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2013 Niscuracao EN.Pdf Transparency International is the global civil society organisation leading the fight against corruption. Through more than 100 chapters worldwide and an international secretariat in Berlin, we raise awareness of the damaging effects of corruption and work with partners in government, business and civil society to develop and implement effective measures to tackle it. Authors: P.C.M. (Nelly) Schotborghchotborgh--vanvan dede VenVen MscMsc CFECFE andand Dr. S. (Susan) van Velzen © Cover photo: Flickr/Jessica Bee Every effort has been made to verify the accuracy of the information contained in this report. All information was believedbelieved toto bebe correctcorrect asas ofof XXXJune 2013. 2013. Nevertheless, Nevertheless, Transparency Transparency InternationalInternational cannotcannot accept accept responsibility responsibility for for thethe consequencesconsequences ofof itsits useuse forfor otherother purposespurposes oror inin otherother contexts.contexts. ISBN:ISBN: 978978--33--943494349797--3535--99 Printed on Forest Stewardship Council certifiedcertified paper.paper. © 2013 Transparency International. All rights reserved. TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTORY INFORMATION 2 II. ABOUT THE NATIONAL INTEGRITY SYSTEM ASSESSMENT 5 III. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 13 IV. COUNTRY PROFILE: FOUNDATIONS FOR THE NATIONAL INTEGRITY SYSTEM 19 V. CORRUPTION PROFILE 27 VI. ANTI-CORRUPTION ACTIVITIES 31 VII. NATIONAL INTEGRITY SYSTEM 1. LEGISLATURE 35 2. EXECUTIVE 54 3. JUDICIARY 72 4. PUBLIC SECTOR 84 5. LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES 103 6. ELECTORAL MANAGEMENT BODY 118 7. OMBUDSMAN 129 8. SUPREME AUDIT AND SUPERVISORY INSTITUTIONS (PUBLIC SECTOR) 141 9. ANTI-CORRUPTION AGENCIES 158 10. POLITICAL PARTIES 160 11. MEDIA 173 12. CIVIL SOCIETY 185 13. BUSINESS 195 14. SUPERVISORY INSTITUTIONS (PRIVATE SECTOR) 208 VIII. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 230 IX. ANNEX 242 I. INTRODUCTORY INFORMATION Between 2012 and 2013, Transparency International conducted a National Integrity System (NIS) assessment on Curaçao. The Caribbean island has a population of 150,560 and is an autonomous country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It has gone through significant political change in recent years following dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles in 2010 and the resulting modification of its country status. Corruption is rarely an isolated phenomenon found only within a specific institution, sector or group of actors. It is usually of a systemic nature, and fighting it requires a holistic and all-encompassing strategy. This is why in 2001 Transparency International developed the concept of National Integrity System assessments. The purpose these studies is to assess systemic corruption risks faced by a country, and produce a set of recommendations on how to mitigate those risks in the future. Those recommendations can then be used by actors in civil society, government and the private sector for promoting integrity in the country. To date, assessments have been completed in more than 100 countries. Transparency International conducted its first National Integrity System study in the Caribbean region in Jamaica in 2003, followed by a Caribbean composite report in 2004. Most recently, from 2009-2011, in addition to numerous assessments in Europe, Asia and elsewhere, Transparency International carried out an assessment in the Turks and Caicos Islands – another small Caribbean island which has undergone a constitutional upheaval in recent years. During the assessment period, numerous high-level corruption scandals in the Turks and Caicos resulted in the partial suspension of its constitution. Our study suggested that it was overall weakness in the country’s corruption-fighting systems which allowed individual actors to pursue their own interests at the expense of the public good. While each country context is unique, this research gave us experience of the challenges small island states in this region can face. It is our hope that the Curaçao assessment will generate a set of concrete recommendations for the island’s key institutions and local actors to pursue in order to strengthen transparency, accountability and integrity. The assessment should also provide a set of good governance benchmarks for the citizens of Curaçao to hold their government and elected officials to account. The assessment process in Curaçao is consultative and seeks to involve key stakeholders on the island. Transparency International staff visited Curaçao in September 2012 and again in April 2013 to meet with the local research team and various experts from the principal institutions involved in the assessment. All discussions were constructive and well attended by stakeholders, who appeared to place high importance on the dialogue. We hope that by using this participatory approach, our assessment provides a useful set of recommendations for Curaçao that society can use to push for positive change. As announced in April 2012, Transparency International signed a grant agreement with the Government of Curaçao to undertake an assessment that ensures our complete independence in all phases of the process, from initial research to final outcome and recommendations. 2 NATIONAL INTEGRITY SYSTEM ASSESSMENT CURAÇAO Transparency International project team Alejandro Salas, project supervision Dr. Finn Heinrich, quality assurance and project supervision Zoë Reiter, project management Susanne Kuehn, quality assurance Andrew McDevitt, quality assurance Alice McCool, project coordination Alison McMeekin, project coordination Natalie Baharav, press relations and publicity Lead researcher and author P.C.M. (Nelly) Schotborgh-van de Ven Msc CFE Co-researcher and author Dr. S. (Susan) van Velzen Research assistant E. (Estherina) Garcia Advisory group M.L. (Miguel) Alexander LLM R.A.B. (Richard) Begina Msc R. (Ronald) Gomes Casseres Msc F.M. (Franklin) Hanze LLM S.M.C. (Stella) Herrera Mscf R.H. (Roland) Ignacio 3 NATIONAL INTEGRITY SYSTEM ASSESSMENT CURAÇAO Acknowledgements Transparency International would like to thank all those who contributed to this assessment. We would like to give a special thanks to members of the local advisory group, who selflessly and tirelessly provided essential local expertise and guidance to help ensure the highest quality assessment possible, as well as to those who were interviewed and/or provided information by a written questionnaire or otherwise, or participated in one or more sessions with Transparency International. We would also like to acknowledge the many individuals who provided a thoughtful review of one or more chapters to correct factual errors; and in particular Jaime Saleh for his careful review. 4 NATIONAL INTEGRITY SYSTEM ASSESSMENT CURAÇAO II. ABOUT THE NATIONAL INTEGRITY SYSTEM ASSESSMENT The National Integrity System assessment approach used in this report provides a framework to analyse both the vulnerabilities of a given country to corruption as well as the effectiveness of national anti-corruption efforts. The framework includes all principal institutions and actors that form a state. These include all branches of government, the public and private sector, the media, and civil society (the ‘pillars’ as represented in the diagram below). The concept of the National Integrity System has been developed and promoted by Transparency International as part of its holistic approach to fighting corruption. While there is no blueprint for an effective system to prevent corruption, there is a growing international consensus as to the salient institutional features that work best to prevent corruption and promote integrity. A National Integrity System assessment is a powerful advocacy tool that delivers a holistic picture of a country’s institutional landscape with regard to integrity, accountability and transparency. A strong and functioning National Integrity System serves as a bulwark against corruption and guarantor of accountability, while a weak system typically harbours systemic corruption and produces a myriad of governance failures. The resulting assessment yields not only a comprehensive outline of reform needs but also a profound understanding of their political feasibility. Strengthening the National Integrity System promotes better governance across all aspects of society and, ultimately, contributes to a more just society. 5 NATIONAL INTEGRITY SYSTEM ASSESSMENT CURAÇAO Definitions The definition of ‘corruption’ which is used by Transparency International is as follows: ‘The abuse of entrusted power for private gain. Corruption can be classified as grand, petty and political, depending on the amounts of money lost and the sector where it occurs.’1 ‘Grand corruption’ is defined as ‘Acts committed at a high level of government that distort policies or the functioning of the state, enabling leaders to benefit at the expense of the public good.’2 ‘Petty corruption’ is defined as ‘Everyday abuse of entrusted power by low- and mid-level public officials in their interactions with ordinary citizens, who often are trying to access basic goods or services in places like hospitals, schools, police departments and other agencies.’3 ‘Political corruption’ is defined as ‘Manipulation of policies, institutions and rules of procedure in the allocation of resources and financing by political decision makers, who abuse their position to sustain their power, status and wealth.’4 Objectives The key objectives of the National Integrity System-Curaçao assessment are to generate:5 an improved understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of Curaçao’s National Integrity System
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