Orient II 2010 18:Layout 1.Qxd

gegründet vom Nah- und Mittelost-Verein Muslims in Europe J. Christopher Soper, Ph.D, and Dr. Joel S. Fetzer, Ph.D The Not-So-Naked Public Square: Islam and the State in Western Europe Dr. Shireen T. Hunter Europe’s Muslim Minority: The Challenge of Integration Prof. Dr. Mathias Rohe Islam and the Law in Europe Dr. Hansjörg Schmid Representation or Participation? How German Muslims Seek to be Recognized Dr. Tahir Abbas The British Pakistani Diaspora: Migration, Integration and the Intersection of Race, Ethnicity and Religion Dr. Ralph Ghadban Fiqh al-aqalliyyÁt and its Place in Islamic Law Yemen Thomas Schmidinger Yemen: State Failure by Regime Support? Dr. Mark N. Katz Yemen and the “War on Terror” Lorenco Guarcello and Scott Lyon Children’s Work and Water Access in Yemen Dr. Ahmed Farouk Ghoneim Yemen's Prerequisites for Effective Integration in the World Economy Dr. Werner Daum Yemen – A short History of three Millennia Iran Dr. Babak Rahimi The Virtual Ulama: Dissent, Internet and Shi‘i Clerics in Post-revolutionary Iran Jägerstrasse 63 d • D - 10117 Berlin • Tel.: +49 (0)30 - 206410-21 • Fax: +49 (0)30 - 206410-29 www.deutsche-orient-stiftung.de • www.deutsches-orient-institut.de • [email protected] NUMOV services since 75 years: Extensive consulting Initiation and extension of cooperation Up-to-date business information Providing market information Supporting market entries Analysis of economic and business trends Promotion of import and export Informa- tion on projects and tenders Business delegations Repre- sentation of Interests Training, Lectures, Seminars and Conferences Match-making events Project-Hotline Bi-monthly Magazine “Near and Middle East Economic Forum” (Wirtschaftsfo- rum Nah- und Mittelost) Near and Middle East Economic Hand- book Founder and coordination office of the Federation of European Near and Middle East Business Associations German Orient-Foundation / German Orient-Institute German-Egyptian Economic Council Saudi German Business Dialogue Ger- man-Yemenite Forum Qatar German Business Forum NUMOV Junior Section NUMOV Senior Consultants Section www.numov.de [email protected] Chairman Martin Bay, CEO Helene Rang, Honorary Chairman Dr. Gerhard Schröder, Former Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany Editorial / Content Editorial Content Dear readers of ORIENT, Abstracts . 4 th On June 14 this year, the German Orient-Institute ARTICLES will celebrate its 50th anniversary. For half a century it has been devoted to scientific research on political, economic, cultural and religious issues in the Near J. Christopher Soper, Ph.D, and Joel S. Fetzer, Ph.D and Middle East. Committed to this long standing The Not-So-Naked Public Square: tradition, we constantly try to remain focused on the Islam and the State in Western Europe . 6 urgent problems related to this region. Dr. Shireen T. Hunter In this context, the German Orient-Institute arranged a writers competition inviting young talented stu- Europe’s Muslim Minority: The Challenge of Integration . 15 dents to write on “Challenges to German Oriental Studies in the 21st Century”. Prof. Dr. Mathias Rohe Islam and the Law in Europe . 23 The current issue of ORIENT is equally trying to keep up with our aspirations to focus on topics of ac- tual interest. In the first part we look on our own Eu- ropean societies and investigate the important Representation or Participation? subject of Muslim integration in Europe and espe- How German Muslims Seek to be Recognized . 37 cially in Germany. A variety of outstanding scholars discusses social, organisational and legal challenges and opportunities relating to Muslim minori- ties in Europe. We hope to offer you an interesting The British Pakistani Diaspora: and fruitful contribution to a much-needed discus- Migration, Integration and the Intersection of Race, sion that is especially relevant for a country like Ger- Ethnicity and Religion . 49 many. Here, Muslim minority population has grown to approximately 4 million. Nonetheless, integration policies and a serious dialogue with Muslims in Ger- many were just developing during the last few years. Fiqh al-aqalliyyÁt and its Place in Islamic Law . 56 The second part of the current issue is dedicated to Yemen – a country that gained international atten- Yemen: State Failure by Regime Support? . 64 tion during the last months due to the rise of militant Islamism which is threatening the stability of the region and endangering the international security situation. This became evident with the attempt of Yemen and the “War on Terror” . 67 bombing a plane in Detroit in December 2009 by a Nigerian terrorist trained in Yemen. Now, the country Lorenco Guarcello and Scott Lyon is seen by many as a “failed state” and a “safe Children’s Work and Water Access in Yemen . 70 haven” for al-Qa’ida fighters. However, Yemen strug- gles against many different challenges besides the security issue. Yemen's Prerequisites for Effective Integration Therefore, this issue of ORIENT is also focussing on in the World Economy 73 Yemen as a country on the brink of collapse in several manners. Our authors are dealing with the Yemeni water scarcity, the challenges for the oil-de- Dr. Werner Daum pendent economy, tensions within the Yemeni soci- Yemen – A short History of three Millennia . 76 ety or the deep gap between the traditional tribal society and the central government. Additionally, Yemen is a country with a long Islamic and pre-is- The Virtual Ulama: lamic history and tradition which is emphasized in the last contribution about Yemen. Dissent, Internet and Shi‘i Clerics in Post-revolutionary Iran . 81 In a different context, the last contribution deals with REVIEWS the political impact of Internet on Shi’ite Iran since the mid-1990s. We hope you will enjoy reading this issue. We al- Zeitgeist. Global Politics and Turkey . 90 ways welcome any feedback from our readers which might help us to be even more focused in our writ- ings on subjects of real interest. Der Westen – ein Sodom und Gomorrah? Westliche Frauen und Männer im Fokus ägyptischer Musliminnen . 92 With my best wishes New Publications . 94 Events . 95 Authors . 96 Dr. Gunter Mulack Board / Board of Trustees . 98 Director of the German Orient-Institute Imprint . 99 ORIENT II / 2010 3 Abstracts Joel S. Fetzer, Ph.D, and J. Christopher Soper, Ph.D The Not So Naked Public Square: Islam and the State in Western Europe The migration and settlement of large numbers of Muslims in Western Europe in recent decades has posed a challenge to European secularism. As European Muslims began to turn to the state for public recognition of their religious rights, these residents exposed a conflict between Europe’s supposedly secular political culture and state policies that provided myriad benefits to religious groups. This article examines how Muslims highlighted tensions inherent in European church-state practices and explores how European states might best ensure the successful incorporation of Muslims into their respective societies. Dr. Shireen T. Hunter Europe’s Muslim Minority: The Challenge of Integration The article deals with the large Muslim presence in Europe which is facing European countries, as well as Muslim communities, with multifaceted and difficult issues and challenges of integration. The biggest problem in tackling the integration challenge is that no one can agree on what precisely integration means. Many Europeans equate integration with assimilation, while Muslims are fearful of the term as a code word for the erasing of their religion and culture. Yet, there are clear criteria according to which the level of Muslim integration in Europe can be measured and future integration promoted: These are, legal, linguistic / educational, economic, civil, cultural and psychological criteria. Judged on these criteria the degree of Muslim integration is far from satisfactory. Yet the several problems would be insurmountable if both Muslims and Europeans realized that integration is a two way process; Muslims must be willing to integrate and the Europeans must be willing to accept them. Prof. Dr. Mathias Rohe Islam and the Law in Europe In his paper, Prof. Rohe is focussing on the obstacles, challenges and problems with the full integration of Muslims in the several law systems in Europe and is in particular focusing on the current situation in Germany that has one of the largest Muslim populations in the European Union. Since many of them still have an immigration background, there are specific migration-related topics to be addressed. These are, however, secular in nature; they do not con- cern Muslims’ religious beliefs or their religious needs as such. Since September 11, 2001, Muslims in Europe and other Western societies have faced what has come to be known as “Islamophobia.” Many Muslims in Europe still tend to seek practical solutions for reconciling their own religious beliefs and practices with legal and other codes of secular European societies. Within the last few years European Muslims have also tried to formulate theoretical statements to clarify their positions on these issues, identify possible conflicts between legal and religious norms, and find adequate solutions for such conflicts. Dr. Hansjörg Schmid Representation or Participation? How German Muslims Seek to be Recognized To be recognized constitutes one of the central goals of German Muslims. Representation and participation can be described as two strategies for recognition. Since the processes of constructing

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