Analiza Primenjivosti Ciklusa Katastrofalnih Događaja U Srbiji Na Primeru Poplava

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Analiza Primenjivosti Ciklusa Katastrofalnih Događaja U Srbiji Na Primeru Poplava UNIVERZITET U NOVOM SADU FAKULTET TEHNIČKIH NAUKA DEPARTMAN ZA INŢENJERSTVO ZAŠTITE ŢIVOTNE SREDINE Marija Milanov 524/z ANALIZA PRIMENJIVOSTI CIKLUSA KATASTROFALNIH DOGAĐAJA U SRBIJI NA PRIMERU POPLAVA DIPLOMSKI – MASTER RAD Novi Sad, 2011. Analiza primenljivosti ciklusa katastrofalnih dogaĎaja u Srbiji na primeru poplava Kratak pregled U prvom poglavlju rada opisan je Ciklus Upravljanja Akcidentalnim Rizicima i njegove glavne komponente (hazard, ranjivost, mogućnost nosivosti sa hazardom i rizik). TakoĎe, obraĎena je tema poplave kao hazarda i dat je pregled začetaka hidrologije na našim prostorima, kao i istorijat prirodnih katastrofa na teritoriji Srbije. Dalje u radu dati su pojam i aspekti ranjivosti. Središnji deo rada fokusiran je na detaljnu analizu faza ciklusa upravljanja katastrofama koje se odnose na period pre same katastrofe, sa usmerenjem na primer poplava. U četvrtom poglavlju, date su smernice za upravljanje vanrednim situacijama i procenu ugroţenosti na lokalnom nivou, sa jasno definisanim ciljevima koje bi trebalo detaljno obraditi i primeniti u svakoj opštini u Srbiji. U pretposlednjem poglavlju obraĎena je studija o saradnji u upravljanju vanrednim situacijama izmeĎu rumunskog i srpskog pograničnog regiona, kao i pregled tri najveće katastrofalne poplave reke Tamiš, uključujući i poplavu koja se dogodila aprila 2005. godine. Nakon toga, izraĎena je vizuelizacija podataka o šteti i infrastrukturnoj ranjivosti nakon ove poplave korišćenjem programa Quantum GIS. Abstract First chapter of this paper describes Disaster Management Cycle, as well as its main components (hazard, vulnerability, coping capacity and risk). Also, the topic of a flood as a hazard, the begginigs of hidrology and the history of natural disasters in Serbia are presented. Further on, the concept and aspects of vulnerability are given. Middle part of the paper is focused on detailed analysis of phases of Disaster Management Cycle which are preceding the disaster itself, on the example of floods. In fourth chapter, guidelines for managing disasters on the community level, with clearly defined goals that need to be achieved in every community in Serbia are given. The following chapter presents the study of Serbian – Romanian cooperation in the field of Disaster Management, as well as three most serious floods of river Tamis including the one that happened in April 2005. Further on, the visualization of data about damage and infrastructural vulnerability after this flood using computer programm Quantum GIS is presented. Marija Milanov 2 Analiza primenljivosti ciklusa katastrofalnih dogaĎaja u Srbiji na primeru poplava SADRŢAJ: Kratak pregled ................................................................................................................... 2 Abstract .............................................................................................................................. 2 SPISAK GRAFIĈKIH PRIKAZA ......................................................................................... 5 KLJUĈNE REĈI .................................................................................................................. 7 SPISAK AKRONIMA .......................................................................................................... 7 PREDMET I CILJ ISTRAŢIVANJA ..................................................................................... 8 1. UVOD .............................................................................................................................. 9 1.1 Glavne komponente upravljanja akcidentalnim rizicima ........................................... 11 1.1.1 Hazard ............................................................................................................... 11 1.1.2 Ranjivost ............................................................................................................ 12 1.1.3 Mogućnost nosivosti sa hazardom .................................................................... 12 1.1.4 Rizik ................................................................................................................... 12 1.2 Ciklus upravljanja katastrofama ............................................................................... 13 1.2.1 Ciljevi uapravljanja katastrofama ....................................................................... 14 1.3 Poplava kao hazard ................................................................................................. 15 1.4 Začeci hidrologije na našim prostorima .................................................................... 19 1.5 Istorijat prirodnih katastrofa na teritoriji Srbije .......................................................... 24 2. POJAM I ASPEKTI RANJIVOSTI, RANJIVOST NA POPLAVE .................................. 27 2.1 Pojam ranjivosti ........................................................................................................ 27 2.2 Aspekti ranjivosti ...................................................................................................... 33 2.2.1 Nejednakosti, pravičnost i ranjive grupe ............................................................ 33 2.2.2 Uvoz i izvoz ranjivosti ........................................................................................ 33 2.2.3 Ranjivost, ţivotna sredina i sukob ..................................................................... 34 2.2.4 Ranjivost, blagostanje i prirodni hazardi ............................................................ 35 3. DETALJNA ANALIZA PRVE TRI FAZE CIKLUSA KATASTROFALNIH DOGAĐAJA NA PRIMERU POPLAVA.................................................................................................. 37 3.1 Uticaj socijalnih aspekata na ublaţavanje i smanjenje posledica katastrofe izazvane poplavom ....................................................................................................................... 37 3.2 Uticaj ekonomskih aspekata na ublaţavanje i smanjenje posledica katastrofe izazvane poplavom ........................................................................................................ 38 3.3 Strategijsko planiranje reagovanja na poplave ......................................................... 40 3.4 Podizanje svesti i poboljšanja komunikacija ............................................................. 40 3.5 Sistemi upozorenja od poplava i metode komunikacije ............................................ 41 3.6 Obrazovanje javnosti................................................................................................ 41 3.7 Mapiranje područja podloţnih riziku od poplava ...................................................... 42 Marija Milanov 3 Analiza primenljivosti ciklusa katastrofalnih dogaĎaja u Srbiji na primeru poplava 3.8 Zaštita ugroţenog zemljišta ..................................................................................... 42 3.9 Vremenska prognoza zasnovana na klimatskim odlikama datog područja .............. 42 3.10 Podrţane tehnologije ............................................................................................. 43 3.11 Geografski informacioni sistem .............................................................................. 43 3.12 Mapiranje hazarda ................................................................................................. 44 4. UPRAVLJANJE VANREDNIM SITUACIJAMA I PROCENA UGROŢENOSTI NA LOKALNOM NIVOU ......................................................................................................... 46 4.1 Postojeći zakonski okvir i primena meĎunarodnih standarda u upravljanju vanrednim situacijama ................................................................................................... 46 4.2 Stvaranje efektivnog tima za upravljanje vanrednim situacijama ............................. 49 4.2.1 Proces izgradnje tima za upravljanje vanrednim situacijama na lokalnom nivou ................................................................................................................................... 49 4.2.2 Karakteristike efektivnih timova ......................................................................... 50 4.3 Smernice za izradu odluke o stalnom telu za upravljanje vanrednim situacijama na lokalnom nivou ............................................................................................................... 53 4.4 Smernice za izradu Generalnog plana za upravljanje vanrednim situacijama ......... 56 4.5 Elementi Operativnog plana za odbranu od poplava i leda ...................................... 62 5. UPRAVLJANJE VANREDNIM SITUACIJAMA U RUMUNSKO – SRPSKOM POGRANIĈNOM REGIONU ( ŢUPANIJA TIMIŠ, RUMUNIJA I SREDNJE-BANATSKI OKRUG, SRBIJA) ............................................................................................................. 69 5.1 Prirodni rizici u Ţupaniji Timiš i Srednjebanatskom okrugu ...................................... 72 5.2 Jedinstveni i konkretni okvir za upravljanje rizikom od poplava u Srbiji i Rumuniji .. 74 5.3 Poplave reke Tamiš ................................................................................................. 78 5.3.1 Uzroci nastanka poplavnih talasa ...................................................................... 78 5.3.2 Veliki poplavni talasi do kraja Prvog svetskog rata ............................................ 81 5.3.3 Poplave u peiodu od 1919.-2006. godine .......................................................... 83 5.4 Katastrofalne poplave reke Tamiš ...........................................................................
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