Glossary/Index

GLOSSARY/INDEX A taste of 177 Alanine (Ala, A) triprotic. See Triprotic acid silk and 690 Abbreviated electron configuration, of types 162 structure of 678 multi-electron atoms 433–436 weak 163–165 Alar 361 Absolute zero Zero kelvins (0 K), the Acid-base reaction 180–188 Alcohol Compounds that contain a lowest possible temperature, equiva- strong acid with hydroxide base hydrocarbon group with one or more - ° lent to 273.15 C. It is the point 181–185 -OH groups attached. 84, 663. See beyond which motion can no longer uses 180 also Methanol, Ethanol, and 2-pro- be decreased. 18 writing equations 183 panol Accuracy How closely a measured Acidic paper, preserving books with 187 hydrogen bonds and 555 value approaches the true value of the Acidic solution A solution with a sig- Aldehyde A compound that has a hy- property. 20 nificant concentration of hydronium drogen atom or a hydrocarbon group Acetaldehyde, determining Lewis struc- + ions, H3O . 160 connected to a -CHO group. 665 ture 464–465 Acid rain 167 Aldol, molecular structure of 669 Acetamide 668 pH and 178 Alka-Seltzer 526 Acetate ion, solubility of compounds Acrylamide 621 Alkaline earth metals Group 2 (or 2A) with 141 Activated complex 611 on the periodic table; See also Beryl- Acetic acid 162–165, 664 Activation energy The minimum lium, Magnesium, and Calcium 43 dissolved in water 164 energy necessary for reactants to reach ion charges of 97 formulas 162 the activated complex and proceed to Alkali metals Group 1 (or 1A) on the freezing point of 162 products. 612 periodic table; See also Lithium, So- glacial 162 Active site A specific section of the pro- dium, Potassium, and Cesium 43 molecular structure of 162 tein structure of an enzyme in which as organic acid 162 ion charges of 96–97 the substrate fits and reacts. 690 Alkane A hydrocarbon (a compound production 528, 654 Actual yield The amount of product solubility in water 593 composed of carbon and hydrogen) in that is actually obtained in a chemical which all of the carbon-carbon bonds taste of 160 reaction. 382 uses 162, 654 are single bonds. 661 Adams, Mike 674 Alkene A hydrocarbon that has one or as weak acid 163 Addition, rounding off for 299–300 Acetone 666 more carbon-carbon double bonds. Addition polymer A polymer that con- 662 boiling point of 546 tains all of the atoms of the original evaporation of 536 Alkyne A hydrocarbon that has one or reactant in its structure. This category more carbon-carbon triple bonds. use 567 includes polyethylene, polypropylene, vapor pressure of 540 662 and poly(vinyl chloride). 693–694 Alpha emission The process of releas- Acetylene 451, 662 Adipic acid 351 molecular structure of 451 ing an alpha particle by atoms that Adults have too many protons to be stable. water solubility of 580 effects of ionizing radiation on 730 See also 720 Acid. Arrhenius acid fingerprints of 541 See nuclear equations for 723–725 binary. Binary acid Aerosol can 541 Alpha helix 680–681 bleach and 188 Agent Orange 364 Alpha particle The emission from ra- Brønsted-Lowry 188–192 Aging, oxidizing agents and 212 dioactive nuclides that is composed of conjugate acids and bases 189 Agitation, rate of solution and 590–591 See two protons and two neutrons in the carboxylic acid. Carboxylic acid Agricultural Research Service of North form of a helium nucleus. 720 characteristics 160 Carolina State University 266 effects on body 730–731 classification of strong or weak 166, AIDS 673 penetration of the body 731 176–177 Air 509–510 Alternate Synthetic Pathways Award 621 defined 188 density of 302 See Alternative Solvents/Reaction Conditions diprotic. Diprotic acid gases in 510 Award 272 identifying 176–177 internal combustion engine and See Alum. See Aluminum sulfate monoprotic. Monoprotic acid 492 Aluminum 44 names and formulas of 168–170 in lungs 493 See ion formation 49, 97 oxyacid. Oxyacid Air bags 526 Aluminum bromide, production and use pH 178–179 Air pollution See 235 polyprotic. Polyprotic acid catalytic converters and 221 Aluminum chloride 108 in saliva 177 ozone and 266–267 strong 165 volatile organic solvents and 514 Aluminum fluoride, production and use Study Sheet, indentifying 176 401 G-1 G-2 Glossary/Index Aluminum hydroxide, dissolving in acid Amphoteric substance A substance Arrhenius acid According to the 184 that can act as either a Bronsted- Arrhenius theory, any substance that + Aluminum oxide 132 Lowry acid or a Bronsted-Lowry base, generates hydronium ions, H3O , Aluminum sulfate depending on the circumstances. 191 when added to water. 160–167. See old books and 187 Amylase 688 also Acid production and use 410 Amylopectin 676–677 binary acid 162 water purification 374 Amylose 676–677 compared to Brønsted/Lowry acids Americium-241 and smoke detectors Analogies, to electron behavior 414 188–192 735 Anastas, Paul T. 5 defined 160 Amide A compound with the general Anderson, Carl 437 names and formulas for 168–170 formula RCONR, in which each R Androstenedione 686, 687 organic (or carbon-based) acid 162 represents hydrogen atoms or hydro- Aniline, production and use 399, 402 oxyacids 162 carbon groups. 668 Animal fat 585 reactions with bases 180–187 in digestion 689 Anion An ion formed from an atom strong and weak 163–166 as peptide bond 680 that has gained one or more elec- Arrhenius base A substance that Amine A compound with the general trons and thus has become negatively produces hydroxide ions, OH-, formula R3N, in which R represents charged. 49 when added to water. 174–178. See a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbon formation 95–96 also Base group (and at least one R group being in batteries 225–226 compared to Brønsted/Lowry bases a hydrocarbon group). 667–668 in classifying types of compounds 188–192 1-Aminobutane 667 78 defined 173 Aminopeptidase 688 in ionic bond formation 75–76 reactions with acids 180–187 Amino acid The monomer that forms monatomic 96 strong and weak 173–176 the protein polymers. They contain an naming 98–99, 104–106 Arsenic (As) amine functional group and a carbox- polyatomic 101–103 bonding patterns of 452 ylic acid group separated by a carbon. structure of ionic compounds 100 most common bonding pattern 455 678–679 writing formulas 107–108 Asparagine (Asn, N), structure of 679 in origin of life 640-642 Anode The electrode at which oxida- Aspartame 705, 711 protein fomation and 680 tion occurs in a voltaic cell. It is the Aspartic acid (Asp, D) in silk 690 source of electrons and is the negative in salt bridges 682 Ammonia 173–174 electrode. 225 structure of 679 covalent bond formation 451 Antacid 126, 506 Asphalt, London forces in 556–557 hydrogen bonds and 555 Antarctica, ozone hole over 271 Asymmetry, in polar molecules 552, 553 Lewis structure of 81 Anthropogenic sources, of methyl bro- Atmosphere, layers 268 molecular geometry 469 mide 272 Atmosphere (atm), as unit of pressure molecular shape of 87 Anti-electron (positron) 437 485 origin of life and 641 Antimatter 437 Atmospheric pressure 485 pH of 179 Antioxidant, aging and 212 boiling-point temperature and production 504, 621 Antiparticle 437 545–546 uses 173, 570 Antiseptic, iodine as 556 Atom The smallest part of the element weak base 173–174 Application, in scientific method 8–9 that retains the chemical characteris- Ammonium carbonate, use 653 Aquamarine 362 tics of the element itself. 46–48 Ammonium chloride, crystal structure Aqueous solution A solution in which atomic numbers of 51 of 101 water is the solvent. 134 chemical bonds between 73–77 Ammonium ion Arene (or aromatic compound) A com- in chemical reactions 126–128 covalent bond formation 452 pound that contain the benzene ring. counting by weighing 331–334 Lewis structure 101 662–663 electron 48 solubility of compounds with 141 Arginine (Arg, R), structure of 679 electron configurations and orbital Ammonium nitrate, in cold packs 264 Argon diagrams 424, 431, 456 Ammonium perchlorate, space shuttle in air 510 excited and ground state 421 and 245 in incandescent light bulbs 496 as formula unit 339 Ammonium phosphate, fertilizers and in neon lights 509 mass numbers of 51–52 213 Aromatic. See Arene A compound that molar mass of 335–336 Ammonium sulfide, use 108 contain the benzene ring. nuclear reactions of 720–724 Amount of substance, base unit of 10 Aromatic compounds. Compounds that nuclear stability of 718 Amphere, as unit of measure 11 contain the benzene ring. See Arene oxidation numbers of 213–220 Amphetamine 582 Arrhenius, Svante August 160 protons, neutrons, and electrons 47 Glossary/Index G-3 radioactive decay of 720–724 Bacteria 236 into electrical energy using redox reac- size of 47 tooth decay and 186 tions. 224–229. See also Voltaic cell size of nucleus 47 Baking powder 73 defined 224, 225 structure of 46–50 Balance, electronic 23, 300 dry cell 226–227 Atomic mass The weighted average of Balanced chemical equation nickel-cadmium batteries 228 the masses of the naturally occurring coefficient 127 rechargeable 228 isotopes of an element. coefficients to conversion factors zinc-air 229 calculations 336 369–370 Beef fat 584–585 defined 333 in equation stoichiometry 368–375 Bends, the 596 relative 333 Balancing chemical equations 128–133 Benitoite 362 Atomic mass unit (u or amu) One- steps in 129 Bent geometry The molecular geom- twelfth the mass of an atom of Study Sheet 129 etry formed around an atom with two carbon-12. Carbon-12 is the isotope Ball-and-stick model A representation bond groups and two lone pairs or of carbon that contains 6 protons, of a molecule that uses balls for atoms two bond groups and one lone pair.

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