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"Summary Appraisals of the Nation's Ground-Water Resources

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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY SUMMARY APPRAISALS OF THE NATION'S GRDUND-WATER RESOURCES - TENNESSEE REGION, INCLUDING PARTS OF TENNESSEE AND ADJACENT STATES By Ann Zurawski Open-Fi le Report 77 - 609 Nashville, Tennessee September 1977 CONTENTS Page Abstract ........................................................ 1 Introduction .................................................... 4 The ground-water resource....................................... a Ground water and streamflow .................................. 8 Major aquifers ............................................... 20 Unconsolidated aquifers ................................... 20 Carbonate aquifers ........................................ 24 Fractured noncarbonate aquifers ........................... 26 Aquifer productivity ...................................... 28 Occurrence of ground water ................................... 32A Blue Ridge ................................................ 33 Valley and Ridge .......................................... 35 Cumberland Plateau ........................................ 3a Highland Rim.............................................. 41 Central Basin ............................................. 44 Coastal Plain ............................................. 48 Quality of ground water ...................................... 51 Development of the ground-water resource ........................ 59 Ground-water use ............................................. 59 Potential for development .................................... 62 Availability .............................................. 62 Dependability ............................................. 63 . Treatment needs ........................................... 66 Cost of dcvclopment ....................................... 67 Temperature stability..................................... 68 Efficiency for srnall-scale development .................... 68 Supplemental and conjunctive use .......................... 69 Underground storage....................................... 71 .. iii CONTENTS Page Locating a ground-water supply ............................... 72 Data needs ................................................... 79 Water-resources management ................................... 84 Conclusions..........~~~...~.......~.~...~........~~.~....~~....~ 87 References......................~.....~.......................... 92 e iv ILLUSTRATIONS Page Figure 1. Map showing Water Resources Council regions of the United States............................. 5 I 2. Map showing physiographic subdivisions of the Tennessee Region ............................. 6 3. Map and graphs showing mean annual and monthly precipitation and mean monthly temperatures for the Tennessee Region ......................... 8A 4. Diagram showing hydrologic cycle with water budget for a typical stream ...................... 9 5. Diagram showing the effect of ground-water levels on streamflow ............................. 10 6. Hydrograph showing baseflow of Buffalo River near Lobelville during 1968 water year ............................................. 13 7. Graph of ground water recharge in six drainage basins ........................................... 14 8. Streamflow duration curves for six gaging sta~ions......................................... 17 9. DiJgrm showing kinds of wa ter-bearing openings in the three major eypes of aquifcrs in the Tennessee Region .......................... 21 10. Map showing distribution of major aquifer types. ........................................... 22 V .. ILLUSTRATIONS Page Figure 11. Deleted ........................................... 23 12. Deleted ............................................. 25 13. Deleted ........................................... 27 14. Map showing ranges and median specific capacities of selected wells. ................... 31 15-20. Sketches showing idealized geologic and hydrologic conditions in each of the physiographic subdivisions of the Tennessee Region. 15. Blue Ridge ............................... 34 16. Valley and Ridge ......................... 36 17. Cumberland Plateau ....................... 40 18. Highland Rim............................. 42 19. Central Basin ............................ 4 5 20. Coastal Plain ............:............... 49 21. Nap showing results of chemical analyses of ground water from each physiographic subdivision of the Tennessee Region .............. 53 vi Page Figure 22. Graphs showing ranges and medians €or six water quality parameters in untreated ground water of the Tennessee Regivn and in the treated, finished water of the 100 I largest cities in the United States............. 57 23. Hydrograph of water level in test well M-1, Manches t er, Tennessee, showing season31 trends and response to rainfall ................. 64 24. Graphs of pumping rate and water levels in well M-157, Colbert County, t2lab;imn, during pumping test.. ........................... 65 25. Illustration showing some of the kinds of data used to derive cr-iterh for Jocnting test well sftes .................................. 76 26. Map showinp, loccitinns ol wells in thc U.S. Geological Survey observa t ion we1 1 network .......................................... 81 . vii TABLES Page Table 1. Comparison of water budget of a typical stream in the Tennessee Region with water budgets for Pomperaug and Beaverdam Creek basins............... 15 2. 3-day 20-year low flows at six gaging stations...............,........................... 19 3. Water use in the Tennessee Region in 1970............ 60 . viii METRIC UNITS Eng 1is h Multiply by Metric acre-f t (acre-foot) 1233 m3 (cubic meter) f t (feet) 3.048 x 10-l m (meters) (ft3/s)/mi2 (cubic feet 1.093 x (m 3 /s)/km 2 (cubic meter per per second per square second per square kilometer) mile) ft2 /d (foot squared per 2 9.29 x m /d (meter square per day) day) -2 gal/min (gallons per 6.309 x 10 L/S (liters per second) minute) (gnllmin) /f t (gallons 2.070 x lo-' (L/s)/m (liters per second per minute per foot) per meter) in (inches) 2.540 x 10'' mm (millimeters) +1 in/yr (inches per year) 2.540 x 10 mdyr (millimeters per year) +3 rn 3 /d (cubic meters per clay) >lgal/d (million gallorls 3.785 x 10 per day) mi (miles; 1.609 k.n (kilometers) 7 km 2 (square kilometers) mi' (square miles) 2.590 . ix ABSTRACT Ground water is an abundant and little-used resource in the Tennessee Region, a 41,000 square mile area dominated by the Tennessee River system and including parts of Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia. One-fifth to one-quarter of the precipitation that falls on the region enters the ground-water reservoirs. During the year approx- imately the same amount of water leaves the ground-water system, sustaining the dry-weather flow of streams. Recharge for the region is about 22,000 million gallons per day or 0.5 million gallons per day per square mile. The major types of aquifers in the region are unconsolidated material (including sand and regolith), carbonate rocks, and fractured noncarbonate rocks. One or more of these aquifer types occurs in each of the six physiographic subdivisions of the region. The productivity of these aquifers depends on their hydraulic properties and on the distribution of these properties. The unconsolidated sand aquifers are the most homogeneous in composition arid most predictable in occurrence. These aquifers commonly yield as much as 200 to 600 gallons per minute per well depending on the thickness of sand penetrated. -1- The most difficult aquifers to predict in regard to depth and yield are the carbonate rocks. In these aquifers it is possible to drill dry holes within a few hundred feet of wells capable of producing several thousand gallons per minute. However, with an adequate reconnaissance study to determine the occurrence of ground water and a planned test drilling program, yields of 300 gallons per minute per well can be expected in the carbonate aquifers. Potential yields from the fractured noncarbonate aquifers are lower than in the carbonate rocks. The chemical and physical properties of ground water insthe Tennessee Region are eiually within the limits recommended by the Environmental Protection Agency for drinking water, and the ground water in all but some very shallow aquifers tends to be free of pathogenic microorganisms. Saline water is not known to occur in significant quantities in the region. In 1970, 173 million gallons per day of ground water were used in the Tennessee Region. This was less than eight percent of the total quan- tity of water used in the region and only 0.8 percent of the estimated ground-water recharge. Ground water is used chiefly as a source of water supply for rural areas and small towns. A lesser amount is used by industries and commercial establishments located beyond the limits of municipal water-supply systems. However, there is potential fqr signi- ficantly increased use in order to augment surface-water supplies and to utilize the total water resource more efficiently. ,. Hydrologic studies and adequate test drilling would greatly in- . crease the chances of locating large amounts of ground water, espe- cially in the nine-tenths of the Tennessee Region that is underlain by either carbonate rocks or fractured noncarbonate rocks which have highly variable water-bearing properties. Collectively, such studies are useful in developing a concept of the hydrologic system which would permit the development of criteria for selecting well sites in other areas
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