Glossary/Index
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GLOSSARY/INDEX A taste of 345 Alcohol Compounds that contain a triprotic. See Triprotic acid hydrocarbon group with one or more Abbreviated electron configuration, of types 250 -OH groups attached. 196, 639. See multi-electron atoms 151–154 weak 251–253 also Methanol, Ethanol, and 2-pro- Absolute zero Zero kelvins (0 K), the Acid-base reaction 348–356 panol lowest possible temperature, equiva- strong acid with hydroxide base hydrogen bonds and 531 lent to -273.15 °C. It is the point 349–353 Aldehyde A compound that has a hy- beyond which motion can no longer uses 348 drogen atom or a hydrocarbon group be decreased. 18 writing equations 351 connected to a -CHO group. 641 Accuracy How closely a measured Acidic paper, preserving books with 355 Aldol, molecular structure of 645 value approaches the true value of the Acidic solution A solution with a sig- Alka-Seltzer 502 property. 20 nificant concentration of hydronium Alkali metals Group 1 (or 1A) on the Acetaldehyde, determining Lewis struc- + ions, H3O . 248, 340 periodic table; See also Lithium, So- ture 206–207 Acid rain 255 dium, Potassium, and Cesium 85 Acetamide 644 pH and 346 ion charges of 182–183 Acetate ion, solubility of compounds Acrylamide 597 Alkaline earth metals Group 2 (or 2A) with 317 Activated complex 587 on the periodic table; See also Beryl- Acetic acid 250–253, 640 Activation energy The minimum lium, Magnesium, and Calcium 85 dissolved in water 252 energy necessary for reactants to reach ion charges of 183 formulas 250 the activated complex and proceed to Alkane A hydrocarbon (a compound freezing point of 250 products. 588 composed of carbon and hydrogen) in glacial 250 Active site A specific section of the pro- which all of the carbon-carbon bonds molecular structure of 250 tein structure of an enzyme in which are single bonds. 637 as organic acid 250 the substrate fits and reacts. 666 Alkene A hydrocarbon that has one or production 504, 630 Actual yield The amount of product more carbon-carbon double bonds. solubility in water 569 that is actually obtained in a chemical 638 taste of 248 reaction. 428 Alkyne A hydrocarbon that has one or uses 250, 630 Adams, Mike 650 more carbon-carbon triple bonds. as weak acid 251 Addition, rounding off for 45–46 638 Acetone 642 Addition polymer A polymer that con- Alpha emission The process of releas- boiling point of 522 tains all of the atoms of the original ing an alpha particle by atoms that evaporation of 512 reactant in its structure. This category have too many protons to be stable. use 543 includes polyethylene, polypropylene, 696 vapor pressure of 516 and poly(vinyl chloride). 669–670 nuclear equations for 699–701 Acetylene 192, 638 Adipic acid 276 Alpha helix 656–657 molecular structure of 192 Adults Alpha particle The emission from ra- water solubility of 556 effects of ionizing radiation on 706 dioactive nuclides that is composed of Acid. See also Arrhenius acid fingerprints of 517 two protons and two neutrons in the binary. See Binary acid Aerosol can 517 form of a helium nucleus. 696 bleach and 356 Agent Orange 295 effects on body 706–707 Brønsted-Lowry 356–360 Aging, oxidizing agents and 376 penetration of the body 707 conjugate acids and bases 357 Agitation, rate of solution and 566–567 Alternate Synthetic Pathways Award 597 carboxylic acid. See Carboxylic acid AIDS 649 Alum. See Aluminum sulfate characteristics 248 Air 485–486 Aluminum 86 classification of strong or weak 254, density of 48 ion formation 91, 183 344–345 gases in 486 Aluminum bromide, production and use defined 356 in lungs 469 399 diprotic. See Diprotic acid internal combustion engine and Aluminum chloride 243 identifying 344–345 468 Aluminum fluoride, production and use monoprotic. See Monoprotic acid Air bags 502 447 names and formulas of 256–258 Air pollution Aluminum hydroxide, dissolving in acid oxyacid. See Oxyacid catalytic converters and 385 352 pH 346–347 volatile organic solvents and 490 Aluminum oxide 306 polyprotic. See Polyprotic acid Alanine (Ala, A) Aluminum sulfate in saliva 345 silk and 666 old books and 355 strong 253, 340 structure of 654 production and use 456 Study Sheet, indentifying 344 Alar 292 water purification 420 G-1 G-2 Glossary/Index Americium-241 and smoke detectors Androstenedione 662, 663 Arrhenius base A substance that 711 Aniline, production and use 445, 448 produces hydroxide ions, OH-, Amide A compound with the general Animal fat 561 when added to water. 342–346. See formula RCONR, in which each R Anion An ion formed from an atom also Base represents hydrogen atoms or hydro- that has gained one or more elec- compared to Brønsted/Lowry bases carbon groups. 644 trons and thus has become negatively 356–360 in digestion 665 charged. 91 defined 341 as peptide bond 656 formation 182–183 reactions with acids 348–355 Amine A compound with the general in batteries 389–390 strong and weak 341–344 formula R3N, in which R represents in classifying types of compounds Arsenic (As) a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbon 180 bonding patterns of 193 group (and at least one R group being in ionic bond formation 177–178 Asparagine (Asn, N), structure of 655 a hydrocarbon group). 643–644 monatomic 183 Aspartame 681, 687 Amino acid The monomer that forms naming 236–237, 239–241 Aspartic acid (Asp, D) the protein polymers. They contain an polyatomic 185–187 in salt bridges 658 amine functional group and a carbox- structure of ionic compounds 185 structure of 655 ylic acid group separated by a carbon. writing formulas 242–243 Asphalt, London forces in 532–533 654–655 Anode The electrode at which oxida- Asymmetry, in polar molecules 528, 529 in origin of life 616–618 tion occurs in a voltaic cell. It is the Atmosphere (atm), as unit of pressure protein fomation and 656 source of electrons and is the negative 461 in silk 666 electrode. 389 Atmospheric pressure 461 1-Aminobutane 643 Antacid 300, 482 boiling-point temperature and Aminopeptidase 664 Anti-electron (positron) 155 521–522 Ammonia 341–342 Antimatter 155 Atom The smallest part of the element covalent bond formation 192 Antioxidant, aging and 376 that retains the chemical characteris- hydrogen bonds and 531 Antiparticle 155 tics of the element itself. 88–90 molecular shape of 211 Application, in scientific method 8–9 atomic numbers of 93 origin of life and 617 Aquamarine 294 chemical bonds between 175–179 pH of 347 Aqueous solution A solution in which in chemical reactions 300–302 production 480, 597 water is the solvent. 309 counting by weighing 100–103 uses 341, 546 Arene (or aromatic compound) A com- electron 90 weak base 341–342 pound that contains the benzene ring. electron configuration 142 Ammonium carbonate, use 629 638–639 electron configurations and orbital Ammonium chloride, crystal structure Arginine (Arg, R), structure of 655 diagrams 149, 198 of 186 Argon excited and ground state 138 Ammonium ion in air 486 as formula unit 264 covalent bond formation 192 in incandescent light bulbs 472 mass numbers of 93–94 solubility of compounds with 316 in neon lights 485 molar mass of 104–105 Ammonium nitrate, in cold packs 322 Aromatic. See Arene A compound that nuclear reactions of 696–700 Ammonium perchlorate, space shuttle nuclear stability of 694 contain the benzene ring. and 409 orbital diagram 142 Aromatic compounds Compounds that Ammonium phosphate, fertilizers and oxidation numbers of 377–384 contain the benzene ring.. See Arene 377 protons, neutrons, and electrons 89 Arrhenius, Svante August 248 Ammonium sulfide, use 243 radioactive decay of 696–700 Arrhenius acid According to the Amount of substance, base unit of 10 size of 89 Arrhenius theory, any substance that Amphere, as unit of measure 11 size of nucleus 89 generates hydronium ions, H O+, Amphetamine 558 3 structure of 88–92 when added to water. 248–255, Amphoteric substance A substance Atomic mass The weighted average of 340–347. See also Acid that can act as either a Bronsted- the masses of the naturally occurring binary acid 250 Lowry acid or a Bronsted-Lowry base, isotopes of an element. compared to Brønsted/Lowry acids depending on the circumstances. 359 calculations 105 356–360 Amylase 664 defined 102 defined 248, 340 Amylopectin 652–653 relative 102 names and formulas for 256–258 Amylose 652–653 Atomic mass unit (u or amu) One- organic (or carbon-based) acid 250 Analogies, to electron behavior 132 twelfth the mass of an atom of oxyacids 250 Anastas, Paul T. 5 carbon-12. Carbon-12 is the isotope reactions with bases 348–355 Anderson, Carl 155 of carbon that contains 6 protons, Glossary/Index G-3 6 neutrons, and 6 electrons. 89, and sticks for covalent bonds. 96 Benzene 276 101–102 of acetic acid molecule 250 Berkelium (Bk) 701 Atomic number The number of pro- for acetylene 214 Beryllium (Be) tons in an atom’s nucleus. It estab- for boron trifluoride 213 electron configuration and orbital lishes the element’s identity. 93 for ethane 213 diagram 144 in nuclear equations 698–702 for organic molecules 636 formation of 718 in nuclides 692–693 of methane 211 Beta emission The conversion of a Atomic orbitals of water 212, 308 neutron to a proton, which stays in 1s 134–136 Band of stability On a graph of the the nucleus, and an electron, called a 2p 139 numbers of neutrons versus protons beta particle in this context, which is 2s 137–138 in the nuclei of atoms, the portion ejected from the atom.