Chemistry, Matter, and Life (See Word Anatomy at the End of the © Jones & Bartlett Learning,Chapter)
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© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONChemistry,NOT Matter, FOR SALE OR and DISTRIBUTION Life CHAPTER CHAPTER 2 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Learning Objectives © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE ORAfter DISTRIBUTION careful study of this chapter, you should NOTbe able FOR to: SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 1 Define a chemical element. p. 22 2 Describe the structure of an atom. p. 22 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC3 Differentiate between ionic© Jones and covalent & Bartlett bonds. p. 24 Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION4 Define an electrolyte. p. NOT24 FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 5 Differentiate between molecules and compounds. p. 25 6 Use chemical equations to illustrate different types of chemical reactions. p. 26 © Jones7 &Define Bartlett mixture; Learning, list the three LLC types of mixtures, and give two ©examples Jones of &each. Bartlett p. 27 Learning, LLC NOT FOR8 Describe SALE roles OR of DISTRIBUTION water in the body. p. 27 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 9 Compare acids, bases, and salts. p. 28 10 Explain how the numbers on the pH scale relate to acidity and alkalinity. p. 28 © Jones & Bartlett 11Learning, Explain why LLC buffers are important in the body.© Jones p. 29 & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR12 DISTRIBUTION Define radioactivity, and cite several examplesNOT of FORhow radioactive SALE ORsubstances DISTRIBUTION are used in medicine. p. 29 13 Name the three main types of organic compounds and the building blocks of each. p. 30 14 Define enzyme; describe how enzymes work. p. 32 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION15 List the components of NOTnucleotides, FOR and SALE give some OR examples DISTRIBUTION of nucleotides. p. 32 16 Define metabolism, and name the two types of metabolic reactions. p. 34 17 Distinguish between kinetic and potential energy, and give examples of each. p. 34 18 Use the case study to discuss the importance © Jones &of Bartlettregulating bodyLearning, fluid quantity LLC and © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORcomposition. SALE OR pp. DISTRIBUTION 21, 35 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 19 Show how word parts are used to build words related to chemistry, matter, and life (see Word Anatomy at the end of the © Jones & Bartlett Learning,chapter). p.LLC 37 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION A & P in Action Margaret’s Case: Chemistry’s Role ©in Jones Health & Bartlett Science Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION “Ugh,” sighed Angela as she confirmed the initial diagnosis. Margaret’s electrolyte pulled into her hospital parking levels were out of balance; specifically, she had a high spot. The heat wave was into its blood sodium ion concentration, a condition called © Jones & Bartlettsecond Learning, week, and sheLLC was get- hypernatremia.© Jones Her hematocrit & Bartlett was also Learning, high, indicating LLC NOT FOR SALEting OR tired DISTRIBUTION of it. It was beginning low blood volume.NOT FOR This decrease SALE was OR seriously DISTRIBUTION affecting to take its toll on the city too, especially on its infants and her cardiovascular system. Margaret’s blood pressure had older residents. As Angela walked toward the hospital, she dropped, which forced her heart to beat faster to ensure thought back to yesterday’s ICU shift. One elderly patient proper delivery of blood to her tissues. © Jones &stood Bartlett out in her Learning, mind, probably LLC because she reminded © JonesBecause & Bartlett Margaret Learning, was still conscious LLC and cooperative, Angela of her own grandmother. the emergency team started her on oral rehydration ther- NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION The patient, Margaret Ringland, a 78-year-old widow, apy with an aqueous solution containing small amounts lived alone in her apartment on New York’s Upper East of glucose and salts. Once stabilized, Margaret was moved Side. Yesterday, Margaret’s niece found her collapsed to a hospital bed for observation and recovery. Her level of on the floor, weak and confused. She called 911, and consciousness was monitored, and the staff watched for Margaret was rushed to© the Jones emergency & Bartlett room. According Learning, LLCany signs of cerebral changes© due Jones to the dehydration.& Bartlett Learning, LLC to her medical chart, MargaretNOT FOR presented SALE with OR flushed DISTRIBUTION dry Angela depends on her knowledgeNOT FOR of chemistrySALE OR to DISTRIBUTION skin, a sticky oral cavity, and a furrowed tongue. She was make sense of the signs and symptoms she observes in confused and disoriented. She also had hypotension (low her patients. As you read this chapter, keep in mind that blood pressure) and tachycardia (an elevated heart rate). a firm understanding of the chemistry presented in this All were classic signs of dehydration, a severe deficiency chapter will help you understand the anatomy and physi- of water.© Jones Without & adequate Bartlett water, Learning, Margaret’s LLC body was ology of the© cells, Jones tissues, & andBartlett organ systemsLearning, discussed LLC in unableNOT to perform FOR SALEessential OR metabolic DISTRIBUTION processes, and her subsequentNOT chapters. FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION tissues and organs were not in homeostatic balance. Her neurologic symptoms were caused by changes As you study this chapter, CasePoints will give in water volume. Although it was difficult to get a blood you opportunities to apply your learning to this case. sample from Margaret’s flattened veins, her blood work © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Ancillaries At-A-Glance Visit the web resource to© access Jones the following& Bartlett resources: Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ● eBook ● A&P Module with Heart & Lung Sounds ● Image Bank ● TestPrep ● Audio© Jones Glossary & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC ● WorksheetsNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ● Study Aids © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. 22 Unit I ■ The Body as a Whole © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALEA ORLOOK DISTRIBUTION BACK NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Chapter 1 introduced the key idea of levels of organization . In this chapter, we explore the most fundamental level—chemi- Oxygen 65% cals. Future chapters will build on a solid understanding of how chemicals interact in dynamic© Jones ways to& produceBartlett structures Learning, and LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC enable body functions. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Introduction Carbon 18.5% Greater understanding of living organisms has come to us through© Joneschemistry &, the Bartlett science thatLearning, deals with LLC the composi- © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC tion andNOT properties FOR SALEof matter. OR Knowledge DISTRIBUTION of chemistry and NOT FOR SALE ORHydrogen DISTRIBUTION 9.5% chemical changes helps us understand the body’s normal Nitrogen 3% and abnormal functioning. Food digestion in the intesti- Other 4% nal tract, urine production by the kidneys, the regulation of breathing, and all other body activities involve the prin- FIGURE 2-1 The body’s chemical composition by weight. © Jones &ciples Bartlett of chemistry. Learning, The many LLC drugs used to treat diseases© JonesKEY & POINT Bartlett Oxygen, Learning, carbon, hydrogen, LLC and nitrogen make up NOT FORare SALE also chemicals. OR DISTRIBUTION Chemistry is used for their developmentNOT about FOR 96% SALE of body ORweight. DISTRIBUTION and for understanding their actions in the body. To provide some insights into the importance of chem- istry in the life sciences, this chapter briefly describes ele- ATOMIC STRUCTURE ments, atoms, molecules, compounds, and mixtures, which The smallest units of elements are atoms. As such, atoms are fundamental forms of matter. We also describe the © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCare the smallest complete units© Jones of matter. & Bartlett They cannot Learning, LLC chemicals that characterize organisms—organic chemicals. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONbe broken down or changedNOT into anotherFOR SALE form by OR ordi DISTRIBUTION- nary chemical and physical means. Atoms are so small that millions of them could fit on the sharpened end of Elements a pencil. Matter is anything that takes up space, that is, the materi- Despite the fact that the atom is so tiny, chemists have als from© Jones which the & entire Bartlett universe Learning, is made. Elements LLC are the studied it extensively© Jones and & haveBartlett found Learning, that it has a LLCdefinite uniqueNOT substances FOR thatSALE make OR up allDISTRIBUTION matter. The food we eat, structure composedNOT FOR of even