration in the Horn of Africa : the cases of Ethiopia, Sudan and Somalia. Thela Thesis. General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:30 Sep 2021 8.. COLONIALISM IN THE HORN OF AFRICA 'Perhapss there is no other continent in the world where colonialism showed its face in suchh a cruel and brutal form as it did in Africa. Under colonialism the people of Africa sufferedd immensely. -
Sarfatti and Venturi, Two Italian Art Critics in the Threads of Modern Argentinian Art
MODERNIDADE LATINA Os Italianos e os Centros do Modernismo Latino-americano Sarfatti and Venturi, Two Italian Art Critics in the Threads of Modern Argentinian Art Cristina Rossi Introduction Margherita Sarfatti and Lionello Venturi were two Italian critics who had an important role in the Argentinian art context by mid-20th Century. Venturi was only two years younger than Sarfatti and both died in 1961. In Italy, both of them promoted groups of modern artists, even though their aesthetic poetics were divergent, such as their opinions towards the official Mussolini´s politics. Our job will seek to redraw their action within the tension of the artistic field regarding the notion proposed by Pierre Bourdieu, i.e., taking into consider- ation the complex structure as a system of relations in a permanent state of dispute1. However, this paper will not review the performance of Sarfatti and Venturi towards the cultural policies in Italy, but its proposal is to reintegrate their figures – and their aesthetical and political positions – within the interplay of forces in the Argentinian rich cultural fabric, bearing in mind the strategies that were implemented by the local agents with those who they interacted with. Sarfatti and Venturi in Mussolini´s political environment Born into a Jewish Venetian family in 1883, Margherita Grassini got married to the lawyer Cesare Sarfatti and in 1909 moved to Milan, where she started her career as an art critic. Convinced that Milan could achieve a central role in the Italian culture – together with the Jewish gallerist Lino Pesaro – in 1922 Sarfatti promoted the group Novecento. -
Dalla Real Galleria All'imperial Regio Museo Di Fisica E Storia Naturale
Fig. 1 Dalla Real Galleria all’Imperial Regio Museo di Fisica e Storia Naturale From Real Galleria to Imperial Real Museo di Fisica e Storia Naturale Luciana Fantoni, Luisa Poggi l 22 febbraio 1775, secondo il volere del e persone «intelligenti», ma contemporane- IGranduca Pietro Leopoldo, apre ufficial- amente viene stimolata la ricerca, sia pura mente il Gabinetto di Fisica e Storia Naturale, che applicata, analogamente a quanto avve- che ha il compito di perseguire l’avanzamen- niva nelle più prestigiose istituzioni estere. to delle conoscenze scientifiche, in vista di Si afferma quindi, in quel periodo, la se- eventuali ricadute sul progresso economico parazione (anche a livello museologico) fra della Toscana. Alla guida della nuova istitu- arte e scienza, che porterà a fine Ottocento zione è l’abate Felice Fontana. Lo spirito di all’esasperazione specialistica, fondamentale carattere illuminista, che caratterizza l’azio- per il progresso delle conoscenze ma delete- ne di Pietro Leopoldo, mira al rinnovamento ria per lo sviluppo equilibrato di una cultura civile, economico e politico del granducato generale in grado di garantire l’unitarietà dei con riforme e provvedimenti in tutti i settori. saperi. In campo scientifico, oltre alla riorganizza- Già nel 1762 Giovanni Targioni Tozzetti zione delle università di Pisa e Siena, l’isti- aveva iniziato il censimento delle raccolte tuzione del Museo sancisce il superamento naturalistiche conservate agli Uffizi e nel della Wunderkammer, con la creazione di 1763 il «Catalogo delle Produzioni Naturali due Musei distinti, aperti al pubblico: uno di che si conservano nella Real Galleria» era tipo artistico (gli Uffizi) ed uno di tipo scien- concluso. -
Mussolini, Benito
Mussolini, Benito (1883-1945), Italian dictator from 1922 until the end of World War II. Before World War I, Mussolini was a radical Socialist, and during the war he was anti-German. After the war, he founded the Fascist movement, based on a platform of Italian nationalism and anti-Communism. In October 1922 Mussolini and his followers took control of the Italian government, and by 1925, Mussolini became Italy’s dictator, calling himself Il Duce---the Leader. Mussolini was not strongly antisemitic. He had close ties to Italian Jews, including several early founders and members of the Fascist movement. He was also strongly affected by two Jewish women: Angelica Balabanoff, from Russia, and Margherita Sarfatti, an Italian. After Mussolini rose to national power, he reassured Italian Jewry of their safety in an interview with the Chief Rabbi of Rome. From 1922 to 1936, Mussolini summed up his policy towards the Jews in his country with the statement: "The Jewish problem does not exist in Italy." However, off the record, Mussolini verbally attacked Jews and Zionism. During Italy's war against Ethiopia in 1935-1936, Mussolini ranted against "international Jewry." Finally, when Germany and Italy started getting friendly in 1936, Mussolini began rethinking his Jewish policy. At first, he tried to deal with the Jews by forcing them into becoming Fascists; in 1938 he decided to issue racial laws in an attempt to remove Jews from public life in Italy. However, he refused to implement the brutal anti-Jewish measures used by the Germans, and even allowed Jews a safe haven in areas of Europe controlled by Italy. -
Clanship, Conflict and Refugees: an Introduction to Somalis in the Horn of Africa
CLANSHIP, CONFLICT AND REFUGEES: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOMALIS IN THE HORN OF AFRICA Guido Ambroso TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I: THE CLAN SYSTEM p. 2 The People, Language and Religion p. 2 The Economic and Socials Systems p. 3 The Dir p. 5 The Darod p. 8 The Hawiye p. 10 Non-Pastoral Clans p. 11 PART II: A HISTORICAL SUMMARY FROM COLONIALISM TO DISINTEGRATION p. 14 The Colonial Scramble for the Horn of Africa and the Darwish Reaction (1880-1935) p. 14 The Boundaries Question p. 16 From the Italian East Africa Empire to Independence (1936-60) p. 18 Democracy and Dictatorship (1960-77) p. 20 The Ogaden War and the Decline of Siyad Barre’s Regime (1977-87) p. 22 Civil War and the Disintegration of Somalia (1988-91) p. 24 From Hope to Despair (1992-99) p. 27 Conflict and Progress in Somaliland (1991-99) p. 31 Eastern Ethiopia from Menelik’s Conquest to Ethnic Federalism (1887-1995) p. 35 The Impact of the Arta Conference and of September the 11th p. 37 PART III: REFUGEES AND RETURNEES IN EASTERN ETHIOPIA AND SOMALILAND p. 42 Refugee Influxes and Camps p. 41 Patterns of Repatriation (1991-99) p. 46 Patterns of Reintegration in the Waqoyi Galbeed and Awdal Regions of Somaliland p. 52 Bibliography p. 62 ANNEXES: CLAN GENEALOGICAL CHARTS Samaal (General/Overview) A. 1 Dir A. 2 Issa A. 2.1 Gadabursi A. 2.2 Isaq A. 2.3 Habar Awal / Isaq A.2.3.1 Garhajis / Isaq A. 2.3.2 Darod (General/ Simplified) A. 3 Ogaden and Marrahan Darod A. -
Aspekter På Den Italienska Fascismen Texter Och Tolkningar
Aspekter på den italienska fascismen Texter och tolkningar AKADEMISK AVHANDLING som med tillstånd av Rektor vid Umeå universitet för avläggande av filosofie doktorsexamen kommer att offentligen försvaras i Humanisthuset, hörsal E, lördagen den 3 oktober 1998, kl. 10.15 av Giuseppe Nencioni Giuseppe Nencioni: Aspekter på den italienska fascismen. Texter och tolkningar. Swedish text with a summary in English. Department of History, Umeå University. Umeå 1998, 317 pp. Monograph. ISSN 0280-5529 ISBN 91-7191-504-4 Publisher: Rapporter från institutionen för historia, nr 11. Institutionen för historia, Umeå universitet, SE-901 87 Umeå. ABSTRACT Initially an attempt is made to present an overview of the interpretations of the meaning of Fascism. In a presentation of the views of Renzo De Felice and Zeev Sternhell the opinions of the latter are highlighted. It appears that Stemhell's conclusions better explain Italian Fascism, as well as Nazism, although Sternhell has not extensively described Nazism. His conclusions can also be used to illustrate the fact that most characteristics of Nazism and Fascism were identical, something which De Felice denies. This also applies to anti-Semitism. Then follows an analysis of the origin of the Fascist ideology, and it is stated that this ideology, both in Germany and in Italy originated in the "frn-de-siècle crisis", the anti-positive climate which existed at the end of the 19th century. This climate included a reaction against what was regarded as "decadence". It is maintained that amongst a number of Italian and German intellectuals there existed a number of similar ideas, such as for instance contempt for monetary economy, pacifism, intellectualism, the calm bourgeois life, liberalism, democracy and socialism. -
Exploring the Old Stone Town of Mogadishu
Exploring the Old Stone Town of Mogadishu Exploring the Old Stone Town of Mogadishu By Nuredin Hagi Scikei Exploring the Old Stone Town of Mogadishu By Nuredin Hagi Scikei This book first published 2017 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2017 by Nuredin Hagi Scikei All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-5275-0331-3 ISBN (13): 978-1-5275-0331-1 Dedicated to my father Hagi Scikei Abati, my mother Khadija Ali Omar, my sister Zuhra and my brother Sirajadin. CONTENTS Preface ........................................................................................................ xi Acknowledgements .................................................................................. xiii Chapter One ................................................................................................. 1 Introduction Who are the Banaadiri Maritime Traders and Ancient Banaadiri Settlements Religion and Learning The Growth of Foreign Trade, Urbanisation and the First Industries of Banaadir Chapter Two .............................................................................................. 11 The Campaign of Defamation against the Banaadiri -
Robert O. Paxton-The Anatomy of Fascism -Knopf
Paxt_1400040949_8p_all_r1.qxd 1/30/04 4:38 PM Page b also by robert o. paxton French Peasant Fascism Europe in the Twentieth Century Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order, 1940–1944 Parades and Politics at Vichy Vichy France and the Jews (with Michael R. Marrus) Paxt_1400040949_8p_all_r1.qxd 1/30/04 4:38 PM Page i THE ANATOMY OF FASCISM Paxt_1400040949_8p_all_r1.qxd 1/30/04 4:38 PM Page ii Paxt_1400040949_8p_all_r1.qxd 1/30/04 4:38 PM Page iii THE ANATOMY OF FASCISM ROBERT O. PAXTON Alfred A. Knopf New York 2004 Paxt_1400040949_8p_all_r1.qxd 1/30/04 4:38 PM Page iv this is a borzoi book published by alfred a. knopf Copyright © 2004 by Robert O. Paxton All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. Published in the United States by Alfred A. Knopf, a division of Random House, Inc., New York, and simultaneously in Canada by Random House of Canada Limited, Toronto. Distributed by Random House, Inc., New York. www.aaknopf.com Knopf, Borzoi Books, and the colophon are registered trademarks of Random House, Inc. isbn: 1-4000-4094-9 lc: 2004100489 Manufactured in the United States of America First Edition Paxt_1400040949_8p_all_r1.qxd 1/30/04 4:38 PM Page v To Sarah Paxt_1400040949_8p_all_r1.qxd 1/30/04 4:38 PM Page vi Paxt_1400040949_8p_all_r1.qxd 1/30/04 4:38 PM Page vii contents Preface xi chapter 1 Introduction 3 The Invention of Fascism 3 Images of Fascism 9 Strategies 15 Where Do We Go from Here? 20 chapter 2 Creating Fascist Movements 24 The Immediate Background 28 Intellectual, Cultural, and Emotional -
(I) the SOCIAL STRUCTUBE of Soumn SOMALI TRIB by Virginia I?
(i) THE SOCIAL STRUCTUBE OF SOumN SOMALI TRIB by Virginia I?lling A thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of London. October 197]. (ii) SDMMARY The subject is the social structure of a southern Somali community of about six thousand people, the Geledi, in the pre-colonial period; and. the manner in which it has reacted to colonial and other modern influences. Part A deals with the pre-colonial situation. Section 1 deals with the historical background up to the nineteenth century, first giving the general geographic and ethnographic setting, to show what elements went to the making of this community, and then giving the Geledj's own account of their history and movement up to that time. Section 2 deals with the structure of the society during the nineteenth century. Successive chapters deal with the basic units and categories into which this community divided both itself and the others with which it was in contact; with their material culture; with economic life; with slavery, which is shown to have been at the foundation of the social order; with the political and legal structure; and with the conduct of war. The chapter on the examines the politico-religious office of the Sheikh or Sultan as the focal point of the community, and how under successive occupants of this position, the Geledi became the dominant power in this part of Somalia. Part B deals with colonial and post-colonial influences. After an outline of the history of Somalia since 1889, with special reference to Geledi, the changes in society brought about by those events are (iii) described. -
Breve Revisión De Los Procesos De Resistencia Contra La Colonización En El Cuerno De África
ISSN: 0213-2087 e-ISSN: 2444-7080 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14201/shhcont382020243264 BREVE REVISIÓN DE LOS PROCESOS DE RESISTENCIA CONTRA LA COLONIZACIÓN EN EL CUERNO DE ÁFRICA. LAS LUCHAS EN LA SOMALIA ITALIANA Y EL MOVIMIENTO DERVICHE (1890-1930) Brief review of the processes of resistance against colonization in the Horn of Africa. Struggles in Italian Somalia and the Dervish Movement (1890-1930) Pablo ARCONADA LEDESMA Universidad de Valladolid [email protected] ORCID: 0000-0003-4068-274X Recibido: 29/02/2020 Revisado: 25/05/2020 Aceptado: 15/06/2020 RESUMEN: Este artículo tiene la intención de revisar las resistencias contra el proceso de colonización que se desarrollaron en el Cuerno de África en el período 1890-1930. Específicamente, se analizarán las luchas impulsadas por los pueblos somalíes en las diferentes regiones ocupadas. El objetivo no es otro que repensar la imagen de los somalíes como «pueblos pasivos» que «se dejaron conquistar» y analizar los acontecimientos con otra perspectiva radicalmente diferente. Además, si tradicionalmente se ha considerado que la única resistencia digna de ser considerada fue el Movimiento Derviche, en este estudio se ha procedido a analizar también el papel de otros movimientos de resistencia que se sucedieron en el sur de Somalia y en los sultanatos de Obbia y Midyurtina, así como el caso específico de las Revueltas Gosha. Para realizar este estudio se ha procedido a una revisión bibliográfica y se han utilizado fuentes primarias y secundarias como documentación oficial, tratados y diarios, así como boletines informativos de la época y la hemeroteca. Palabras clave: Somalia; Gosha; Derviche; Benadir; colonización. -
Italian Land Policy and Practice in Ethiopia, (1935-1941)
Haile M. Larebo THE MYTH AND REALITY OF EMPIRE BUILDING: ITALIAN LAND POLICY AND PRACTICE IN ETHIOPIA, (1935-1941) A Thesis Submitted To University Of London In Fulfilment Of The Requirements For The Degree Of Doctor Of Philosophy School Of Oriental And African Studies February 1990 ProQuest Number: 11010607 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 11010607 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 TO ADAMA, IY ANN A, MANITO, PAULINE AND BELOVED PARENTS ABSTRACT Apart from being Italo-centric, the vast majority of scholarly work on the short-lived period of Italian occupation of Ethiopia is mainly preoccupied with political events and particularly with their repercussions on international diploma cy. With the exception of a few pioneering studies, Italian rule and its impact on Ethiopia is given marginal importance. The present thesis confines itself to one specific key area of Italian policy - land. Search for an outlet to settle Italy’s excess population and deploy its surplus capital, had sustained Italian imperialist ambitions from the 19th century and justified the conquest of Ethiopia against quasi universal international opposition.