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1ASA Began Occupying the "Rubble Pile" Late in 1962 Or Early in 1963.15 Across W~Stern Euro~, New U.S

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1ASA Began Occupying the DOCID : .~6 ID:A523682 TOP SECRET NO. 1666 UNITED STATES CRYPTOLOGIC HISTORY American Cryptology during the Cold War, 1945-1989 Book II: Centralization Wins, 1960-1972 CCH-E32-95-03 TCS-54649-95 TOP SECRET DECLASSIFIED UNDER AUTHORITY O.F THE INTERAGENCY SECURITY CLASSIFICATION APPEALS PANEL. E.O. 13526, SECTION 5.3(b )(3) ISCAP No. Z..~- o~\. , Document l Date ~....ly U, Z.ol 3 DOCID: 523682 REF ID:A523682 - This monograph is a product of the Nation al Security Agency history p rogram. lts contents and conclusions ar·e those of the author, based o n origin al researc h, and do not necessarily r epresent the official \;ews of the National Security Agency . Please add t·ess divergent opinion or additional detail to the Center for Cryptologic His tory IE322J. --- . This docume nt is not to be used as a source for d erivative classification decisions . .I DOCID: 523682 REF ID :A523682 TOP SECReT UMISitA UNITED STATES CRYPTOLOGIC HISTORY Series VI The NSA Period 1952 -Present VolumeS American Cryptology during the Cold War, 1945-1~89 Book II: Centralization Wins, 1960-1972 Thomas R. Johnson CENTER FOR CRYPrOLOGIC IITSTORY NATIONALSECURITY AGENCY 1995 T6P SECR!T tiMBRA DOCID: 523682 REF ID :A523682 lOP SEC:RET 1:;1 MBRA Table of Contents Page BOOK II: CENTRALIZATION WINS, -1960-1972 Chapter 8: The Kennedy Years 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 • 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 • 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 289 The New Administration 0 · 0 0 0 0 0 • 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 • 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 • 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 • 0 289 McNamara at Defense 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 • 0 0 0 0 0 • 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 • 0 0 0 289 NSA and the Cryptologic System at the Beginning of aNew Decade 0 0 291 Enter the New Director 0 0 o 0 0 0 0 0 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. 0 0 0 0 o 0 0 o 0 0 0 0 0 292 . People, Money and Organization 0. 0 0. 0 0 0. 0 0 •• 0 0 0 0 0. 0 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0. 0 0 0 293 A New Reorganization 0 0 0 0 • 0 • 0 • 0 •••• 0 0 • 0 • 0 ••••• 0 0 • 0 0 • 0 0 • 0 0 0 0 • 0 0 • • 294 Changing the Field Organization ...... 0 ....... .. 0 0 .. 0 • 0 .. 0 00 00 .. • 296 The Cryptologic Map in the mid-1960s 0 ................. 0 .. 0 ........... 0 0 297 Europe 0 °. 0 o. o 0 ••••• 0 ••• 0 •• 0 0. 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 •• 0 0. 0. 0 0 0. 0 0 ••• 0 0 o . 0 0 0 0 0 297 Turkey . 0 •• 0 •• 0 . 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. 0. 0 •••• 0. 0 •• 0. 0 ••• 0. 0 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. 298 Pakistan 0 • 0 0 • 0 • 0 •• 0 •• 0 0 0 ••• 0 0 • 0 •••• 0 •• 0 0 • 0 • 0 •• 0 •• 0 • 0 • 0 0 •• 0 0 • • • • 303 The Far East .. 0 •••• 0 0 ••• 0 • 0 • 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 •• 0 0 • 0 0 0 0 0 •• 0 0 ••• 0 0 • 0 •• 0 0 • 0 0 306 Back ljome 0 0 • 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 • 0 •• 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 • 0 0 • 0 • 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 • 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 306 New Collection Systems · 00 .. 0 .............. 0 .... 0 • 00. 00 .... 0 ..... 0 308 NSA Gets Involved . 0 0 • 0 0 0 0 0 • 0 0 0 0 0 • 0 0 0 • 0 0 • 0 • 0 • 0 0 0 0 0 • 0 0 • 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 310 The Airborne System 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 •• 0 0. 0. 313 TheTRSProgram 0. 0. 0 •• 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. 0 0. 0. 0. 0 •• o 0 0 0 •• 0 0. 0 0 •• 00 0 0 0. 0 0 315 The Cuban Missile Crisis 00 ...... 00 0 ........... 00 0 0 0 ..... 0 00 0 • 0 .. 0 0 .. 0 0 • 317 The SIGIJii'T Effort .. 0 0 .. 0 0 0 ... 0 0 ... 00 0 00 .... .. 00 0 00 .. 0 ....... .' 0 0 00 318 The Berlin Wall ... 0 0 0 •• 0. 0 0. 0 0 0 0 ••• 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 o 0 0 0 0 319 The Buildup to Crisis . 00 .... 0 0 .. 0 0 .... 0 0 • 0 .. 0 00 0 ...... 0 0 .. 0 00 0 0 0 0 320 The SIGIN'l' Contribution 0 0 • 0 0 •• 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 • 0 0 • 0 0 • 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 • 0 0 0 0 0 • 0 0 0 323 The Crisis . 0 0 0 • 0 0 • 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 •• 0 0 •• 0 •••• 0 0 • 0 •• 0 0 0 • 0 0 0 0 °. 0 • 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 • • 324 The Aftermath 0 0 0 • • 0 • 0 • 0 • 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 • 0 0 • 0 0 : 0 0 • 0. 0 • 0 0 0 0 0 0 • 0 •• 0 0 330 ChapterS: The Post-Cuban Missile Crisis Reforms The Dilemma of Centralization 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. 0 0 0 0. 0 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 338 ANew Director . 0 • 0 0 • • • 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 •• 0 • 0 •• • 0 0 0 •• 0 ••••• o • • •• o • 0 o 0 • o • 340 NSA's Community Relationships 0 ••••••• 0 0 0 •••• 0 • 0 0 0 0 0 0 • 0 •• 0 •• 0 • • 341 ELINT (Again) o •• o o • o o o o o 0 o o o o o • o o o o o o o • o o o o • o o o • o • o o • •• o •• o o • o • • 343 DEFSMAC . 0 ••••• 0 0 • 0 • 0 ••• ••••• 0 0 • 0 • 0 0 0 ••• 0 ••••• 0 0 0 ••••• 0 • 0 0 0 • • • 345 The Advent of the Command Center . 0 0 0 •• 0 • 0 0 • •• 0 0 0 0 • 0 • 0 •• 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ° 346 Centralization ofTheater Processing . 0 0 0 0 : 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ••• 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 • 0 o • 0 • 0 348 csoc .. 0 0. 0 •••••••• 0 •• 0 •• 0 •• 0 0 0 0 0 •• oo. 0 0 •••• 0. 0 0 0 0 0. 0 •••• 0 0 0 0 . 0 350 SlGlNT at the White House 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 • 0 0 0 0 • o 0 0 0 0 0 • o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 • • 352 iii TO!' S!CftfT tJMBitA DOCID: 523682 REF ID:A523682 TOP S!CR!T tl MBRA ~.0. 13526, section 1.4(c)(d) l Carter Takes Command . .......... .. .. .... .. ... .. .. ....... 357 Withheld from Mechanization of the SIGINT Process .. .... .. .......... ........ .. 361 I ! ...... ........ .'. .................................. ................. ... .. .. 362 public r elease AG-22 .. .. : .... .. ........ ......... ....... ......... ......... 364 Pub. !,;. 86-36 Changing the Communications System . .. ........ .. : . .. ... ... 364 STRAWHAT .... ..•••....•....•. .....•.......... .......•.................... ... 366 The Computer In~ us try at NSA .. .. .. .. .. ... .... .. ....... 368 IATS . ... ... ...... ...... .. .. ....... .. .. .. ........... 369 The Communications Solutions . .... ·. ...................... ... 370 Automating the Collection Process .... ............. .. .. ...... 371 373 / Bauded Signals\ ~· : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 374 The Bissell Study ...... .... .... .. .. ...... ... .. .. ..... ... 376 378 COMSEC at Mid-decade ....... ....... ............. .. ... ....... 379 The Development.ofAmerican Secure Voice . .. ..... .. ........ 379 TEMPEST .. .. ............ ..... .................. ...... ................. .. : ... 381 Geographical Retreat ............. ..... .............. ............. 382 Turkey . ... ................. .. .. .. ......... .. · ... · · · 383 Pakistan . .... .. ......... .. ...... ..... ... .. ... · · · · · · · · 385 Iran .... ...... ..... .. .................... .... .. ..... .. .. 388 Airborne Collection . ... .. ....... .. .... ........ .. ....... .. .. 390 The WOQd Study . .. .. .. ... .. ..... .. .. .............. 391 The Harrogate E~r i ment . .......... .. .. ... ...... .- ..... 393 Naval SIGINT Ships .. .. : . ... ...... ........... .. ...... 395 The End of HF? . ........ : . .... .. ........... .... ...... ........ 397 '----------'· ·· ·· .. .. .... ... .. .. ..... ... .. ... .. ... : .. ' . .. .. 398 STONEHOUSE ... .. ......••. .. ... ... .. , .•. •.... · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 398 I ! ................................................... ..................... 401 Overhead .... ... : . .......... ................. ... ~ . .. ~ . · · · · · · 402 The Air Force ELI NT Programs . ....... ......................... 404 Program Management . .... .. ... ..... .......... .. .. .. 404 The Advent of Overhead COMINT ... ..... ................. .. 406 TheC::]Payloads ....... .. ... ..... .. .. .... ... .. · · · · · · · 406 Program C . .. .. .. .. ........... .......... ... · . · · · · · · 407 RUNWAY •.• . .•.. ..•.• .. •. .. .. •. .• . .. ... .•.......... • 408 RAINFALL . ... .... .. .. ..... • • • • · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · • · · • · • · · 409 NSA's Foreign Relations .... ..... ... ..... .. .. ... .. ........ ... .. 411 I I ...................... ................................ .. 411 Germany . .............. ·~· ............ ........ ... .. ....... 412 413 0 :::::::: ::::::::::::::: :: ::::: ::::: ::: ::: :: :::::::: :: :::: 414 NSA and CIA in the Third Party World ... ... .. .. .. ....... : .. 415 NSAandGCHQ ............ .. .. ....... ...... .. ........ 415 TOP SECRET UMBRA iv I E.O. 13526, section 1.4(c) Withheld from public release r-Pli b::-l:i:'"S6-3 6 DOCID: 523682 REF ID :A523682 f6P 5ECRI!T tJMBR:A Chapter 10: SIGINTin Crisis,1967-1969 SIGINT and the Second Arab-Israeli War .. .o . • • • . • • • . • • • . • . • • . • • • • . 425 The Cryptologic Posture . .. .. .. 426 The Attack on the Liberty . .. : . 432 The Pueblo . ... 439 Set-up .. ... .... .. ... .......... .... .... .. .. ........... ·... 439 Capture . 443 Aftermath . 445 Assessments . 449 Czechoslovakia . 453 The Prague Spring . ... ...... .. ... .. .... .. ... : . 454 Romania-The Invasion that Never Happened . 462 The Shootdown of the EC-121 . ....... .. .... ... .'. .. .. .. .. .. .. 462 North Korea and the Aerial Reconnaissance Program . 463 The Mission . 464 The Crisis . ... .. .. ....... ... .. ...... .. .. ............... .'. 467 Security and the Work Foree in the 1960s ................ .. .. .'. 470 Dunlap ................ .. ... .' ... .... .. .. ....... : . 470 Hamilton ...................... .'................................ 472 David Kahn and The Codebreakers .............
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