VOLUME: 6SUMMER, 2006 Moreon The Capitoline Museumand Dioscorides’ the Castellani Collection

Etruscan by AntonellaMagagnini CuratoreArcheologo,Musei Capitolini

Herbs OnDecember 23, 2005, theCapitoline Museums,after along effort coordinated by by JohnScarborough AnnaMuraSommella, Director of theMusei University of Wisconsin Capitolini,andagreat financialcommitment, wereenriched by anew wing,focused on a Inhis “AnEtruscanHerbal?” ( Etruscan largelight-filled, glassed-in hall in the spaces News,5[Winter, 2006]),KyleP. Johnson previously occupied by theRomanGardenof makes someinteresting points regarding the thePalazzodeiConservatori. Theoriginal manuscript traditions that include alternative bronzeequestrian statueof Marcus Aurelius names for theplants andherbs in Dioscorides’ has finally foundits worthy homein this piaz- Materiamedica. 1 It was beyond the scopeof za-like space, along with thelargebronzes Johnson’s briefintroductory note, however, donated by Sixtus IVto theRomanpeoplein andhence it is thegoalof this article, to sug- Pimpernel,from the ViennaDioscurides 1472. From this hall onecanmarvelat the gest how and why these synonyms,not (WikimediaCommons) enormous,imposing remains of thefounda- included by Dioscorides in his original work, 2 5 tions of theTempleof Jupiter Capitoline enter themanuscript history,andmoreimpor- inal work. revealed by recent archaeologicalexcava- tantly, why thesenames might indicateapar- Inestablishing his Greek text of the tions. ticularly Etruscanherbalism. Materiamedica,Max Wellmann pulled most In thegalleries next to the so-called The synonym-lists werecompiled separate- of thealternativenomenclatures from the “Giardino Romano” areexhibited the various ly by lexicographers,collectors of words in main text,andplaced themas part of his collections. The renewed Galleriadegli Horti what we wouldcall “dictionaries” on dis- apparatus criticus with thedesignation RV. It and thenearby galleries feature the sculptures parate subjects,including the vocabularies of is among these “alternativenames” that one that once adorned theluxurious Imperial resi- medicineand related disciplines.3 As scribes finds theEtruscan terms for someplants and dences and their parks andgardens; these copied and re-copied the Materiamedica, herbs. Theseare, indeed, remnants of what came tolight in thecourseof excavations of sometimes rearranging Dioscorides’ original couldbecalled an “Etruscanherbal:” bits sur- the secondhalf of the19thc. in theareas of format (called by Riddlea“drugaffinity sys- viving from lexicographers’ hungry searchfor theQuirinal,Viminal,andEsquilinehills. The tem”), 4 those scribes attached portions of the arcane words,aliterary genre that flourished 6 Castellani Collection,given to theCapitoline separate synonym-lists to the text itself,and throughout thecenturies, and whichis with Museums by AugustoCastellani,awell- over thecenturies thealternativenames fre- us today. knowngoldsmithandcollector in Romein quently wandered into thebody of the work Wellmann lists sixteenEtruscan words that Top:Aristonothos Crater with the blinding 7 themid- tolate19thc.,is now displayed in itself. With theadvent of printed editions in appear in the RV, but significantly the three galleries adjacent to thelargeglassed-in of the Cyclops Polyphemos,and the theRenaissance, anumber of theearliest Etruscan terms areonly oneof twenty-six lan- hall according tomaterial type, adivision that artist’s signature. From Cerveteri. 7th printed versions simply replicated thecom- guages recorded by Pamphilus andother lexi- Castellani himself established. century B.C.Rome,Capitoline Museum. positeGreek texts (or theLatin translations of cographers. Etruscan––by comparison with As is well known,AugustoCastellani put thosemanuscripts) so that medical students the “Roman,” “words of the[Egyptian] together over thecourseof severaldecades a Bottom:Aristonothos Crater withabattle andprofessors of pharmacology in the seers,” “Egyptian,” “Gallic,” “Dacian,” and between a war ship and amerchant ship. 8 richcollection of objects covering a wide Renaissance universities oftenlearned all of others –– is a tiny fraction of the terminolo- chronological range, from themost important 7thcentury B.C.Rome,Capitoline thenames as if they had beenpart of theorig- [See “ Herbs ” on page9] archaeological sites of Etruria, Latium,and Museum. MagnaGraecia. The 700 or soobjects given by Castellani to themuseumincluded alarge originalcontext; recent researchcarried out quantity of pottery,bothimported from on related objects,however,has made it pos- Greece andlocally made. In thefirst gallery a sible toidentify someof theproduction cen- number of these vases aredisplayed in ters. chronologicalorder,allowing the visitor to Other collections of the19thc. include that follow thedevelopment of Greekproduction of theMuseoArtisticoIndustriale, conceived from the 7th to the4thc. B.C. through impor- by AugustoCastellani andhis brother tant and well-preserved examples. TheAttic Alessandroalong withother important figures vases,in particular,areimportant for an of 19thc. culturein Rome, on themodelof understanding of thehistory and theartistic similar museums in London andParis. The production of thecraftsmen,not only of new display includes afew noteworthy exam- Greekculturebut alsoofcontemporary cul- ples of Attic vases from thearchaeological tures in theMediterranean. section of this richcollection, whichcame to The secondgallery exhibits locally pro- themuseumin the1950s. duced ceramics from thenecropoleis of the Alsoonexhibit is theoinochoefrom major Etruscancities as well as from the Tragliatella(Cerveteri),given to themuseum tombs of Latiumand theFaliscanTerritory, in 1964inmemory of TommasoTittoni,a e.g. CivitaCastellana. Unfortunately,even Roman statesmanandcollector of theendof more thanfor theGreek vases,Castellani the19thc. Theinterpretation of thefigures on avoided recording their exact provenance or [See “ Castellani” on page9] Letters to theEditors To theEditors: At the timeof writing my article “A PossibleSouthEtruscanTombGroup,” A r t i c l e s (EtruscanNews 5)I was unawareof two recent articles by Jennifer Neils whichdis- cussed thebirdaskos now in theCleveland TheStudy of Etruscan books,on theprophecies of VegoiaandTages. edgeof the subject from his ownexperiences Museum. Thefirst is entitled “Herclein Alsoin this category are themany shadowy as anaugur of state religion. Cleveland” ( ClevelandStudies in theHistory Religion figures who arementioned as being consulted This first-century Romandebateis of of Art,1998 pg. 6-21), the secondappears in Excerpt from theIntroduction to for advice by theRomans, the soothsaying course sophisticated andprobably shows the CVA (USA35,ClevelandMuseumofArt TheReligion of theEtruscans priests or haruspices ,as for example, some thought patterns well beyondany pres- 2, 2000). In these works,Neils refers to the Umbricius Melior,described as “most ent in Etruscan religious teaching. Quintus stylisticconnection between theCleveland by Nancy T.deGrummond skilled,” theEarly Imperial soothsayer of Cicero supports credence in divination from askos, theother pieces I mention in my article Galba. Sullahad his haruspex Postumius,and the standpoint of Stoicphilosophy,and Inantiquity the study of and theorizing and severalother ItalianGeometric vases. thefamous Spurinna tried to warnCaesar Marcus Cicero, while rejecting actualfaithin about Etruscan religion was already well These shouldbeincluded in any bibliography about theIdes of March. Theremust have divination,in theendadmits theimportance developed, with scholarship that wemay dis- for theitems. beenmany moreRomanized Etruscans of traditional rites andceremonies solely for tributeinto three main categories:canonical involved in thesepursuits (thereareafew politicalaims. Hehas great contempt for most texts,philosophical treatises,and AngelaMurockHussein more suchfigures whosenames alonehave divinatory practices andheaps scorn upon,for historical/antiquarian writings. comedown to us),for weknow that as agen- example, theimportant Etruscan revelation TheCanonicalTexts eralprinciple, theRomans thought the mythof thepropheticchildTages. What is There were studies of themany different Etruscan teachings tobe soimportant that most important in the treatisefor our purpos- Etruscan texts having todo with the Etrusca they had apractice of sending their sons to es is theabundant evidence about theprinci- disciplina , that body of originalEtruscan reli- Etruria to study this ancient lore. palEtruscanmethods of divining,by reading gious literaturedescribing PhilosophicalTexts of entrails andby interpretation of lightning. thecosmos and the Theforegoing individuals wehavemen- When wecan sort theseout from Roman Underworld, as well as tioned may be recognized as realpractitioners interpolation, wehave someof themost prescribing various rituals of Etruscanor Etruscan-style religion,andas meaningful reports from antiquity on and ways tointerpret andact such they had their ownbias. Our second Etruscanpractices. upon messages from thegods. The division is related, but it manifests adifferent The treatiseof Seneca, Quaestiones natu- names of the texts that have survived approach:intellectuals withaconcernfor phi- rales , written shortly beforehis deathin 65 include the Libri rituales , Librifatales , losophy. Thereis no more significant surviv- CE,alsopromotes philosophy but is fascinat- Libride fulguratura (“on lightning”) and ing text for the study of Etruscan religious ing for its sympatheticpresentation of the LibriAcheruntici (concerning Acheron,i.e., practice than the treatiseon divination by point of view of Etruscanpriests. We havea theUnderworld),as well as books named Cicero, writtenaround the timeof thedeathof clear statement of thecontrast of thought after the twoprincipalEtruscanprophets, who Caesar,ca. 44 BCE. In Dedivinatione Cicero between the two sides,in thefamous declara- werecalled Tages andVegoiain Latin: Libri presents a vividdebateon the reliability of tion that “this is thedifference between us Tagetici and LibriVegontici . BothEtruscans divination in its various manifestations, with [philosophers]and theEtruscans, who have andRomans wereinvolved in this study, theprincipalinterlocutors represented as his consummate skill in interpreting lightning: whichincluded translating andinterpreting brother Quintus andhimself. Theevidence we think that becauseclouds collide, light- theold texts and teaching them toappropriate This askos from the Cleveland Museum presented on both sides is all themoreinter- ning is emitted; but they think theclouds col- individuals. Thepractitioners of this typeof of Art is the subject of Jennifer Neils’ two esting becauseCicerohad intimateknowl- lide in order that lightning may be emitted.” study perhaps relate to their materialina articles.The centralpanel was thought manner similar to that of theJewishandEarly by Frank Brommer to represent the myth Christian scholars who studied, taught,and of Herakles and the CyrenaianHind. If ETRUSCAN NEWS commented on their religious literature. the attribution is correct, this would be Unfortunately, weknow solittleof these EditorialBoard, Issue#6,May 2006 the earliest representation of that myth. writings and teachings that weare unable to discern what,if any,may havebeen their the- President of theU.S. LarissaBonfante [email protected] To theEditors: ologicalconcerns or what debates may have Section of theIstitutodi Classics Department Igaveapaper for AIAC in May (whichis enlivened their encounters. Further,it is a StudiEtruschi ed Italici, New YorkUniversity of courselisted in EN!). Theneatest thing was perennialfrustration in studies of Etruscan ex officio 25Waverly Place that AlessandroNasoknew who I was,and religion that littleabout Etruscanpropheticor New York,NY10003 gavemeavery kindintroduction,based on priestly texts canbe confidently traced back EtruscanNews. So thank you! earlier than thefirst century BCE, whenin Editor-in-Chief JaneWhitehead [email protected] fact Etruscancivilization had becomefully ModernandClassicalLanguages Hilary Becker submerged in thedominant Romanculture. ValdostaStateUniversity Among thenames that have survived are Valdosta, GA 31698 To theEditors: individuals who lived in thefirst century Congratulations on thelatest EN- splendid! BCE, suchas Aulus Caecinafrom Volterra, LanguagePageEditor Rex Wallace [email protected] It looks really good. I was particularly inter- friendof Cicero, who wrote DeEtrusca disci- Classics Department ested in theherbal refs on thefront page, fol- plina ,apublication that has beendescribed as University of Massachusetts lowing our researchintoGalen’s ointment for a “major event” in theintellectuallifeof the Amherst,MA 01003 Olympicathletes withblackeyes. But I look LateRepublic; theadmired anderudite forward to reading it all,and thank you very Nigidius Figulus, who composed books on Editor for theFellows Elizabethde G. Colantoni [email protected] muchfor including the sistrum. I hope some- dreams,privateaugury,divining from entrails Classics Department onemight come up with somecomments. andabrontoscopiccalendar (thelatter surviv- Oberlin College ing in aGreek translation)andTarquitius Oberlin. OH44074 JudithSwaddling Priscus,friendof Varro,known tohave writ- TheBritishMuseum tenan OstentariumTuscum ,atranslation of Book Review Editor Francescode Angelis [email protected] anEtruscan workonprodigies and signs,as Art History andArchaeology well as abook on prognosticating from trees. ColumbiaUniversity Addendum Tarquitius alsoproduced a translation of the New York,NY10027 We want to thank AliciaDillon for thepho- cosmicprophecies of thenymph Vegoia, a Submissions,news,pictures,or other materialappropriate to this newsletter may be sent to tograph of theArchaeologicalTours group fragment of whichhas survived. Another fig- any of theeditors listed above. Theemail address is preferred. For submission guidelines, published in EtruscanNews 5,on page 2, urein this category is Cornelius Labeo, whose see EtruscanNews 3 (2003) 9. Nominations for membership in theSection may be sent to andapologizefor failing tocredit her at that dateis unknownbut who seems tohave writ- LarissaBonfanteat theaboveaddress. time. ten translations andcommentaries,in fifteen Page 2 Infact, weknow littleabout theEtruscan other gods beside Jupiter,for example, Vertumnus,andinterestingly has thegod studies of thenatural sciences,but thepassage MinervaandJuno, wereallowed to throw change sex toappear as anold womanin the in Seneca tends toconfirm suspicions that lightning bolts. It was Varro who provided the story of thecourtship of Pomona( Meta . their observation of naturalphenomena was famous andprecious reference toVertumnus as 14.623-771). His calendar in the Fasti , replete P a s t C o n f e r e n c e s carried out with religious premises andcon- the “principalgodof Etruria” ( Delingua withloreof early religion in Rome, is relevant clusions. Latina 5.46). but must be used withcaution,bothbecause the Historical/AntiquarianTexts He was of coursefrequently quoted by other poet is sometimes inaccuratein his citations Athirdand rather different brandof scholar- antiquarians, suchas Pliny theElder (d. 79 (andhedoes not tell his sources) andbecause AIAC Presentations in ship is that of thehistorians,philologists,and CE), who drew from him information about the thematerialon theEtruscans is certainly col- Rome antiquarians. Livy (d. 12 or 17 CE) transmitted decoration of Etruscan shrines,in his book on ored by theRomancontext. Ofcourse, all the agreat dealofinformation in his narratives of painting andmodeling sculpture( HN 35.154), poeticliterature—of Vergil,Propertius,Ovid, TwoMeetings of AIAC,Associazione Roman/Etruscanpolitics and war, suchas in andabout the tombof Porsenna, in his section andothers—must be read critically as just that, InternazionalediArcheologiaClassica, were his frequent references to theEtruscanfederal on building stones andarchitecture( HN richinallusions, sometimes created for the heldin the spring of 2006. Since 2000 the sanctuary of the shrineof Voltumna(3.23.5, 36.91). Pliny included agoodbit of Etruscan occasion by thepoet andnot necessarily Association has beenorganizing monthly 25.7, 61.2; 5.17.6; 6.2.2). Verrius Flaccus, the materialinhis encyclopedic HistoriaNaturalis reflecting Etruscanbeliefor practice. meetings in the various nationalarchaeologi- tutor of thegrandsons of Augustus, wrotea as part of his goalofbeing compendious,and After this, wecannoteacrowdof later calinstitutes topermit young scholars,doctor- treatiseon Etruscanmatters ( Libri rerum in this way hepreserved many interesting frag- Romanpolymaths who took aninterest in al researchers,grant recipients,etc., topresent Etruscarum ) that has not survived, but wedo ments of information from various sources, Etruscanculture, probably most often using their workand tomeet eachother. have someof his observations as preserved in suchas loreabout signs from thebirds in his someof the writers wehavealready cited. theepitomeby Festus of his De significatu ver- sections on zoology; he refers toanillustrated Festus (secondcentury CE),as noted, prepared Thefirst meeting took place on January 23 borum , whichcontained rareandobsolete Etruscan treatise( HN 10.28, 30, 33, 35-49). anepitomeof Verrius Flaccus,and this was in at theSwedishInstituteon the subject words andaccompanying archaicantiquarian Among theantiquarians wemay alsoclassi- turnepitomized by Paulus Diaconus in the “Nasconderelaprofonditànella superficie.” lore. Vitruvius,apracticing architect of the fy selected Latin poets who drew on early eighthcentury. ThegrammarianCensorinus Themoderator was HelgaDiGiuseppe. The timeof Augustus,has left apreciseaccount of RomanandEtruscanantiquities for one reason (thirdcentury CE) wroteon a wide rangeof speakers and topics were: the theoreticalandpracticalaspects of building or another,during that periodof thefirst centu- topics suchas theorigin of humanlifeand JoséCarlos Sánchez Pardo(Scuola andlocating anEtruscan temple( Dearchitec- ry BCE when wedetect somuchother activity time. Theindefatigableandgenerally trustwor- Spagnola), Territorio epopolamento tra tura 1.7.1-2,4.7). regarding Etruscan religion. Vergil,exposed to thy Servius (fourthcentury CE)has left an Antichitàeil Pieno Medioevo:analisi Thepureantiquarians areespecially useful. Etruscanculturein his nativeMantua, has left abundance of observations on theEtruscans in spazialeeGIS. They wereintrigued with thepast and record- us his stirring description of the warrior priest his commentary on Vergil’s works. He took a OlafSatijn (IstitutoOlandese), Asocio- ed information objectively about Etruscan reli- from Pisa, Asilas, skilled in theinterpretation great interest in augurallore, and though hedid economicandpoliticallandscapearchaeolo- gion out of curiosity. A great variety of of all the signs from thegods,embracing not always refer directly to theEtruscans,his gy of transition: southernLazio from thelate Etruscan topics was treated by themost learned entrails, the stars,birds,andlightning ( Aeneid comments are usefulinaugmenting our knowl- Romanperiod toincastellamento. of all Romans,Varro(116-127 BCE), ranging 10.246-254). edgeof this important branchofEtruscan reli- DuniaFilippi (UniversitàdiRoma “La from thepractice of sacrificing apig for a ritu- No text from theRomans is moreimportant gious praxis. Macrobius (probably fifthcentury Sapienza”), IlVelabroeleorigini delForo. alpact ( De re rustica 2.4.9), to theEtruscan rite for studying Etruscandivinity than thepoemof CE), whose Saturnalia is apotpourriofanti- for laying out acity ( Etruscus ritus; Delingua theUmbrianPropertius about the statueof quarian, scientific, andespecially philological The secondmeeting took place on March Latina 5.143). He wroteatreatiseon human Vertumnus set upinRome(4.2). It expresses lore, provides in his dilettante’s way little 6, 2006,at theVillaLante, theInstitutum anddivinematters of antiquity (i.e., what was vividly theEtruscan tendency tobe vagueor nuggets of Etruscaninformation,for example, RomanumFinlandiae, on the subject“Orare ancient at that time, 47 BCE), theloss of which ambivalent about thegender andother charac- on the useof the sacred bronzeplow in found- et donare.” Vincent Jolivet was themodera- is most unfortunate. It contained fascinating teristics of aparticular deity. ing acity ( Sat . 5.19.13) or on thegoodomen tor. Thepapers delivered were; materialon theloreof lightning, suchas that Ovid, too,has related themythof seenin the wool of sheep whenit was natural- SophieHelas (Deutsches ly tinted purpleor golden( Sat . 3.7.2). Finally, Archaeologisches Institut Rom), Santuari wemay include in this groupArnobius,a puniciaSelinunte. rhetoricianandChristianconvert living in LetiziaCeccarelli (CambridgeUniversity), Africa in thelatefourthandearly fifthcentury Materiale votivodietà’medio-repubblicana Lettertoour Readers CE, who assembled his text intelligently from da Ardea Dear Readers, other sources,as shownby his passage quoting Antonio Ferrandes (UniversitàdiRoma Varroon thegroupgods suchas thePenates “LaSapienza”), Ceramica e santuari urbani. With this issue wehope toestablishadifferent andmore regular rhythm to theappearance recognized by theEtruscans ( Adv. nat., 3.40). Produzione, distribuzioneeconsumo diman- of EtruscanNews. Anabsolutely singular caseis that of ufatticeramiciaRoma traIVeIII secolo We areextremely pleased with theenthusiastic reception of EtruscanNews 5. We received Martianus Capella. He, too,flourished in the a.C.:il contributodeidepositi votivi. many compliments on thecontents of theissue: onecolleague remarked that wearemanag- atmosphereof NorthAfrica in thefifthcentury, Internet:http://www.aiac.or g ing tocombine theimmediacy of anewspaper with the scholarly materialofajournal. leaving as his chief workacompendious Contatti:[email protected] g Theimmediacy is evenmore served by our new interactive web site, EtruscanNews pedanticallegory on themarriageof Mercury Online (www.umass.edu/etruscannews), which serves as aplace for people topresent works andPhilology ( Denuptiis Mercurii et in progress,andas aforumfor discussions of issues andarticles. Themore recent volumes Philologiae). Regarded as eccentric, tedious, New YorkArchaeological of EtruscanNews canbe accessed herein PDF format; all of the volumes areavailablein this and superficialinits discourseon the sevenlib- Consortium sameformat on the web siteof theCenter for Ancient Studies (www.nyu.edu/fas/center/ eralarts, the text of Martianus is nonetheless of ancientstudies) at NYU. We plan toadd anIndex for issues 1-6 soon. thegreatest importance for Etruscan studies. It TheCenter for Archaeology at Columbia On the scholarly side, wearehappy topresent articles on Etruscanglosses by two well- contains the singlemost significant text in University has renewed theNew York knowninternational scholars,John Scarborough andDominiqueBriquel. Thesearticles take Latin for understanding theEtruscanpantheon ArchaeologicalConsortium,in whichgradu- up the subject from very different points of view,and represent anexampleof thekindof fol- andcosmos (1.45-61). Martianus sets the stage ate students andfaculty in Art History, low-up that wehope toinspire: the subject of glosses was raised by in thefront-pagearticle for the wedding of Mercury andPhilology by Classics,andAnthropology holdopendiscus- by KyleJohnson on apossibleEtruscanherbalin EtruscanNews 5. sending out invitations togods all around the sions of their current researchprojects. The Although EtruscanNews will now be freely availableon line, many people, including sky,andhedepicts themas inhabiting sixteen main objectiveof the recent event, which took libraries,prefer thenewsprint version. We ourselves arefondof this format,and will contin- main divisions. place Friday,March 24, was todivulgecur- ue toprint the edizionecartacea (welike that word). We hopeof course that you will contin- Scholars are united in regarding this number rent researchprojects and toestablishcontacts ue to send us contributions for your subscriptions. Inany casepleasebe sure to send us your as aclue that Martianus was following the betweenalumni andfaculty of different col- email addresses,either by contacting oneof us directly or communicating with us by way of Etruscan systemofdividing the sky (cf. Cicero, leges within thecity. The topics presented the web site, so that wecanknow our readership andplan toaddress their interests. We hope Dediv . 2.18.42),andhavefound that the involved thefields of anthropology,archaeol- tocontinue toinform you of interesting programs at homeandabroad, including our own. schemeagrees in some striking details with that ogy,art history,history of architecture, and Pleaselet us know your thoughts, your interests,and your plans. other famous document of theEtruscancos- history of religion. mos, thebronzemodelofa sheep’s liver from For moreinformation contact Carola Withbest wishes, Piacenza. The useof deities who may be read- GarciaManzano,CCA ProgramCoordinator, ily equated with well-knownEtruscangods, at [email protected] LarissaBonfante, lb1 [email protected] along withdivinities who arecompletely JaneWhitehead, [email protected] obscurein Roman religion, suggests that we may indeed havehereareflection of anorigi- [See “ Conferences ” on page8] nalEtruscandoctrine. Page 3 L a n g u a g e P a g e

Notes on anInscribed 3. Etruscaninscriptions are Community at Poggio Civitate,” Etruscan cited from Rix et al. 1991 =(ET) Studies 7 (2000)109–112. Kyathos from Cerveteri andfrom Wallace, Shamgochian, Wallace, Rex,MichaelShamgochian& andPatterson 2004-2006 = by Rex Wallace James Patterson. 2004-2006, EtruscanTexts (ETP). University of Massachusetts Amherst Project Online ,etp.classics.umass.edu . 4. Wallace (in press). Colonna Amherst,MA:University of Massachusetts Over adecade ago,MariaAntoniettaRizzo 2005: 331 reads this section of Amherst. andMauroCristofani published anEtruscan theinscription in adifferent Wallace, Rex. (Inpress). “Etruscan inscription incised on theconicalbaseof a manner: pai º ina Ç e[. His reading Inscriptions on Fragments of Bucchero kyathos from a tomb(no. 1)excavated in the cannot be correct,however. Kyathoi Recovered at Poggio Civitate,” Studi Thereis no doubt that theletter locality of SanPaolo (Cerveteri).1 The Etruschi 71. kyathos was recovered brokenintofragments, that he takes tobe a Ç is in fact but conservators were successfulin restoring an " " thecup to something close toits original state. 5. NeilsenandTuck 2001:44, Theinscription, which was incised in a spiral 50-55. EtruscanGlosses around theconicalfoot of thecup, survived in 6. See Schulze-Thulin 1992: good shape, except for twoplaces. Twoletters 180. by DominiqueBriquel aremissing at thebeginning,andafew letters 7. For discussion of thedistri- bution of theseletters on Ernout used to speakof “thepoverty of the aremissing about two-thirds of the way 1 through theinscription. Cristofani recon- Baseof the Poggio Civitatekyathos (Drawing by Dylan inscriptions from the information that has comedown to us.” This structed the text of theinscription as follows: DeWitt) Orientalizing period see poverty is further accentuated by thefact that, BagnascoGianni 1993. though particular aspects of theEtruscan vocabulary are relatively well represented in [mi] ˜ i venelpai º inå [s mu]luvnice Thesefacts conspire to suggest that the 8. Theonly other inscription with this com- the very limited totalnumber of glosses that family nameon the kyathos recovered at San bination of letterforms is ETCr 0.1, which was incised on akyathos recovered from the havecomedown to us, they arenot necessar- Given that this inscriptionis adedication, Paolo be completed as pai º ina[ie] or Tomba Calabresi at Cerveteri. ily those that we wouldconsider themost anexceedingly common epigraphic typein pai º ina[ies] rather than pai º ina[s] and that 9. The twoinscribed kyathoi weredis- important for our understanding of thelan- 2 archaicEtruscan, theforms restored by theinscription be restored as in (2). Thefam- cussed by Colonna 2005: 332,but he took the guage. Twenty-four out of the 60 or sogloss- ily nameon theSanPaolo inscription would Cristofani arein no way controversial. He family names tobe pai º ina- , whichis impos- es,almost 45%,concern two specific sectors observes that the verbform [mu]luvnice is thenfindaperfect match with thefamily siblefor theinscriptionon thePoggio Civitate of thelexicon:names of themonths and missing a vowelin theante-penultimate sylla- nameon the kyathos recovered at Poggio 2 kyathos . Thecups andinscriptions canbe con- botanical terms. bleand that it shouldbeemended to 9 Civitate. nected only if thefamily nameon theSan In theformer category areindications of the [mu]luvnice. Andhepoints out that the names of eight months of the year,from Paolo kyathos is restored as pai º ina[ie(s)] . family name pai º ina[s] may be compared to March toOctober.3 Theseareincluded in a [mi]ni venelpai º ina[ie(s) Colonnaalsonotes that ETP4from Vetulonia, very late source, themedievalcompilation of pai º unas , whichis foundat Volsinii (ETVs mu]luvnice of whichonly a small fragment remains ( [–– theeighth-century Liber Glossarum or “book 3.4),and to pai º nas , whichis attested at Vulci (ETP196) –]e p[–––] ),could well belong to this of glosses.” Its information was taken up 3 samegroup. (ETVc 2.41). It turns out,however, that a again –– with theexception of themonthof If thefamily nameon theSanPaolo 10. Colonna 2005: 332. muchmorecompelling comparandum exists. April, Cabreas , whichdoes not appear here kyathos is restored as pai º ina[ie(s)] ,it is pos- 11. Tuck 2000:111. Thefamily name pai º inaie was incised on a –– by anevenmore recent collection,Papias’ sible toconnect the twoinscribed kyathoi and fragment of theconicalbaseof a kyathos Elementarium ,aglossary of themiddleof the speculatealong thelines offered by Colonna R EFERENCES recently recovered at Poggio Civitate(ETP 11thcentury. 10 4 in his noteon thePoggio Civitate kyathos . The Liber Glossarum is comprised of a 353). Formally, pai º inaie is aderivativein - Agostininani,Luciano. Le ‘iscrizioni par- First of all,members of the sameimmediate series of 116 words dealing with the terms for ie built from thepatronymicbase *pai º ena- , lanti’dell’Italiaantica (Florence 1981). family,perhaps brothers,perhaps father and themonths in different languages. Theseare theancestor of theforms attested at Vulciand BagnascoGianni,Giovanna, “Aproposito son,had these twocups inscribed. Second, a always introduced with the same standardfor- Volsinii and, according toCristofani,of the di trekyathoi in buccheroa rilievo,” member of the pai º ina[ie(s)] family from mula: “N:X- orumlinguaNmensisdicitur.” 4 . formon theSanPaolo kyathos . Produzioneartigianaleedesportazionenel Caere was in contact with the residents of the In this manner aregivenare thenames of the The similarities between these twoinscrip- mondoantico—ilbuccheroetrusco (Milano, Orientalizing complex at Poggio Civitateand months among theHebrews ( Hebraeorumlin- tions and thebuccheroceramicon which they 10-11maggio 1990) (Milano 1993) 207-216. had afinely decorated andinscribed kyathos gua ), theEgyptians ( Aegyptorumlingua ), the wereincised may rundeeper thananetymo- —,cat. no.,II.D.1.1,in Sgubini Moretti, Syrians ( Syrorumlingua ), theCappadocians logical relationship connecting thefamily sent thereas agift. We might imaginean AnnaMaria, ed., Veio,Cerveteri,Vulci. Città ( Cappadocumlingua ), theEtruscans names. The kyathos from Poggio Civitate was exchangeof gifts tocement politicalor eco- d’Etruriaaconfronto . Catalogo dellaMostra ( Tuscorumlingua, often variously writtenas not alocally produced product; thebucchero nomic ties, whichis anintriguing idea given Roma 2001)166-67. Tucorum,Tuquorum,Turcorumlingua ), the fragments of this cupare unlikeother buc- thegeographicaldistance between the two Colonna, Giovanni, “Ager Clusinus: Athenians (with thedesignation Thenerum 5 communities. Thereis alsoanother,more Murlo.” StudiEtruschi 70, REE 51 (2005) cheroproducts produced at the site. The lingua in the Liber Glossarum,Teucrum, or intriguing,possibility that deserves tobe men- 331-332. kyathos is, therefore, animport andone that Teucrorumlingua in Papias), the tioned. The kyathos from Poggio Civitate was Nielsen,Erik andAnthony Tuck, “An may well havebeenmade in a workshop at Macedonians ( Macedonumlingua ), the recovered from the remains of the so-called Orientalizing PeriodComplex at Poggio Caere. Consider the similarities:(1)The Bithynians ( Bithiniensiumlingua ), the OC3/TripartiteBuilding. We might imagine, Civitate,” EtruscanStudies (2001)8.35-63. Poggio Civitate kyathos and theSanPaolo Perinthians ( Perinthiorumlingua ), the if theTripartiteBuilding at Poggio Civitate Rix,Helmut et alii. EtruskischeTexte. kyathos wereincised withdedicatory inscrip- Byzantines ( Bizantinorumlingua ),and those had a religious function, 11 that this cup was Editio minor . Bd. I. Einleitung,Konkordanz, tions in sinistroversedirection spiraling designated as Greek( Hellenorumlingua ). offered as a votivededication to thedeity or Indices; II. Texte . (Tübingen1991). around theconicalbases of thecups. (2) Both Onecan thus reconstitute11 lists of names of deities worshipped there. Rizzo,M. A. &MauroCristofani, “Un inscriptions haveObject -Subject -Verb word themonths; among thesefigurealist of kyathos ealtri vasiiscrittidale tombe oriental- order, whichis relatively rarein this typeof Etruscan terms, reduced toeight, witha F OOTNOTES izzantidiSanPaolo aCerveteri,” Bolletino text.6 (3) Inbothinscriptions theletter sequence beginning in March–– thebegin- d’ArtedelMinistroper iBeni Culturali e gamma has theformofa shepherd’s staff, P , ning of the year according to theancient 1. Rizzo&Cristofani 1993. Theinscription Ambientali 82 (1993)1-10. and theletter theta is a small circle without Roman system–andending with themonth was alsopublished in Sgubini Moretti 2001: Schulze-Thulin,Britta, “Zur Worstellung 7 of October, the tenthmonthofa year begin- any internalpunctuation, O . This combina- 166-167. im Etruskischen,” SE 58 (1992)177-195. ning in January. tion of letters is a rarity on Etruscaninscrip- 2. For this variety of ‘iscrizioneparlante’, Tuck,Anthony, “Architectureand This is not theonly instance of a truncated tions from this early period. 8 see Agostiniani 1981. Page 4 list –only theCappadocianandByzantine quarianinterested in the year andits divisions lists arecomplete. Theselists also quiteclear- had collected these, no doubt in a source on ly haveerrors. For theEtruscanlist,onecan the subject of the Etruscandisciplina and share apriori the skepticismof theEnglish moreprecisely in the ritualbooks, libri rit- M u s e u m N e w s scholar,J.F. Mountford,5 who carefully uales , whichcouldhavelisted themarranged recorded thesemistakes, toward (H)ermius as according to their place in thecalendar.10 a termfor August,because EJ rmaios is the This series of glosses,in spiteof the very nance. Archaeologists havelong argued that nameof aGreekmonth(November in the latedateof the texts in which they occur, MFAhead plans Rome trip this is agiveaway that the works wereexca- Byzantinelist),and thegodHermes,for could thus havepreserved relatively trustwor- todiscuss disputed works vated and smuggled from Italy –a violation whom it is named, does not have this namein thy information on this particular aspect of the of a1939Italianlaw. Etruscan; thegod who corresponds tohim and Etruscanlanguage. by Geoff Edgers In thepast,museums havelargely ignored shares his imageis Turms . Globe staff Italianclaims. But the 2004conviction of art But we shouldnot reject out of hand the (Excerpted and translated by JaneK. dealer Giacomo Mediciand the trialofHecht trustworthiness of this source of information. 6 Whitehead) Reprinted from theBoston Globe, March16, 2006 andTruehaveled tomuseumdealers being Theindications that it gives havebeeninpart more responsive. confirmed by authenticEtruscandocuments. 1. A. Ernout, “Les éléments étrusques du “The question,of course, is what is being Twoofour longest Etruscandocuments, the vocabulairelatin,” Bulletin de laSociétéde Amonthafter theMetropolitanMuseumof negotiated,” saidarchaeologist Malcolm Bell, linenbook of Zagreb and theCapua “Tile,” LinguistiquedeParis 30 (1930) 82 = Art in New Yorkagreed to return toItaly objects suspected of being looted, the whose study of works suspected of having are ritualcalendars, which stipulate thecere- Philologica I(Paris 1946) 21. MuseumofFineArts announced that director beenlooted from Italy was included in the monies tobe performed at different dates of 2. We arenot yet asking the question at this casefileof the recent Met agreement. “But I the year. Theformer of these, in its calendar point whether the words presented as suchare Malcolm Rogers will travel toRome tomeet think themost important thing is that they’re indications,mentions festivals occurring in actually Etruscan. A. Ernout, op. cit , speaks of withgovernment officials making similar claims on MFAworks. planning to talk.” what appear tobe successivemonths: acate, “thenames of plants,moreor less exact” sup- qucte, celi. 7 Thefirst name very likely corre- plied by thebotanicalglosses. The visit,announced yesterday and Malcolm Bell sponds to the aclus of the Liber Glossarum , 3. TLE 856: Velcitanus Tuscorumlingua planned for lateApril, resulted from an exchangeof letters betweenRogers and i.e. June, and celi toCelius,i.e. September. Martius mensis dicitur; TLE 818: Cabreas Comments Further ItalianCultureMinister RoccoButtiglione It is true that qucte does not resembleany- TuscorumlinguaAprilis mensis dicitur; TLE thing that appears in this work. We might 805: Ampiles TuscorumlinguaMaius mensis this month. The trip will comein themidst of Malcolm Bell III,aprofessor of art history explain this, withMassimo Pallottino,as a dicitur; TLE 801 :Aclus Tuscorumlingua thehigh-profile trialofformer J. PaulGetty at theUniversity of Virginia, is the vice pres- Museumcurator Marion Trueandart dealer result of differences in thenames in different Iunius mensis dicitur; TLE 854: Traneus ident for professional responsibilities at the Robert Hecht. They areaccused of being part places and times,and think that Qucte refers TuscorumlinguaIulius mensis dicitur; TLE ArchaeologicalInstituteof America. His either to Traneus or to the (H)ermius of the 836: [H]ermius TuscorumlinguaAugustus of anart smuggling ring that placed works comments hereappeared in the New York illegally takenfrom Italian soil in American glosses,as another namefor July or August. mensis dicitur; TLE 824: Celius Tuscorum Times . museums,including theMFA. Otherwise wemight accept,as didJ. F. linguaSeptember mensis dicitur; TLE 858: “Paolo Ferri, theItalianprosecutor who is Mountford, the suspect character of thename Xosfer TuscorumlinguaOctober mensis dici- TheGetty and theMet havealready agreed investigating thepurchases of antiquities by of August as it is givenin the Liber tur. to returnanumber of antiquities. Italianoffi- major Americanmuseums,has hit hardest at cials say they wouldfavor anarrangement Glossarum ,andassume that that of Traneus, 4. On this question the study by J. F. theJ. PaulGetty MuseuminMalibu, whichin similar to that made with theMet, which whichevokes thenameof theEtruscanVenus, Mountford, “Demensiumnominibus,” recent decades rapidly built upanimpressive Turan ,is more trustworthy for July,and we JournalofHellenicStudies 43 (1923) 102- requires themuseum to sendback 21objects collection of GreekandRomanart…Ferri’s thus might conclude that theactualEtruscan 116,has not been superseded. Onemight also and, in return, receiveloans of equal value outrageat thelooting of Italy’s heritageis jus- from the statecollection. nameof themonthofAugust is qucte . consult T. Mommsen, “Handschriftliches,5, tified. MFAspokeswomanDawnGriffin said yes- But thenames of JuneandSeptember are Glossarien,” Rheinisches Museum 16 (1861) “By laying bare thearchives and warehous- foundin theglosses andalsoinour longest 145-147,G. Keil,Corpus Glossariorum terday that it is too early toknow what will es of major dealers,hehas revealed corrup- result from themeeting. A groupofMFAoffi- Etruscan text, the ritualon thelinenbook now Latinorum 6 (Leipzig 1899) 691-692. tion at thecoreof themarket. But in prosecut- cials will join Rogers for theRomemeeting. in themuseumat Zagreb, foundin Egypt, 5. J. F. Mountford, op. cit., 108. ing True, hehas used decades-oldevidence where, cut upinto strips,it served to wrapa 6. A particular problemis posed by theform “What wehopecomes out of this is the against acurator who brought needed reform mummy. The second-longest text,inscribed of themonthofOctober, Xosfer . TheinitialX, exchangeof information,information we to theGetty Museum,andIcanonly hope the havenot received yet, “ she said. “Right now, on aplaqueimproperly called a “tile,” discov- in this wordas in other terms in the same Italiancourts recognize thegood shehas wedon’t evenhavealist of theobjects [the ered in thenecropolis of Capuain the19th source, may have the valueof theGreek chi done. century andnow in theBerlin Museum,is (E. Fiesel, “Etruskisch ‘acht’ und ‘Oktober,’” Italians believe werelooted and sold to the “If thereis onemajor lesson tobe learned alsoa ritualcalendar. It alsogives us the StudiEtruschi 10 [1936] 324-325). But one MFA].” from Ferri’s investigations,it is that collectors For years, theMFAhas saidit has no evi- names of themonths in formulas of succes- might alsoattribute to this X the valueof a andmuseums,in America andaround the dence any works in its collection werelooted. sivedates: 8 thereapparently occur,in the number — themonthofOctober being the world, must takeintoaccount not just theaes- locative, themonthof apirase , themonth tenthmonthof the solar year. But a1998 Globe study,conducted with the thetic valueof theobjects they acquirebut help of severalclassical scholars,determined anpilie ,andfinally themonth acalve . 7. See M. Pallottino, “Ilcontenutodel testo also theethicalandlegalconsequences of that only 10 of 71classicalartifacts donated Hereagain acomparison with theglosses dellamummiadiZagabria,” StudiEtruschi 11 their acquisition policies.” canbe made: anpilie resembles Ampiles ,May, (1937) 203-237 = Saggi diAntichità 1(Rome or sold to themuseumin themid-1980s had and acalve suggests Aclus,June–– whichalso 1979)547-578; in particular “Ilcontenuto: any recorded ownership history,or prove- seems tobe foundin the acule of theZagreb ritualein formadicalendario religioso,” 210- linenbook,adocument of thefirst century 217 =554-561. Viterbo,EtruscanMuseum:Thefinds from Blera B.C.,four centuries later than theCapua tile. 8. See K. Olzscha, “Götterformel und Monatdateninder grossenetruskischen Apirase has beenproposed as thenamefor the January 21, 2006 saw theopening of the Superintendent,Valeriad’Atri,and the Inschrift von Capua,” Glotta 34(1955) 71-93; monthofApril. The wordfor April,it is true, new archaeologicalgalleries of theMuseum Swedishambassador,StàffanWrigstad, as theanalysis is taken upagain in M. Cristofani, is givenas Cabreas in the Liber Glossarum , of Rocca Albornoz at Viterbo, with thefinds well as important Scandinavian representa- TabulaCapuana, uncalendario festivoetr- but,as errors havemanaged to slip into these from theexcavations of theEtruscan sites of tives. Their presence was due to thefact that uscodietàarcaica (Florence 1995)esp. 60- lateglosses,onemight suggest that theinitial SanGiovenaleandAcquarossa. Objects from theSwedishInstitute sponsored theexcava- 61. Cis afalseaddition,and that wecouldper- theexcavated habitation sitenear Blera will tion campaigns in this area of Etruria, Tuscia, 9. Let us remember that since the[b] didnot haps reconstruct Abreas , whichcomes very be exhibited to thepublicfor thefirst time. from the1950s to the1980s,excavations that exist in Etruscan, abreas canbe restored toa close to apirase and whichmight possibly be This exhibition has beenorganized by the included, along withmany other participants, 9 form with apr -, whichmight result in aprim- linked to theLatin Aprilis. ArchaeologicalSoprintendenzaof Lazio and Gustavus VIAdolphus,King of Sweden. Thelists of theEtruscanmonths that one itive apir -. theSwedishInstituteof ClassicalStudies,and 10. On theimportance of theEtruscan reli- cangather from these twomedievalglossaries sponsored by theComuneof Viterbo. CorrieredellaSera ,Cronaca diRoma, gious science as ultimate source of this infor- –theonly texts remaining to us – wouldhave Present at theinauguration were theMayor January 21, 2006. preserved, long after thedisappearance of mation, see M. Torelli, “Glosseetrusche: of Viterbo, Giancarlo Gabbianelli, the Etruscanas a spokenandevena writtenlan- qualcheproblemadi trasmissione,” esp. 1004 guage, a sequence of themonths of the for thenames of themonths. Tyrrhenian year. It is probable that ananti-

Page 5 R e v i e w A r t i c l e s

Maurizio Gualtieri Gualtieridoes not undermine the writtenevi- whenmiddle-sized properties were the rule, EtruscanReligion: LaLucania romana. dence, whichhas beenexploited on numerous less soas theestates worked by slavelabor SomeRecent occasions by historians of theMiddleand came topredominate. Theelements of Publications CulturaeSocietànelladoc- LateRepublic, hehas placed it in anew per- Toynbee’s scenario areall present in thepic- reviewed by FrancescodeAngelis, spective soas toillustratehow ancient histo- turedrawnby Gualtieribut the shadows are ColumbiaUniversity umentazionearcheologica. rians dramatized, andin dramatizing exagger- fainter, thedetail is infinitely expanded, and ated, both the splendors and the shadows of under theEmpireHannibalappears far less an Napoli. 2003 (272 p.) TheReligion of theEtruscans , edited by their subject. Thedepthof thedocumentation element in thehistory of Lucania thanfactors offered by Gualtieri’s book is particularly emanating from Rome. Thesefactors areboth Nancy T. de GrummondandErikaSimon. By R.Ross Holloway impressive, especially since in Italianarchae- political,as seenin thegrowthof theholdings Austin:Univ. of Texas Press, 2006. Institutefor Archaeology and the ology, where thecatalogues of exhibitions, of magnates and theimperialfamily, which Religion in Ancient Etruria . by Jean-René Ancient World,BrownUniversity conferences,andpoorly circulated publica- created a villa systemindependent of the Jannot. Translated by JaneK. Whitehead. tions formagrowing percentageof thebibli- cities,andeconomic, the result of theforce In1947 Emilio Magaldipublished thefirst Madison:Univ. of Wisconsin Press, 2005. ography,mastery of theavailablematerialfor exerted by thedemands of Romeon the volumeof his study of ancient Lucania, La Thesaurus cultus et rituumantiquorum a such wide area as ancient Lucaniais an south’s resources in cereals,livestock,oil,and LucaniaRomana I,asource book on every (ThesCRA) , vv. 1-3. Los Angeles:TheJ. Paul achievement that must be recognized. wine. Inall periods,however, thesefactors aspect of this region of ancient Italy. Its use- Getty Museum, 2004-2005. ArnoldToynbee ( Hannibal’s Legacy vol. 2 exist against abackgroundof middle-size fulness has hardly diminished over the sixty Stranierienon cittadini nei santuari [London 1965])ended his chapter on thedev- holdings andagricultural villages ( vici ). years that haveintervened since its publica- astation in southernItaly andSicily wrought Thepopulating of thecountry in inland greci. AttidelConvegno Internazionale, tion. The second volumeof Magaldi’s study, by Hannibal’s invasion andRome’s revenge Lucania, as distinct from thehinterlands of Udine, novembre 2003,edited by Alessandro which was tohavebeendevoted toLucania on rebellious cities with these words, “At the theGreekcolonies of thecoast,is evident Naso. Florence: LeMonnier, 2006. under theRomanEmpire, was never pub- timeof writing,A.D. 1962, themarks of dirus well beforeHannibal. Nor was townlifecata- lished. This taskhas now been taken upby Hannibal’s presence in South-EasternItaly strophically affected by the wars of the third Maurizio Gualtieri, who withHelenaFracchia The study of religion is certainly oneof the during thefifteen years 217-203 B.C. were century B.C. (or successive slave revolts). is theexcavator of twoexceptionalLucanian most fascinating and rewarding topics for still discernible.” According toToynbee, the Documentation of farmsteads and the villas of sites,RoccagloriosaandMasseriaCiccotti those who areinterested in theEtruscans, stagnation in the south under theBourbons, medium sizehas multiplied, and the testimo- (OppidoLucano). whom Livy famously characterized as “more theindifference of theUnited Kingdom of ny of inscriptions,notably at Volceiandin the Inconversation, thelateCharles Alexander thanany other [people] dedicated to religion, Italy, the shadow of Byzantiumand theincur- Vallo diDiana, suggests that theowners in Robinson asserted more thanonce that sions of theSaracens all bow in their conse- somecases wereLucanianfamilies antedating all themore since they excelinpracticing it.” archaeology is theonly source of fundamental quences to theenduring wounds suffered dur- theconfiscations after theHannibalicWars. Andindeed thereis no scarcity of essays and new knowledgein ancient history; the truthof ing theHannibalicWar andits aftermath. His Thesepeoplehad never lost their estates or articles devoted to this matter in thefieldof this statement emerges clearly from thefash- story of MagnaGraeciaafter Hannibalis one had quickly reclaimed them. Etruscan studies. Tomention only oneof the ion in whichour conception of thehistory of of devastation leading to theimpoverishment By thebeginningof theEmpire, Roman the third region of AugustanItaly has been major publications on the topic, theproceed- of thecities and to unsteady waves of recov- magnates had begun toassemble theproper- changed over thelast half century. While ings of theconference Les plux religieux des ery in thecountryside; recovery was healthier ties that are thepreludes to thegreat estates of hommes:État de la recherche sur la religion thelater times. A specialplace in thearchae- étrusque (“TheMost Religious of Men:The ology of ancient Lucaniamust be reserved for Stateof ResearchonEtruscanReligion”), theevidence of magnificent villas and their owners in theLateEmpire. Not unlike the heldin Paris in 1992,include essays from SUBSCRIPTION FORM Englishcountry houses of alater time, these scholars with very different backgrounds and establishments rivaled thegreat houses of expertises,but also withacommon interest in The suggested contribution for anindividual subscription toEtruscanNews is Romein their sizeandarchitectureandat the Etruscanculture. $25.00 per year. We welcomedonations of any amount. Please remit this form same time served as theheadquarters of vast The recent publication of thebooks listed farming enterprises. withacheckpayable toISEE –EtruscanNews, toLarissaBonfante, Classics abovealsodeserves a warm welcome, espe- On theother hand, the results of surface cially by the readers of EtruscanNews,for at survey,if not of excavation,point to thecon- Department, 25Waverly Place, New YorkUniversity,New York,NY10003. least two reasons. First, up tonow therehas tinued existence of the settlements best ______beennomonograph in Englishfocused exclu- described as vici in theRepublicanand Imperialages. Andit has beenestimated that sively on Etruscan religion. Now wehave Please sendmeEtruscanNews. I wouldlike ______subscriptions at $25.00 despite thegrowthinlargeestates, 64% of the two,bothAmericanenterprises,namely the villas withanAugustanphase were still collective volumeedited by Nancy de each. I wouldalsolike tomakeadonation in theamount of ______to inhabited still in thefifthcentury A.D. GrummondandErikaSimon,and the transla- help develop andexpand theprojects of theU.S. Section of theIstitutodiStudi Gualtieri’s book gives anew dimension to tion of aFrenchbook whoseauthor is Jean- Etruschi ed Italici. the study of RomanLucania, not by seeking RenéJannot. As we will see, despite todiscredit or replace theprevious general inevitable similarities, they aredifferent in The totalamount enclosed is: ______works on thearea andperiod, but by showing natureandapproach the subject from different thecontinuities that exist alongside more perspectives. salient developments that arefrequently given Second, notwithstanding constant scholarly Name: ______moreemphasis by thegeneralhistorian. The cities of Lucaniadidnot sink intoinsignifi- interest in this subject, thereare still aspects Address: ______cance in theRomanperiod. Thecountryside of it that are underinvestigated, or not investi- was not thepreserveof the latifundia . Ina true gated on a systematicbasis. All the titles in ______senseLucaniaprofited from the almapax our list,especially the twoby de Grummond which the survivors of the turbulent centuries andJannot,contribute tofill someof these of Romanexpansion greeted with such relief, gaps. City: ______Stateor province: ______andas devotees of theimperialcult (apoint that Gualtieriillustrates at length), they would 1. TheReligion of theEtruscans is the Postalcode: ______haveattributed their condition far more to Augustus than toHannibal. happy finaloutcomeof aconference heldin Country:______1999 in honor of ErikaSimon, who at that time was LangfordEminent Scholar in

Page 6 Classics at Florida StateUniversity,an which was attributed to theprodigy child zation Tinia/Zeus himself had toaskbefore Thus,it is basically theproximity toGreek important Americancenter for Etruscan stud- Tages. It has tobe stressed that this version, using his most powerful thunderbolt. andRoman religion whichhas prompted ies. This event brought together someof the by JeanMacIntoshTurfa, is thefirst English Similarly, the diconsentes , who had no name, attention to theEtruscans. Nevertheless, the most prominent scholars in thefield, whose translation of this highly interesting text. This form, sex,andevennocult or sanctuary, pictureof Etruscan religious features that contributions havebeen subsequently collect- by itself wouldmakeowning thebook amust. acted as counselors of Tinia/Zeus,and were results from the ThesCRA entries is far from ed andedited in this volume. Theseare, how- subsequently adopted alsoby theRomans. being biased by classicizing views. When ever,muchmore thanmereconference pro- 2. Religion in Ancient Etruria is thetrans- Theemphasis that Jannot lays on these chapters arefurther subdivided according to ceedings. Eachof thecontributors was lation,by JaneK. Whitehead, of Jean-René notions of thedivine, whichhe rightly sees as culturalarea, Etruriais oftenpresent witha instructed tofocus on a singleissueor set of Jannot’s 1998 book Devins,dieux et démons. peculiarly Etruscan,explains why he tends to sub-section of its own. This happens not only related issues, so that in theendall themost Regards sur la religion de l’Étrurieantique . attributelittle religious relevance toGreek for areas whereone wouldexpect it, suchas relevant aspects of Etruscan religion arecov- Being the workofonly one scholar,it com- mythology in theEtruscancontext. “Divination” (A. Maggiani),but alsoinless ered. The result canbest be characterized pensates withconsistency what it may lackin According tohim, “Etruscan thought (as we obvious cases, suchas “Music” (J.-R. Jannot) with the titleof Simon’s ownarticle, “Gods in variety. In this regardalook at theindex of rather ambitiously claim toknow it) was not or “Prayer” (A. Maggiani again), whichpres- Harmony.” contents is telling. Not surprisingly, wefind mythic. For theEtruscans myth was only alle- ent highly interesting syntheses on these sub- TheEtruscanpantheon,Simon argues, many of the same themes that arepresent also gorical. Greekmyths donot describe the jects. Etruscan votiveofferings arepresented “had a specialpower tointegrategods from in thepreviously discussed volume. worldof theEtruscangods, who weredefined along withItalicones in thechapter on outside, which was strengthened by the ten- Nevertheless, the twolists donot overlap not by stories andacts,but by states of being, “Dedications” by A. Comella, J.M. Turfa, and dency for harmony among themembers” (p. completely,andfurthermore they are abilities,andfunctions” (170). Given theper- I.E.M. Edlund-Berry. Thereis of coursea 45). Ina similar way, this book integrates arranged in adifferent order. vasiveness of Greekmythology in Etruscan treatment of “Sacrifices” in Etruria(L. chapters by scholars from foreign countries As in theother book, thefirst blockof culture, onemay wonder if this view is not Donati), whichincludes adiscussion of the (viz. Germany andItaly) into what is thefirst chapters deals with those sides of Etruscan too clear-cut,andif theinteraction between interesting issueof human sacrifice — comprehensiveAmerican volumeon the sub- religion that areconnected with writing. GreekandEtruscan religious notions didnot although one wouldhaveliked to see includ- ject of Etruscan religion. It is no coincidence Nevertheless it differs from it in that Jannot produce morecomplex situations. ed in thebibliography theimportant book by that oneof theco-editors of thebook is highlights thepractices as they werepre- Nevertheless it is undeniable that Etruscan D. Steuernagel, Menschenopfer undMordam Nancy de Grummond, who is well knownfor scribed in its sacred texts. Twochapters are religion canhardly be understoodif we try to Altar (“HumanSacrifice andMurder at the having directed a similar collectiveenter- thus explicitely devoted to rituals, thefirst, assimilateit too strongly to theGreek; and Altar,” 1998). prise, AGuide toEtruscanMirrors (1982), divinatory, the second, funerary. Discussion even thepeculiar fluidity of mythological Notwithstanding the superficial similarity still thebest introduction to that particular of the rites pertaining to thepassagefrom the imagery in Etruriamay be due, at least in in structure with the LIMC (numbers in bold subject. worldof theliving to the worldof thedead part, to this radically peculiar natureof their areassigned toeachof the various pieces of Thefirst twochapters deal withthe written naturally leads toachapter on the under- notion of what agod was. evidence mentioned), the ThesCRA chapters sources on religion,bothliterary andepi- world, or rather the “afterworld,” as the trans- arebetter read as independent, separate graphic. In thefirst,Nancy de Grummond lator puts it. “The traditional term 3. The Thesaurus Cultus et Rituum essays on the various topics thanas reference presents a useful survey of theinformation Underworld, whichis generally used for the Antiquorum —or ThesCRA ,as it asks to(and entries. Infact, the very natureof theevi- availableabout ancient authors and texts RomanandGreekplace of theafterlife, undoubtedly will)be called—is aninterna- dence makes it impossible toaim at the same dealing with the disciplinaEtrusca. (The seemed inappropriatein that theEtruscans tionalSwiss-based scholarly enterprisecon- levelofcompleteness as in the LIMC. When beginning of her chapter is reprinted in this appear toconceiveof deathas ‘away’— ceived andplanned in the wakeof the dealing with votiveofferings,for example, issueof EtruscanNews,p. 2). In thenext, across abody of water —not ‘below.’The Lexicon IconographicumMythologiae thereis no alternativebut toproceed accord- LarissaBonfante shows, through carefully termAfterlife, also traditional,conveys a Classicae (a.k.a. LIMC), that most invaluable ing to samples of types whichhave tobe chosenexamples, themany ways in which stateof existence but not a senseof location. of tools for everybody interested in Greco- takenas representativeof thousands more. In writing played acentral rolein Etruscan reli- ‘TheBeyond’evokes theU.S. Air Force, Roman(andEtruscan)art andculture. Not by theend, thus, this oeuvrecanbe defined as a gion. somehow. Thus I have settled on the term chance this new project is dedicated to the sibling,but certainly not a twin,of its precur- Thefollowing twochapters canalsobe Afterworld, whichmakes room for the rather memory of Lilly Kahil (1926-2002), the sor. seenas forming acouplet. They concern the concrete, though fantastic, geographies of inspiration and soulof the LIMC. principalhumananddivineactors of the Etruscanbelief” (p. xiii). Rather thanfocusing on thefigures and 4. AlessandroNaso, whosefocus has long Etruscan religious world. Nancy de The subsequent chapters,on sanctuaries characters of ancient mythology, thenew beena study of EtruscanandItalicmaterialin Grummond reviews theevidence about andon temples,bring us back to real spaces series of volumes (three of whichhave seen theAegean(see EtruscanNews 2, 2003,page prophets andpriests,andErikaSimon intro- andarchitectures. Attention then turns to thelight sofar) intends topresent ancient reli- 6), was very appropriately theorganizer of duces us to theEtruscanpantheon. A useful priests and worhsippers. Interestingly, the gion in its culticand ritualdimension. theimportant conference Stranierienon cit- glossary of theprincipalgods worshipped in treatment of thedivineprotagonists of Drawing on theextensive visualmaterialcol- tadini nei santuarigreci , heldin Udine under Etruriaconcludes Simon’s chapter. Etruscan religion, whichconcludes thebook, lected for thepreparation of the LIMC, the theauspices of theAlexander von Humboldt Beliefs and rituals are the subject of the is subdivided into twoparts: thegods and the ThesCRA includes iconographicandarchaeo- Stiftung. Dealing with theevidence for the next twoarticles,by IngridKrauskopf and divine. Infact,Jannot stresses thefact that the logical sources in addition toliterary ones. presence of foreigners andnon-citizens in JeanMacIntoshTurfa. Theformer author is pictureof theEtruscanpantheon as it is The subject matter has been subdivided Greek sanctuaries, the twenty-twocontribu- concerned with thefunerary sphere, thelatter knownfrom thebulk of our sources —espe- according to three “levels:” 1)a “dynamic tions aredivided into three sections,eachof with votiveofferings. Issues of sacred space cially theiconographicones —does not level,” covering all the traditionalactivities of whichis followed by adiscussion:I. andarchitectureareaddressed in thelast two reflect,or reflects only in part,Etruscan cult practice (the three published volumes Historical,chaired by Peter Funke; II. contributions:IngridEdlund-Berry deals with notions of thedivine. Hepoints to thefact belong to this “level”); 2) a “staticlevel,” Archaeological,chaired by Helmut Kyrieleis; thegeneral relevance of the spatialdimension that,as literary sources tell us,just as impor- regarding cult places,personnel,andinstru- andIII. Literary, with thediscussion moderat- in Etruscan religion, whileGiovanni Colonna tant as theindividualgods, whosenames and ments of cult; 3) a third “level,” dealing with ed by GianpieroRosati. discusses more specifically the sanctuaries aspects weareable specify beyonddoubt thoseaspects of religious behaviour pertain- What didit mean tobe a “foreigner,” or and the religious buildings inside them. (they areoftenmodelled after their Greek ing to theconduct of everyday life, suchas “barbarian,” in various periods in theGreek Afinal—and very substantial—gift is counterparts), were their nameless andcollec- marriageanddeath. context? The various essays provide answers offered to the reader with theAppendices, tivecolleagues. As in the LIMC, theEtruscan worldis well to this question from different perspectives, whichpresent all theprincipalancient “Etruriais thehomelandof anonymous represented in the ThesCRA . It is stated in the as is evident alsofrom those that focus on sources on Etruscan religion in both theorig- gods. These weregrouped into ‘colleges’ or Introduction that Etruscanculturehas been EtruscanandItalicpeople. In this respect we inal texts and translations. Theseinclude the entities,and their number is both unknown “included for its kinship to theClassical,” canmention the religious-historicaldiscus- brontoscopiccalendar transmitted to us by the and unknowable” (172). Far from detracting although “thereis generally less attention sion by A. Mastrocinqueon possible relations Byzantineauthor Johannes Lydus, whose from their relevance, thesefeatures were typ- paid to religion at theperiphery of the between thecult of Apollo at Delphi and that contents go back toaLatin translation,by icalfor someof themost mighty Etruscan Classical world, unless it is firmly based on of Apollo Soranus in theFaliscan territory, Nigidius Figulus,of anEtruscan sacred text divinities,like the diinvoluti , whoseauthori- homelandpractice” (p. XII). [Continued on next page] Page 7 withits peculiar priests able to walk on hot coals; or theepigraphicandprosopographic investigation by S. DeVidoandC. Antonetti into theinteractions betweenGreeks and R e v i e w s indigenous Elymianfrequenters of the sanc- tuaries at Selinus in Sicily. ToA. Nasohim- self weoweanextremely interesting and use- Wikander,Charlotte, and Imagined Etruscan ly. In1972,Burgess remarks, “Lawrence fuloverview of objects dedicated as votive always lacked thedisciplineandobjectivity of offeringsby Etruscans andother Italic wor- ÖrjanWikander. Etruscan Landscapes approach whichmark the true scholar… Nevertheless,his highly idiosyncratic shippers in Greek sanctuaries. by LarissaBonfante Inscriptions from the approach to theEtruscans has probably been Also worth reading are the reports of the Collections of Olof August Arecent review of abiography of D.H. moreinfluential––among nonspecialists,of discussions that followed the various presen- Lawrence: TheLifeof AnOutsider in The course–– than the works of true scholars.” In tations, which were recorded andhavebeen Danielsson. Addenda to 3 New YorkTimes Book Review (December 4, anessay published in 1957 Massimo included in the volume. We thus learn that CIE II,1,4. 2005) 1 ignored theenduring popularity of Pallottino already notes instances of cases after thehistorical talks there was adiscus- (Medelhavsmuseet Memoir Lawrence’s best travelbook, EtruscanPlaces . whereLawrence’s understanding of Etruscan sion on theissueof Delphic treasuries Yet theauthor has deeply influenced the way art,andevenofEtruscanhistory, was more belonging tocommunities of ancient Italy,a 10, 2003.) Pp. 162,figs. 36. people see andexperience thelandscapes of accurate than that of scholars less involved in topic that had already attracted scholars like Tuscany that continue toenthrall modern the reality of themonuments and theland- MuseumofMediterranean scape: henoticed, for example, that the D. Briquel(“LecittàetruscheeDelfi,” Annali tourists, residents of Chiantishire, readers of Etruscan tumuli of thenecropolis of Cerveteri dellaFondazioneMuseoFaina 5[1998]143- andNearEastern TheNew YorkTimes TravelSection,andaudi- ences of thefilm, Under theTuscanSun . werealocalphenomenon,blending into the 169). The treasuries of CaereandSpina Antiquities,Stockholm Unlike Sea andSardinia ,or ThePlumed natureof the surrounding landscape, eliminat- reflected economicandculturalcontacts in 2004. Serpent , whichhavelittle todo withSardinia ing thenecessity of explanations involving theMediterraneanand theAdriatic respec- or Mexico, EtruscanPlaces actually does foreign influence for their forms. Scholarship tively. It is alsointriguing tonote that the capture theatmosphereof theplace – the sur- andart andliteraturehad becomeisolated importance of prophecy anddivination at Reviewed by LarissaBonfante prisingly colorful underground tombpaintings from eachother in thenineteenthcentury; but Delphi matches in some way its importance of ancient Tarquinia, theolivegroves and agood scholar needs tohave thepassion and in Etruscan religion. Aninvestigation into Theauthors of this valuablelittlebook, vineyards of Tuscany. We who belong toan loveof lifeof anartist. Today,in what is in somany ways anewly this and related questions definitely con- themselves distinguished Etruscan scholars earlier generation caneven somehow imagine teaching in Sweden,havecarried out excava- romanticera, when young peoplearemore tributes toan understanding of theplace of thedesolatemalaria-ridden maremma,of tions in thearchives of theUniversity Library Lawrence’s time. open tofeelings, whenobjectivity is not nec- theEtruscans in Greek thought,andof the at Uppsala, thelocation of Olof August I was surprised tofind that Lawrence’s essarily a virtue, and theissueof conservation extent to which theGreeks distinguished the Danielsson’s papers –diaries andletters. The descriptions resonated with the seventeen- looms large, wecanbetter appreciate various Etruscancities at different moments publication of their finds concerns mostly his andeighteen-year old students of aFreshman Lawrence’s romanticattitude towards nature, of their history. painstakingly careful reading of Etruscan honors class to whom Iassigned thebook two and sharemany of his concerns. On the To sum up,although neither the ThesCRA inscriptions,but it alsoilluminates our under- years ago. Though noneof themhad ever importance of theoriginalcontext: “Ifonly nor thebook on sanctuaries edited by Nasois standing of the scholarly history of theperiod, heardof D.H. Lawrence, or knew anything of we would realizeit,andnot tear things from devoted specifically toEtruscanculture, both including thecharacter,lives andinterrela- Lady Chatterley’s Lover , they were thrilled by their settings. Museums anyhow are wrong. But if onemust havemuseums,let thembe contain extensiveas well as intensivediscus- tionships of someof thegreat scholars of the his personal,colorful takeon a scholarly sub- past,andinforms us about the scandals and small,andaboveall let thembe local.” On sions and treatments of theEtruscan situation, ject; oneof my students proudly reported that hardships that beset themand that accompa- a subway rider who had been reading thebook menand women: “TheEtruscans shared the andprovide new insights on topics whose nied this ambitious undertaking. over her shoulder jotted down the titlefor fur- banqueting bench with their wives, whichis information potentialis still far from having The secondpart makes up thebulk of the ther reference when shegot off the train. more than theGreeks or Romans did, at this beenfully exploited. volume, andpresents theepigraphicmaterial Whatgives thebook its power today? period.” On the roleof tombguardians: “So, relating to CIE II,I,4(for which see review, Certainly Lawrence’s invocation of thecon- on theother handfrom thedeer, wehave Conferences JRS 66,1976, 243-244)organized as adden- trast between the vitality of ancient Etruscan lionesses andleopards. These, too,aremale Continued from page4 da. Thedivisions follow thoseof the CIE vol- “phallic” art and theplodding militarismof andfemale…So thesefierce ones guard the ume, withprovenances for theinscriptions ancient Rome, by whichhemeans treasureand thegateway…” 4 Joint ICAHM and from Bomarzo,Ferento-Acquarossa, Orte, Mussolini’s Rome, reflected aconflict that Tuscania, Musarna, Casteld’Asso,Norchia, suited his personalartistic view,as well as the UNESCO Statistics 1.FrancineProse, “Slayer of Taboos,” Blera, SanGiuliano, theAger Tarquiniensis. reality of thehistoricalmoment. As Anthony review of John Worthen, D.H. Lawrence: The Institute(USI)meeting, Cerveteri(though thesemake upmore than Burgess points out in his introduction to the Lifeof AnOutsider, in TheNew YorkTimes half thenumber in CIE II,I,4, they are unfor- Penguin edition of D.H. Lawrence in Italy , Montreal,January 6, 2006 Book Review ,December 4, 2005,page56. tunately almost missing in Danielsson’s col- Lawrence becamefascinated by theEtruscans 2. Anthony Burgess, “Introduction,” in by Christophe Rivet,Secretary,ICAHM lection),SantaMarinella, andCivitavecchia. as early as 1920. In1927, whenhe visited D.H. Lawrence in Italy . Harmondsworth1997 Designations are those used by Helmut Rix in their sites withanAmericanfriend, Italy was (originally published 1972) page x. Present were representatives of: the his standardcollection of inscriptions, just about tobecome thecountry admired by 3. Massimo Pallottino, “Scienzaepoesia UNESCO Statistics Institute; theUNESCO EtruskischeTexte, Editio Minor (Tübingen Miss JeanBrodieand theladies of Tea with alla scopertadell’Etruria,” Quaderni WorldHeritageCentre; theGetty 1991). Mussolini; “Mussolini had not yet made the dell’AssociazioneCulturaleItaliana 24 Conservation Institute; theWorldMonuments trains runon time…” 2 EtruscanPlaces was (1957), reprinted in D.H. Lawrence: Paesi Fund; and theUNWorldTourism Alonger version of this review appeared published posthumously in 1932. etruschi,Siena, Nuovaimagine, 1985,pages Organization. in AJA (2006). For along time EtruscanPlaces was 9-26. Presenters wereasked toaddress theissue enjoyed by apublicfascinated by the 4.D.H. Lawrence, EtruscanPlaces (1932), of defining statisticalindicators for thecon- “Etruscanmystery,” andappreciated by artists vation. “ThePainted Tombs of Tarquinia,” passim. servation of archaeological sites that areon and writers. Scholars andintellectuals consid- TheICAHM presentation focused on the theWorldHeritageList. WillemWillems ered it tobe too romantic tobe taken serious- (Netherlands,VPEurope)gave thepresenta- WorldHeritagenomination process, the tools tion prepared on behalf of ICAHM by Willem used in this process (theOperational Guidelines, themanagement regime require- Willems,ChristopheRivet (Canada, develop indicators. For moreinformation,please visit thefol- ments andespecially thecriteria),and the Secretary) andDougComer (US, VPNorth- Theconclusion of the session was that there lowing link (for abriefabstract): basicprinciples of conservation as stated in America). is aneed tocontinue thediscussion in amore http://www.archaeological.or g/webinfo.ph thecharters, to suggest aframework todevel- Thepresenters addressed theissueof meas- substantialformat and toaddress themany p?page=10248 op indicators for siteconservation. Themain uring theimpact of tourism, theimpact of concerns associated withindicators in differ- Thepresentations will be made publicly in arguments were that themain criteria(the 6 availability of government resources for site ent fora. ICAHM has expressed its availabili- thenear futureby theUSI. We will keep the culturalcriteria +authenticity andintegrity) conservation,multiple values,criteriafor site ty tocontinue thediscussion on indicators for membership informed of any futuredevelop- and themanagement requirements detailed in monitoring,and theobjectiveof siteconser- siteconservation issues. ment. thenomination proposal wereeffective to Page 8 Herbs in the Materiamedica. Fig. 1:Attic red-figurecupby the Continued from page1 Onesimos Painter, withathlete seen NOTES from the back. 5thcentury B.C. gies appearing in themanuscript tradition. 1. Greek text:Max Wellmann,ed., Pedanii Rome,Capitoline Museum. Botanical terms in Etruscanperhaps had Dioscuridis AnazarbeiDemateriamedica, 3 becomefairly rareby Pamphilus’ day; or, vols. (Berlin 1906-1914, reprinted 1958). Fig. 2:Attic red-figurecupby the given theEgyptianprovenance of Pamphilus’ Expertly translated from theWellmann edi- Onesimos Painter, withathlete originaldictionary,it is quitelikely that the tion by Lily Y. Beck, withintroduction by drawing water from a well. 5th alternatives in Egyptianpredominate theman- John Scarborough, Pedanius Dioscorides of century B.C.Rome,Capitoline uscript traditions in company with “Greek” Anazarbus Demateriamedica (Berlin and Museum. and “Roman.” ThoseEtruscan sixteenare New York 2005). important,in spiteof their small fraction of 2. Thebasicessay remains Max Wellmann, the whole, since carefulidentifications of the “Pamphilos,” Hermes 51 (1916) 1-64. species and thedrugs made from themcan 3. E.g. the “HippocraticTerminologies” indicate someaspects of aparticularly compiled by ErotianinGreek, sometimein Etruscanherbalism. theFlavianera. Ernst Nachmanson,ed., Materiamedica,II,175(Wellm.,I,pp. Erotiani VocumHippocraticarumcollectio 242-243) is adescription of the batra-v (Göteborg1918). Erotianis evidence that Fig. 1 cion, probably thelesser celandineor pile- Dioscorides’ MateriaMedica achieved imme- wort ( Ranunculus ficaria L.),and the diatepopularity, since MM,IV, 76 (Wellm. II, 237 [“aconite”])is quoted. Earlier “Tuscan” name( RV)is givenas a[pioum> “Hippocratic” lexica appeared beginning in rJaninov um>. Theseterms are similar to the the 3rdcent. B.C. Wesley D. Smith, The Greek a[pion (“pear”) or Latin apium (“cel- HippocraticTradition (Ithaca 1979) s.v. index ery” or “parsley”),andLatin’s rana (“frog”).9 entries,Bacchius [of Tanagra]. Dioscorides also says that it is called seli-v 4. John M. Riddle, Dioscorides on Pharmacy andMedicine (Austin 1985). non a[grion (“wildcelery”) in Sardinia: not 5. Especially evident in the unsatisfactory aparticularly significant detail until one translation produced by John Goodyer some- remembers that Sardinia was part of the timeafter 1650 (but not published until 1934), Etruscanorbit in the westernMediterranean. lightly edited by Robert T. Gunther as The Pliny’s translationof “littlefrog” for the GreekHerbalofDioscorides (Oxford1934; Greek reflects thefrog-like(or fig-like) shape Fig. 2 reprinted New York1959). of themoist and swollen root-tubers of this 6. Extant aremany suchlistings in Greek perennial. Thecommon name, “pilewort” ranging from Hesychius and theByzantine records thehistoricalherbal useof the roots in Suda, to thegiganticcompilation knownas the treatment of hemorrhoids:alogical result the Etymologicon Magnum. from thepresence in leaves and roots of tan- 7. Wellmann,Vol. III,p. 358. nins,ascorbicacid, andantemol,all extreme- 8. “Alpha’” under “Romana” ( ibid . 350- ly astringent natural substances. Suggestive 351)alonehas 46 entries andnumbers of Fig. 3 too is the useof theleaves and stems as pre- alternatives. “Aegyptiaca” ( ibid. 327-329)has scribed by Dioscorides for the treatment of 150 entries,etc. mange, wart-removal,as a sternutatory,and 9. Pliny, NaturalHistory,XXV,172, trans- for reliefof thepains of a toothache. Etruscan Fig. 3:Etruscan terracotta statuetteofa lates batrachion intoLatin’s ranunculus (“lit- herbalists,by contrast,employed the “froggy seated ancestor from the Tombof the tlefrog”). roots” for hemorrhoids,ause not mentioned FiveChairs,Cerveteri. 7thcentury B.C. Rome,Capitoline Museum.

Fig. 4:AntonellaMagagnini,Curatore Archeologadei Musei Capitolini. Fig. 4

Castellani included this onein his first donation of objects to theMuseoCapitolino. There were Continued from page1 originally five statuettes,dated 650-600 B.C., seated on fivechairs carved into the tufaof a the three registers of this famous Etrusco- side chamber intended to represent a small Corinthian vase, made between 630-600 B.C., domestic sanctuary for theancestor cult. The is still controversial. object is thus tobe seenas anancestor, Etruscanobjects of particular importance invoked in ritualceremonies. aredisplayed separately. TheAristonothos In thefirst gallery areexhibited on a wood- krater,acquired by AugustoCastellani at enbase two terracotta sarcophagi,one witha Cerveteriaround1869( Bollettino di femalefigure, theother withamale. These CorrispondenzaArcheologica) ,later came to werepart of Castellani’s first donation to the theCapitolioneMuseum. Inits new display in Capitolinecollections in 1866 and were thecenter of thegallery, thedecoration of this almost certainly acquired by him in Tuscania, important find, dating from 675-650 B.C.,can where they werefoundin tombcontexts of be studied from all directions:on one side is themid-2ndc. B.C. A recent study of its con- theblinding of theCyclops Polyphemos,and servation has shownhow radical18thc. inter- on theother,abattlebetween two ships. ventions werein restorations of ancient Prominently displayed on the vaseis the sig- objects. The study also revealed that both sar- natureof Aristonothos, theartist who created cophagi wereinscribed: on theoneof the it. femalefigure withanEtruscaninscription Another casecontains the terracotta stat- painted in black,on theone with themalefig- uetteof a seated malefigurefrom theTombof ure, withaLatin inscription in darkgray theFiveChairs in Cerveteri; another two paint. Theseare theonly inscriptions known were soldby Castellani to theBritish up tonow on the46 terracotta sarcophagi Museum. Heacquired thegroupin1866 and made in Tuscania. Violet,from the ViennaDioscurides (WikimediaCommons) Page 9 C a l l s f o r P a p e r s

Halma-Ipel ?UMR8164(CNRS, Lille 3, expressions of interest canbe sent to thechair “TerracottaFigurines in MCC) of theconference organizing committee, “Preistoriaeprotostoriain theGreekandRoman Histoire, Archéologie, Littératuredes Professor FrancoDeAngelis (University of Etruria: Paesaggi reali e Mondes Anciens BritishColumbia)at EasternMediterranean BP 60149 [email protected]. Abstracts of no paesaggi mentali” ProductionandDiffusion, F-59653 Villeneuved’Ascq,Cedex, more than100-150 words for talks of twenty EighthMeeting,September 15-17, 2006. FRANCE. minutes shouldbe sent by e-mail attachment Universitàdegli StudidiMilano. Iconography and Fax: +33.3.204163 65. by theSeptember 15, 2006 deadline to the DipartimentodiScienzedelleAntichità, Function” E-mail:. programmeco-ordinator,Professor Robert SezionediArcheologia. Please submit anabstract of no more than Todd (University of BritishColumbia)at bob - 300 beforeJuly 1, 2006 by e-mail (if possible) [email protected]. Theevocative title, “Reallandscapes and Date:June 2-6, 2007 to:,or by fax to: mentallandscapes,” derives from a question Venue:Izmir,Turkey +90.232.453 41 88. Theissuenumber 24 “TheRomans andWater: that came upin 2002,in thecourseof anear- (Dec. 2006) of thejournal Instrumentum is lier meeting of this groupdedicated to the Aninternationalconference on the terra- planned as a specialissuecontaining the Management,Technology study of theprehistory andearliest history of cottafigurines of theEasternMediterranean Conference abstracts. andCulture” Etruria: “What landscape wouldatraveler in Antiquity (7thc. B.C.-A.D. 4thc.) will take see, wandering through Etruscanplaces a place on June 2nd-6th, 2007 at Dokuz Eylul “Regionalismand thousandor more years from now? Andhow University (DEU)in Izmir,Turkey. Place:ColumbiaUniversity would such travelers interpret what they Theaim of this meeting is to report on the GlobalisminAntiquity” Date:September 22-23, 2006 saw?” stateof researchconcerning the terracottafig- The reconstruction of ancient landscapes, KeynoteSpeaker:Professor LordColin urines of antiquity in abroad sense, between TheCenter invites abstracts of papers from which today lieburied undergroundas “fos- Renfrew ca. 7thcentury B.C. and4thcentury A.D. in all interested scholars,including graduatestu- sils,” is still theideal way topresent theland- (Cambridge University) theGreekandRomanEasternMediterranean. dents. Theconference is open toall aspects of scapeas a whole, joining together thedis- Thegeographicalareas concerned areTurkey, the subject,including nautical technology, TheClassicalAssociation of theCanadian parateelements of archaeologicalevidence Greece, Cyprus,Egypt,Syria, Israel, irrigation,aqueducts,dispute settlement, river West (CACW)and theClassicalAssociation available to us from excavations, surveys, sur- Lebanon,Jordan, the rest of theNear East and management, religion,baths, water-mills,and of thePacificNorthwest (CAPN) will holda face finds,bibliographicalinformation,and theBlackSea countries. Thefocus is,howev- economics of transport. Hellenistic submis- joint conference March16 -17, 2007, tobe other research. This year themonographic er,AsiaMinor. Intended tobring together sions also welcome. hosted by theDepartment of Classical,Near section of themeeting will be dedicated once Turkish,European,Mediterranean,andNorth The underlying purposeof theconference Eastern,andReligious Studies at the more to the subject of landscape, whether American scholars todiscuss a rangeof issues is toconsider how theRomans —meaning by University of BritishColumbia, in Vancouver, water or volcanic, urbanor rural, the result of concerning terracottafigurines, this confer- this, thepeoples of the wholeRomanEmpire BritishColumbia, Canada. agricultureor animalhusbandry. But thefocus ence shouldbeanexcellent opportunity to — reacted toandmanaged both the sea and The themeof this conference is regionalism will be not only on theactuallandscape, but increaseour knowledgeof this material. their fresh-water resources,as part of alarger andglobalisminantiquity. As in the world alsoon thementalimageof thelandscape, on The quantities of figurines that havecome discussion about their interaction with their today,ancient lifeat thelocallevel was space that is not neutral,but lived in,and that tolight on numerous sites,as well as recent naturalenvironment. Speakers areencouraged shaped by regionalandglobalphenomena. has acquired a symbolicandideological researchon the various collections from these toconsider the longuedurée but may also This conference seeks toexplore their effects meaning. The second section will include geographicalareas,allow us tomake signifi- concentrateon theparticular whenit seems on thelocal spatialdimension. We invite reports on recent discoveries and researchon cant additions to thearchaeologicalevidence, illuminating todo so. papers and thematicpanels on this subject Etruria. There will be aposter session. as has beendonein coroplastic researchin Abstracts will be considered as they come from scholars,including graduate students, To register for themeeting,contact nuc - westernEurope. Thegoalof thecolloquiumis in. We canaccommodate 20-, 30-and40- interested in any aspect and time-periodin [email protected] ,or nuccia.negroni@vir - now toconcentrateon unpublished finds or minutepapers. Sendabstracts (not complete antiquity,in theMediterraneanbasin and gilio.it . collections from theEasternMediterranean papers,please) toW.V. Harris, wvh1@colum - lands beyond. Papers in all fields areencour- andAsiaMinor,in order tofocus on a series bia.edu. aged—literature, epigraphy,history,philoso- of questions. Thesecanbe grouped as four phy,oratory, religion,andart andarchaeolo- principal,interlinked andoverlapping themes: gy. We encourageawide variety of approach- production anddiffusion,iconography and es —disciplinary andinterdisciplinary, theo- function. O b i t u a r i e s reticalandempirical,andcomparativeand On these themes and questions,any cross-cultural—and theparticipation of a approachor method that might bring some wide variety of scholars,not just classicists, aknackfor finding innovative solutions todif- progress toour knowledgeis of course very Helmut Rix but alsoNear Eastern scholars,Eurasianpre- ficult linguisticproblems. welcome: archaeology,archaeometry,history by Rex Wallace historians,andany others interested in the His publications profoundly influenced of art,culturalanthropology,iconology and conference theme. many areas of language study including,but criticalapproaches to texts. Papers andoral Scholars who study thelanguages of ancient Explanations of regionalandglobalphe- not restricted to, thelanguages of ancient Italy, presentations may be giveninEnglish, Italy weredeeply saddened by thenews that nomenahaveoftenbeencouched in terms of ancient Greek,andIndo-Europeanlinguistics. French,German,Italian,Greekor Turkish, Prof. Dr. Helmut Rix (1926-2004)died in an “influences” disseminated from areas of high- Inmany of his papers heoffered brilliant solu- but English will be thepreferred languagefor accident in Alsace on July 9, 2004. Prof. Dr. er andmorepowerfulculture toones of weak- tions to seemingly intractableproblems. His oralpresentations. Rix was educated at Würzburg. After WWII he ness andlower abilities. Recently,however, analyses of difficult texts suchas theOld If you wish toparticipate, pleasecontact studied at theUniversity of Heidelberg, where therehavebeenmorenuanced discussions of Umbrianinscription from Poggio Sommavilla oneof theorganizers: he received his doctoraldegree in 1950. He themechanics of interregionalandintercul- (now in theMuseumofFineArts in Boston) Yard. Doc. Dr. ErgunLafli,M.A. was awarded a teaching position at the turalcontact andinteraction that couldbe ( SabellischeTexte ,Um 2), thePalaeo-Volscian Dokuz EylulUniversitesi University of Tübingenin1959 andayear investigated further. Workelsewherein the inscription on theminiatureaxe-head from Fen-Edebiyat Fakultesi later at theUniversity of Erlangen- Nürnberg. human sciences also suggests a rolefor psy- Satricum( SabellischeTexte ,VM1),and the Arkeoloji Bolumu At the timeof his deathhe was professor chologicaland “epidemiological” factors in OldUmbrianinscription on the vasefrom Oda No:A461/1 emeritus in theSprachwissenschftliches thecreation of regionalismandglobalism that Tolfa( SabellischeTexte ,Um4) virtually Tinaztepe/Kaynaklar Yerleskesi,Buca Seminar at Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, deservemoreattention in the study of antiqui- changed the ‘look’of theoldest layer of TR-35160,Izmir,TURKEY. Freiburg. ty. Here thebrain has been shown toact likea Sabellic texts. In1976 hepublished Fax : +90.232.453 41 88. Rix’s scholarly career, which spanned some common denominator in socioculturaldevel- HistorischeGrammatik des Griechischen , E-mail:. 50 years, was distinguished by a wide-ranging opment andculture to spread likeanepidem- which soon becameoneof themost influential or researchagenda, by akeenmethodological icor virus. books on historicalGreekgrammar. It remains Prof. Arthur Muller rigor —one that deserves tobe emulated by Papers areparticularly encouraged on top- a standard reference tool in thefield. On the UniversitéCharles-de-Gaulle-Lille 3 younger members of our profession —andby ics related to this theme. Questions and Indo-European side of things Rix may best be Page 10 remembered for Lexicon der indogermanis- —. 1984. La scritturaelalingua. Gli Achievement in 1994. TheMinistry of Culture in a regular rhythm,guaranteeing anadmirable chenVerben ,avolume that heandhis col- Etruschi:Unanuovaimmagine acuradi of Turkey recognized her as theSenior regularity of publication. Evenmoreimpor- leagues at Freiburgpublished in 1998. The MauroCristofani, 210-238. Firenze: Giunti AmericanExcavator in 1984 and theSenior tantly, weare thankful toRoger Lambrechts compilation of Proto-Indo-European verb Martello Editore. Foreign Archaeologist in 1985. In 2001 the for having developed a vast networkofcorre- roots and the verbformations derived from —. 1989a. Per unagrammatica storica ArchaeologicalInstituteof America estab- spondents,bothBelgianandforeign, widening themis anindispensable resource for anyone dell’Etrusco. AttidelSecondoCongresso lished in her honor theMachteldMellink theinternational renownof the Revue in the who works in Indo-Europeanlinguistics. InternazionaleEtrusco(Firenze 26 Maggio – Lecturein Near EasternArchaeology. Bryn areas of philology,history,archaeology of the Few scholars canmatchRix’s influence in 2 Giugno 1985) ,III,1293-1306. Roma: Mawr Collegeawarded her theLindback Classical world, and theless Classical—one Italic studies andin Indo-European,but his Bretschneider. Foundation Awardfor Distinguished Teaching thinks in particular of Etruscan studies. impact on Etruscanlanguage studies is greater. —. 1989b. Zur Morphostruktur des etr. s - in 1975. She was aMember of theAmerican The scientificbalance sheet is gratifying: Indeed, it is probably fair to say that theimpact Genetivs. SE 55.169-193. PhilosophicalSociety,aFellow of the from volume57 (1979) to volume 77 (1999), of his publications is felt at every levelof —. 1991. Etrusco un , une , unu ‘ te , tibi , vos ’ AmericanAcademy of Arts andSciences,a some180 articles andalmost 1800 reviews Etruscangrammar,from phonology toono- elepreghieredei rituali paralleli nelLiber lin- ResearchAssociateof theUniversity of cover all aspects of antiquity. But beyond the mastica to theinterpretation of texts. At the teus. ArchClass 43.665-691. PennsylvaniaMuseum,andaCorresponding numbers thereare thepeople, the young timeof his death,he was engaged in scholarly —. 1995. EtruskischePersonnamen. Member of theTurkishInstituteof History, the researchers and the seasoned researchers who debateover theanalysis andinterpretation of Namenforshung. Ein internationales RoyalDutchAcademy of Sciences, the have, thanks toRoger Lambrechts,founda themost difficult sections of the Tabula Handbuch zur Onomastik,I,hrsg. von Ernst GermanArchaeologicalInstitute, and the homefor scientific workof quality,in the serv- Cortonensis ,contributing two very exciting Eichler,GeroldHilty,HeinrichLöffler,Hugo AustrianArchaeologicalInstitute, andmany ice of aprofoundly humanist ideal. papers (Rix 2000 and 2002) to this important Steger,Ladislav Zgusta, 719-724. Berlin & other internationalarchaeological societies. Roger Lambrechts bequeaths tohis succes- Etruscandocument. New York:Walter de Gruyter. Her professional service included being sors amodelof buongoverno. For the talents Rix’s scholarly output was prodigious,but —. 2000. Osservazioni preliminariad una President of theAmericanResearchInstitute whichhe sogenerously lent to the Revue ,for hedevoted much time to theonerous taskof interpretazionedell’aes cortonense. Incontri in Turkey from 1988-1991,President of the the spirit of dialogueandmutual respect that making ancient texts available to scholars in linguistici 23.11-31. ArchaeologicalInstituteof America from healways cultivated in his relationships with editions that wereaffordable, packed with —. 2002. La seconda metàdelnuovo testo 1980-1984,Trustee of theAmericanSociety of collaborators, theEditorialBoardhonors and information,and very user-friendly. Those diCortona. InMaristellaPandolfini and OrientalResearch,Chair of theDepartment of respects him deeply. Amember of the who study the texts of thelanguages of ancient Adriano Maggiani,eds., LaTabula ClassicalandNear EasternArchaeology at AcadémieRoyale since 1996,hehas been the Italy owehim a tremendous debt for his serv- Cortonensis eil suocontesto storico-archaeo- BrynMawr Collegefrom 1955-1983,and friend, thecolleagueand the wisecounselor. ice to thefield. He spearheaded amassive logico. (Attidell’Incontrodi studio, 22 giugno Acting Deanof theGraduateSchool of Arts The Revue wants tohonor him herein publish- effort to re-edit and republish theentirecorpus 2001) ,pp. 77-86. Roma: Consiglio Nazionale andSciences at BrynMawr Collegefrom ing his personalbibliography. of Etruscaninscriptions. Thepublication of delleRicerche. 1979-1980. Two young colleagues havebeeninvited to EtruskischeTexte in 1991 has reinvigorated Rix,Helmut et al. 1991. EtruskischeTexte. pursueRoger Lambrechts’ flourishing scientif- Etruscanlanguage studies. We arenow reap- Editio minor . Bd. I. Einleitung,Konkordanz, RogerLambrechts icenterprise. One, PaulFontaine, professor at ing thefruits of this labor in publications such Indices; II. Texte . Tübingen:Gunter Narr. by Jean-Marie Duvosquel theUniversitéCatholiquedeLouvain,is as KoenWylin’s comprehensive study of the GeneralDirector already well knownat the Revue ,because Etruscan verb(Wylin 2000). In 2002 Rix per- MachteldJ. Mellink Revuebelge de Philologie et d’Histoire since 1979hehas been regularly submitting formed the same service for Sabellic studies Reprinted from the BrynMawr College book reviews. Becauseof the quality of his by publishing SabellischeTexte ,avolumecon- website Translated andadapted from Revuebelge collaboration,Roger Lambrechts proposed taining all Oscan,Umbrian,andSouthPicene de Philologieet d’Histoire 78(2000) 5-6 ,a him in 1987 for theposition of secretary of the inscriptions. Scholars who workon theselan- MachteldJohannaMellink,88,professor speechgivenon theoccasion of Roger Antiquité section. From now on,PaulFontaine guages now havean up-to-dateand reliable emeritus in theDepartment of Classicaland Lambrecht’s retirement as Director of the will be in chargeof Romanantiquity. The editio minor of inscriptions. Near EasternArchaeology at BrynMawr Antiquité section of the Revue . other,Didier Viviers,professor at the Rix’s scholarly legacy is secure. Heleaves College, died Feb. 24at theQuadrangle, a UniversitéLibredeBruxelles, will assume behindabody of work that is unmatched in retirement community in Haverford. OnNovember 27,1999, theGeneral chargeof Greekantiquity. TheEditorialBoard both scopeand quality. He will be sorely Anativeof theNetherlands,Dr. Mellink Assembly of theSociétépour leProgrès des of the Revue thanks thembothfor having missed by Etruscologists andIndo- was aninternationally known scholar and Études Philologiques et Historiques paid accepted theseheavy responsibilities. With Europeanists alike. leader in thearchaeology of Turkey, which she enthusiastichomage toProfessor Roger them, the route traced by Roger Lambrechts pursued herself and taught at thecollegefrom Lambrechts, who for twodecades directed the will soon cut its way into the thirdmillennium. Select Bibliography on Etruscan: 1947 until retiring in 1988. Her specialty was Antiquité section of the Revuebelgede Andrew Sherratt Rix,Helmut. 1956. DiePersonennamenauf theculturalconnection betweenancient Philologieet d’Histoire. Today hepasses the denetruskisch-lateinischenBilinguen. BNF Greece and theNear East. In theclassroom she torch toanew team,but without leaving the by BernardKnapp 7.147-172. would scrawldiagrams on theblackboard, Revue , whichhehas agreed hereafter to shoul- —. 1962. Ein lokalbegrenzter Lautwandel linking onecivilization toanother through der as anadvisor to theEditorialBoard. At the Britishprehistorian,Andrew Sherratt,died im Etruskischen. DieSprache 8.29-45. ancient artifacts. riskofoffending Roger Lambrecht’s extreme Friday,February 24, 2006. He was a student of —. 1963. Das etruskischeCognomen. Dr. Mellink studied at theUniversity of modesty,let us evokeherebriefly his twenty DavidClarke’s at PeterhouseCollege, Untersuchungen zu System,Morphologie und Amsterdamand received her doctoratein 1943 years of tireless devotion in the service of the Cambridgeand thelong-timeAssistant Keeper Verwendung der Personennamenaufdenjün- from theUniversity of Utrecht. Sheaccepted a Revue . of Antiquities at theAshmoleanMuseumin gerenInscrhiftenNordetruriens . Wiesbaden: fellowship at BrynMawr Collegein 1946. Professor at theUniversitéCatholiquede Oxford. He recently had moved to the Harrasowitz. From 1950 to1965, sheparticipated in the Louvain (UCL) since 1960,initiator of the Department of Archaeology andPrehistory at —. 1968. Zur Ursprung der etruskischen excavation of Gordion,capitalofPhrygia Corpus SpeculorumEtruscorum ,director of theUniversity of Sheffield whereheheld the Silbenpunktierung. MSS 23.85-105. under thelegendary King Midas. While there, theBelgianexcavations at Artena(Latium), post of Professor. —. 1971. DiemoderneLinguistik unddie Dr. Mellink becamefascinated by theartifact- Roger Lambrechts has beenassociated with Sherratt’s research was remarkablefor its Beschreibung des Etruskischen. Kadmos richplain of Elmali in Lycia, whereno previ- the scientificdirection of the Revue since scope. He was interested in thebig questions 10.150-170. ous dig had beendone. She uncovered an 1979. In this rolehe was oneof theprincipal of Europeanprehistory andheaddressed them —. 1972. ZumUrsprung des römisch-mit- important Early BronzeAge settlement and architects of its reorganization into on acontinental scale. Heis perhaps best telitalischenGentilnamensystems. ANRW cemetery. Her research was published in inter- autonomous fascicles,as it has been since knownfor theconcept of a ‘Secondary I:2.702-758. nationaljournals in many languages. Troy and 1981. Under his impetus, thecontent and the Products Revolution’, which stressed thecriti- —. 1981. Das Eindringengriechischer theTrojanWar ,published in 1986, was written appearance of the Antiquité fascicleevolved cal socialandeconomic transformations that MytheninEtruriennachAussageder mythol- for thelayman. rapidly. Theplace reserved for reviews and accompanied theexploitation of domesticani- ogischenNamen. DieAufnahmefremder Her international recognition included an bibliography was modified toaccommodatea mals not for meat but for theother products Kultureinflüssein Etrurien unddas Problem honorary LLD. from theUniversity of growing number of articles,in whichillustra- that derived from livestock, suchas milk, des Retardierens in der etruskischer Kunst PennsylvaniaandanHonorary Doctorateof tions wereacrucialelement. wool,and traction. Hedirected thefirst inter- (Mannheim,8–10 febbraio 1980),96-103. History from theUniversity of Eskis,ehir. She On thepracticallevel,Roger Lambrechts nationalcollaborativefield researchproject in Mannheim. received theArchaeologicalInstituteof imposed analmost metronomic tempo on the easternHungary andhis limitless enthusiasm —. 1983. Normeevariazioni nell’ortografia America’s GoldMedalfor Distinguished management of thefascicleof whichhe inspired generations of students to workin etrusca. AttidelConvegno su ‘Iproblemi della ArchaeologicalAchievement in 1991 and the assumed responsibility. From contacts with the East Europe. Thecurrent blossoming of scritturaedellenormativealfabetichenel University of PennsylvaniaMuseum’s Lucy authors to thedrawing upof tables,from the archaeological researchinHungary and mondomediterraneoantico’(Napoli,16–17 Wharton DrexelMedalfor Archaeological correction of proofs to themailing of books, EasternEuropecan trace its origins to febbraio 1983). AION(ling) 5.127-140. each stepin thepreparation of the volumes fell Sherratt’s pioneering efforts. Page 11 Affiliation:Tufts University andFranklin College A r c h a e o l o g i c a l Season dates :June 20 -August 4 Description:Poggio Civitateis aneighth P r o j e c t s through sixthcentury B.C.E. Etruscan site, situated 25km southofSienain Tuscany, Italy. The sitepreserves someof theearliest ArchaeologicalProjects in evidence of monumentalarchitectureand Italy,Summerof 2006 sculpturein CentralItaly. Themain plateau of the sitepreserves evidence of twomajor phas- (From the AIA Bulletin for es of occupation,onedating to the FieldworkOpportunities) Orientalizing Periodand theother to the ArchaicPeriod. Excavation during the 2006 Archaeology FieldSchool,Sardinia season will continue tofocus on bothof these Director :Robert H. Tykot phases of the siteandexploreareas off the Affiliation:University of SouthFlorida plateau tobetter understand the surrounding Season dates :May 29-June 30 community. Description:Survey andexcavations which started in 2002 will continueat the siteof Poggio CollaFieldSchool Sennixeddu in west-centralSardinia, Italy. Directors:P. Gregory WardenandMichaelL. Thearea, immediately adjacent toMonte Thomas Arci,is characterized by amajor obsidian Affiliation:SouthernMethodist University, source, with the survey andexcavation focus- Franklin andMarshall College, and ing on the study of nearby workshop activities University of PennsylvaniaMuseumof dating to theNeolithicperiod whenobsidian Archaeology andAnthropology from this source was traded as far as northern Season dates: July 1-August 4 Italy and southernFrance. This project Description:Poggio CollaFieldSchool trains addresses whichparts of thechaìneopératoire students on anEtruscan siteabout twenty-two occurred at Sennixeddu,and what reduction miles north-east of Florence in the scenic techniques were used, beforeobsidian was Mugello valley. The settlement on Poggio used locally or traded over great distances. Colla spanned most of Etruscanhistory,from the seventhcentury B.C.E. until its destruc- Carsulae, RomanBaths tion by theRomans at thebeginning of the Director :JaneK. Whitehead secondcentury B.C.E. Thefirst 11 seasons of Affiliation:ValdostaStateUniversity excavation have revealed at least three major Season dates :June18 -July 30 construction phases,including anextraordi- Description:TheRomancity of Carsulae was narily richOrientalizing/Archaicphase that founded along the viaFlaminia when that includes the remains of amonumental struc- road was cut through Umbriain thelate third ViaFlaminiaat Carsulae. tureon theacropolis,and twolater phases century B.C. Located near the townofSan when the site was turned intoafortified Gemini, thearea has beenassociated with HeritageExcursions 2006:Discovering at theports of Rome withproducts from the stronghold. healing waters since Umbrian times. The Italy’s SangroValley provinces. Not being able tobe recycled, Romanbaths, whichlieat the thresholdof Directors:SusanKane, John Ippolito,and many weredumped at a specificlocation near Pompeii ArchaeologicalResearchProject: southernentrance to thecity, wereexcavated VeliciaBergstrom theport in Rome. Over the years, they formed PortaStabia in the1950s by the then-superintendent of Affiliation:Oberlin CollegeandUSDA Forest anartificialhill of testae andcrockery 45 Directors:StevenEllis andGary Devore archaeology,UmbertoCiotti. The sitehas lain Service, Division of HeritageManagement meters (135ft.) high. Originally these Affiliation: University of Michiganand exposed since then. Thegoals of theproject Season dates :July 8-July 22 amphorae had been used tohold theoliveoil StanfordUniversity are toconsolidate theexposed remains and to Description:TheSangroValley Project in the imported from theprovinces,mainly from Season dates :July 1-August 5 explore the structurefurther in order todeter- southernAbruzzo region of Italy was estab- Betica (presently Andalusia, in Southern Description: The ‘Pompeii Archaeological mineits full planand theformofits earliest lished in 1994 by John Lloyd(Oxford Spain). Many of theamphorae still have the ResearchProject:PortaStabia’(PARP:PS) phase, which,if contemporary with thefound- University) with theaim of studying society, maker’s seal stamped on their handles, while has recently begunanew archaeologicalexca- ing of thecity,may be oneof theoldest economy,and settlement change within the others retain titles andnotes written witha vation, structuralassessment,andgeophysical Romanbaths in existence. context of aMediterranean river valley sys- brushor quill listing theexporter’s nameand survey of the shops, workshops,inns,and tem—theSangroRiver valley—in the territo- indicating thecontents, theexport controls, houses at VIII.7.1-15,Pompeii. This neigh- CetamuradelChianti ry of theancient Samnites. Twophases of andconsular date. All thesenotes make bourhood was selected for intensiveinvesti- Director :Nancy T. de Grummond workby theSVP(1994-1998; 1999-ongoing) Testaccio thelargest archiveof Romancom- gation becauseof its uniquepotential to reveal Affiliation:Florida StateUniversity haveconvincingly demonstrated that this area merce in the world. Theepigraphy on thepot- thedeveloping relationship betweenpublic Season dates :May 10-June 20 of ancient Samnium,particularly from the tery provide alsofirsthanddocumentation of andprivate space in theRomancity:eachof Description:Cetamurais ahilltop sitein the Iron Age through theRomanperiods, was a theRomanEmpire’s economy, thecommer- theprivatebuildings was connected to the so- Chiantidistrict of Italy,located near Sienaon greater participant in thebroader processes cial relations between thecapitaland called ‘entertainment district’ –anarea com- theproperty of theBadiaaColtibuono that shaped ancient Italy thanpreviously provinces,as well as thealimentary habits of prising two theatres,alargepubliccolonnad- (Gaiolein Chianti). Recent researchhas indi- thought. TheSangroValley Project is focus- antiqueculture. ed courtyard, three temples,andaforum. The cated multiplephases of Etruscan settlement ing its current excavation and survey workat buildings for excavation lineoneof themajor (Archaic, “Classical,” andat least twophases theRoman siteof MontePallano andits envi- Palazzaccio (Lucca) thoroughfares of Pompeii,just inside oneof in theHellenisticperiod),as well as thepres- rons. MontePallano was animportant feature Director :Charles Ewell thecity gates (thePortaStabia); here was the ence of Romanbaths of theearly Roman in the ritualand territoriallandscapeof the Affiliation:New YorkUniversity in Florence socialandculturalhubof Pompeii. Even so, Empire. In theMiddleAges, the site was ancient Samnites. Ongoing excavation work andUniversity of NorthCarolinaAsheville our first season in 2005 represented thefirst referred toas Civitamura, or “Walled City,” includes acomplex of publicand sacred Season dates :May 29-June 30 time that stratigraphicexcavations haveever perhaps in reference toancient walls still buildings on themountain as well as at two Description:The sitemakes uponeof at least takenplace since thefirst clearance of vol- standing. Thereis alsodocumentation of a nearby Iron AgeandRomandomestic sites. 100 Romanfarms identified in thelow-lying canicdebris just over acentury ago. medievalcastrum,or fortified villageat the area of CapannoriandPorcarieast of Lucca sitein the twelfthcentury. Excavations in MonteTestaccio,Rome that areoften referred tocollectively as a Pompeii FoodandDrink Project 2006 will focus on amonumentalEtruscan Directors:JoséM. Blázquez andJosé “ruralPompeii.” Evidence of Paleolithic, Directors:Betty JoMayeske, Robert C. building of unknown usagelocated near a Remesal BronzeAge, andEtruscanmaterialhas also Curtis,R. Lindley Vann,andBenedict Lowe Hellenisticartisans’ quarter anddated to the Affiliation: ArchaeoSpain beenfoundin theimmediatearea. Affiliation:University of Maryland, secondcentury BCE. Season dates :September 24-October 8 University of Georgia, andWesternOregon Description:Between thefirst and the third Poggio Civitate(Murlo) University centuries A.D.,millions of amphorae arrived Directors:Anthony TuckandErik Nielsen Season dates :June 25-July 15 Page 12 Description:The researchgoalis toanalyze Director :MichaelKolb tributed across fivefundamentalperiods from VillaVignacce, Parcodegli Acquedottiand thepatterns of daily lifein Pompeii by anon- Affiliation:NorthernIllinois University, Palaeolithic to thearrivalof theRomans in the ParcodellaCaffarellain Rome invasive study of the structures that areasso- University of Palermo,University of valley. Director :Dr. Darius Arya ciated with the storage, distribution,prepara- Gothenburg,andStanfordUniversity Affiliation:AmericanInstitutefor Roman tion, serving,andconsumption of foodand Season dates :May 22 -June 24 Verucchio (nearRimini) Culture drink. These structures will include all cate- Description:This programis part of amulti- Director :Patrizia von Eles Season dates :July 1-August 7 gories of Residential,Commercial,Public, nationalSicilianandScandinavianproject Affiliation:ArchaeologicalMuseumof Description: The 2006 AIRCInternational Religious,andOther. Over 1,435 structures focusing on the siteof MontePolizzoand sur- Verucchio FieldSchool excavation of theVillaVignacce will be documented by measurements, sketch- rounding Belice Valley in the western-central Season dates :July 3-28andJuly 31- in theParcodegli AcquedottiinRomepro- es,andphotographs. Theinformation will be portion of Sicily. MontePolizzois aproto- September 1 vides anopportunity toexcavateasignificant organized intoacomprehensiveelectronic urbanhilltop site used for nearly 1,200 years Description:Excavation will takeplace near ancient sitein Rome. database, FoodandDrink in Ancient Pompeii andencompasses theBronze, Early Iron, the remarkableOrientalizing center of Codex, that will include the structureaddress, Elymian,andHellenisticperiods in the Verucchio,afrontier townat thenorthern floor plans,features showninoriginaldraw- island’s history. The surrounding valley settle- edgeof Etruscan territory, where richgrave ings, video,anddigital,color,black/white ment systemis filled withadditional finds included well-preserved woodenfurni- photographs. A printed guide will alsobe pre- Neolithic, Hellenistic, andRoman sites. ture, richhoards of amber,and remains of pared. The spatial relationships of structures actualclothing tooneanother will be analyzed todetermine SummerPrograminArchaeology,AAR thepatterns of daily life, by using a Director :NicolaTerrenato GeographicInformation System(GIS). From Affiliation:AmericanAcademy in Rome our analysis of ancient Pompeii, wehope to Season dates :June5-July 22 gain insight intocity-planning and tolearn Description:For thefourteenth year, the about building anenduring andhealthy urban AmericanAcademy in Rome will sponsor the environment in the 21st century. This year, Summer PrograminArchaeology. Intended 2006,is thefifth year of our on-site research. for graduate students or very advanced under- graduates,it provides anoverview of archae- Renaissance Ceramics of Tuscany ologicalproblems andmethods for students in Director :AnnaMooreValeri all fields of classical studies. The 2006 pro- Affiliation: EarthwatchInstitute gramis made possible with support from the Season dates :July 30 -August 26 ConcordiaFoundation. Theprograminvolves Description:Castelfiorentino,Tuscany, three weeks of site visits in andaroundRome Italy—Whenattractivepottery shards turned andfour weeks of fieldwork. upduring roadworkin theold quarter of this Tuscan town,apolicemanandamateur SummerPrograminRomanPottery archaeologist knew they were significant. A Studies,AAR decade later,more than5,000 fragments have Director: Archer Martin beenfound, many of thembearing thecoats of Season dates :June19 -July 17 arms of nobleTuscanfamilies in thedistinc- Description:Theprogram will present the tivegraffita style—withincised decorations— basics of Romanpottery andis designed tofill confirming that Castelfiorentino was acenter agapinarchaeological training. This is the for theceramics industry in the16thcentury. first of a three-year pilot series honoring the This will be thefirst systematicexcavation of memory of HowardComfort,aFellow of the aceramics dump andpotentialkiln site. Academy andaneminent scholar of Roman Theexcavation siteis in a small plazain pottery. charming Castelfiorentino,in theheart of his- toricTuscany. TrebulaMutuesca, Latium(Sabina) Director: Dr. Giulio Vallarono SanGemini Preservation Studies Affiliation: Soprintendenzaper iBeni Director: Massimo Cardillo ArcheologicidelLazio (Archaeological Affiliation:University of Wisconsin, Service of Latium) /Antaura-Didactics in Affiliation: BulgarianArchaeological Milwaukee Excavations of Roman Archaeology Association andRegionalHistorical Season dates :May 20 -August 6 Season dates: July 30, 2006 -August 26 Remains Outside of Italy Museum-Vratsa Description: TheSanGemini Preservation Description: TheArchaeologicalService of (From the AIA Bulletin for Season dates :June15 -September 18, 2006 Studies Program was started in 1999 by the Latium,jointly with theArchaeologicalUnit FieldworkOpportunities) Description:In1994 thearchaeologists had School of ArchitectureandUrbanPlanning at Antaura, organizes theeighthfieldworkcam- onechance in a thousand todiscover aRoman theUniversity of Wisconsin-Milwaukee in paign at TrebulaMutuesca, aRoman settle- UnderwaterArchaeology in the road station in locality Anistenear townof collaboration with various localgroups in San ment in Sabina(Latium), 60 km from Rome. MediterraneanSea Belogradchik. This typeof siteis illustrative Gemini topromote studies in thepreservation Thedig explores theRepublicanSanctuary of Location:Menorca,BalearicIslands,Spain of Romanlife. It contains all the things of culturalheritage. TheProgram’s courses thegoddess Feronia(thirdcentury B.C.). Directors: Claudio Lozano andFernando Roman travelers needed and shows themain areaimed at architects,planners,art histori- Contreras points of theRoman road beds. In 2005 ans,museumcurators,historians,engineers, Valcamonica RockArt Fieldwork, Affiliation: Ecomuseumof theCapeof archaeologists discovered part of largebuild- andother individuals who will be involved in Paspardo,Lombardy Cavalleria ing at the siteandbegan toexploreaRoman theplanning,management and study of cul- Director :Angelo Fossati Season dates :October 1-November 20, 2006 bath. The richcollection of finds shows that turalheritage. Theprogramis organized Affiliation:Footsteps of ManArchaeological Description:For 2006, theEcomuseumof the thelifehereis started in thebeginning of sec- aroundclassroom courses, travel,field Society,Valamonica CapeCavalleria will be exploring theRoman ondcentury A.D. andcontinued until theend research,andfieldprojects. Theseinclude: Season dates :July 1-September 30 port of Sanitjaand thecoast of theCapeof of thefourthcentury A.D. •Survey and restoration of theChurchof Description:TheFootsteps of Man Cavalleriaandidentifying structures of the SanGiovanni Battista(12thCentury) in San ArchaeologicalCooperativeSociety is based Romancity of Saniseraas well as Roman RomanVillaof Matanca Gemini in Valcamonica, analpine valley comprised shipwrecks. Theport of Sanitja was not only Location: Vaiamonte, Alentejo,Portugal •Archaeological survey andconservation between theprovince of Bergamo andBrescia occupied by theRomans,but therearealso Director: MaiaM. Langley of theRomanpublicbaths in thenearby in NorthernItaly, where rockart constitutes an ruins of aMuslim mosqueandEnglishdefense Affiliation:PortAnta, Archaeological ancient city of Carsulae (withdirector Jane archaeological,artistic, ethnographicandhis- tower, whichlead us tobelieve that we will Opportunities in Portugal Whitehead) toricalpatrimony of inestimable value, not findother vessels from these timeperiods. Season dates :July 03, 2006 -July 28, 2006 •Survey of thechurchofSantoGemine only for its antiquity but,aboveall,for the Description: The siteof Matança was only (13thCentury); this survey includes archaeo- thematicandiconographic wealth. The rupes- RomanRoad Station nearBelogradchik, just recently classified as aRoman site logical work. trian tradition of Valcamonica consists of Bulgaria although archaeologicalmaterialfrom this about 300,000 engraved figures mainly locat- Location: Belogradchik District,Bulgaria sitehas been surfacing for many years...possi- SicilianFieldSchool 2006 ed in openair andon flat rocks. Theart is dis- Director: Dr. Nartsis Torbov bly centuries. The siteis embedded mid-slope Page 13 ished due to theheavy maritimecommercial Thefortress’ walls incorporate thepeak’s ing buildings survey. industry that received boats going from Spain highest point, thus maximizing thefortifying Theexcavation part of thefield school in toItaly andfrom France toAfrica. The features of thelandscape. Theposition also Wales for bothoptions has three choices: impressiveness of Saniseracanbe appreciated optimizes the view of the valley and thelow- A)Theexcavated and reconstructed Castell in thepresent by the quantity and quality of lands. Henllys Iron Agefort examining thefifth-first theamphoras andother Romanartifacts that centuries B.C. defenses. B)TheCastell havebeenfoundin recent excavations. RomanFort on Tyne Henllys nativeRomanfarmstead (first-fourth Saniserais situated on the spectacular natural Location: SouthShields,England centuries A.D.) C)ThehistoricHenllys reserveof theEcomuseumofCapde Director :PaulT. Bidwell Manor HouseandFarm(16th to the19thcen- Cavalleria. Theexcavation will be situated in Affiliation:EarthwatchInstitute turies A.D.) aRomanfort (123 B.C. -50 B.C.),investigat- Season dates :June 04-September 16, 2006 ing thebuildings andartifacts of the soldiers’ Description:Twomillenniaago, theRoman Pollentia(Mallorca, Spain)forHigh School andappears tobe properly oriented andlocat- stockrooms andliving quarters. Empire stretchedall the way tonorthern Students ed in anideal setting for aRoman villa. In England, once considered theedgeof civiliza- Location: Majorca, Spain fact,following theestimated distance and PorolissumForumProject tion. At Arbeia, the siteof aRomangarrison Director: MargaritaOrfila sizes of latifundias,Romanfarming estates in Location:SalajCounty,Romania andharbor a stone’s throw from Hadrian’s Affiliation:ArchaeoSpain this area, Matança is most likeanother Roman Directors: EricC. DeSenaandAlexandru V. Wall,alocal settlement becamepart of oneof Season dates :July 11 -August 05, 2006 villa. Matei thelargest andbusiest supply depots in the Description:In 70 B.C. theRomans founded Thematerial that is visibleon the surface indi- Affiliation: John Cabot University andZalau northernempire. How did the twocultures thecity of Pollentiain theNorthern side of the cates monumentalarchitectural works -possi- MuseumofHistory andArt adapt toeachother andcoexist? Theanswer charming islandof Majorca. In the summer of bly from a villaor a religious sanctuary or Season dates :June 30 -July 30, 2006 has corollaries throughout history andlessons 2006, theobject of our work will be thecon- temple. Theproximity of this site to the Description:Porolissumis among thelargest for today. tinuing excavation of thecity’s forum. important Roman villaof TorredePalma andbest-preserved archaeological sites in all Students at this site will contribute to the makes this excavation a very important and of Romania. Established in A.D. 106 by the RomanCity:TropaeumTraiani and researchof theintroduction anddevelopment significant work that may clear up some ques- Romanemperor Trajan,Porolissumhelped Acqueduct Survey,Romania of theRomancultureacross the tions regarding landdistribution and the spa- defend themain northwesternpassageway Location:Romania Mediterraneanand specifically in theBalearic tialdistances betweenindependent villa sites through theCarpathianMountains into the Director :Prof. Linda Ellis Islands. and those sites that weredependencies of the province of Dacia. By theearly thirdcentury, Affiliation: TerraEuropaea, Inc. major latifundias. Porolissumhad blossomed intoaproper city Season dates :July 12 -August 07, 2006 DrastarFieldSchool with standardRomanfeatures suchas an Description:Wehavehigh-resolution satellite Location:Bulgaria amphitheater, temples andaforum. Thepop- imagery from QuickBird satellitefor a16 Director: Dr. StefkaAngelova RomanSanctuary andFortress nearTown ulation stoodat 15-20,000. Due to the tremen- km2 area for remote sensing of sites. We will Affiliation: VIRSociety for Alternative of Mezdra, Bulgaria dous costs involved in maintaining anarmy in use this imagery tofindandexcavate sites in CultureandEducation Location: TownofMezdra, Northwest this portion of theEmpireand thegrowing the territoriumof theRomancity,Tropaeum Season dates :July 15 -August 25, 2006 Bulgaria need to shift troops to theEast,Aurelian with- Traiani,Dobrudja, SERomania, dating sec- Description:The siteis located within the Director: Dr. SergeiTorbatov drew from Daciain A.D. 271. Thepost- ond-sixthcenturies C.E.. We haveanon- modern townofSilistra(NorthEast Affiliation: BulgarianArchaeological Romanperiodof Porolissumis poorly under- going hydroarchaeological survey andexca- Bulgaria),directly on thebank of the river Association stood, although lifein this city thrived well vation of aqueducts supplying water to Danube. The sixth-century levelis marked Season dates :June15, 2006 -September 18, into theMigration period(fifth-eighthc. TropaeumTraiani. Many kilometers of under- with severalmonumentalbuildings andanew 2006 A.D.) andappears tohavebeencompletely groundaqueducts have recently becomeevi- Early Byzantinefortress, whose walls were Description: TheBulgarianArchaeological abandoned by the10thcentury. dent,and weare using the satelliteimagery to built at the reign of Justinian theGreat. The Association (BAA)ArchaeologicalField trace andexcavateaqueduct lines. We will Early Bulgarians had taken thefortress at the School was founded in 2001as a training YorkMinsterDean’s Park have toaccess theseaqueducts andother sites timeof ConstantineIVandDorostol become school for students of archaeology,andis Location: England, UK by driving off-road over uneven terrain. thefirst main city of thenewbornBulgarian based in Northwest Bulgaria. Thefield school Director :Toby Kendall Kingdom. During thePaganperiod(seventh- is involved in a study of theRomanculturein Affiliation: YorkArchaeologicalTrust and the Barcombe RomanVilla middleof ninthcentury) themedievalDrastar the region. Theproject includes excavation DeanandChapter of YorkMinster Location:England, East Sussex was acenter of thelocalBulgarianeliteand workonaRoman site, lecturecourses on Season dates :June 20 -September 09, 2006 Directors:DavidRudling andChris Butler oneof the rulers’ residences. excavation methodology and siteinterpreta- Description: YorkArchaeologicalTrust,in Affiliation:University of Sussex and theMid tion,andorganized visits tonearby archaeo- partnership with theDeanandChapter of Sussex FieldArchaeologicalTeam TheSilchesterInsulaIXRomanTownLife logical sites. YorkMinster, will be excavating in theDeans Season dates :July 17 -August 11, 2006 Project Thefortification of the sitenear Mezdra rep- Park to thenorthof thenaveof YorkMinster. Description:In 2006 there will be a sixth sea- Location:United Kingdom resent oneof theearliest well preserved Theexcavation will be looking toanswer a son of researchand training excavations at the Director :Professor MichaelFulford Romanmilitary buildings on theBalkan number of questions about thearchaeology on Barcombe RomanVilla site, East Sussex, Affiliation:Department of Archaeology, Peninsula. Theexcavations in 2005provided the site, whichdates from theRomanperiod England. Sofar someof themain discoveries University of Reading extensivematerial,among which several onwards. Themain researchobjectives relate made haveincluded the remains of a winged- Season dates :July 03 -August 13, 2006 architecturaldetails withcertain provenance to theprobablepresence of amedievalchapel, corridor house, alargeaisled building,four Description:TheSilchester ‘TownLife’ from Antique temple, the richcollection of part of thearchbishops’ palace andapost- Iron Age type timber roundhouses,acourt- Project consists of the totalexcavation of a coins dated to thefirst half of the thirdcentu- medievalmansion. yard wall andaditched enclosure. Roman largepart of oneof theinsulae (blocks) of a ry A.D. andpottery of exceptionally high occupation of the site spans themidfirst to major Romanadministrativecapitalin south- quality. ALateRomanandMediaevalFortress late thirdcenturies. This siteprovides an ernBritain. Fieldworkbeganin1997 andcon- nearGorno NovoSelo (ancient Augusta opportunity toinvestigate thedevelopment of tinues annually over a six-week season. The TheRomanConquest of theBalearic Traiana, Romanprovince Thracia) aRomano-British villafrom anindigenous principalaim is toincreaseour understanding Islands,123 BC Location:Bulgaria farmstead. of thechanging natureof theoccupation of Location: Menorca, Spain Director: Dr. BojanDumanov InsulaIXfrom its origins in thefirst century Director: FernandoContreras Affiliation:VIRSociety for Alternative Castell Henllys FieldSchool B.C. through toits demisein thefifthor sixth Affiliation: Ecomuseumof theCapeof CultureandEducation Location:Wales,United Kingdom century A.D. The 2006 season will focus on Cavalleria Season dates :July 15 -August 20, 2006 Director :Dr. HaroldMytum thelateIron Age/early Romanoccupation of Season dates :June 01-October 30, 2006 Description: The siteis located 35kmnorth- Affiliation:University of York theinsula. Description: TheRomans first arrived on west of the townofChirpanandca. 40 km Season dates :July 01, 2006 -August 12, 2006 Menorca in the year 123 B.C. when the from StaraZagoraCity (ancient Augusta Description:First two weeks:geophysical TheValeandRidgeway Project: Romanarmy conquered theBalearicislands. Traiana, Romanprovince Thracia). The and surface survey workis combined with Excavations at Marcham/Frilford For 600 years more, Menorca wouldforma fortress is located in the southern ridges of the graveyard research will be concentrating on Location:England,Oxfordshire part of theimmenseRomanempire. On the SarnenaSrednaGora- thelast mountains of 17th-19thcentury memorials from a variety of Directors:Dr. Gary LockandProf. Chris island they formed three Romancities. Of thegreat Balkan rangebefore theThracian different Christiandenominations. InIreland Gosden thosecities,Sanisera(our archaeological site) lowlands. Thefortress was built on thepeak thereis moregeophysics andon Early Affiliation:University of Oxford was built around theport of Sanitjain the “Kaleto” (708mabove the sea level), which Christian sites, thegeophysics in Wales is on Season dates :July 01-July 28, 2006 northernmost part of theisland. Thecity flour- lies east of theimportant pass “St. Nikola.” Iron Age/Roman sites and thereis more stand- Description: Excavations in the1930s Page 14 established Marcham/Frilfordas an important and unusual site within England. It is anIron Age settlement (ca. M u s e u m N e w s sixth tofirst centuries B.C.) overlain by a major Romano-British religious complex. This comprises a templeandalargecir- Report from theVatican cular stone-built structure whichmay be anamphitheatre. TheUniversity of (2004-2005) Oxfordhas beenexcavating herefor five by Maurizio Sannibale summers andin 2006 will continue with Musei Vaticani workconcentrating on theamphitheatre andnearby Romanpublicbuildings. In theMuseoGregoriano Etrusco workon the renovation of thedisplays is continuing. In ColoniaCluniaSulpicia these years attention is focused on the rooms Location: Burgos,Spain dedicated to theCollection of Vases. This Directors: FrancescTuset andMiguelA. famous collection includes someof themost de laIglesia important masterpieces of ancient vasepaint- Affiliation:ArchaeoSpain ing,discovered in thefirst half of the19th Season dates :July 02, 2006 -July 30, century in thenecropoleis of ancient Etruscan 2006 cities,especially VulciandCerveteri. Within Description:Oneof Spain’s most fasci- this section is housed theprestigious Mario nating Romancities,Clunia’s goldenage AstaritaCollection, which this connoisseur,a spanned between thefirst century B.C. friendof Beazley,donated toPopePaulVIin and thefirst century A.D. as thehubof 1967. This gallery and thenext, whichhouses theRomanHispaniaprovince of Attic vases of theearly 5thc.,began tobe Tarraconensis. We will continue theexca- reorganized at thebeginning of 2006. vation of its impressive 7,000-seat the- The researchactivity of theMuseo ater, thelargest of its kindin theIberian Gregoriano Etruscohas beenongoing. The Peninsula. year 2005 saw thepublication of themuch- Following acivil war in Romeagainst awaited book by AlessandroMandolesi, Il Nero,Cluniagovernor Servius Sulpicius materialeprotostorico , withcontributions Fig. 1. Galba was chosenby themilitary to from Andrea Babbi,Marshall Joseph Becker, become theRomanemperor in A.D. 68. Cristiano IaiaandMaurizio Sannibale, the Clunia’s importance would soon multiply. ninth volumein a well-launched series of cat- Rome’s architects bestowed on Clunia alogues. The volume, published by L’”Erma” impressivemonuments,many of which diBretschneider in collaboration with the still remain:baths,forum, theater,gov- MuseiVaticani,presents for thefirst timeall ernment buildings, shops, taverns, theproto-historicalandVillanovanmaterial, dwellings,etc. The siteis famous for its and that of ancient Latium,in theMuseo well-preserved mosaicfloors andits Etruscoof theVatican. Twonucleiarepartic- underground water source that canonly ularly interesting,not only from thepoint of be reached by scuba-diving archaeolo- view of thedocumentation,but alsofor the gists. Artifacts from thecave that leads to history of the researchinto what is essentially the subterraneanlake revealed a small thefirst materialfrom twoculturalareas from shrinefor a religious sect that left behind their first discovery. From 1776-1778dates aninteresting collection of inscriptions. thediscovery at Vulciof thefirst evidence of that whichonly acentury later wouldbe RomanFort on theDanube defined as theVillanovanculture, whilefrom Location: Romania 1816-1817 dates thediscovery of thefamous Director: Dr. Mihail Zahariade tombfurnishings of theCivitàLazialeat Affiliation: EarthwatchInstitute CastelGandolfo,in theAlbanHills,not far Season dates: June 09-August 27, 2006 from the siteof the storied Alba Longa. Proto- Description: Halmyris,Tulcea, Etruscans andProto-Latins are thus reunited Romania—Where theDanube River in this monograph, whichat the same time empties into theBlackSea lies thehis- offers achapter on themuseography of the toricRomanfort andmilitary supply 18thandbeginning of the19thcenturies,a depot at Halmyris. It took theRoman resource that is finally made available to the Emperor Trajan two wars to win this vital community of both scholars andamateurs. strategiclocation from theDacians,giv- In thearea of researchonancient Etruscan ing theRomans undisputed hegemony andRomangold work, themonograph over thefertileDanube Deltaandcontrol EtruscanTreasures from theCini-Alliata Fig. 2. over agateway toAsia. For thenext 600 Collection has beenpublished; it is anexhibi- years,Halmyris served as alegionary tion catalogueedited by F. Buranelli andM. Fig. 1. AtticRed Figure skyphos by the Lewis Painter,460-450 B.C.,Museo base, navalport,andcritical supply depot Sannibale([Mabee Gerrer MuseumofArt, Gregoriano Etrusco,VaseCollection. for Romancolonization andcultural Shawnee, Oklahoma 2004]Rome 2004). The exchange. Inall,Halmyris was occupied catalogue, withentries andessays by Fig. 2.Calyx krater by the Painter of the Boston Phiale,440-435B.C.From Vulci, for 1,100 years,from theIron Age to the Maurizio Sannibale, introduces the unpub- 1835excavation,Museo Gregoriano Etrusco,VaseCollection. Byzantineperiod, anastounding sweepof lished collection of Fabrizio Alliataof colorfulhistory. You canhelp Dr. Mihail Montereale. Besides theMuseiVaticani, the “Sports in Etruria. Theadoption of aGreek 159,cat. no. 75; 161-162,cat. no. 77-78; 166, Zahariade findout how Romans accom- Soprintendenzeper I Beni Archeologiciof idealbetween reality and symbolism,” in N. cat. no. 80; 200,cat. no. 121. modated localcustoms andintroduced Latium,Tuscany,Umbria, andSouthern Ch. StampolidisandY. Tassoulas,eds., P. Liverani andG. Spinola, eds., Ritratti their own. Etruriaalsolent works to theexhibition. MagnaGraecia. Athletics and theOlympic romani daiMuseiVaticani,exhibition cata- Essays andentries on the works in the Spirit on thePeriphery of theHellenicWorld , logue, Tokyo,MuseumofWesternArt, 2004 MuseoGregoriano Etruscohavealsobeen exhibition catalogue(MuseumofCycladic (Tokyo 2004)84–97,cat. nos. 2-8; 138–153, published by Maurizio Sannibalein thefol- Art,Athens 2004)81-101; ibid .,105,cat. no. cat. nos. 28-42; lowing catalogues: 2; 129-130,cat. no. 47; 147,cat. no. 64; 158- G. SenaChiesaandE.A. Arslan,eds., Miti

Page 15 Greci. ArcheologiaepitturadallaMagna IFeniciinItaliadall’orienteall’occidente , Greciaalcollezionismo,exhibition catalogue, exhibition catalogue, Milan,Biblioteca diVia Milan,PalazzoReale, 3October 2004-16 Senato,October 2004-April 2005(Milan A n n o u n c e m e n t s January 2005(Milano 2004) 200,n. 180. 2004). N. Kaltsas,ed., Agon,exhibition catalogue, IlSettecentoaRoma ,exhibition catalogue, Athens,NationalArchaeologicalMuseum,15 Rome, PalazzoVenezia 2005-2006 (catalogue The cartoon below,by Tom Cheney,appeared in the May/June 2006 issueof July - 31October 2004(Athens 2004)112- entries for theApuliankrater by theIliupersis Archaeology .Our Editor-in-Chief put it on the finalexamfor her beginning Latin 113,n. 11. (AtticRed Figurehydriaby the Painter,inv. 18255,and thePestankrater classes and asked them to writeacaption in Latin. Twoof the responses aregiven Painter of theBoston Phiale, inv. 16549). attributed toPython,inv. 17370). here. Fortunatae Insulae,exhibition catalogue (SantaCruz -Tenerife 2004).

PowerandDeathin Verucchio

There wereVillanovans of rank, “excel- lent men,” who,in lifeandin death,displayed their political, religious,andmilitary power. It is thesemenand theprestigious furnishings of their tombs that are the subject of theexhibit “Il “Armaparemus ne libertas nostra tollatur.” (Let us preparearms so that our liberty PotereelaMorte,” opening may not be taken away.) RenishaEpps April 12, 2006 at theMuseo CivicoArcheologicodi “Dicohaecmala verba ne discedatis.” (I say thesebad words so that you may not Verucchio. depart.) Jason Skipper With this exhibit, theMuseo ArcheologicodiVerucchio opens Competition one that he thinks is particularly good-look- to thepublic thenewly restored ing. The shepherdlooks at him and says, “You We want toinclude thelighter side of areacarabiniere, aren’t you?” Thecarabiniere ChurchofS. Agostino, which, scholarship and travel, so send us your jokes, attached to themuseum,endows it with is surprised, becauseheis out of uniform,and cartoons,andfunny stories. Thecompetition says, “Yes,Iam,but how did you know?” anew space particularly adapted for tem- for teachers is alist of thebest “inspired mis- porary exhibits. This offers theopportunity to “Well, “says the shepherd,” you just picked takes” you receivefrom your students. the sheepdog.” display,for thefirst time, exceptionalmateri- Wooden table from the Verucchio exhibit Following are someof our personal alfrom someof Verucchio’s most important “Power and Death” favorites (from LarissaBonfante, Francesco tombcontexts, recently restored, as well as de Angelis,andLaurieSchneider): some relevant objects from the 2005excava- and symbols of rank andpower in funerary EtruscanNews Online tion season. Theseareburials of individuals of contexts;” “Materialfrom thenew excava- Question:Identify theTarpeianRock. high rank,identified as warriors from the tions.” Answer:TheTarpeianRock was a stone The staff of EtruscanNews Online is prestigious objects that comprised their funer- Theexhibit will runfrom April 13, 2006 to from which theTarpeianlanguage was deci- pleased toannounce thelaunchofits new ary offerings. January 6, 2007 at Verucchio (Rimini). phered. webpagein February 2006. The site, which Theexhibit illustrates thefollowing Telephone: 0541-670222; email:iat.veruc - is hosted by theUniversity of Massachusetts themes: “Verucchio:artistocracy, rank and chio@iper .net Question:What was thenameof the room Amherst (http://www.umass.edu/etruscan - roles in anIron Agecommunity;” “Clothing in aRomanhouse where they slept? news), was designed andproduced by Andrew andcostume;” “Clothing adornments;” Answer:Atribiculum. Wilson,aprofessionalgraphicdesigner, who “Bronzeandceramicbanquet ves- kindly offered his timeandexpertise to the sels;” “Woodenfurnishings Question:What is the universemade of develop the webpage.We think that you will from TombB/1971Strada according toLucretius? findhis design aesthetically pleasing andhis provincialeMarecchese Answer:The worldis made upof tiny organizational schemaeasy tonavigate. 15 bis;” “Weapons for Adams. EtruscanNews Online is now openfor combat andparade;” submissions of articles, reviews,conference “Chariots andhar- Question:DefineGothicarchitecture. reports,andletters. Inorder tofacilitate the nesses;” “Power Answer:Pointed andfalling arches. ‘publication’of submissions in electronicfor- anddeath: signs mat, weaskcontributors toadhere to thefol- Question:What is the significance of A.D. lowing guidelines: 313? All submissions to EtruscanNews Online Answer:It is the year Christ was resurrect- shouldbemade by electronicmail. ed. All submissions shouldbemade in a text document (preferably Microsoft Word)as Question:Identify Zeus. well as in PortableDocument Format (PDF). Answer:Aplace tokeepanimals. Submissions may include color images. Please submit contributions viaelectronic Question:What was theIliad? mail to: Answer:Aplay about Achilles’ heel. (a)[email protected] or toany of thefollowing editors: Acarabiniere was toldby his commander to (b)LarissaBonfante: go get a sheepfor abig banquet that was [email protected] planned. So that weekend thecarabiniere (c)JaneWhitehead: changes intocivilianclothes,andgoes out [email protected] into thecountry tofindashepherd. Hegoes (d)Rex Wallace: Fig. 1. Wooden table from GraveB/1971 up to the shepherd, who is in thefields with [email protected] Lippi,early 7thcentury B.C. his flock,andhe says he wants tobuy a sheep. The shepherd says, “Fine, here they are, look For moreinformation on submissions, Fig. 2.Amber fibulaefrom Grave aroundandpickout theone you want.” The please visit the ‘contribute’pageof Etruscan 47/1972 Lippi,end 8thcentury B.C. carabinierelooks around, andfinally points to News Online .

Page 16