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Informe-N-2-Mesa-NSP-2016.Pdf 1 Índice Introducción ........................................................................................................................................ 3 Instituciones ........................................................................................................................................ 5 Resumen ejecutivo .............................................................................................................................. 6 Grupo de Experto N° 1, Cannabinoides Sintéticos, Sustancias Tipo Fenciclidina, Ketamina y Otras Sustancias NSP: 5F-AMB, AB-CHMINACA y análogos .......................................................................................... 10 NSP: 5F-UR-144 (XLR-11), 5F-PB-22, MDMB-CHMICA y análogo ...................................................... 23 Cactus de San Pedro (Echinopsis pachanoi) ...................................................................................... 35 NSP: Metoxetamina ........................................................................................................................... 42 “Poppers” (Nitrito de Amilo, Butilo e Isobutilo) ................................................................................ 53 Grupo de Experto N° 2, Feniletilaminas NSP: 2C-P, 2C-D y 2C-E ....................................................................................................................... 64 NSP: 4,4’ – DMAR, 4 – FMP y 3-FPM ................................................................................................. 78 NSP: 4-FA, 3-FA, 2-FA, 4-MFA, 3-MFA y 2-MFA ................................................................................. 93 Grupo de Experto N° 3, Otras NSP NSP: Fenazepam ............................................................................................................................. 108 NSP: Etilfenidato .............................................................................................................................. 117 NSP: Metiopropamina .................................................................................................................... 127 NSP: Acetilfentanilo ......................................................................................................................... 135 NSP: AH-7921 (Doxilam) .................................................................................................................. 144 NSP: MT-45 ..................................................................................................................................... 152 2 Introducción El siguiente documento corresponde al segundo informe de la Mesa Nacional de Nuevas Sustancias Psicoactivas (NSP). Esta mesa se constituyó en marzo de 2015, con el objetivo que las diez instituciones que la componen realicen un análisis riguroso que permita estudiar tanto las nuevas drogas aparecidas en Chile, como aquellas que aún no se han detectado en nuestro país, recomendando, en caso de ser procedente, su incorporación a los listados de control nacional. De esta manera, se responde a uno de los grandes desafíos de la política de drogas en Chile, el de sustentar con evidencia las categorizaciones de las drogas para que sean sometidas o no a control. Con el trabajo realizado el 2016, hemos abarcado siete de los nueve grupos de NSP propuestos por la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas Contra la Droga y el Delito, destacando en esta oportunidad a los opioides sintéticos, considerados dentro de las sustancias sintéticas ilícitas como uno de los grupos más peligrosos, al que se han asignado el mayor número de muertes producidas por el consumo de NSP. Asimismo, se continuó con el estudio de los cannabinoides sintéticos, que son el grupo de sustancias más numerosas, y que han venido en muchos casos a reemplazar a drogas naturales, como la cannabis, pero con efectos significativamente mayores sobre la salud de quienes las usan. También se siguió con el análisis de las feniletilaminas, que son las más incautadas en nuestro país. Brevemente, y al detenernos en los cannabinoides sintéticos, es pertinente también preguntarnos sobre las razones por las cuales nace una droga sintética que al buscar imitar a una natural, genera efectos perjudiciales considerablemente superiores sobre la salud. Es entonces adecuado, evaluar también como la lógica meramente prohibicionista, ha generado efectos no deseados sobre los mercados ilegales de las drogas, dando nacimiento a incentivos perversos que en muchos casos terminan afectando de mayor manera la salud pública y la seguridad. Mientras un grupo importante de las drogas analizadas en este estudio deben entrar a las listas de control, hay otras sobre las cuales se ha decidido no hacerlo. Este es el caso del cactus San Pedro, que al menos como conclusión en el análisis actual, no cumple las características para ser una droga que debe ser objeto de la regulación penal. Todo lo anterior, nos permite sostener que se han analizado los grupos más importantes, abarcando prácticamente la totalidad de las NSP que se conocen a la fecha independiente si están presentes o no en el territorio nacional. Reconociendo la importancia que tiene la información basada en la evidencia como herramienta fundamental para la ciudadanía, la investigación no se limita al análisis y categorización de las sustancias. En efecto, a través de este trabajo se busca, también, informar a la población sobre la presencia y los reales efectos de estas NSP. En este sentido, es necesario recordar que éstas drogas emergen con la intención de evadir el control impuesto sobre drogas “clásicas”, como por ejemplo el MDMA (éxtasis) o el LSD y que los usuarios las adquieren para emular los efectos de drogas ya controladas, ignorando la naturaleza o composición química de lo que están consumiendo. El desconocimiento de la droga que consumen puede desencadenar graves efectos tóxicos, incluso la muerte. Es por esto, que buscamos entregar nuevos y mejores instrumentos a la ciudadanía, para que puedan tomar decisiones de manera 3 informada, responsable y teniendo a disposición los antecedentes basados en la evidencia, pero por sobre todo una mirada razonable y lejos de caricaturas y exageraciones. Este tipo de iniciativas cobra especial importancia al momento de abordar la oferta de estas drogas a poblaciones de jóvenes y menores. Es aquí donde este trabajo se transforma en una herramienta de mayor efectividad para la labor educativa, preventiva y también de control sobre quienes ofrecen este tipo de sustancias a menores. Este nuevo informe, se enmarca dentro las acciones implementadas por el Plan Nacional contra el Narcotráfico 2014-2020, generando una política coordinada en el control de nuevas sustancias, lo que ha traído como resultado mantener actualizados los listados de drogas. No obstante, existen desafíos pendientes, como por ejemplo, el acceso expedito de la ciudadanía a esta información, precisamente para que puedan hacer uso de ésta de manera permanente. Así mismo, es necesario también seguir mejorando las tecnologías que las instituciones manejan para el reconocimiento de las NSP. De lo señalado se desprende la importancia de esta Mesa, cuyo resultado refleja un análisis interdisciplinario de las NSP, lo que permitirá enfrentar de mejor manera el dinamismo en la oferta de este tipo de drogas. Estamos conscientes que la categorización de drogas no basta y mucho menos que éstas estén o no prohibidas. El desafío de la política de drogas en Chile requiere de pasos progresivos hacia una regulación responsable, con identidad nacional, que logre empoderar a las personas para que, voluntariamente y de manera informada, logren decidir sobre qué tipo de relación tendrán con las drogas y sobre todo educar al resto de la población. La política de drogas enfocada en la persecución de la actividad delictual asociada a la producción y al tráfico, debe permitir que tanto las policías como quienes dedican esfuerzos a la investigación y persecución, puedan hacer uso de sus recursos de manera inteligente y proporcional, logrando así efectos sobre la raíz del problema y los eslabones superiores de la cadena de valor. Es ahí donde se consigue el mayor impacto, el impacto real, que puede tener efectos sustantivos incluso sobre otras actividades delictuales asociadas a lo ilícito. Por último, resulta necesario reconocer al Departamento de Sustancias Químicas Controladas de la División de Seguridad Pública por liderar el desarrollo de este trabajo junto a todas de las instituciones participantes. EDUARDO VERGARA BOLBARÁN Jefe División de Seguridad Pública Subsecretaría del Interior 4 Instituciones 5 Resumen Ejecutivo Luego del trabajo realizado en la Mesa Nacional de Nuevas Sustancias Psicoactivas entre el 3 de mayo y el 1 de diciembre del año 2016, los expertos de los tres grupos elaboran la siguiente recomendación: a) Incluir en la lista del artículo 1 del Decreto Supremo N° 867, que contiene aquellas sustancias que producen dependencia física o psíquica, capaces de producir graves efectos tóxicos o daños considerables a la salud, las siguientes sustancias psicoactivas: CANNABINOIDES SINTETICOS N° Nombre Común Nombre Químico o Nombre IUPAC Metil-2-({[1-(5-fluoropentil)-1H-indazol-3-il]carbonil}amino)-3- 1 5F-AMB metilbutanoato N-[(1S)-1-(aminocarbonil)-2-metilpropil]-1-(ciclohexilmetil)-1H- 2 AB-CHMINACA indazol-3-carboxamida N-[(1S)-1-(aminocarbonil)-2-metilpropil]-1-pentil-1H-indazol-3- 3 AB-PINACA carboxamida N-[1-(aminocarbonil)-2,2-dimetilpropil]-1-(ciclohexilmetil)-1H- 4 MAB-CHMINACA indazol-3-carboxamida
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