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Firmitas Et Splendor. Vitruv Und Die Techniken Des Wanddekors

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Firmitas Et Splendor. Vitruv Und Die Techniken Des Wanddekors Erwin Emmerling, Stefanie Correll, Andreas Grüner, Ralf Kilian (Hrsg.) Firmitas et Splendor. Vitruv und die Techniken des Wanddekors BAUGESCHICHTE KUNSTGESCHICHTE, KUNST UND DESIGN RESTAURIERUNG ARCHITEKTURMUSEUM STUDIEN AUS DEM LEHRSTUHL FÜR RESTAURIERUNG, KUNSTTECHNOLOGIE UND KONSERVIERUNGSWISSENSCHAFT TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT MÜNCHEN • FAKULTÄT FÜR ARCHITEKTUR Diplom-Restaurator Prof. Erwin Emmerling Ordinarius am Lehrstuhl für Restaurierung, Kunsttechnologie und Konservierungswissenschaft an der Technischen Universität München Diplom-Restauratorin Dr. Stefanie Correll Wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin am Lehrstuhl für Restaurierung, Kunsttechnologie und Konservierungswissenschaft der Technischen Universität München Prof. Dr. Andreas Grüner Institut für Klassische Archäologie der Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen Diplom-Restaurator Dr. Ralf Kilian Fraunhofer-Institut für Bauphysik Holzkirchen weitere Informationen: www.rkk.ar.tum.de Firmitas et Splendor. Vitruv und die Techniken des Wanddekors Druck mit freundlicher Unterstützung der Messerschmitt Stiftung München Vorliegende Publikation und das Forschungsprojekt wurden vom Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) gefördert (Förderkennzeichen 01UB0923A; Laufzeit: 1. Juli 2009 – 30. Juni 2012) Lehrstuhl für Restaurierung, Kunsttechnologie und Konservierungswissenschaft Technische Universität München • Fakultät für Architektur Bibliographische Informationen Die Deutsche Bibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek; detaillierte bibliographische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.ddb.de abrufbar Verlag der Anton Siegl Fachbuchhandlung GmbH, Kirchenstrasse 7, 81675 München Layout und Redaktion: Veronika Gromes M.A., Erwin Emmerling, Cristina Thieme und Catharina Blänsdorf Umschlaggestaltung: Prof. Rainer Wittenborn, Michael Lukas Druck: printy, Luisenstr. 49, 80333 München, München 2014 ISBN 978-3-935643-62-7 Erwin Emmerling, Stefanie Correll, Andreas Grüner, Ralf Kilian (Hrsg.) Firmitas et Splendor. Vitruv und die Techniken des Wanddekors Inhalt Vorwort Felix Henke, Laura Thiemann Vitruv über Stuck und Putz – die relevanten Passagen der decem libri de architectura: Übersetzung und Kommentierung ............................................................................................................................................................... 13 Laura Thiemann Kunsttechnologische Untersuchungen antiker Wandmalereien in Rom und Pompeji .......................................127 Christian Kaiser Stuckmörtel nach Pompeijanischem Vorbild: Die Herstellung............................................................................... 167 Laura Thiemann, Katrin Wilhelm Zu den Zuschlägen in den oberen Putzlagen antiker römischer Wandmalerei ....................................................181 Katrin Wilhelm Glanz und Glätte der römischen Wandmalerei. Beispiel der Casa di Obellio Firmo, Pompeji .........................193 Laura Thiemann, Miriam Knechtel, Christina Elsässer, Brigitte Krautenbacher, Katrin Wilhelm, Ralf Kilian Zur Glättung antiker römischer Putze und Rekonstruktion. Workshops zur Experimentellen Archäologie .201 Thomas Reiser Techniken des Raumdekors. Interpretationen von Vitruv 7, 1–4. Von Palladius zu Palladio ............................225 Thomas Reiser Das Kalklöschen nach antiken und rinascimentalen Materietheorien. Anmerkungen zu Vitruv 2, 2 und 2, 5. Von Cesariano und Barbaro zur Fehde Scaligers mit Cardano ...................................................................... 299 Eva Höfl e, Miriam Knechtel Vitruv und das süddeutsche Bauwesen in der Renaissance. Der Stellenwert des Traktates und seine Wirkung auf den Baubetrieb ........................................................................................................................................ 321 Andreas Grüner Licht und Oberfl äche bei Vitruv. Überlegungen zum Status sensualistischer Gestaltungsstrategien in der römischen Architektur ................................................................................................................................................... 415 Vorwort Das Forschungsprojekt „Vitruv und die Techniken des Raumdekors“ wurde über drei Jahre (1. Juli 2009 – 30. Juni 2012) vom Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) gefördert (Förderkennzeichen 01UB0923A). Die Projektleitung oblag dem Lehrstuhl für Restaurierung, Kunsttechnologie und Konservie- rungswissenschaft der Technischen Universität München (Prof. Dipl.-Restaurator Erwin Emmerling). Pro- jektpartner waren das Fraunhofer Institut für Bauphysik in Holzkirchen (Leitung: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Klaus Peter Sedlbauer) und das Institut für Klassische Archäologie der Ludwig Maximilians-Universität München (Prof. Dr. Rolf Michael Schneider). Aus archäologischer Perspektive stellt die Neuübersetzung der Vitruv-Texte ein Desiderat dar. Von grundle- gendem Interesse ist zunächst eine aus der von Vitruv verwendeten Terminologie entwickelte Begriffl ichkeit, die sich auf die aus der Antike überlieferten Befunde anwenden lässt. Zwar existieren hier bereits eine Reihe von Terminologien parallel nebeneinander, die teilweise die von Vitruv verwendeten Bezeichnungen verwen- den, doch sind diese Terminologien uneinheitlich. Darüber hinaus war zu prüfen, inwieweit die von Vitruv beschriebenen Zusammensetzungen von Mörteln und Bodenbelägen tatsächlich in antiken Befunden vorkom- men. Wie formuliert Vitruv seine Hinweise zur Herstellung von Putzen, Mörteln und Bodenbelägen, in welcher Tradition stehen solche Formen der Beschreibungen? Welchen Platz haben sie in der augusteischen Literatur? Welche Genauigkeit ist in diesem Genre zu erwarten? Wie sieht es ferner mit den von Vitruv beschriebenen Qualitätsabstufungen für Wandputze in der realen Ver- wendung aus? Dies ist besonders spannend, da aus keiner anderen Epoche der Antike so viele gut dokumen- tierte Befunde von Raumdekor vorliegen wie aus der augusteischen Zeit. Die Bandbreite der Befunde reicht hier von einfach mit Kalk beworfenen Wänden in den Ställen von Pompeji bis hin zu den Befunden aus den kaiserlichen Villen in Primaporta oder den so genannten Häusern der Livia und des Augustus am Palatin in Rom. Diese Vielfalt unterschiedlich aufwändig gestalteter Wände lässt erwarten, dass sich das gesamte von Vitruv erwähnte Spektrum wieder fi nden lassen müsste. An dieser Stelle sind vor allem die Kompetenzen der Restauratoren gefragt, die die Befunde mit Wissen über die Herstellungstechniken, den antiken Quellen und aktuellen naturwissenschaftlichen Analysemethoden in Verbindung bringen können. Ziel des Forschungsprojektes war eine deutsche Neuübersetzung der Beschreibung der Putz-, Stuck- und Wandmalereitechnik von Vitruvs De Architectura, mit den Schwerpunkten auf Buch II, VII und VIII. Diese Arbeiten übernahm Herr Felix Henke in Zusammenarbeit mit Frau Dipl.-Restauratorin Laura Thiemann. In die Übersetzung wurden Erkenntnisse der archäologischen, kunsttechnologischen und naturwissenschaftlichen Forschungen einbezogen. Weitere Themen wurden interdisziplinär (Restaurierung, Kunsttechnologie, Baufor- schung, Archäologie und Philologie) behandelt: Literaturrecherche zu Befunden an Putzen und Stuckdeko- rationen, den verwendeten Werkzeugen und zu den Werkzeugspuren. Studien über römische kaiserzeitliche Villen und vergleichende Studien an provinzialrömischen Befunden klären die Arbeitstechniken und deren Materialien. Weiterer Schwerpunkt der Forschungsarbeiten war die Rezeptionsgeschichte des Vitruv-Textes in der Renaissance und Folgezeit – Dipl.-Restauratorin Eva Höfl e (Lst. für Restaurierung, Kunsttechnologie und Konservierungswissenschaft, Technische Universität München) und Dipl.-Ing. Miriam Knechtel verfassten die entsprechende Studie. Dankbar sind wir in diesem Zusammenhang Herrn Prof. Dr. Dipl.-Ing. Manfred Schul- ler, Lehrstuhl für Bauforschung der Technischen Universität München, der die wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin Miriam Knechtel nicht nur für diese Arbeiten freistellte, sondern das Forschungsprojekt auch ansonsten ent- scheidend förderte. Workshops zur Rekonstruktion der antiken Stucktechniken fanden in Zusammenarbeit mit der Studienwerk- stätte der Akademie der Bildenden Künste München unter der Leitung von Herrn Stukkateurmeister Stephan George statt, dessen Können und Geschick das Forschungsprojekt vieles verdankt. Teilnehmer an diesen Workshops waren Studierende des Lehrstuhls für Restaurierung der Technischen Universität und des Lehr- stuhls für Klassische Archäologie der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München. Besonders engagiert haben sich in diesen Workshops aber auch für das gesamte Forschungsprojekt Frau Christina Elsässer, Frau Brigitte Krautenbacher, Frau Katrin Wilhelm und Herr Christian Kaiser. Alle genannten Studierenden verfassten auch Beiträge in der vorliegenden Publikation. Bei einer Tagung am 13. und 14. Juli 2012 im Museum für Abgüsse Klassischer Bildwerke, Haus der Kulturinstitute, Katharina-von-Bora-Straße, München wurden die angefertig- ten Rekonstruktionen vorgestellt und von den Teilnehmern kritisch kommentiert. Die Leiterin des Museums für Abgüsse Klassischer Bildwerke, Frau Dr. Ingeborg Kader, unterstützte unser Vorhaben in freundlichster Weise und auch den Mitarbeitern des Museums, Herrn Roy Hessing und Herrn Horst Ziegler sind wir zu Dank verpfl ichtet. Die fi lmische Dokumentation unserer Rekonstruktionen übernahm Herr Dr. Clemens Schmidlin, ars medianda, Stuttgart. Zahlreiche Hinweise, anregende Diskussionen und den Zugang zu den Denkmälern und deren Archivalien
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