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WRECK DIVING™ ...Uncover the Past Magazine WRECK DIVING™ ...uncover the past Magazine In This Issue: WRECK DIVING MAGAZINE Fokker S6 • Francisco Morazan • George M. Cox Jana’s Wreck • Mikhail Lermontov • U-166/Robert E. Lee U-352 • USS North Carolina AN UPCOMING NOVA/ NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC DOCUMENTARY The U-166 and her final victim, the Robert E Lee Issue 34 US$12.99 Issue 34 A Quarterly Publication USS North Carolina ✴ “The Showboat” - The Most Highly Decorated American Battleship of WWII Text and Photographs by Barbara Buchanan Kwajalein Atoll lagoon is a historical underwater museum full of ships that sank during the invasion of the Marshall Islands. Having had the opportunity to dive several of these shipwrecks, I have a special memory of one wreck, the Eiko Maru, that brings me to where I live in Wilmington, North Carolina. You ask, what is the connection between the Marshall Islands and Wilmington, North Carolina? The Japanese shipwreck Eiko Maru No. 2 was sunk on January 29, 1944, off Roi-Namur Island in Kwajalein Atoll by the USS The USS North Carolina in her new berth in North Carolina. The sinking of this ship would prove to be invaluable. The Wilmington, NC 1961. Photograph courtesy of Battleship North Carolina Navy salvaged navigational charts to the sea approaches and anchorages of many Japanese-held islands in the Pacific. The charts provided accurate data The second name was Armored Cruiser 12, commissioned on May 7, 1908. She was the first needed for future coordinated actions of land, sea and air operations in the to launch an aircraft by catapult while underway. Photograph courtesy of Battleship North Carolina advancement towards Japan. The USS North Carolina is the most treaty limited naval armament, demanded scrapping of highly decorated American battleship existing or conversion to aircraft carriers, and established of WWII. She served in every major a 10-year pause, or “holiday,” where no new capital naval battle in the Pacific Theater of ships (battleships and battle cruisers) could be built. If Operations, earning her 15 battle stars. completed, the third North Carolina would have been a The battleship was honored with eight monster ship of the 1920’s era, with twelve 16-inch guns, battle ribbons and her kill board displays several smaller caliber guns, two torpedo tubes and an 33 Japanese Ensign Flags and 1 Japanese overall length of 684 feet. National flag .The 33 Ensign Flags After WWI, the Washington treaty was to prevent an represent the nine shore bombardments upward movement of naval construction and ship size. against Japanese-held islands, and 24 The treaty was signed by the five major nations that had downed enemy aircraft. The Japanese won the war, the United States, United Kingdom, Japan, National Flag signifies the sinking of France and Italy. The Washington treaty strictly limited the Japanese freighter, Eiko Maru No. capital ships to 35,000 tons standard displacement (a 2. The Ensign Flag, which has a red sun ship fully manned and equipped ready for sea) and guns with rays, flies from military ships and no larger than 16-inch caliber. But before the 10 year installations. The National Flag flies from “holiday” limitation expired, the five nations agreed and everywhere else and has a plain, red sun. signed the Treaty for Limitation and Reduction of Naval This ship was the fourth in the U.S. Armament, also known as the London Naval Treaty of Navy bearing the name in honor of the 1930. This regulated gun calibers of submarines and State of North Carolina. Her origins go limited naval shipbuilding. On December 9, 1935, a back through many years of naval history conference was held to modify the previous London Naval and predecessors in warship design Treaty, extending the conditions agreed to until 1942 and that she followed. The first USS North reducing the caliber to 14 inches. However, because Japan Carolina, launched on September 7, 1820, and Italy refused to sign the Second London Naval Treaty, was a 74-gun, three-mast, square rigger, it prevented an agreement on the ceiling of the number mounting 42 and 32-pound cannons, of warships, but did limit the maximum size of ships and and having an overall length of 196 feet caliber of guns. Because there was an “escalator clause” 3 inches. She was the pride of the Navy in the Washington Treaty which stated that if any of the and envy of foreign navies because of five nations that had signed the Washington Treaty didn’t her impressive qualities and powerful adhere to the new limits, the other signatory countries armament, and, for half a century, she could raise the caliber to 16 inches. was master of world ships. In the early 1930’s with the Washington Naval Treaty During the Civil War, the still in effect, the U.S. Congress authorized the building “The Showboat” - The Most Highly Confederate States Navy built an ironclad of new battleships. This was a challenge for the U.S. Navy named North Carolina. She was 174 feet architects to meet the treaty limitations. The important Decorated American in length, with four 8-inch guns and requirements in battleship design were armament, canted armor above the waterline. She armor, speed, and durability to withstand major battle. served as a guard ship near the mouth On October 27, 1937, the keel of the fourth ship named Battleship of WWII of Cape Fear River to help keep the port USS North Carolina, BB-55, was laid down at the New of Wilmington open to confederate York Shipyard. She was launched on June 13, 1940, and Text and Photographs by Barbara Buchanan blockade runners. Due to structural commissioned on April 9, 1941, and became the first, fast, imperfections, she developed a leak and heavily armed U.S. Navy battleship to be built in 16 years. sank in September, 1864, near Southport, Her length of 729 feet was armed with nine 16-inch North Carolina. guns, twenty twin-mount 5-inch guns, sixteen 28-mm The second one named USS North Carolina was antiaircraft guns (later replaced by fifteen quadruple commissioned on May 7, 1908, a 504-foot-long Armored 40-mm antiaircraft guns) and forty-six single and twin- Cruiser 12, with four 10-inch guns, sixteen 6-inch guns, mount 20-mm guns. Powered by four sets of General twenty-two 3-inch rapid fire guns and four underwater Motors geared turbines, her maximum speed recorded torpedo tubes. On November 5, 1915, she became the was 27.3 knots in 1941. Subsequently, the increase in first ship ever to launch an aircraft, the AB-2 Curtiss, by weight of 40-mm guns reduced her speed to 26.8 knots. catapult from her stern, while underway, making her a She was designed to carry three OS2U Vought-Sikorsky pioneer of naval aviation. float planes. The letter “O” stands for observation, the “S” The third with the name was Battleship BB-52, (BB for scouting, the “2” for second version, and the “U” for stands for battleship), laid down in 1920. Unfortunately, the manufacturer, Vought-Sikorsky. The float planes, aka she was never completed and was sold for scrap in 1923 “Kingfisher,” were intended to be catapulted off the fantail because of the Washington Naval Treaty of 1921, also on either side of the stern’s main deck. known as the Five-Power Treaty. The provisions of the Before her service at sea, the North Carolina underwent an exhaustive shakedown, involving operations When Japan stealthily attacked Pearl Harbor on Dec south into the Caribbean and as far north as Maine. 7, 1941, the North Carolina was in the New York Shipyard A shakedown cruise is an intense schedule of months with most her crew on shore or liberty leave. After initial of testing all elements of the ship’s array of weapons, word of the attack, Captain Oscar C. Badger ordered all machinery, equipment, and drills of every crew member hands to return and ready the ship for war. With most of carried out day and night. The constant drills transform the U.S. Pacific battleship fleet sunk or severely damaged, the men into a team of readiness for combat, able to cope the “Showboat” would now face the Imperial Japanese with any emergence of a coming war. On August 29, 1941, Navy and defend America against it. Captain Badger was to test the ship’s structural strength, all nine 16-inch guns, so concerned with such a fiercely aggressive opponent that along with all ten 5-inch guns, were fired simultaneously he demanded the Navy yard commander install more anti- in one thunderous blast in the night sky. There was no aircraft guns at once. Forty 20-mm guns were promptly obvious damage topside and only a few shaken light bulbs mounted and additional men ordered aboard to man below. them. The “Showboat” and crew spent the next several A ship going through a shakedown repeatedly months in the Atlantic practicing gunnery drills and war returns to harbor for modifications and improvements. exercises, preparing for battle. The shiny, new North Carolina would return to the New Meanwhile, the devastation at Pearl Harbor left the York Shipyard so often that New Yorkers, including U.S. Pacific Fleet with three aircraft carriers: Lexington radio commentator Walter Winchell, witnessed the (CV-2), Saratoga (CV-3), Enterprise (CV-6), and one, slow, “battlewagon” entering and departing the harbor. They operational battleship, Colorado, which was in Bremerton, called her “Showboat,” after the popular Rogers and Washington, undergoing an overhaul at the time of the Hammerstein Broadway musical of the same name. Soon Japanese attack.
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