Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2010 The Europeanization of French, German and British China Policies: The case of the arms embargo on China Vivien L. Exartier West Virginia University Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Recommended Citation Exartier, Vivien L., "The Europeanization of French, German and British China Policies: The case of the arms embargo on China" (2010). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 4586. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/4586 This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by the The Research Repository @ WVU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you must obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Dissertation has been accepted for inclusion in WVU Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports collection by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Europeanization of French, German and British China Policies: The case of the arms embargo on China by Vivien L. Exartier Dissertation submitted to the Eberly College of Arts and Sciences at West Virginia University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor in Philosophy in Political Science Approved by Donley T. Studlar, Ph.D., Chair Cynthia Chalupa, Ph.D. Scott Crichlow, Ph.D. Bob Duval, Ph.D. John Kilwein, Ph.D. Department of Political Science Morgantown, West Virginia 2010 Keywords: embargo, EU, China Copyright 2010 Vivien L. Exartier ABSTRACT The Europeanization of French, German and British China Policies: The case of the arms embargo on China by Vivien L. Exartier This study analyzes the impact of France, Britain and Germany on European Union sanction policy on China. The study argues that Britain, France and Germany affect the EU sanction policy on China through bottom-up and horizontal Europeanization due to their historic and strategic ties to the PRC and their predominance in the armament industry. The study specifically reviews the case of the handling of the lift of the arms embargo between 2003 and 2005, imposed on the wake of the Tiananmen Square Massacre in 1989. The methodology combines a questionnaire, addressed to defense and foreign affairs officials from the three member states and EU officials, press articles, interviews and speeches and applies three theories about responses to Europeanization. The study found that The Big Three influence the agenda-setting and policy formulation by uploading their policy preferences but cannot implement those policies if they conflict with US interests. AKNOWLEDGEMENTS Dr. Donley Studlar, my chair and mentor, an outstanding faculty who has been very supportive over the years, helped me to think better, gave me the opportunity to teach and who seems like a true Europhile! The Committee members who have all been my professors and that taught me so much: I thank them for their feedback, patience, help on the methodology, and support. The Department of Political Science, Dr. Joe Hagan and Dr. Alan Hammock, chairs during my time in the program. All the faculty, remarkable scholars: a great sense of pedagogy and a true passion in their field. Dr. Jeff Worsham for challenging me, for teaching me tough lessons about graduate school and for giving me great ideas for my methods section! The Eberly College of Arts and Sciences and Dean King for their support on conference and research trips. The respondents of my questionnaire and folks who helped me in my interviewing and research requests. Todd McFadden who helped me when I was in need. My colleagues in Political Science Department: Kyle Christensen, Theresa Hutchins, Mark Lehman, Hadii Mamudu, Noelle N’Diaye, Matt Sutton, Brent Eastwood, David Plazek, Valerie Danley, Viviane Foyou, Arnita Sitasari, Fredric Appah, Fabio Francchi, Arian Spahiu for interesting chats, long nights sweating over statistics, conference trips, bits of advice and good laughs! LeeAnn Greathouse, Ronny Thompson, Beckie Digman from the Department of Political Science whom I always asked so many impossible things and who always helped me… My colleagues in Student Affairs so enthuse about our school and our students: Dr. Tom Sloane, Dr. David Stewart, James Johnson, Debbi Pariser, Ayumi Tsuda, the late Cecilia Rollins. The Oklahoma State Faculty: Dr. Bob Darcy a true inspiration who recommended the doctoral program at West Virginia University. Dr. Joel Jenswold who was so supportive during my thesis work while I was in Morgantown, Dr. Nixon, a great professor, Dr. Lewis, another europhile. My Oklahoma State ‘crew’: Amanda Howard now Dr. Howard, who shared the Ph.D. conquest struggle, my old friend Ismail who convinced me to switch from Business to Political Science, Amanda Hill, Jessica Henson, Dr. David Chatelet, Larisa Yun now in a Ph.D. program at Oklahoma University. My colleagues at the Washington Workshops Foundation: Aaron, Sherrie, Leo, Tom, Samie, Tony, supportive and truly dedicated to civic education. My WVU partners and fiends from the French Department…and from France: Vanessa, now a Ph.D. candidate and Amandine, a French teacher: laughter, horror movies and Panera, and support. My old high school friend Dr. Guillaume Raux for his words of encouragement and pearls of wisdom. My dear friend Annabelle, WVU alumna, who has always been here for me in the ups and downs of life. My pal Thomas Fontaine, White Hall computer lab mate and travel companion, WVU alum, always supportive whether he was in Argentina or Shanghai. My friends back home who would always cheer me up no matter what and who found the time to visit with me in the US: Emmanuel, Olivier, Sebastien. My beloved Mwai for her guidance, support, love, sacrifices and…proofreading! My family: my brother Sylvain, Lucile, Bérénice and Robin. My dear parents whom I owe so much for all their sacrifices and support throughout the years. They always have been here for me, always attentive, helpful and encouraging. Finally, this wonderful WVU and Morgantown community who always made me feel welcome and gave me countless opportunities. CONTENTS Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1.0 Introduction 1 1.1 Research Problem 4 1.2 Timeline and background information about the arms embargo issue 9 1.3 The US interference in the debate 14 1.3 Significance to the Literature and Chapters Overview 15 Chapter 2: Definition of Concepts 17 2.0 Introduction 17 2.1 Formulation and conduct of foreign policy in the European Union 17 2.1.1 Short History of the Common Foreign and Security Policy 17 2.1.2 Role and attributes of the EU institutions in the CFSP 22 2.2 Sanctions 32 2.2 Security 46 2.3 Europeanization 54 2.4 Policy Convergence 63 2.5 Adaptation and policy misfits 67 2.6 Methodology 71 2.6.1 Introduction 71 2.6.2 The Questionnaire and the Interviews 71 2.6.3 Press and journal articles, media interviews and speeches 73 2.6.4 Tweaking three theories to apply to our study 74 2.6.5 Expected findings 77 Chapter 3: The influence of France 79 3.0 Introduction 79 3.1 France’s relations with China 80 3.2 Track record of Europeanization of French China policy 82 3.3 The Reasoning of the French diplomacy to lift the arms embargo 87 3.4 The French response to Europeanization of China policy in the case of the arms embargo 92 3.5 Goodness of fit 105 v Chapter 4: The influence of Britain 113 4.0 Introduction 113 4.1 Relations with the PRC and Track record of the Europeanization of UK-China policy 115 4.2 Reasoning of the British Diplomacy 121 4.3 British Response to the Europeanization of China policy: the case of the arms embargo 124 4.4 Goodness of fit 135 4.5 Conclusion 142 Chapter 5: The Influence of Germany 145 5.0 Introduction 145 5.1 Relations with the PRC and Track record of Europeanization of China 145 5.2 Reasoning of the German Diplomacy 155 5.3 German response to the Europeanization of German policy: the case of the embargo 160 5.4 Goodness of fit 167 5.5 Conclusion 176 Chapter 6: Conclusion: Was there any European China Policy in the case of the embargo? 178 6.0 Introduction 178 6.1 The case of the embargo: an aberrant or normal issue for EU foreign policy? 180 6.2 Response to the embargo by other Member States 181 6.3 Comparison of the influence and responses of the Big Three and their impact of bilateral relations 182 6.4 The place of China in the world and the aspirations of the EU as a global actor 185 6.5 Applicability of adaptation theories on foreign policy 189 6.6 The empowerment of external actors 190 6.6.1 The impact of the United States 190 6.6.2 Taiwan 192 6.7 A main veto point: The weight of domestic opposition 193 6.8 The thorny issue of human rights 194 6.9 Conclusion and agenda for future research 195 Appendix 197 Questionnaire 197 The Declaration on China 202 Table Contacts Britain 203 Table Contacts EU 206 vi Table Contacts France 208 Table Contacts Germany 210 The Code of Conduct on Arms Export 216 Armament Industry Data 220 References 223 vii LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 The Timeline of the EU arms embargo on China 8 Table 2.6.2: Positive respondents for the Three Member States and the EU 67 viii ABBREVIATIONS AND ACCRONYMS CDU: Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands Christian Democratic