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Engaging Military in Postwar Reconciliation a Case Study of Implications for the Consolidation of Democracy in Sri Lanka

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Engaging Military in Postwar Reconciliation a Case Study of Implications for the Consolidation of Democracy in Sri Lanka Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection 2013-03 ENGAGING MILITARY IN POSTWAR RECONCILIATION A CASE STUDY OF IMPLICATIONS FOR THE CONSOLIDATION OF DEMOCRACY IN SRI LANKA Wickramaratne, Chaminda Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/32916 NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA THESIS ENGAGING MILITARY IN POST–WAR RECONCILIATION: A CASE STUDY OF IMPLICATIONS FOR THE CONSOLIDATION OF DEMOCRACY IN SRI LANKA by Chaminda Wickramaratne March 2013 Thesis Advisor: Thomas C. Bruneau Thesis Co- Advisor: Florina Cristiana Matei Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704–0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202–4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704–0188) Washington DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED March 2013 Master’s Thesis 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS ENGAGING MILITARY IN POST–WAR RECONCILIATION: A CASE STUDY OF IMPLICATIONS FOR THE CONSOLIDATION OF DEMOCRACY IN SRI LANKA 6. AUTHOR(S) Chaminda Wickramaratne 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION Naval Postgraduate School REPORT NUMBER Monterey, CA 93943–5000 9. SPONSORING /MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING N/A AGENCY REPORT NUMBER 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government. IRB Protocol number ____N/A____. 12a. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited 13. ABSTRACT (maximum 200 words) “Engaging military in post war reconciliation: A case study of implications for the consolidation of democracy in Sri Lanka” was prompted by post-war developments in Sri Lanka related to Civil-Military relations. The longest fought civil war in South East Asia, came to an end when the Sri Lankan Armed Forces successfully defeated the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) militarily in May 2009. The huge success achieved by the Sri Lankan military vis-à-vis the Tamil Tigers has made the government rely on the country’s military even after the defeat of the LTTE. In that background, the government has encouraged military presence in all possible areas of the driving mechanism of the country. Specifically, the government has engaged the military in many activities of national development and reconciliation and in this scenario, there are many questions raised against the government of Sri Lanka and the military. Is excessive military involvement in civilian work leading to enhanced military prerogatives of Sri Lanka’s Armed Forces, which in turn is jeopardizing civilian supremacy over the armed forces? Is involvement of the military in activities of national development and reconciliation endangering or boosting democratic consolidation in Sri Lanka? Some critiques argue that Sri Lanka has undergone an excessive militarization, which is hindering post-war democratic consolidation. In this context, this research will look at Civil-Military relations adopted by the Sri Lankan government after the civil-war period from the perspective of the military prerogatives highlighted by Alfred Stepan and will further seek to identify the impact of CMR on the consolidation of democracy in the dilemma of militarization. It will start with a discussion of relevant theories of democratic transition and consolidation of CMR, followed by a discussion of democratic transition and consolidation in Sri Lanka, CMR during and after the civil war, and how CMR impacted democratic consolidation. The thesis finishes with an examination of lessons learned and best/worst practices of CMR. 14. SUBJECT TERMS Civil-military relations, Government of Sri Lanka, Ministry of Defense, Sri 15. NUMBER OF Lanka military, reconciliation and reconstruction, democratic control of civil military relations, post- PAGES war, Armed forces of Sri Lanka, Democratic transition, Democratic consolidation, Military 119 prerogatives, Post-war roles and missions. 16. PRICE CODE 17. SECURITY 18. SECURITY 19. SECURITY 20. LIMITATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF THIS CLASSIFICATION OF ABSTRACT REPORT PAGE ABSTRACT Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified UU NSN 7540–01–280–5500 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2–89) Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239–18 i THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK ii Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited ENGAGING MILITARY IN POST–WAR RECONCILIATION: A CASE STUDY OF IMPLICATIONS FOR THE CONSOLIDATION OF DEMOCRACY IN SRI LANKA Chaminda Wickramaratne Wing Commander, Sri Lanka Air Force RWP, MDS., University of Kelaniya, 2010, psc Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN SECURITY STUDIES (CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS) from the NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL March 2013 Author: Chaminda Wickramaratne Approved by: Thomas C. Bruneau Thesis Advisor Florina Cristiana Matei Thesis Co-Advisor Harold Trinkunas Chair, Department of National Security Affairs iii THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK iv ABSTRACT “Engaging military in post war reconciliation: A case study of implications for the consolidation of democracy in Sri Lanka” was prompted by post-war developments in Sri Lanka related to Civil-Military relations. The longest fought civil war in South East Asia, came to an end when the Sri Lankan Armed Forces successfully defeated the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) militarily in May 2009. The huge success achieved by the Sri Lankan military vis-à-vis the Tamil Tigers has made the government rely on the country’s military even after the defeat of the LTTE. In that background, the government has encouraged military presence in all possible areas of the driving mechanism of the country. Specifically, the government has engaged the military in many activities of national development and reconciliation and in this scenario, there are many questions raised against the government of Sri Lanka and the military. Is excessive military involvement in civilian work leading to enhanced military prerogatives of Sri Lanka’s Armed Forces, which in turn is jeopardizing civilian supremacy over the armed forces? Is involvement of the military in activities of national development and reconciliation endangering or boosting democratic consolidation in Sri Lanka? Some critiques argue that Sri Lanka has undergone an excessive militarization, which is hindering post-war democratic consolidation. In this context, this research will look at Civil-Military relations adopted by the Sri Lankan government after the civil-war period from the perspective of the military prerogatives highlighted by Alfred Stepan and will further seek to identify the impact of CMR on the consolidation of democracy in the dilemma of militarization. It will start with a discussion of relevant theories of democratic transition and consolidation of CMR, followed by a discussion of democratic transition and consolidation in Sri Lanka, CMR during and after the civil war, and how CMR impacted democratic consolidation. The thesis finishes with an examination of lessons learned and best/worst practices of CMR. v THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK vi TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................1 A. MAJOR RESEARCH QUESTION................................................................1 B. IMPORTANCE ................................................................................................5 C. PROBLEMS AND HYPOTHESES ...............................................................5 D. LITERATURE REVIEW ...............................................................................6 E. METHODS AND SOURCES ........................................................................15 F. THESIS OVERVIEW ...................................................................................16 II. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND-INSIGHTS ON DEMOCRATIC TRANSITION AND CONSOLIDATION, CIVIL MILITARY RELATIONS, AND MILITARY PREROGATIVES ......................................................................19 A. WHAT IS DEMOCRATIC TRANSITION?...............................................19 B. WHAT IS DEMOCRATIC CONSOLIDATION? .....................................22 C. CIVIL–MILITARY RELATIONS AND DEMOCRACY .........................26 D. MILITARY PREROGATIVES, CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS AND DEMOCRATIC CONSOLIDATION ................................................27 III. SRI LANKA ...............................................................................................................29 A. BACKGROUND ON THE TRANSITION AND CONSOLIDATION OF DEMOCRACY IN SRI LANKA ............................................................29 1. Historical Background Prior to
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