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Analytical Chemistry Instrumentation NASA SP-5083 ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY INSTRUMENTATION A SURVEY D(Y (ACCESSION NU E R) t e 1 g (PAGES)$v 2 (CODE) L< (NASA CR OR TMX OR AD NUMBER) (CATEGORY)' NASA SP-5083 ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY INSTRUMENTATION A SURVEY By J. S. Whittick, R. F. Muraca, and L. A. Cavanagh Prepared under NASA Contract No. NASr-49 ( 10) Stanford Research Institute Menlo Park, California August 1966 TechnoloRy Uidizatzorl Dwrsion OFFICE OF TECHNOLOGY UTILIZATION 1967 NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION NOTICE This document was prepared under the sponsorship of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Neither the United States Government nor any person acting on behalf of the United States Government assumes any liability resulting from the use of the information contained in this document, or warrants that such use will be free from privately owned rights. For Sale by the Superintendent of Documents, US. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 20402 Price 60 cents Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 67-6002s Foreword The National Aeronautics and Space Administration established its technology utilization program to disseminate information on technologi- cal developments “which appear to be useful for general industrial applications.” From NASA research centers, NASA contractors, and other sources, space-related technology is collected and screened, and that which has potential industrial use is made generally available. Chemical analysis is essential for the protection of people’s health, the efficient use of natural resources, and the maintenance of high standards of quality in many industries. The analytical chemist’s instruments are now highly sophisticated and varied. Further development of such tech- nology has been necessary for the exploration of space. The Stanford Research Institute undertook this survey of that work for the Tech- nology Utilization Division of NASA to help scientists, engineers, and managers in many diverse fields share the fruits of such research and development. GEORGEJ. HOWICK Direct or, Technology Utilization Division National Aeronautics and Space Administration I11 Contents Page INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROSCOPY ............... 5 NASA Development Contributions . 6 Photodetectors .. 6 Ultraviolet Polarizer and Analyzer .................................................................................. 10 Vacuum Ultraviolet Attachment ...................................................................................... 11 Rocket Ultraviolet Spectrometer ..................................................................................... 11 Air-Density Meter ............................................................................................................ 12 Ultraviolet Microspectrophotometer ................................................................................ 12 NASA Applications Contributions ........................................................................................ 13 Life-Detection, Ultraviolet ................................................................................................ 13 life-Detection, J-Bond ...................................................................................................... 17 CHAPTER 2. INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY ............................................................................ 23 NASA Development Contributions ...................................................................................... 24 Infrared Detectors ............................................................................................................ 24 Flight Spectrometer .......................................................................................................... 25 Infrared Instrumentation 27 Submillimeter Interference Spectrometer ........................................................................ 20 Fast-Scan Infrared Microscope ...................................................................................... 28 NASA Applications Contributions to Analysis of Soil Composition by Infrared Techniques ........................................................................................................................ 29 CHAPTER 3. X-RAY SPECTROMETRY .................................................................................... 37 NASA Development Contributions ...................................................................................... 30 lunar X-Ray Diffractometer ............................................................................................ 30 lunar X-Ray Spectrograph .............................................................................................. 39 Other Instrument Developments ...................................................................................... A1 NASA Applications Contributions ........................................................................................ 42 Silicate Concentration in Rock Glasses ............................................................................ 42 Analysis of Proton-Irradiated Rock Powders .................................................................. 43 CHAPTER 4. ALPHA-PARTICLE SCATTERING ...................................................................... 45 NASA Development Contributions ... 45 lunar Surface Analyzer .................................................................................................... 45 Martian Atmosphere Analysis .......................................................................................... 55 CHAPTER 5. NEUTRON-ACTIVATION ANALYSIS .............................................................. 57 NASA Development Contributions ta lunar Surface Analyzers ........................................ 57 NASA Applications Contributions to Gamma-Ray Pulse-Height Spectra Analysis ............ 61 V VI ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY INSTRUMENTATION Poge CHAPTER 6 . MASS SPECTROSCOPY .................................................................................... 63 NASA Development Contributions ..................................................................................... 64 Mass Spectrometers for Aeronomy .................................................................................. 64 Mass Spectrometer for Solids .......................................................................................... 65 NASA Applications contributions ........................................................................................ 66 Aeronomy .......................................................................................................................... 66 Anolysis of the lunar Surface and Atmosphere ............................................................ 67 Characterization of Amino Acids .................................................................................... 68 CHAPTER 7 . GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY .............................................................................. 69 NASA Development Contributions ...................................................................................... 70 lunar Gas Chromatograph ............................................................................................. 70 Planetary Gas Chromatographs ...................................................................................... 75 Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ...................................................................... a2 NASA Applications Contributions ........................................................................................ 85 Determination of Micro-Organisms ................................................................................ 85 Characterization of Alkanes ........................................................................................... 86 CHAPTER 8 . NASA DEVELOPMENT CONTRIBUTIONS TO SPECIFIC GAS ANALYZERS .......................................................................................... 87 Oxygen Analyzers ........................................................................................................... 87 Hydrogen Analyzers ................................................................................................. 92 Carbon Dioxide Analyzers .............................................................................................. 93 Water Vapor Analyzers .................................................................................................. 96 CHAPTER 9 . NASA DEVELOPMENT CONTRIBUTIONS TO VACUUM EQUIPMENT ........................................................................................................ 99 Vacuum Gage Control .................................................................................................... 99 Vacuum-Gage Calibration .............................................................................................. 99 McLeod Gage Extension .................................................................................................. 101 Diff usion-Pump Baffle .................................................................................................... 102 Permeability Cells ........................................................................................................... 104 Polymer Screening Apparatus ......................................................................................... 106 CHAPTER 10 . NASA DEVELOPMENT CONTRIEUTIONS
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