Characteristics and Classification of Gleyic Soils of Banat Pedology / Pedologija375 Ratar

Characteristics and Classification of Gleyic Soils of Banat Pedology / Pedologija375 Ratar. Povrt. / Field Veg. Crop Res. 48 (2011) 375-382 original research article / originalni naučni rad

Characteristics and Classification

www.nsseme.com/journal.html of Gleyic Soils of Banat

Milivoj Belić • Ljiljana Nešić • Vladimir Ćirić • Jovica Vasin • Dragiša Milošev • Srđan Šeremešić

Summary: In this paper we investigated basic characteristics of gleyic soils of Banat and presented different interpretations and classification of these soils. Twelve profiles were analyzed to access their physical and chemical properties. Investigated humogley profiles were predominantly clayic with vertic properties and under different influence of groundwater. Most of these soils we classified in Vertisols, but some of them we considered as Gleysols or Chernozems RSG (reference soil group). Eugley was under stronger influence by groundwater than humogley and showed textural uniformity, less clay con-

tent and notably higher average content of CaCO3. Eugley profiles weclassified in Gleysols RSG.Every new analyzed soil profile has to be considered in particular regarding its diagnostic horizons, properties and materials and cannot be transferred from actual national classification to RSG by default. Key words: Banat, eugley, Gleysols, humogley, soil classification, Vertisols

Introduction open channel systems. Knowing that Banat was covered by huge muddy areas, Ianoş (2004) Humogleys comprise one of the most claims that drainage in Romania gave huge lands important soil resources in Serbia. This soil to agriculture. Humogley is predominately clayic covers 370,000 ha of the Republic of Serbia as a result of clayic parent material or destruction and most of it is located in Banat (228,000 ha). of minerals and argillo-synthesis induced by Humogley is characterized with both humic and excessively wet conditions and alternate oxidizing gleyic horizons which gives this soil its name. and reducing processes in dry and wet periods According to Soil Classification of Yugoslavia during season. These alternate wet and dry (Škorić et al. 1985), which is predominately conditions are a prerequisite for development focused on genetic properties, humogley is of vertisols. Aleksandrović et al. (1973) found considered as hydromorphic black soil developed high clay content in “hydromorphic vertisols” of under influence of groundwater and classified Vojvodina and highest percent of montmorillonite in A-G class. Regarding its geomorphologic clay which is evenly distributed within profile. properties, it is soil of the lowest parts of river The same authors also concluded that humogleys flood areas, lower river and loess terraces and have higher content of montmorillonite clay in large depressions which were mainly under relation to other investigated soils (chernozems, permanent influence of water in some cases cambisols, solonchaks and solonetz). even until up to soil surface. About 200 years ago Strong influence of surface flooding water humans first started performing hydrotechnical induces a large number of humogey localities

amelioration at these wastelands and this has significant leaching of CaCO3 despite its clayic been performed until today. Significant areas texture. On the other hand, in the same climatic of these wetlands were included in arable lands conditions most of areas under humogley were by making pipe drainage in combination with not affected by this process due to stronger influence of groundwater. However, most of M. Belić • Lj. Nešić • V. Ćirić • D. Milošev • S. Šeremešić them were not affected by leaching indicating Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obrado- prevailing ground water effects, and the most vića 8, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia responsible factor for this is dominant influence J. Vasin ) ( of ground water. Alluvial and lake deposits, Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Maksima Gorkog 30, 21000 redeposited loess and sand are parent materials Novi Sad, Serbia for humogley formation. Miljković (1996)

Ratar. Povrt. / Field Veg. Crop Res. 48 (2011) 375-382 376 Belić M et al. characterized humogley as potentially fertile soil (Škorić et al. 1985) the term “gleyic vertisol” does with main problem related to clayic texture, which not exist, while current Soil Map of Vojvodina in combination with long wet period induces R-1:50000 (Nejgebauer et al. 1971) contains this poor air-water relationship. term. Certainly, “gleyic vertisol” covers 79,770 ha Eugley is the soil of the wetlands much more in Banat (Živković et al. 1972) and this term is affected by water than humogley, with evidence still under debate between researchers in Serbia. of gleyic colour near the surface and groundwater The aim of this study was to investigate chemical level even higher than 80 cm. Most of the total and physical characteristics of humogley and eugley area in Vojvodina (15,269 ha) is situated in eugley, which will enhance understanding of its Banat (7,186 ha). genesis and behavior and to classify it according Recognizing the different characteristics of to the FAO 2006 classification (IUSS Working hydromorphic soils developed in river flood Group WRB, 2006). areas and river valley depressions, the correct classification of these soils becomes unclear. Materials and Methods Especially heterogenic are hydromorphic clayic soils of Banat lowlands, influenced Site Descriptions by groundwater which can be salinized or Banat is a geographical and historical region alkalized. One of the ideas for classification of in central Europe divided among three countries hydromorphyc soil with vertic properties was - Serbia, Romania and Hungary. The western to separate it as a new soil type called “gleyic part of Banat is an eastern part of Vojvodina vertisol”. This idea was included in proposal of province of Serbia. Located in the south part Soil Classification of Yugoslavia in Ohrid in 1963, of the Carpathian basin, Banat is influenced but was later abandoned because of different ways by moderate continental climate which is in moistening between vertisol and humogley. characterized by hot dry summer and cool In the current Soil Classification of Yugoslavia winter. Mean annual temperature and rainfall for

Figure 1. Locations of the investigated soil profiles in Banat on the Soil map of Vojvodina Slika 1. Lokacije ispitivanih profila u Banatu na Pedološkoj karti Vojvodine

Ratar. Povrt. / Field Veg. Crop Res. 48 (2011) 375-382 Characteristics and Classification of Gleyic Soils of Banat 377 north (Kikinda), middle (Zrenjanin) and south eugley showed higher particle density in surface (Vršac) Banat fall in the range of 10.7-11.3°C and horizon. Khresat & Taimeh (1998) observed 540-650 mm. Twelve locations were selected to lowest bulk density in Ap horizon of vertisols represent studied soil types (Fig. 1). Ten profiles which increased with depth and explained that under humogley (Banatsko Karađorđevo, Crna it was related to organic matter content and Bara, Vojvoda Stepa, Banatsko Aranđelovo, by loosening of the soil material. Filtration of Jankov Most, Mokrin, Hetin, Skorenovac, Čoka humogley varies from good (8.36·10-3 cm/s) to and Vršački Ritovi) and two profiles under eugley low (2.18·10-5 cm/s), while eugley shows even (Boka and Alibunar) were analyzed. Most of the very low values (6.50·10-6 cm/s). Only three studied soils were arable land and some of them profiles of humogley are not calcareous from were under natural vegetation. surface. The CaCO3 content ranged from 0% to 38.30% and increased with depth for both Soil Sampling and Analyses studied soil types. Eugley showed notably higher

Studying physical and chemical properties of average content of CaCO3 than humogley in both, soil is essential to understand its genesis, behaviour whole profile and surface horizon which can be and evolution. Hence, we took disturbed and explained with greater influence of groundwater undisturbed (100 cm3 cylinders) soil samples on eugley. In surface layer humus content ranged from every genetic horizon. Disturbed samples from 1.50% to 5.23% (humogley) and from were air dried and sieved through a 0.2 mm 1.82% to 3.44% (eugley). Witkowska-Walczak sieve prior to analysis. Particle density and soil (2003) found 4.1-5.5% humus in arable layer bulk density were measured by the pycnometer of mollic gleysol which is higher than observed method and core method, respectively. Total humus content in our study. The pH measured porosity was calculated from particle density and in water reached very high values (9.26, 9.63 and soil bulk density. Soil texture was determined by 10.03) in surface horizons of three humogley the pipette method. Apparatus for determination profiles and one eugley (9.66) due to high level of water-permeability of undisturbed soil sample of sodium in these samples. Total salt content in was used according to Živković (1968). Soil acidity two humogley profiles reaches 0.22% and 0.35% in 1:2.5 soil water and soil KCl suspension as well but only in lower horizons. Studied huomogley as pH value of soil paste were determined using have high average content (29.00 mg/100g) of pH meter. The CaCO3 content was determined P2O5 and very high-harmful average content of volumetrically using Scheibler calcimeter. Humus K2O (57.54 mg/100g) in surface horizon (0-30 content was determined by wet oxidation method cm), while eugley showed low average content with K2Cr2O7, while the total nitrogen content (5.70 mg/100g) of P2O5 and optimal (24.96 was calculated empirically from organic carbon mg/100g) of K2O for same depth. According to content. P2O5 and K2O content was determined our findings, it can be emphasized that high clay by Al-method. Total salt content in water saturated content can be a factor which could limit high soil paste and electrical conductivity of saturated agricultural potential of humogley, in addition soil extract were measured using conductometer. to poor air-water regime and high pH values. Özsoy & Aksoy (2007) found summer drought, Results and Discussion low organic matter content, high contents of clay

and CaCO3, formation of the hard pan and water Soil Properties infiltration as main limitation factors regarding In order to determine characteristics of the vertisols productivity for selected samples that examined profiles, soil properties were presented vertisols they studied. Based on the analysis separately for surface (0-30cm) horizon and the of over 77,000 samples in Vojvodina, there is whole profile. a negative balance of soil organic matter and Textural analysis of humogley profiles (Tab. 1) we can expect further reduction in fertility and showed that clay content reaches even 58.3% and deterioration of physical and chemical properties more clayic composition were in upper (0-30cm) of soil (Sekulić et al. 2010). Nešić et al. (2008) cite horizons with texture varying from loamy to heavy that preventive actions are most important for clay. Parent material was substantially different and protection of soil from degradation, identifying varying from sandy (86.8% coarse sand) to clayic hazards and finding appropriate solutions to (49.2% clay). Eugley shows textural uniformity overcome them. One of the preventive actions is (Tab. 2) and less clay content through profile. implementation of Soil Fertility Control System, The bulk and particle density was lower in surface which was established in 1980 and legislated in horizon than in lower horizons of humogley, but 1985 (Vasin et al. 2006).

Ratar. Povrt. / Field Veg. Crop Res. 48 (2011) 375-382 378 Belić M et al. pH soil pH 7.91 9.01 8.26 8.57 8.09 7.91 soil of of 8.85 6.19 7.59 8.19 6.19 9.85 paste paste 0.48 3.33 1.27 1.80 0.88 0.48 ECe 1.80 0.42 0.80 1.84 0.42 9.06 ECe mS/cm mS/cm % SA % 0.05 0.14 0.05 0.08 0.05 SA Ukupan sadržaj soli; 0.12 0.06 0.09 0.35 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 SA - SA -Ukupan sadržaj soli; ECe – El. conductivity ECe – El. conductivity O O 2 2 8.20 K 5.00 16.40 33.51 33.51 15.21 24.96 K 21.40 57.54 39.40 132.00 132.00 5 5 mg/100g mg/100g O O 2 2 4.90 1.10 1.10 2.90 9.30 8.50 4.33 5.70 P P 29.00 64.00 14.09 64.00 -Ukupna poroznost; -Ukupna poroznost; O O 2 2 pH 8.31 8.31 9.89 8.86 9.20 8.59 pH H 6.85 8.01 9.30 8.52 6.85 TP TP H 10.03 pH pH KCl 7.17 7.17 8.66 8.14 8.06 7.66 KCl 5.57 7.00 8.12 7.46 5.57 8.75 N -Total salt content; porosity; SA -Total -Total -Total salt content; porosity; SA -Total -Total N 0.11 0.20 0.30 0.10 0.01 0.30 0.02 0.13 0.24 0.24 0.07 0.18 TP TP % 1.50 3.16 5.23 1.53 0.19 5.28 % 0.29 1.82 3.44 3.44 1.00 2.63 Humus Humus 3 Prava specifična masa; SMp – Prava Prava specifična masa; SMp – Prava 3 0.00 4.62 0.00 6.37 6.37 19.01 15.47 37.61 38.30 26.36 24.80 16.37 CaCO CaCO Particle density; SMp – Particle Particle density; SMp – Particle % % TP TP 60.10 36.63 41.82 44.32 61.70 31.73 52.16 39.14 51.65 44.24 44.77 47.95 Zapreminska masa; Zapreminska masa; 3 3 2.81 2.47 2.78 2.71 2.71 2.75 2.79 2.24 2.64 2.54 2.95 2.24 SMp SMp Bulk density; Bulk density; SMz – SMz – g/cm g/cm 1.54 1.09 1.53 1.40 1.70 1.08 1.71 1.31 1.55 1.31 1.58 1.43 SMz SMz SMz – SMz – -3 -3 -5 -4 -3 -4 -6 -4 -6 -4 -4 0 F F cm/s cm/s 8.36·10 7.50·10 2.18·10 1.48·10 8.36·10 3.89·10 6.50·10 4.37·10 6.50·10 2.22·10 8.53·10 F -Filtration; F -Filtration; Glina; F -Filtracija; Glina; F -Filtracija; C C 3.20 Clay; Clay; Clay; Clay; 58.30 34.01 25.08 37.19 58.30 29.47 20.68 38.84 20.68 29.76 38.84 Prah ; C- Prah ; C- ; C- ; C- S Silt Silt ; S- ; S- S 1.80 42.90 28.77 13.16 26.83 41.08 27.77 16.20 30.28 18.48 24.38 38.40 ; S- ; S- % % FS 8.20 62.74 31.37 10.50 31.68 52.28 FS Sitan pesak Sitan pesak 40.06 23.42 50.04 29.18 39.61 51.48 Fine sand Fine sand ; FS- ; FS- CS* 6.44 0.24 4.31 0.08 86.80 29.10 CS 2.70 0.10 1.70 6.25 10.80 10.80

0-30cm 0-30cm 0-30cm 0-30cm Coarse sand Krupan pesak ; FS- Krupan pesak ; FS- Coarse sand min max 0-30cm min max 0-30cm average average Eugley min max average average min max Humogley CS- – El. konduktivitet saturisanog ekstrakta zemljišta na 25°C. ECe – El. konduktivitet saturated soil extract at 25°C. *CS- saturated soil extract at 25°C. *CS- *CS- * of values and average maximum 2. Minimum, propertiesTable and chemical of main physical eugley fizičkih i hemijskih osobina eugleja maksimalne i prosečne vrednosti glavnih 2. Minimalne, Tabela Table 1. Minimum, maximum and average values of values and average maximum 1. Minimum, propertiesTable and chemical of main physical humogley fizičkih i hemijskih osobina humogleja maksimalne i prosečne vrednosti glavnih 1. Minimalne, Tabela – El. konduktivitet saturisanog ekstrakta zemljišta na 25°C. ECe – El. konduktivitet

Ratar. Povrt. / Field Veg. Crop Res. 48 (2011) 375-382 Characteristics and Classification of Gleyic Soils of Banat 379

Soil Genesis and Classification gleyic colour pattern) we classified it in Gleysols The soils we investigated are identified as RSG (reference soil group) at first level of humogleys and eugleys according criteria of Soil classification according FAO 2006 classification Classification of Yugoslavia (Škorić et al. 1985). (IUSS Working Group WRB, 2006). But On the Soil Map of Vojvodina (Nejgebauer et al. humogley profiles were more or less influenced 1971) we found investigated localities defined as by groundwater and many of them have high clay humogleys, gleyic vertisols, eugleys, chernozems content and vertic properties which can cause and solonchaks. serious doubt regarding RSG classification these Eugley profiles were strongly influenced soils. In majority of the investigated profiles with groundwater and due the appearance of we cannot identify reducing conditions within diagnostic properties (reducing conditions and 50 cm of the mineral soil surface as mandatory

Figure 2. The soil associations in Banat (Source: Ianoş 1997, cit. Ianos 1995; Nejgebauer 1972) Slika 2. Asocijacije zemljišta Banata (Izvor: Ianoş 1997, cit. Ianos 1995; Nejgebauer 1972)

Ratar. Povrt. / Field Veg. Crop Res. 48 (2011) 375-382 380 Belić M et al. diagnostic property for Gleysols RSG. Influence colour and secondary carbonates, logically by of groundwater was an evident soil-formation WRB rules we classified humogley in chernozem process on these humogleys but these soils in RSG. Ćirić (1984) notes that humogley is similar Banat were exposed to more terrestrial genesis to chernozem and cites name of this soil in some many years after drainage. It is recognized that European classification (Schwartzerdeartigen an understanding of soil-forming processes Auenboden, Sols Alluviaux Chernosemiques). contributes to a better characterization of soils Ianoş (2002) cites that in the western extremity but that they should not, as such, be used as of Banat plain mollic gleysols, typical gleysols, differentiating criteria according FAO 2006. One gleyed vertisols have evolved together with important fact of Gleysols genesis is that these solonetz. soils are often under water and cannot express Naturally, we can conclude that every new soil vertic properties as consequence of wetting profile has to be considered in particular regarding and drying conditions specific for vertisols. its diagnostic horizons, properties and materials Belić et al. (2003) claim that drought is a regular and cannot be switched from actual national phenomenon in the climatic conditions of the classification to FAO 2006 RSG by default. Vojvodina Province. Most of humogley profiles we analyzed are able to shrink when dried and to Conclusions swell when moistened, which refers to vertisols. Adjei-Gyapong & Asiamah (2002) expressed the Humogley covers 228,000 ha of Banat and view for an introduction of vertic qualifier in comprises one of the most important soil the Gleysols RSG. We found that in half of the resources in Serbia. investigated profiles, vertic horizon and minimal It is predominantly clayic soil developed on horizon differentiation was probably the result different calcareous parent materials. Most of the of pedoturbation. Živković et al. (1972) cited studied profiles show vertic phenomena. Bulk Nejgebauer & Kukin (1966) who concluded density and total porosity are little above optimal. that heavy humogleys in Potisje have similar clay Humogley is calcareous, but not always from content and composition (smectite group) as surface. Average pH value is neutral to alkaline, but typical vertisols on tertiary clayic lake sediments or in some cases because presence of sodium reaches clayic regolith of alkaline rocks in central Serbia, very alkaline values. Surface layer contains 1.50%

Macedonia and Bulgaria. Large percent of clay to 5.23% humus and high average content of P2O5 from smectite group is the main constituent of and very high-harmful content of K2O. vertisols. Craciun et al. (2010) say that dominant Eugley is soil under stronger influence by mineralogical components of the clay from soils groundwater than humogley. Eugley shows of Banat area are illite and smectite. textural uniformity, less clay content through The main point of divergence between Soil profile and notably higher average content of

Classification of Yugoslavia (Škorić et al. 1985) CaCO3 than humogley. Humus content ranges and FAO 2006 classification (IUSS Working from 1.82% to 3.44% while average content of

Group WRB, 2006) regarding humogley and P2O5 is low and of K2O is optimal. vertisol is that in the national classification vertisol High clay content, hence poor air-water regime is considered as soil with terrestric pedogenesis, and high pH values are factors which limiting which is contrary to FAO 2006 classification high agricultural potential of humogley. where Vertisols RSG are classified in soil group Soils identified as humogleys according to Soil influenced by water. Classification of Yugoslavia we considered as If we summarize the listed characteristics members of Gleysols, Vertisols or chernozem of the investigated humogley profiles, we can RSG, while eugleys we classify in Gleysols RSG conclude that majority refers to Vertisols not to according to WRB. Gleysols RSG. Hence, we classified humogley Every soil profile has to be considered in with evident presence of vertic horizon and more particular regarding its diagnostic horizons, than 30% clay in Vertisols rather than Gleysols properties and materials and cannot be switched RSG at first level of classification. At the second from actual national classification to FAO 2006 level of classification we added a gleyic prefix RSG by default. as a qualifier intergrades to gleysol RSG and a mollic prefix as presence of mollic horizon. In the situation where we found lack of both vertic horizon and reducing conditions within 50 cm but presence of mollic horizon with appropriate

Ratar. Povrt. / Field Veg. Crop Res. 48 (2011) 375-382 Characteristics and Classification of Gleyic Soils of Banat 381

References Nešić Lj, Pucarević M, Sekulić P, Belić M, Vasin J, Ćirić V (2008): Osnovna hemijska svojstva u zemljištima Srema. Adjei-Gyapong T, Asiamah RD (2002): The interim Ghana soil Zbornik radova Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo, Novi classification system and its relation with the World Referen- Sad 45: 255-263 ce Base for Soil Resources. In: Quatorzieme reunion sous- Nejgebauer V, Živković B, Tanasijević Đ, Miljković N (1971): comite oust et centre africain de correlation des soils pour Pedološka karta Vojvodine R 1 : 50000, Institut za poljopri- la mise en valeur des terres, Abomey, Benin. 9-13 Oct. 2000. vredna istraživanja, Novi Sad FAO World Soil Resources Rep. 98, 51-76 Özsoy G, Aksoy E (2007): Characterization, classification and Belić M, Pejić B, Hadžić V, Nešić Lj, Bošnjak Đ, Sekulić P, Mak- agricultural usage of vertisols developed on neogen aged cal- simović L, Vasin J, Dozet D (2003): Influence of irrigation careous marl parent materials. J. Biol. Environ. Sci. 1: 5-10 on the properties of the chernozem soil. Zbornik radova Plavša J, Miljković N, Kicošev S (1997): Soils of the Banat. In: Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo, Novi Sad 38: 21-36 J Abonyine-Palotas et al. (eds.), Banat. University of Novi Craciun C, Eftene M, Mocnu V, Ţarau D. (2010): Clay minerals Sad, West University of Timisoara, Jozsef Atilla University, from soils of Banat area. Res. J. Agric. Sci. 42: 3 64-79 Ćirić M (1984): Pedologija, Svijetlost, Sarajevo Sekulić P, Ninkov J, Hristov N, Vasin J, Šeremešić S, Zerem- Ianoş G (2004): The Protection and Preservation of Soils Fer- ski-Škorić T (2010): Sadržaj organske materije u zemljištima tility in Banat. Geographica Pannonica 8: 11-15 AP Vojvodine i mogućnost korišćenja žetvenih ostataka kao Ianoş G (2002): General Considerations on the Soil Cover of obnovljivog izvora energije. Ratar. Povrt. / Field Veg. Crop Banat (Romania). Geographica Pannonica 6: 13-16 Res. 47: 591-598 Ianoş G (1997): Considerations on the making and evolution Škorić A (1986): Postanak, razvoj i sistematika tla. Univerzitet of the soils in the Banat. In: J Abonyine-Palotas et al. (eds.), u Zagrebu, Zagreb Banat. University of Novi Sad, West university of Timisoara, Škorić A, Filipovski G, Ćirić M (1985): Klasifikacija zemljišta Jozsef Atilla University, 79-88 Jugoslavije. Akademija nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercego- FAO (2006): Guidelines for soil description, fourth edition, vine, Sarajevo FAO, Rome Živković B (1968): Laboratorijski uređaj za serijsko određivanje IUSS Working Group WRB (2006): World reference base for filtracionih osobina zemljišta. Zemljište i biljka 17: 361-368 soil resources 2006. World Soil Resources Reports No. 103. Živković B, Nejgebauer V, Tanasijević Đ, Miljković N, Stoj- FAO, Rome ković L, Drezgić P (1972): Zemljišta vojvodine, Institut za Khresat SA, Taimeh AY (1998): Properties and characterizati- poljoprivredna istraživanja, Novi Sad on of vertisols developed on limestone in a semi-arid envi- Vasin J, Sekulić P, Kurjački I (2006): Plodnost oraničnih po- ronment. J. Arid Environ. 40: 235-244 vršina u privatnom vlasništvu u Vojvodini. Zbornik radova Miljković N (1996): Osnovi pedologije, Univerzitet u Novom Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo 42 : 149-156 Sadu, Prirodno-matematički fakultet, Institut za geografiju, Witkowska-Walczak B (2003): Hydrophysical characteristics Novi Sad and evaporation of Haplic Luvisol and Mollic Gleysol ag- gregates. Int. Agrophysics 17: 137–141

Ratar. Povrt. / Field Veg. Crop Res. 48 (2011) 375-382 382 Belić M et al.

Karakteristike i klasifikacija glejnih zemljišta Banata

Milivoj Belić1 · Ljiljana Nešić1 · Vladimir Ćirić1 · Jovica Vasin2 · Dragiša Milošev1 · Srđan Šeremešić1

1Poljoprivredni fakultet Univerziteta u Novom Sadu, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 8, 21000 Novi Sad, Srbija 2Institut za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo, Maksima Gorkog 30, 21000 Novi Sad, Srbija

Izvod: U ovom radu su ispitivane osnovne karakteristike glejnih zemljišta Banata i predstavljena različita tumačenja i klasifikacije ovih zemljišta. Analizirana su fizička i hemijska svojstva dvanaest profila zemljišta. Ispitivani humogleji su uglavnom bili glinoviti i ispoljavali vertičnost, dok je uticaj podzemnih voda na svaki profil bio različit. Većinu ovih zemljišta smo svrstali u vertisole, ali neke od njih možemo klasifikovati u referentne grupe zemljišta (RSG) glejsoli ili černozemi. Euglej je bio pod jačim utica- jem podzemnih voda od humogleja i pokazivao je veću teksturnu uniformnost, manji sadržaj gline i

veći prosečan sadržaj CaCO3. Ispitivani euglej smo svrstali ureferentnu grupu zemljišta glejsoli. Svaki novi profil zemljišta koji se bude analizirao trebalo bi da se posmatra posebno u pogledu njegovih dijagnostičkih horizonata, svojstva i materijala. Nijedan tip zemljišta ne sme biti prebačen u referentnu grupu po podrazumevanom nazivu. Ključne reči: humoglej, euglej, glejsoli, vertisoli, Banat, klasifikacija zemljišta

Ratar. Povrt. / Field Veg. Crop Res. 48 (2011) 375-382