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Home , Bluegrass region, Eastern United States, Geology of Kentucky, Highland Rim, Interior Low Plateaus, Knobs region

Summary Table: Characteristics of the of

6 8 . SOUTHWESTERN APPALACHIANS 7 1 . INTERIOR PLATEAU (continued) * * Level IV Physiography Soil Climate Potential Natural Vegetation / Land Cover and Land Use Level IV Ecoregion Physiography Geology Soil Climate Potential Natural Vegetation / Land Cover and Land Use Present Vegetation Present Vegetation

Area Elevation/ Surficial and Bedrock Order (Great Group) Common Soil Series Temperature/ Precipitation Frost Free Mean Temperature *Source: Küchler, 1964 Area Elevation/ Surficial and Bedrock Order (Great Group) Common Soil Series Temperature/ Precipitation Frost Free Mean Temperature * (square Local Relief Moisture Mean annual Mean annual January min/max; (square Local Relief Moisture Mean annual Mean annual January min/max; Source: Küchler, 1964 o miles) (feet) Regimes (inches) (days) July min/max ( F) miles) (feet) Regimes (inches) (days) July min/max (oF) 68a. Cumberland 607 Unglaciated. Open low hills, ridges, 980-1500/ Quaternary colluvium and alluvium. Ultisols (Hapludults). Shelocta, Gilpin, Latham, Mesic/ 47-51 170-185 23/46; Mixed mesophytic forest; American chestnut was a former dominant Mostly forest or reverting to forest. Also some 71d. Outer 4707 Glaciated in north. Rolling to hilly upland 382-1100/ Quaternary alluvium, loess, and in Mostly Alfisols Mostly Lowell, Cynthiana, Mesic/ 38-48. 160-210 20/45; Mostly oak–hickory forest. On dolomite: white oak stands Cropland, pastureland, woodland, military Plateau rolling uplands, and intervening valleys. 100-520 Mostly , , On floodplains: Entisols Muse, Clymer, Whitley, Udic. On 63/88 on drier sites/ On mesic sites: forests variously dominated by pastureland and limited cropland. Logging, Bluegrass containing small , springs, 50-450 northernmost Kentucky, discontinuous (Hapludalfs, Fragiudalfs); Faywood, Beasley, Crider, Udic. On Snowfall 62/89. with barren openings. In east: cane along streams and on bottoms. In base, urban-suburban areas, and, especially Streams have moderate to low gradients. siltstone, and coal. Western areas: (Fluvaquents), Inceptisols Wellston, Trappist, floodplains: yellow-poplar, , , ash, beech, and hemlock. On drier sites: coal mining, and livestock farming have ravines, gorges, and, along the pre-Wisconsinan till, Quaternary glacial also Mollisols (Hapludolls, Shelbyville, Nicholson; floodplains: is greater Northern the north where glacial drift deposits have been removed by erosion: in dissected areas, forest. Livestock, hay, Pennsylvanian conglomerate, sandstone, (Dystrudepts). Clymer, Tate, Ramsey. On Aquic, Udic mixed oak forests chiefly dominated by white oak, oak–pine, and degraded water quality. Past land use and River, broad terraces and floodplains. outwash (especially in valleys), and Argiudolls). On floodplains also Fairmount, Caneyville, Aquic, Udic in portion is maple–oak–ash forests. Upland glacial till sites on Rossmoyne soils: burley , corn, soybean, small grain, and siltstone. floodplains: Atkins. Upland pine forests. On abandoned agricultural land on ridge tops and on topographic variation have contributed to Deeply entrenched streams and rivers lacustrine deposits. Mostly Upper and in upland depressions: Otwell, Shrouts, Mercer, northern colder than American beech–sugar maple. On well-drained soils over coarse and dairy farming. Stream quality is affected soils are generally well- south-facing slopes: successional forests dominated by pine, today’s highly variable forest composition. occur. Degree of dissection is variable and shale; also, on Inceptisols (Eutrudepts, Culleoka, Eden, Wheeling, portion. southern glacial outwash deposits in north: a few, scattered dry prairie sites/ by agriculture and municipal effluent. drained, acidic, and have low shortleaf pine, red maple, and black gum. On north-facing and lower Reclaimed and unreclaimed mine lands occur. but generally increases toward rivers. the ecoregion’s outer periphery, Lower Endoaquepts), Entisols Hampshire, Sandview, portion. Mixed forests containing white oak, northern red oak, black oak, Concentrations of suspended sediments and natural fertility. slopes: successional forests often dominated by yellow-poplar and On broad ridge tops and in valleys: some hay, Upland streams have moderate to high and Middle Silurian limestone, dolomite, (Fluvaquents), Mollisols Corydon, Tilsit, Pembroke, hickory, yellow buckeye, white ash, blue ash, eastern redcedar, scarlet nutrients can be high. red maple. corn, and tobacco are grown. gradients and boulder, cobble, or bedrock and shale as well as Middle and Upper (Hapludolls). Soils derived Lawrence. On floodplains oak, black walnut, black maple, beech, yellow-poplar, basswood, 68c. Plateau 1437 Unglaciated. Highly dissected plateau 730-1650/ Quaternary colluvium and alluvium. Ultisols (Hapludults, On sandstone, shale, and/or Mesic/Udic 47-51 170-180 23/44; Mixed mesophytic forest; American chestnut was a former dominant Mostly forest; limited cropland and substrates. Many streams are intermittent limestone and shale. from Silurian dolomites and upland depressions: black cherry, sugar maple, chinquapin oak, bur oak, and black locust. Escarpment with ridges, cliffs, hollows, knobs, and 400-920 Uplands: Pennsylvanian sandstone, shale, Paleudults). In siltstone: Shelocta, Latham, 63/88 on drier sites/ On upper slopes: mixed oak forests dominated by pastureland. Logging, coal mining, and gas or ephemeral. Lowland stream systems are less naturally fertile Nolin, Newark, Lindside, Along river drainages and in gorges: white oak, northern red oak, valleys. High gradient, fast flowing siltstone, conglomerate, and coal. Lower calcareous areas: Alfisols Gilpin, Rigley, Jefferson, chestnut oak, red maple, white oak, and black oak. On middle and production have degraded stream quality. have fewer riffles and smaller substrate than those from Ordovician Huntington, Egam, scarlet oak, black oak, chinquapin oak, white ash, blue ash, sugar streams are common in many areas. slopes and western valleys: (Hapludalfs). Tate, Muse, Ramsey. On lower north- and east-facing slopes: mixed mesophytic forests Past land use and topographic variation have sizes than upland streams. limestone. Soils derived Boonesboro. On loess maple, red maple, Virginia pine, yellow-poplar, and eastern redcedar. Elsewhere, broad, nearly level valleys calcareous shale, limestone, and sandstone. limestone: Caneyville, variously dominated by beech, yellow-poplar, and sugar maple with contributed to today’s highly variable forest from pre-Wisconsinan till and pre-Wisconsinan till: On abandoned agricultural land: successional fields of broomsedge with topography and sinking streams Rock outcrops occur. Brookside, Fredonia, Talbott. diverse understories of small trees, shrubs, and herbs; common composition. Acid mine wastes have reduced have been leached. Rossmoyne and associated and sumac and older successional forests of redcedar and black occur. Slopes: skeletal, stony co-dominants and associates include white oak, ash, basswood, or eliminated aquatic fauna in some stream fragipans. locust. colluvial soils are common. buckeye, hemlock, and magnolia. On middle and lower south- and segments. Reclaimed and unreclaimed mine 71e. Western 1990 Unglaciated. Gently sloping to rolling Mostly Thin loess and alluvium of Quaternary Mostly Alfisols Mostly Crider, Pembroke, Mesic, 45-52 180-200 23/48; Mosaic of bluestem prairie and oak–hickory forest; more mesic Mostly cropland or pastureland, also west-facing slopes: mixed oak forests chiefly dominated by white oak lands occur. Steep slopes limit road building Pennyroyal karst plain. Sinking streams, underground 500-750; age. Mostly Middle Mississippian Ste. (Paleudalfs, Hapludalfs); Baxter; also Nicholson, Thermic/ 65/91 sites were covered in mixed deciduous forest dominated by beech expanding urban areas, military reservations, with mountain laurel in the understory; common associates include and logging. On ridge tops and in valleys: Karst Plain drainage, many sinkholes and ponds, up to 930 Genevieve Limestone and St. Louis also Alfisols (Fragiudalfs, Hammack, Fredonia, Udic. On and oak, swamps occurred in subsidence areas/ In poorly-drained and, in poorly-drained areas, patches of black oak, scarlet oak, post oak, mockernut hickory, pignut hickory, limited livestock, corn, tobacco, and hay scattered knobs, and, on the periphery, in boundary Limestone. Massive limestone is common Fragiaqualfs), Ultisols Mountview, Vertrees, floodplains: areas: mixed deciduous forest. On uplands: woodlands dominated by woodland. Tobacco, livestock, corn, soybean, black gum, and sourwood. In mesic coves and on bottoms: mixed farming. low hills occur. Typically, surface streams areas and and calcareous shale also occurs. (Paleudults). On Cumberland, Caneyville, Aquic, Udic white oak with beech, red maple, yellow-poplar, and pignut hickory. and small grain farming. Agricultural runoff mesophytic forests or hemlock and magnolia with a rhododendron are rare and the degree and depth of on knobs/ floodplains and in upland Robertsville, Bewleyville, Fields of broomsedge and little bluestem occur. Scattered barrens (i.e. can contain high nitrate levels. Oil and gas understory. On reclaimed mine lands: planted species such as tall dissection is limited. Deeper, more intense Mostly depressions: Inceptisols Lawrence, Talbott, Dickson, bluestem prairie dominated by little bluestem) are maintained at Fort production. fescue and black locust and exotic shrubs. dissection is found near large, perennial 50-200; (Eutrudepts, Endoaquepts), Frederick. On floodplains Campbell and various nature preserves. On abandoned agricultural streams that are fed by cool groundwater. 300+ in Entisols (Fluvaquents). and in upland depressions: land: successional fields of broomsedge and sumac and older Springs occur along entrenched streams. entrenched Melvin, Nolin, Hamblen, successional forests of eastern redcedar and black locust. valleys. Lindside, Newark. 71f. Western 892 Unglaciated. Dissected, rolling hills and 359-700/ Thin loess, alluvium, and colluvium of Ultisols (Hapludults, Brandon, Baxter, Bodine, Mesic, 45-51 185-205 23/48; Oak–hickory forest/ Mixed forest dominated by white oak, hickory, Mostly forests; also pastureland and hay, ridges. Nearly level bottomlands occur 50-300 Quaternary age. Quaternary-Tertiary Paleudults, Fragiudults), Loring, Saffell, Lax, Thermic/ 66/91 northern red oak, black oak, yellow-poplar, and red maple. On corn, tobacco, and general farming. Logging 6 9 . CENTRAL APPALACHIANS near rivers. Karst features including gravelly and sandy Coastal Plain deposits. Alfisols (Paleudalfs, Hammack. On bottoms: Udic floodplains: bottomland forests dominated by pin oak, sweetgum, occurs. Recreation is an important land use in * Level IV Ecoregion Physiography Geology Soil Climate Potential Natural Vegetation / Land Cover and Land Use caverns and springs can be found in Upper gravels and sands of the Fragiudalfs). On bottoms: Clifty, Nolin. Upland soils eastern cottonwood, hickory, red maple, sycamore, hackberry, the Land-Between-the-Lakes area. Present Vegetation limestone valleys. Moderate gradient, Tuscaloosa Formation and Mississippian Inceptisols (Dystrudepts, are generally low in natural and elm. On abandoned agricultural land: successional fields of cool, clear streams are common and have Ste. Genevieve Limestone, St. Louis Eutrudepts). fertility, droughty, and can be broomsedge and sumac and older successional forests of eastern

Area Elevation/ Surficial and Bedrock Order (Great Group) Common Soil Series Temperature/ Precipitation Frost Free Mean Temperature * cherty gravel, sand, or bedrock substrates. Limestone, Warsaw Limestone, Muldraugh cherty and gravelly. redcedar and black locust. (square Local Relief Moisture Mean annual Mean annual January min/max; Source: Küchler, 1964 miles) (feet) Regimes (inches) (days) July min/max (oF) Member of the Borden Formation, and west of the River, Upper 69d. Dissected 5419 Unglaciated. Highly dissected, hilly and 550-3100/ Quaternary colluvium and alluvium. Ultisols (Hapludults), Shelocta, Latham, Mesic/ 42-50 160-195 20/47; Mixed mesophytic forest; American chestnut was a former dominant Mostly forest; also extensive coal mines, gas Cretaceous-Paleocene shale, siltstone, and Appalachian mountainous plateau with steep ridges, 400-2100 Mostly flat-lying Lower to Middle Inceptisols (Dystrudepts). Dekalb, Jefferson, Gilpin, Udic. On 62/89 on drier sites/ On upper slopes: mixed oak forests dominated by fields, pastureland, and limited cropland. sandstone of the Clayton and McNairy Plateau very narrow ridge tops, narrow valleys, Pennsylvanian sandstone, shale, siltstone, On coal mine wastes: Marrowbone, Kimper, floodplains: chestnut oak, red maple, white oak, and black oak. On middle and Logging, coal mining, and gas-oil production formations. Limestone bedrock is absent and deep coves. Cool, high gradient and coal. Entisols (Udorthents). Hazleton, Fedscreek, Aquic, Udic lower north- and east-facing slopes: mixed mesophytic forests occur and have degraded stream quality. from the west. streams with cobble or boulder substrates On floodplains: Allegheny, Ramsey. On variously dominated by beech, yellow-poplar, and sugar maple with Acid mine wastes have reduced or eliminated and extensive riffle sections are common. Entisols (Fluvaquents, coal mine wastes: Myra, diverse understories of small trees, shrubs, and herbs; common co- aquatic fauna in some stream segments. 71g. Eastern 3735 Unglaciated. Variably dissected, 500-1350/ Quaternary alluvium, colluvium, and Alfisols (Paleudalfs, Baxter, Frederick, Dickson, Mesic, 48-52 173-195 23/48; Oak–hickory forest; moister areas: mixed mesophytic forest/ Mixed Forest, woodland, pastureland, and cropland. Udifluvents), Inceptisols Fairpoint. On floodplains and dominants and associates include white oak, ash, basswood, buckeye, Surface, mountain top removal, contour, and Highland Rim undulating plains and hills. Steep bluffs, 50-500 loess. Mostly Mississippian , Hapludalfs), Ultisols Garmon, Frankstown, Thermic/ 63/90 forests dominated by white oak with hickory, northern red oak, Logging and livestock, dairy, corn, soybean, (Eutrudepts, Endoaquepts). river banks: Grigsby, Nolin, hemlock, and magnolia. On middle and lower south- and west-facing deep mining for coal has occurred. On larger, springs, cascades, and wide bottomlands calcareous , shales, siltstones, and (Paleudults, Fragiudults, Mountview, Caneyville, Udic. On southern red oak, yellow-poplar, black oak, eastern redcedar, ash, and small grain, and hay farming. Oil and gas Yeager, Nelse, Stendal. Soils slopes: mixed oak forests chiefly dominated by white oak with adequately-drained floodplains and terraces: are found along the . Cherty Mississippian strata cap Hapludults), Inceptisols Westmoreland, Christian, floodplains: Virginia pine. On floodplains: forests with sweetgum, pin oak, water production. are well-drained, acidic, and mountain laurel in the understory; common associates include black hay, tobacco, and corn farming. Past land use and some of its tributaries. A few karst the higher hills and knobs. Some Devonian (Eutrudepts). On Dewey, Sango, Bodine, Aquic, Udic oak, red maple, eastern cottonwood, sycamore, hackberry, silver low in natural fertility. oak, scarlet oak, post oak, mockernut hickory, pignut hickory, black and topographic variation have contributed areas occur. Low to moderate gradient and Ordovician limestone, dolomite, and floodplains: Mollisols Trimble, Carpenter, Taft, maple, and elm. On abandoned agricultural land: successional fields gum, and sourwood. In mesic coves and on bottomlands: mixed to today’s highly variable forest composition. streams are common. Riffles have cobble shale are exposed in stream cuts. (Hapludolls), Inceptisols Shelocta. On floodplains of broomsedge and sumac and older successional forests of eastern mesophytic forests or hemlock and magnolia with a rhododendron Reclaimed and unreclaimed mine lands occur. or gravel substrates. (Eutrudepts, Endoaquepts), and in upland depressions: redcedar and black locust. understory. On reclaimed mine lands: planted species such as tall Entisols (Fluvaquents). Staser, Lindside, Huntington, fescue and black locust and exotic shrubs. Newark, Melvin, Nolin. 69e. Cumberland 697 Unglaciated. Mountainous thrust block 980-4139/ Quaternary colluvium and alluvium. Ultisols (Hapludults), Shelocta, Kimper, Mesic/ 45-55+ 160-185 20/44; Mixed mesophytic forest; American chestnut was a former dominant Mostly forests, extensive coal mines, and 71h. Outer 224 Unglaciated. Highly dissected, steep 535-900/ Quaternary alluvium and, in gorges, On dissected uplands: On dissected uplands Mesic/ 50-52 175-182 24/44; Oak–hickory forest; moister areas: mixed mesophytic forest/ Forests Forests, woodland, pastureland, and on broad containing steep ridges, narrow valleys, 500-2000 Mostly Pennsylvanian shale, siltstone, Inceptisols (Dystrudepts). Hazleton, Guyandotte, Udic. On 62/86 on drier sites/ Mixed second- or third-growth forest containing oaks pastureland. Logging, underground and Nashville ridges and bluffs. Many large springs and 100-360 colluvium. Mississippian-age through Inceptisols (Eutrudepts), and terraces: Garmon, Udic. On 65/88 dominated by oaks, chiefly white oak and northern red oak; common bottoms, cropland. Livestock, hay, tobacco, Mountain waterfalls occur on bluffs. Floodplains, Ordovician-age limestone, dolomite, shale, Alfisols (Hapludalfs), Cynthiana, Newbern, floodplains: associates are yellow-poplar, hickory, eastern redcedar, black locust, Thrust Block and coves. Cool, high gradient streams are sandstone, and coal. Highest areas: On coal mine wastes: Gilpin, Dekalb, Ramsey. floodplains: (chiefly white oak and black oak), sugar maple, red maple, yellow- surface coal mining contribute silt and Basin corn, soybean, and small grain farming. Cold common and have waterfalls, many riffle interbedded Pennsylvanian sandstone, Entisols (Udorthents). On coal mine wastes: Aquic, Udic poplar, black walnut, black locust, hickory, white ash, beech, black sediment to surface waters. Past land use and wide terraces, and hanging valleys are and calcareous shale. Rock outcrops are Ultisols (Paleudults). On Carpenter, Caneyville, Aquic, Udic sugar maple, and honey locust. On terraces and floodplains: dominant reservoir discharge from the Wolf Creek Dam sections, few pools, and cobble or boulder shale, and coal. On bounding ridges: On floodplains: Entisols Fairpoint. On steep flanks of cherry, buckeye, hemlock, and white basswood. On mesic sites: topographic variation have contributed to found along the meandering, down- common. floodplains and terraces: Trimble, Faywood, Dewey, species are sycamore, red maple, river birch, sweetgum, and yellow- (which forms Lake Cumberland) has nearly substrates. Includes Cumberland, Log, Lower Pennsylvanian sandstone, (Fluvaquents), Inceptisols Cumberland Mountain and mixed mesophytic forests variously dominated by beech, yellow- today’s highly variable forest composition. cutting Cumberland River. Main channels Mollisols (Hapludolls), Frederick, Lowell, Elk, poplar with cane in the understory. On abandoned agricultural land: eliminated native fish and mussel fauna from Little Black, and Black mountains as well conglomerate, shale, and coal. (Eutrudepts). Pine Mountain: Jefferson, poplar, sugar maple, and white oak with ash, black walnut, buckeye, Acid mine wastes have reduced or eliminated have moderate gradients and gravel, Inceptisols (Eutrudepts, Holston, Monongahela. On successional fields of broomsedge and sumac and older successional the Cumberland River downstream to the as the southeast-facing portion of Pine Grimsley, Alticrest, Shelocta. basswood, northern red oak, and other mesophytes as associates and aquatic fauna along segments of some cobble, or bedrock substrates. Endoaquepts), Entisols floodplains: Huntington, forests of eastern redcedar and black locust. Tennessee border. Mountain. On floodplains: Bonnie, co-dominants. On drier slopes: white oak and hickory. On shallow, streams. Reclaimed and unreclaimed mine (Fluvaquents). Chagrin, Lindside, Grigsby. sandy soils on steeply dipping sandstone: pine. In gorges: hemlock lands occur. Nolin, Melvin, Newark, and magnolia with a rhododendron understory. On reclaimed mine Sensabaugh. lands: planted species such as tall fescue and black locust and exotic 71k. Hills of the 3033 Unglaciated. Strongly dissected uplands 455-1100/ Quaternary alluvium, colluvium, lacustrine Mostly Alfisols Uplands: Mostly Eden, Mesic/ 42-45 170-195 19/43; Oak–hickory forest/ Mixed forest of white oak, ash, hickory, Mostly wooded, pastureland, or hayland. shrubs. Bluegrass characterized by narrow ridges and hills 100-470 sediment, and loess. Mostly Upper (Hapludalfs, Fragiudalfs). Lowell; also Nicholson, Udic. On 62/89 black walnut, black locust, and eastern redcedar. On drier uplands: Some ridge tops: tobacco, corn, and small and intervening narrow valleys. Only the Ordovician calcareous shale, siltstone, and On floodplains: Inceptisols Cynthiana, Culleoka. On floodplains: white oak–hickory forest. On moister uplands: oak–ash forest. grain farming. Some steeply sloping areas are incised Kentucky and Licking rivers have thin interbedded limestone of the Clays (Eutrudepts), Mollisols terraces: Licking, Otwell, Aquic, Udic On floodplains: sycamore–boxelder–red maple woodland with an reverting to forest or are bushy. wide bottomlands. Many small ponds Ferry Formation, Garrard Siltstone, and (Hapludolls), Entisols Elk, Ashton. On floodplains: understory of cane. On abandoned agricultural land: successional are found locally. Upland streams have ; on some ridges, Upper (Fluvaquents). Nolin, Boonesboro, Newark, fields of broomsedge and sumac and older successional forests of high gradients and are often intermittent; Ordovician Calloway Creek Siltstone and Lindside. Upland soils are eastern redcedar and black locust. 7 0 . WESTERN they have bedrock, boulder, or cobble Ashlock Formation. Also, in the lower usually fine-textured, slowly- * substrates. parts of some valleys, Middle Ordovician permeable, droughty, and Level IV Ecoregion Physiography Geology Soil Climate Potential Natural Vegetation / Land Cover and Land Use . Rock outcrops are subject to rapid runoff and Present Vegetation common. erosion. Bottoms can be Area Elevation/ Surficial and Bedrock Order (Great Group) Common Soil Series Temperature/ Precipitation Frost Free Mean Temperature fertile. *Source: Küchler, 1964 (square Local Relief Moisture Mean annual Mean annual January min/max; 1355 Unglaciated. Nearly level to rolling, 500-1100/ Quaternary alluvium and colluvium. Alfisols (Paleudalfs, Maury, McAfee, Lowell, Mesic/ 42-47 170-195 20/42; Oak–hickory forest/ Uplands: remnants of an open forest dominated Pastureland, cropland, urban-suburban miles) (feet) Regimes (inches) (days) July min/max (oF) 71l. Inner Bluegrass weakly dissected upland plain Mostly Mostly phosphatic limestones and Hapludalfs, Fragiudalfs), Loradale, Mercer, Fairmount, Udic. On 62/88 by blue ash and oaks; co-dominants and associates are white oak, development, and, in drainages, forests. 70b. Monongahela 186 Unglaciated. Hills and ridges. Rough, about 510- Quaternary colluvium. Clay shale, Mostly Alfisols Mostly Vandalia, Upshur; Mesic/ 40-42 170-176 19/43; Mixed mesophytic forest; American chestnut was a former dominant Forest especially on steep slopes, pastureland characterized by extensive karst. Deep, 50-150; calcareous shales of the Middle Ordovician Mollisols (Argiudolls, Faywood, Caleast, Chenault, floodplains: shumard oak, walnut, chinquapin oak, bur oak, shellbark hickory, Thoroughbred horse, cattle, burley tobacco, Transition broken topography is common. Many land 1000/ siltstone, sandstone, and minor amounts (Hapludalfs); also also Gilpin, Latham, Udic. On 62/87 on drier sites/ Mixed forests. On lower, north-facing slopes: on gentler slopes, and cropland in valleys. precipitous gorges occur along the incised entrenched Lexington Limestone; gorges expose Hapludolls). On Braxton, Elk, Salvisa. On Aquic, Udic and Kentucky coffeetree. Along river drainages and in gorges: corn, and hay farming. Urban-suburban areas slips occur on steep, saturated slopes. 200-490 of limestone of the Pennsylvanian Ultisols (Hapludults). On Shelocta, Hayter. On floodplains: dominants include white oak, northern red oak, yellow-poplar, and Livestock, hay, tobacco, corn, and small grain Kentucky and Dix rivers. On uplands, rivers up to limestones and calcareous shales of the floodplains: Entisols floodplains: Newark, Nolin, oak–maple forests with white oak, northern red oak, scarlet oak, are expanding. Nutrient levels in streams are Zone Monongahela and Conemaugh formations. floodplains: Inceptisols floodplains: Nolin, Newark, Aquic, Udic red maple. On south slopes: mixed oak with hickory. On floodplains: farming. Gas production. Past land use and streams have low to moderate gradients 400. Middle Ordovician High Bridge Group. (Fluvaquents), Inceptisols Lindside, Dunning. Upland black oak, chinquapin oak, white ash, sugar maple, red maple, and high. Low dissolved oxygen and high trace (Eutrudepts), Entisols Lindside. Soils readily erode pin oak, eastern cottonwood, northern red oak, yellow-poplar, topographic variation have contributed to and bedrock or cobble substrates. Many (Eutrudepts), Mollisols soils have high base status eastern redcedar. On poorly-drained floodplains: forests dominated metal levels occur in some stream reaches (Fluvaquents). after disturbance. Clayey sweetgum, river birch, and sycamore. today’s highly variable forest composition. upland streams are intermittent but some (Endoaquolls). and are naturally fertile. by sweetgum, pin oak, yellow-poplar, box elder, and hackberry. downstream of urban areas. regolith is unstable when have plentiful, year-round flow; sinking Sinkholes: sycamore, black locust, hackberry, and mulberry. On saturated. streams, underground drainage, springs, abandoned agricultural land: successional fields of broomsedge and many sinkholes and ponds occur. In and sumac and older successional forests of eastern redcedar and 70d. Knobs–Lower 928 Unglaciated. Rugged knobs, hills, ridges, about 500- Quaternary colluvium and, in broad Mostly Ultisols Berks, Cranston, Shelocta, Mesic/ 40-48 165-200 20/47; Mixed mesophytic forest; American chestnut was a former dominant Forest on upland knobs; also some the gorges, tributary stream reaches have black locust. Cane is a common understory species throughout the Scioto foothills, and, in the south, cliffs. Narrow 1600/ valleys, alluvium. Mississippian shale, (Hapludults), Inceptisols Latham, Colyer, Bledsoe, Udic. On 63/89 on drier sites/ On mesic uplands: forests dominated by beech, yellow- pastureland and cropland. Uplands: logging. moderate to steep gradients. ecoregion. valleys are common and contain high less than siltstone, and sandstone, Devonian black (Dystrudepts), Alfisols Gilpin, Weikert, Carpenter, floodplains: poplar , sugar maple, northern red oak, and red maple. On drier, Broader valleys: woodland and livestock, hay, Dissected gradient streams. A few wide, locally 50-800 shale, and, near the Bluegrass, Middle (Hapludalfs); also Beasley, Rigley, Muse, Aquic, Udic non-calcareous uplands: mostly mixed oak forest with hickory. On burley tobacco, corn, and soybean farming. Plateau swampy valley floors separate knobs near Silurian dolomite and shale. Upper Ultisols (Fragiudults), Allegheny, Elk, Shrouts, calcareous upland slopes: oak–ash forest. On dry slopes: grassy Past land use and topographic variation have the Bluegrass. Streams have moderate Mississippian limestone and scattered, Alfisols (Fragiudalfs). On Captina, Otwell, Tilsit. openings. On bottomlands: beech, sweetgum, red maple, pin oak, contributed to today’s highly variable forest to high gradients and cobble or gravel limited areas of Pennsylvanian sandstone floodplains: Inceptisols On floodplains: Melvin, sycamore, and river birch. composition. substrates. and conglomerate are confined to crests. (Eutrudepts, Endoaquepts), Huntington, Newark, Nolin, 7 2 . INTERIOR RIVER VALLEYS AND HILLS Rock outcrops occur. Entisols (Fluvaquents), Lindside. * Mollisols (Hapludolls). Level IV Ecoregion Physiography Geology Soil Climate Potential Natural Vegetation / Land Cover and Land Use Present Vegetation 70f. Ohio/ 1740 Unglaciated. Dissected, hilly uplands. about 500- Quaternary colluvium and alluvium. Ultisols (Hapludults), Latham, Shelocta, Gilpin, Mesic/ 40-48 160-180 20/47; Mixed mesophytic forest; American chestnut was a former dominant Mosaic of forest, pastureland, cropland, and

Narrow valleys containing moderate 1400/ Mostly Pennsylvanian sandstone, shale, Inceptisols (Dystrudepts). Muskingum, Wernock, Udic. On 62/88 on drier sites/ On slopes: mixed oak and oak–pine forests variously coal mines. Logging, livestock farming, Area Elevation/ Surficial and Bedrock Order (Great Group) Common Soil Series Temperature/ Precipitation Frost Free Mean Temperature * Kentucky (square Local Relief Moisture Mean annual Mean annual January min/max; Source: Küchler, 1964 to high gradient channels are common 200-500. siltstone, and coal; also, in western valleys, On coal mine wastes: Montevallo, Jefferson, floodplains: dominated by white oak, black oak, yellow-poplar, red maple, towns, oil production, and underground and o but wider valleys occur along the lower Relief is some Upper Mississippian limestone and, Entisols (Udorthents). Whitley, Morehead, Aquic, Udic scarlet oak, Virginia pine, shortleaf pine, white pine, and northern surface coal mining degrade stream quality. miles) (feet) Regimes (inches) (days) July min/max ( F) Plateau Little Sandy River and . greatest in the northeast, Upper Pennsylvanian On floodplains: Allegheny, Alticrest. On red oak. On well-drained bottoms, terraces, footslopes, and in coves: Some burley tobacco, hay, corn, soybean, 72a. Wabash–Ohio 700 Unglaciated. Nearly level floodplains, 310-410/ Quaternary alluvium, lacustrine deposits, Mollisols (Hapludolls), Huntington, Ginat, Melvin, Mesic, 43-50 190-205 23/45; Southern floodplain forest (dominants:Quercus, Nyssa, Taxodium)/ Cropland, pastureland, and forest. Corn, Valleys become more open towards the in eastern shale, siltstone, sandstone, coal, calcareous Inceptisols (Dystrudepts, coal mine wastes: Fairpoint, yellow-poplar, black walnut, white oak, white pine, black walnut, and small grain farming. Reclaimed and Bottomlands undulating terraces, and low ridges. less than 50 and glacial outwash valley-train deposits. Alfisols (Hapludalfs, Newark, Egam, Elk, Nolin, Thermic/ 66/90 Bottomland mixed deciduous forests. Bottomland oak forests soybean, wheat, tobacco, alfalfa, and livestock north. Streams are cool. Riffles typically areas. shale, and limestone. Endoaquepts, Eutrudepts), Bethesda. On floodplains: buckeye, northern red oak, sugar maple, and eastern hemlock. On unreclaimed mine lands occur. Past land use Wetlands, ponds, abandoned channels, Endoaqualfs, Fragiudalfs, Otwell, Henry, Uniontown, Aquic, Udic dominated by pin oak, cherrybark oak, overcup oak, pecan, red farming. Sand and gravel mining and oil have cobble or boulder substrates. Pools Entisols (Fluvaquents). Cuba, Pope, Stendal, poorly-drained bottoms: forests dominated by pin oak, cottonwood, and topographic variation have contributed to and oxbow lakes occur. Natural (i.e. Fragiaqualfs), Inceptisols Henshaw, Rosebloom, maple, willow oak, and sweetgum. In wettest areas that are often production. Wetland wildlife refuges occur. usually have sandy bottoms. Stream Grigsby, Clifty. sweetgum, red maple, sycamore, hackberry, and slippery elm. today’s highly variable forest composition. unchannelized) streams meander; they (Endoaquepts, Eutrudepts), Wheeling, Robinsonville, flooded: bald cypress–tupelo forests. Drainage conditions affect land use. Most incision is limited by resistant sandstone have low gradients and silt or sand Entisols (Fluvaquents, Lindside. Poorly-drained streams have been extensively channelized. strata. Sandstone is deeper in the east substrates. Seasonally high water tables Udifluvents). bottomlands are common. Drainage ditches are found throughout the than in the west and, as a result, relief is are typical and seasonal flooding occurs. . greatest in the east. 72c. – 2879 Unglaciated. Broad, nearly level 355-600/ Quaternary alluvium, loess, and lacustrine Alfisols (Fragiudalfs, Loring, Wellston, Zanesville, Mesic/ 44-50 175-200 23/47; Oak–hickory forest/ On uplands: oak forest often dominated by Cropland, pastureland, woodland, and coal 70g. Northern 613 Unglaciated. Very rugged, highly 650-1600/ Quaternary colluvium and alluvium. Ultisols (Hapludults), Shelocta, Brookside, Mesic/ 45-49 160-175 20/46; Mixed mesophytic forest; American chestnut was a former dominant Mostly forest; also some pastureland and, on Southern bottomlands and low hills. The ecoregion 25-245 sediment. Pennsylvanian shale, siltstone, Hapludalfs, Frondorf, Grenada, Otwell, Udic. On 65/91 white oak with post oak, southern red oak, cherrybark oak, and mines. Corn, soybean, wheat, tobacco, hay, Forested dissected hills, narrow ridges, coves, 200-600 Mostly Pennsylvanian sandstone, Inceptisols (Dystrudepts), Bledsoe, Latham, Gilpin, Udic. On 62/87 on drier sites/ On slopes: mixed oak and oak–pine forests variously bottomlands and some ridge tops, cropland. Wabash is drained by meandering, low gradient sandstone, and coal beds; the Sturgis Fraglossudalfs). On Memphis, Uniontown. floodplains: shingle oak as common associates. On mesic sites: forests dominated and livestock farming. Underground and and, along rivers, cliffs. Narrow valleys conglomerate, shale, siltstone, and coal, Alfisols (Hapludalfs). Rigley, Steinsburg, Cranston, floodplains: dominated by white oak, chestnut oak, scarlet oak, black oak, Logging, recreational opportunities, livestock Lowlands streams and rivers with wide floodplains Formation and the Carbondale Formation floodplains: Inceptisols On floodplains: Karnak, Aquic, Udic by beech, yellow-poplar, sugar maple, and northern red oak. On surface coal mining. Oil and gas production. Plateau and ravines are common. Karst is not Upper Mississippian limestone, and On coal mine wastes: Berks, Caneyville, Whitley, Aquic, Udic hickory, Virginia pine, shortleaf pine, yellow-poplar, white pine, red farming, and oil production. Some corn, hay, and soft substrates. Wetlands and oxbow are widespread and exposures of the (Endoaquepts, Eutrudepts), Belknap, Melvin, Waverly, bottomlands: bottomland oak forests with overcup oak, pin oak, silver Mining contributes sediment and acidic Escarpment extensive but does occur. Streams are Lower Mississippian shale and siltstone. Entisols (Udorthents). Carpenter, Helechawa, maple, and eastern redcedar. On footslopes, terraces, well-drained and small patches of tobacco are grown. lakes are common. Upland unchannelized Tradewater Formation occur in the south Entisols (Fluvaquents). Wilbur, Newark. Poorly- maple, pecan, slippery elm, sweetgum, and red maple. In wettest runoff to streams. Reclaimed and unreclaimed typically cool, clear, and have moderate Thick, resistant Pennsylvanian quartzose On floodplains: Alticrest, Morehead. On bottoms, and in coves: yellow-poplar, black walnut, white oak, white Past land use and topographic variation have streams have low gradients and sandy or and east. drained bottomlands are areas that are often flooded: bald cypress. mine lands occur. Oil brine has discharged to high gradients and cobble, boulder, or sandstone caps the ridges. Mississippian Inceptisols (Dystrudepts, floodplains: Huntington, pine, northern red oak, sugar maple, rhododendron, and eastern contributed to today’s highly variable forest silty bottoms. Seasonal flooding occurs. common. into streams and wetlands. Channelized bedrock bottoms. limestone and siliclastic rocks are exposed Endoaquepts, Eutrudepts), Newark, Lindside, Bruno, hemlock. On deep, poorly-drained bottoms: forests dominated by pin composition. streams are common and have high turbidity, on lower slopes and in valleys. Rock Entisols (Fluvaquents, Melvin, Pope, Grigsby, oak, sweetgum, sycamore, red maple, and river birch. very warm water, low amounts of dissolved outcrops occur. Udifluvents), Mollisols Clifty, Skidmore. Upland oxygen, few fish, and a low diversity of fish (Hapludolls). soils can be sandy and species. droughty. 72h. Caseyville 1902 Unglaciated. Moderately dissected hills 350-850/ Thin loess and alluvium of Quaternary In loess on gentle Zanesville, Wellston, Mesic/ 45-52 170-200 20/46; Oak–hickory forest/ On uplands: mixed oak forest containing post Forests, pastureland, and some cropland. 70h. Carter Hills 495 Unglaciated. Dissected hills, ridges, about 500- Quaternary alluvium and colluvium. Ultisols (Hapludults, Latham, Shelocta, Berks, Mesic/ 40-46 160-175 23/46; Mixed mesophytic forest; American chestnut was a former dominant Mostly forest; also pastureland and, in Hills and, locally, sandstone cliffs. Streams 75-350 age. Mostly Pennsylvanian sandstones, slopes: Alfisols Frondorf, Weikert, Dekalb, Udic 63/90 oak, southern red oak, white oak, black oak, and shagbark hickory. Logging and oil production; also natural gas coves, and narrow valleys. Streams 1200/ Pennsylvanian sandstone, conglomerate, Fragiudults), Inceptisols Muskingum, Cranston, Udic. On 62/88 on drier sites/ On mesic uplands: forests dominated by beech, valleys, some cropland. Logging, clay mining, have low to moderate gradients. Upland siltstones, shales, and coal beds of the (Fragiudalfs, Hapludalfs, Muskingum, Sadler. On mesic upland sites: forests dominated by beech, yellow-poplar, production and coal mining. Livestock, hay, typically have moderate to high gradients, 200-500 shale, siltstone, and coal. Upper (Dystrudepts), Alfisols Ramsey, Gilpin, Wellston, floodplains: yellow-poplar, sugar maple, and northern red oak. On drier uplands: recreational opportunities, oil production, streams have gravelly bottoms. Tradewater and Caseyville formations; Fraglossudalfs). On sugar maple, and northern red oak. On drier slopes and on some and some soybean, corn, tobacco, and wheat rock substrates, extensive riffle sections, Mississippian limestone underlies some (Hapludalfs). On bottoms: Monongahela, Allegheny, Aquic, Udic mostly mixed oak forests with hickory. In abandoned fields: young and livestock, hay, corn, tobacco, soybean, also Mississippian Chesterian limestone, steeper slopes: Inceptisols broad ridges: oak forests with grassy openings. farming. and low waterfalls. Lower Tygarts Creek: valleys. Rock outcrops occur. Inceptisols (Endoaquepts, Caneyville, Bledsoe, Whitley. pines and cedars. On poorly-drained bottomlands: forests dominated and small grain farming. Past land use and sandstone, siltstone, and shales. (Dystrudepts). much broader bottoms and lower channel Eutrudepts, Dystrudepts), On bottoms: Pope, Bruno, by pin oak, northern red oak, red maple, sweetgum, sycamore, river topographic variation have contributed to gradients than typical for the ecoregion. Entisols (Fluvaquents, Stendal, Newark, Nolin, birch, hackberry, and slippery elm. In well-drained valleys: forest today’s highly variable forest composition. Karst topography occurs in valleys that Udifluvents). Skidmore, Grigsby, Stokly, dominants include yellow-poplar, black walnut, white oak, white are underlain by limestone. Cuba. pine, northern red oak, and sugar maple. In ravines: hemlock and magnolia with a rhododendron understory. 7 3 . ALLUVIAL PLAIN

* Level IV Ecoregion Physiography Geology Soil Climate Potential Natural Vegetation / Land Cover and Land Use Present Vegetation

Area Elevation/ Surficial and Bedrock Order (Great Group) Common Soil Series Temperature/ Precipitation Frost Free Mean Temperature * 7 1 . INTERIOR PLATEAU (square Local Relief Moisture Mean annual Mean annual January min/max; Source: Küchler, 1964 o * miles) (feet) Regimes (inches) (days) July min/max ( F) Level IV Ecoregion Physiography Geology Soil Climate Potential Natural Vegetation / Land Cover and Land Use Present Vegetation 73a. Holocene 168 Unglaciated. Broad, nearly level, 257-310/ Quaternary alluvium. Inceptisols (Epiaquepts), Openlake, Bardwell, Thermic/ 51-53 190-200 23/43; Southern floodplain forest (dominants:Quercus, Nyssa, Taxodium)/ Cropland with limited forests, swamps, and floodplains, low terraces, and meander less than 50 Entisols (Fluvaquents, Commerce, Robinsonville, Aquic, 67/90 Forests dominated by sweetgum, sugarberry, red maple, slippery wetlands. Mostly livestock, soybean, corn, Meander Belts Area Elevation/ Surficial and Bedrock Order (Great Group) Common Soil Series Temperature/ Precipitation Frost Free Mean Temperature * belts of the containing Sharkey, Tunica, Crevasse. Udic elm , pecan, pin oak, overcup oak, willow oak, cottonwood, and and wheat farming. Water and marsh birds (square Local Relief Moisture Mean annual Mean annual January min/max; Source: Küchler, 1964 Udifluvents, miles) (feet) Regimes (inches) (days) July min/max (oF) swales, abandoned channels, oxbow lakes, Udipsamments), Vertisols Very slowly, slowly, and sycamore. In wettest areas that are often flooded: bald cypress–tupelo are abundant. Drainage of wetlands and shallow ponds, back swamps, interfluves, (Epiaquerts), Mollisols moderately permeable soils. forests. removal of bottomland forest has occurred. 71a. Crawford– 2870 Unglaciated. Hilly uplands containing 345-950/ Quaternary loess and alluvium. Mostly Alfisols Extensive on uplands and Mesic/ 42-51 175-205 21/46; Oak–hickory forest/ On uplands: white oak, black oak, southern Forests, pastureland, and cropland. Livestock, natural levees, point bars, and a few low (Hapludolls). Soil fertility is naturally high. Channelization is common. Mammoth cliffs and wide karst valleys. Dry valleys, 50-350 Interbedded, Upper Mississippian (Fragiudalfs, Hapludalfs, ridges: Zanesville, Fredonia, Udic 65/91 red oak, pignut hickory, and post oak with open forests on drier hay, corn, soybean, wheat, and tobacco gradient streams. High water tables and Cave Uplands hanging valleys, sinkholes, caverns, Chesterian limestone, sandstone, shale, and Fraglossudalfs, Frondorf; also Caneyville, slopes and broad ridges. On mesic sites: forests with beech, sugar farming. Oil production. Recreational flooding are seasonal problems. and subterranean drainage occur but siltstone; also Middle Mississippian Ste. Paleudalfs); also Sadler, Talbott, Weikert, maple, southern red oak, white ash, and yellow-poplar. Near streams: opportunities especially in or near Mammoth surface drainage can still be significant. Genevieve and St. Louis limestones under Inceptisols (Dystrudepts), Tilsit, Nicholson, Baxter, sycamore, red maple, birch, hemlock, hackberry, and sweet gum. On Cave National Park. Upland streams are rocky, cool, clear and some eastern valleys and limited areas Ultisols (Fragiudults). Loring. abandoned agricultural land: successional fields of little bluestem, often fed by groundwater. Many springs of Pennsylvanian sandstone, siltstone, broomsedge, eastern redcedar, and sumac and older successional discharge into rivers that are deeply conglomerate, and coal of the Caseyville forests of eastern redcedar and black locust. incised into bedrock. Formation. 7 4 . MISSISSIPPI VALLEY LOESS PLAINS

71b. Mitchell Plain 765 Unglaciated. Rolling karst plain Mostly Quaternary loess and alluvium. Mostly Uplands: Mostly Alfisols On uplands: Crider, Mesic/ 45-50 175-190 21/43; Mosaic of bluestem prairie and oak–hickory forest/ On steep slopes: Cropland, pastureland, patches of woodland, * containing depressions, ponds, sinking 380–800; up Middle Mississippian Ste. Genevieve (Paleudalfs); also Pembroke, Vertrees, Sonora, Udic. On 66/88 mixed oaks. In poorly-drained areas: pin oak, swamp white oak, and military reservation. Corn, soybean, Level IV Ecoregion Physiography Geology Soil Climate Potential Natural Vegetation / Land Cover and Land Use creeks and dry valleys; scattered ridges, to 1050 on Limestone and St. Louis Limestone. Alfisols (Hapludalfs, Cumberland, Riney, Gatton, floodplains: and sweetgum. wetlands are common. On abandoned livestock, small grain, and tobacco farming. Present Vegetation knobs, and hills occur. Many depressions a few knobs On knobs and hills near the ecoregion’s Fragiudalfs), Ultisols Nicholson; also Caneyville, Aquic, Udic agricultural land: successional fields of broomsedge, eastern redcedar, Area . Elevation/ Surficial and Bedrock Order (Great Group) Common Soil Series Temperature/ Precipitation Frost Free Mean Temperature * are seasonally ponded. Streams have and hills/ western periphery: Upper Mississippian (Hapludults, Paleudults). Fredonia, Waynesboro. On and sumac and older successional forests of eastern redcedar and (square Local Relief Moisture Mean annual Mean annual January min/max; Source: Küchler, 1964 moderate to low gradients. Stream density Mostly 30- Chesterian sedimentary rock. On terraces: Alfisols terraces: Lawrence, Otwell, black locust. On eroded, shallow soil: a few historic barrens (i.e. miles) (feet) Regimes (inches) (days) July min/max (oF) is low and incision is typically limited 350; 665 (Fragiudalfs, Hapludalfs). Elk, Ashton. On floodplains bluestem prairie dominated by little bluestem) still exist. 74a. Bluff Hills 36 Unglaciated. Narrow belt of hills and long 280-550/ Thick Quaternary loess, Quaternary Alfisols (Hapludalfs, On loess: Memphis, Loring. Thermic/ 51-53 190-200 23/43; Oak–hickory forest/ On mesic slopes: forests dominated by sugar Woodland, pastureland, and cropland. Steep except along major rivers. Springs are maximum On floodplains: Inceptisols and in upland depressions: winding ridges. Steep bluffs occur in the 100-200 alluvium, and Quaternary-Tertiary Fragiudalfs), Ultisols On coastal plain sediments: Udic 66/90 maple, bitternut hickory, yellow-poplar, and beech. On drier uplands: slopes are forested and unstable if disturbed. common in incised areas. (Eutrudepts, Endoaquepts), Nolin, Lindside, Newark, west near the Mississippi River. Dissected unconsolidated sandy and gravelly coastal (Hapludults), Entisols Molena. On narrow oak–hickory and mixed oak forests mostly dominated by white oak. Gentler slopes are used for livestock, hay, Entisols (Fluvaquents), Melvin. by intermittent streams and gullies with plain sediments. Sand, silt, and clay of the (Udifluvents). floodplains: Adler. corn, soybean, and wheat farming. Mollisols (Endoaquolls). narrow silty, sandy, or gravelly bottoms. Tertiary Jackson Formation are exposed along western bluffs. 71c. Knobs– 1102 Unglaciated. Dissected, steep knobs, hills, 380-1500/ Quaternary alluvium, colluvium, and in Inceptisols (Dystrudepts, Weikert, Colyer, Rockcastle, Mesic/ 45-51 170-190 20/42; Oak–hickory forest/ On mesic uplands: forest dominants include Forests, especially on rocky, steep slopes; Norman and ridges. Narrow, high gradient valleys less than broad valley bottoms, lacustrine sediments. Eutrudepts), Ultisols Garmon, Crider, Trappist, Udic. On 64-88 beech, white oak, yellow-poplar, sugar maple, and northern red oak. also pastureland, cropland, and military 74b. Loess Plains 1854 Unglaciated. Undulating to rolling plains 300-570/ Thick Quaternary loess, Quaternary On uplands and terraces: Grenada, Loring, Calloway, Thermic/ 45-52 185-205 23/48; Mostly oak–hickory forest; also some bluestem prairie and oak– Cropland, pastureland, and, on floodplains, Upland are common but a few wide, locally 50-460 Crests: mostly Middle Mississippian and (Hapludults, Fragiudults), Carpenter, Vertrees, Latham, floodplains: On drier uplands: mostly mixed oak forests (dominated by white oak) reservation. In broader valleys: woodland with broad bottomlands and terraces. 50-150 alluvium, Quaternary-Tertiary Alfisols (Fragiudalfs, Brandon, Memphis, Henry, Udic. On 64-91 hickory forest mosaic and southern floodplain forest (dominants: bottomland deciduous forest. On eastern swampy valley floors separate knobs near some Upper Mississippian limestone; Alfisols (Hapludalfs). McAfee, Tilsit, Lenberg, Aquic, Udic with hickory. On dry slopes and ridges: Virginia pine, shortleaf pine, and livestock, hay, burley tobacco, corn, and Western streams are characteristically low unconsolidated sandy and gravelly Fraglossudalfs, Hapludalfs, Routon, Smithdale, Lax. On floodplains: Quercus, Nyssa, Taxodium)/ On uplands: mixed oak forests with uplands: patches of woodland. Mostly corn, the Bluegrass. Larger streams have cut limited areas of Pennsylvanian sandstone Locally on flatter uplands: Lawrence, Christian, and grassy openings. On limestone hill slopes: oak–ash forest. On soybean farming. Idle land and land that is in gradient and have many wetlands along coastal plain sediments. Tertiary sand, Fragiaqualfs), Ultisols floodplains: Adler, Collins, Aquic, Udic white oak, hickory, southern red oak, post oak, black oak, and soybean, wheat, hay, livestock, tobacco, and gorges and have gravel or cobble bottoms. and conglomerate on tops of some eastern Alfisols (Paleudalfs). On Caneyville, Markland. On floodplains: sweetgum and pin oak. On abandoned agricultural land: reverting to forest occur. their lower reaches. Sandy and gravelly silt, and clay of the Jackson Formation, (Hapludults, Fragiudults). Convent, Falaya, Rosebloom, northern red oak. Along streams and on bottoms: mixed forests with poultry farming. Some cropland is reverting knobs. Elsewhere: Lower Mississippian floodplains: Inceptisols floodplains: Stendal, Nolin, successional fields of broomsedge, eastern redcedar, and sumac and hills occur in the east and are dissected by Tertiary shale and sandstone of the Wilcox On floodplains: Waverly. dominants and associates of pin oak, sweet gum, cottonwood, yellow- to forest. Historic barrens (i.e. bluestem shale and siltstone, Devonian black shale, (Endoaquepts, Eutrudepts), Huntington, Sensabaugh, older successional forests of eastern redcedar and black locust. gullies. Upland streams have gravelly or Formation, and Tertiary Porters Creek Clay Entisols (Fluvaquents, poplar, white ash, red gum, red maple, silver maple, pecan, sycamore, prairie) are cultivated. Gravel, sand, and clay and Silurian and Ordovician limestone, Entisols (Fluvaquents), Melvin, Lindside, Newark. sandy substrates. Formation. Loess becomes thicker towards Udifluvents), Inceptisols swamp chestnut oak, swamp white oak, bald cypress, and tupelo. mining. Streams are extensively channelized. shale, and dolomite. Rock outcrops occur. Mollisols (Hapludolls). the west. (Endoaquepts). Fragipans often limit drainage.

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