DOCSLIB.ORG

Geology and Ground- Water Resources of the Paducah Area Kentucky

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Geology and Ground- Water Resources of the Paducah Area Kentucky Geology and Ground- Water Resources of the Paducah Area Kentucky By H. L. FREE, JR., W. H. WALKER, and L. M. MAcCARY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1417 Prepared in cooperation with the Agricultural and Industrial Development Board, Commonwealth of Kentucky UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON i 1957 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FRED A. SEATON, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D. C. CONTENTS Page Abstract _____---._--__ _--___--_---___ __ 1 Introduction. _______ __________________-_--_------_-----__-_ 2- Purpose and'scope of investigation.- _____-_____-------------_--_ 2 Location and extent of area__________ ____-_---_ -_-_----_-_ 4 Previous investigations-.________________-____-_--_---_-------_- 4 Methods of investigation and presentation of data. ________ 5 Well-numbering system _______________________-_-__-__--_--_ 5 Acknowledgments_ _______-______-__--_---_------------_------ 7 Geography ___________ _____________________________________ 7 Natural features of the region __________--_---_------_--_-- -- 7 Topography and drainage____________________---_-_ - -_ 7 Climate __________-______>.____ ___________________ 8 Vegetation.____ _-______-__--_-__------_------_--__-__----- 11 Natural resources...-._______-_______-__-__-_----_------- __ 11 Development. __ __________________________-______-__-__--_-.-_ 11 Population______________________________________________ 11 Industries_____________________-___-____--_-______---_-_ 12 Rural land use__________________________-_--____-- --- 13 Geology._______-___-__---------_--__-__------__-___---__--------- 13 Summary of stratigraphy_______________________________________ 14 Geologic history.-__-__-______--________--___-_-_-------_--_--_ 15 Water resources.-_______________________________________________ 17 Hydrologic cycle____________________________________________ 17 Surface water_ ____________________________________________ 19 Ground water ____ _______________--___________-___--..__-_-- 20 Principles of occurrence ________________________________ 20 Shape and slope of the water table_________________________ 23 Rate of movement_______________________________________ 23 Water-level fluctuations_________________________________ 23 Recharge and discharge___________________________________ 25 Effect of pumping of wells----___---_---_-__-_----_____--_-- 30 Use of ground water_____________________________________ 35 Sewage disposal________________________________________ 35 Cherokee Highlands subdivision-_--______-__--____--___- 36 Lakeview Country Club subdivision. ___________________ 38 Types of wells. _________________________________ 39 Methods of lift________________________________ 43 Temperature of ground water____________________________ 43 Quality of ground water____________________________________ 43 Water-bearing formations___--------__--___--_____________________ 59 Ripley formation_____-----------_--__-__-._________________ 52 Stratigraphy. ___________________________ 52 Laboratory determinations of water-bearing properties________ 53 Occurrence of ground water_-_________________-____-._______ 53 Availability of ground water_____________________________ 54 Chemical character of the water_____________________________ 55 in IV CONTENTS Water-bearing formations Continued Page Porters Creek clay________________________________________ 57 Stratigraphy _________________________________ 57 Occurrence of ground water_____________________________ 58 Availability of ground water_____________________________ 59 Holly Springs sand________________________________________ 59 Stratigraphy __ ____________________________ 59 Laboratory determinations of water-bearing properties_____ _ _ _ 60 Occurrence of ground water_______________________________ 61 Availability of ground water_____________________________ 62 Chemical character of the water_____________-___-_--________ 62 Gravel of Pliocene(?) age____________________________________ 64 Stratigraphy.___________________________________________ 64 Occurrence of ground water__________________-_____.________ 65 Availability of ground water_____________________________ 66 Chemical character of the water_________-_______.___________ 66 Loess and loam______________________________________________ 68 Stratigraphy._____________________________________________ 68 Laboratory determinations of water-bearing properties___-____-_- 68 Occurrence of ground water_________-_____________---_-____- 69 Quaternary alluvium___________-____-__-_______-___--_____--_ 70 Stratigraphy...--_______.________________-_--__.---_____-_ 70 Occurrence of ground water_________________-__-__-_-__--_-_ 71 Availability of ground water_____________________________ 71 Chemical character of the water_____________________________ 72 Selected bibliography... ___________________-_____-_-___--___-_--- 74 Basic data-_____-_-_-__----__---____---_-----_-_------------------ 77 Tables 16-19 _______________________-_-____-__-l--_ _______ 78 Logs of wells and test holes in the Paducah area. _ _____-_-_-___-__--_ 179 _________-__-___----_--------_-------------------__.___.__ 213 ILLUSTRATIONS [Plates 1-9 are in pocket] PLATE 1. Map of Paducah East quadrangle, Kentucky, showing location of wells, springs, and test holes. 2. Map of Paducah West quadrangle, showing location of wells, springs, and test holes. 3. Map of Symsonia quadrangle, showing location of wells, springs, and test holes. 4. Map of Paducah area, showing approximate contours of the bedrock surface. 5. Geologic map of Paducah area, showing outcrops of Late Cretaceous to Eocene rocks beneath deposits of Pliocene and later age. 6. Geologic map of Paducah area, showing outcrops of Pl'o- cene(?) to Recent rocks. 7. Fence diagram of the Paducah area, showing geologic struc­ ture. 8. Map of Paducah area, showing the availability of ground water. CONTENTS V P*g« PLATE 9. Sections across Ohio and Tennessee Rivers near Paducah. 10. A, Ripley formation; B, Porters Creek clay _____ Facing 58 11. Holly Springs sand._________________ ____ __ .Facing 59 FIGUBE 1. Index map of Kentucky showing progress of ground- investigations-___-______________ _ ______ ________ & 2. Map showing well-numbering system in the Paducah are"".-. 6 3. Annual precipitation and cumulative departure from average precipitation at or near Paducah (1882-1953) _____ _ __ 9 4. Map showing position of the Paducah area, within the northern part of the Mississippi embayment of the Gulf Coastal Plain____-_____________----_-------------_-_ 14 5. Generalized cross section southwest to northeast across the Paducah area from southeast of Massac to the Ohio River at Paducah____________________________ __________ 15 6. Hydrologic cycle for the Paducah area_____ __________ 18 7. Particle-size distribution of samples of geologic materials from the Jackson Purchase region_____________________ 22 8. Water-level fluctuations in two wells in the Ripley formation and stage of the Tennessee River in the Paducah area, 1952__ ___ _____ _________ _________ ____ 24 9. Water-level fluctuations in wells in the alluvium, gravel of Pliocene (?) age, and Ripley formation, stage of the Tennessee River, and precipitation in the Paducah area, 1950-53... __ _ _________________ _ _____ 26 10. Water-level fluctuations in wells in the Holly Springs s^-nd and precipitation in the Paducah area, 1950-53- ___ 27 11. Hydrograph showing effect of atmospheric pressure on water levels in a well in the Paducah area.---------.--------- 28 12. Runoff characteristics of two streams fed by ground water: (1) a sand stratum intersected by the stream and (2) a gravel stratum above stream level, 1953____ __________ 30 13. Precipitation, stream runoff, and evapotranspiration in two drainage basins near Paducah_-_-_------------__------ 31 14. Diagrammatic section of a well that is being pumped, showing its drawdown (d-d1), cone of depression (c-c'~df), and area of influence (a-a')--_-_----------- ----- 32 15. Time-drawdown curves of water levels in pumping wells _ 34 16. Map showing Cherokee Highlands and Lake view Courtry Club subdivisions and the location of test holes and nes rby wells ______________________ 37 17. Graphs showing the water-level decline in a clayey s^nd stratum (test 1) and in a fine- to coarse-grained s«nd stratum (test 2) in the Cherokee Highlands subdivision- _ 38 18. Graphs showing water-level decline in a saturated sand s+ra- tum (test 1), a dry gravel and sand stratum (test 2), and a damp sand stratum (test 3) in the Lakeview Country Club subdivision. _________ _ ________ ____________ 40 19. Types of wells used in the Paducah area 41 20. Chemical character of water in the Holly Springs sand, Ripley formation, and gravel of Pliocene (?) age in the Paducah area_______ _ ______ ____ 56 VI CONTENTS Page FIGUBB 21. Classification of chemical character of water from the Ripley formation in the Paducah area________________________ 57 22. Classification of chemical character of water from the Holly Springs sand in the Paducah area.___________________ 64 23. Classification of chemical character of water from the gravel of Pliocene(?) age in the Paducah area._______________ 67 24. Chemical character of water in the alluvium in the Paducah area_______________________________________________ 73 25. Classification of chemical character of water from the alluvi­ um in the Paducah area___________--__-__--____-__--_ 74 TABLES Page 1. Summary of precipitation and temperature
Load more

Recommended publications
  • East and Central Farming and Forest Region and Atlantic Basin Diversified Farming Region: 12 Lrrs N and S
    East and Central Farming and Forest Region and Atlantic Basin Diversified Farming Region: 12 LRRs N and S Brad D. Lee and John M. Kabrick 12.1 Introduction snowfall occurs annually in the Ozark Highlands, the Springfield Plateau, and the St. Francois Knobs and Basins The central, unglaciated US east of the Great Plains to the MLRAs. In the southern half of the region, snowfall is Atlantic coast corresponds to the area covered by LRR N uncommon. (East and Central Farming and Forest Region) and S (Atlantic Basin Diversified Farming Region). These regions roughly correspond to the Interior Highlands, Interior Plains, 12.2.2 Physiography Appalachian Highlands, and the Northern Coastal Plains. The topography of this region ranges from broad, gently rolling plains to steep mountains. In the northern portion of 12.2 The Interior Highlands this region, much of the Springfield Plateau and the Ozark Highlands is a dissected plateau that includes gently rolling The Interior Highlands occur within the western portion of plains to steeply sloping hills with narrow valleys. Karst LRR N and includes seven MLRAs including the Ozark topography is common and the region has numerous sink- Highlands (116A), the Springfield Plateau (116B), the St. holes, caves, dry stream valleys, and springs. The region also Francois Knobs and Basins (116C), the Boston Mountains includes many scenic spring-fed rivers and streams con- (117), Arkansas Valley and Ridges (118A and 118B), and taining clear, cold water (Fig. 12.2). The elevation ranges the Ouachita Mountains (119). This region comprises from 90 m in the southeastern side of the region and rises to 176,000 km2 in southern Missouri, northern and western over 520 m on the Springfield Plateau in the western portion Arkansas, and eastern Oklahoma (Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • CONTROLS on DOLOMITIZATION of the UPPER ORDOVICIAN TRENTON LIMESTONE in SOUTH-CENTRAL KENTUCKY COLLIN JAMES GRAY Department Of
    CONTROLS ON DOLOMITIZATION OF THE UPPER ORDOVICIAN TRENTON LIMESTONE IN SOUTH-CENTRAL KENTUCKY COLLIN JAMES GRAY Department of Geological Sciences APPROVED: Dr. Katherine Giles, Ph.D., Chair Dr. Richard Langford, Ph.D. Dr. Matthew Johnston, Ph.D. Charles Ambler, Ph.D. Dean of the Graduate School Copyright © by Collin James Gray 2015 Dedication I dedicate my thesis work to my family. My dedicated and loving parents, Michael and Deborah Gray have always supported me and provided words of encouragement during the struggles of my research. The support provided was second to none and I could not imagine reaching this point in my education without them. I also dedicate this thesis to my two brothers, Michael and Nathan Gray and my sister Nicole Gray. Without these role models I cannot imagine where my education would have ended. I will always appreciate the support provided by all three of you and consider you to be role models that I can always look up to. CONTROLS ON DOLOMITIZATION OF THE UPPER ORDOVICIAN TRENTON LIMESTONE IN SOUTH-CENTRAL KENTUCKY by COLLIN JAMES GRAY, B.S. GEOLOGY THESIS Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at El Paso in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Geological Sciences THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT EL PASO December 2015 Acknowledgements I wish to thank my committee whose time and expertise provided excellent input into my research. Dr. Katherine Giles, my M.S. supervisor provided guidance and provided endless suggestions and recommendations throughout my research while continuously motivating me to continue my education.
    [Show full text]
  • General Geological Information for the Tri-States of Kentucky, Virginia and Tennessee
    General Geological Information for the Tri-States Of Kentucky, Virginia and Tennessee Southeastern Geological Society (SEGS) Field Trip to Pound Gap Road Cut U.S. Highway 23 Letcher County, Kentucky September 28 and 29, 2001 Guidebook Number 41 Summaries Prepared by: Bruce A. Rodgers, PG. SEGS Vice President 2001 Southeastern Geological Society (SEGS) Guidebook Number 41 September 2001 Page 1 Table of Contents Section 1 P HYSIOGRAPHIC P ROVINCES OF THE R EGION Appalachian Plateau Province Ridge and Valley Province Blue Ridge Province Other Provinces of Kentucky Other Provinces of Virginia Section 2 R EGIONAL G EOLOGIC S TRUCTURE Kentucky’s Structural Setting Section 3 M INERAL R ESOURCES OF THE R EGION Virginia’s Geological Mineral and Mineral Fuel Resources Tennessee’s Geological Mineral and Mineral Fuel Resources Kentucky’s Geological Mineral and Mineral Fuel Resources Section 4 G ENERAL I NFORMATION ON C OAL R ESOURCES OF THE R EGION Coal Wisdom Section 5 A CTIVITIES I NCIDENTAL TO C OAL M INING After the Coal is Mined - Benefaction, Quality Control, Transportation and Reclamation Section 6 G ENERAL I NFORMATION ON O IL AND NATURAL G AS R ESOURCES IN THE R EGION Oil and Natural Gas Enlightenment Section 7 E XPOSED UPPER P ALEOZOIC R OCKS OF THE R EGION Carboniferous Systems Southeastern Geological Society (SEGS) Guidebook Number 41 September 2001 Page i Section 8 R EGIONAL G ROUND W ATER R ESOURCES Hydrology of the Eastern Kentucky Coal Field Region Section 9 P INE M OUNTAIN T HRUST S HEET Geology and Historical Significance of the
    [Show full text]
  • Changes in Stratigraphic Nomenclature by the U.S. Geological Survey
    Changes in Stratigraphic Nomenclature by the U.S. Geological Survey, By GEORGE V. COHEE, ROBERT G. BATES, and WILNA B. WRIGHT CONTRIBUTIONS TO STRATIGRAPHY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1294-A UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1970 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR WALTER J. HICKEL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY William T. Pecora, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 35 cents (paper cover) CONTENTS Listing of nomenclatural changes- --- ----- - - ---- -- -- -- ------ --- Ortega Quartzite and the Big Rock and Jawbone Conglomerate Members of the Kiawa Mountain Formation, Tusas Mountains, New Mexico, by Fred Barker---------------------------------------------------- Reasons for abandonment of the Portage Group, by Wallace de Witt, Jr-- Tlevak Basalt, west coast of Prince of Wales Island, southeastern Alaska, by G. Donald Eberlein and Michael Churkin, Jr Formations of the Bisbee Group, Empire Mountains quadrangle, Pima County, Arizona, by Tommy L. Finnell---------------------------- Glance Conglomerate- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Willow Canyon Formation ....................................... Apache Canyon Formation-- ................................... Shellenberger Canyon Formation- - --__----- ---- -- -- -- ----------- Turney Ranch Formation---- ------- ------ -- -- -- ---- ------ ----- Age--_------------------------------------------------------- Pantano Formation, by Tommy L. Finnell----------_-----------------
    [Show full text]
  • Kentucky Geological Survey Earth Resources—Our Common Wealth
    Kentucky Geological Survey Earth ResourcesOur Common Wealth Annual Report 19992000 Annual Report 19992000 Cover Illustrations 2 1 3 4 6 5 7 À Quartz-pebble conglomerate from Cumberland Falls. Photo by Stephen Greb. Á Portion of geologic map of Harrodsburg 30 x 60 minute quadrangle, by Thomas Sparks, Garland Dever, and Warren Anderson. Â Karst landscape in central Kentucky. Photo by Deanna Davis, Barrys Photography. Ã Polished core from the CambrianOrdovician Knox Group in Cumberland County. Photo by Lyle VanHorne and Patrick Gooding. Ä Kentucky agate. Photo by Collie Rulo. Å Sandstone bluff in Carter Caves State Park. Photo by Douglas Reynolds Jr. Æ Big South Fork of the Cumberland River, McCreary County. Photo by Brandon Nuttall. Earth ResourcesOur Common Wealth Kentucky Geological Survey Annual Report 19992000 228 Mining and Mineral Resources Building University of Kentucky Lexington, KY 40506-0107 859.257.5500 fax 859.257.1147 www.uky.edu/KGS Project Manager and Writer: Carol Ruthven Editor: Margaret Luther Smath Designer: Collie Rulo Contents 1 Directors Desk 2 Energy and Minerals for Our Economy 8 Clean Air and Water for Our Quality of Life 14 Helping Our Communities Become Resistant to Natural Disasters 18 Enhancing Access to Geologic Maps and Data for Our Citizens 22 Upholding a Tradition of Quality Public Service 25 Mentoring Future Geologists 27 Recognizing Excellence in Research and Public Service 28 New Publications 30 Active Research Projects 32 Staff Roster State Geologists 18382000 1838: William W. Mather, State Geologist. No organizational structure. 183953: No organizational structure; no State Geologist. 185460: First Survey. David Dale Owen, State Geologist, 185457; Robert Peter, State Chemist, supervised the activities of the office from 185760.
    [Show full text]
  • Kentucky Geothermal References
    Kentucky References Adams, M.A., 1984, Geologic overview, coal resources, and potential methane recovery from coalbeds of the Central Appalachian Basin; Maryland, West Virginia, Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee: AAPG Studies in Geology, v. 17, p. 45-71. Adams, M.A., Eddy Greg, E., Hewitt, J.L., Kirr James, N., and Rightmire Craig, T., 1984, Geologic overview, coal resources, and potential methane recovery from coalbeds of the Northern Appalachian coal basin; Pennsylvania, Ohio, Maryland, West Virginia, and Kentucky: AAPG Studies in Geology, v. 17, p. 15-43. Adkison, W.L., 1954, Structure and stratigraphy of the outcropping Pennsylvanian rocks in the White Oak quadrangle, Magoffin and Morgan Counties, Kentucky, Oil and gas investigations map OM-156: Reston, Va., U.S. Geological Survey. Adkison, W.L., and Johnston, J.E., 1963, Geology and coal resources of the Salyersville North Quadrangle, Magoffin, Morgan, and Johnson counties, Kentucky: U S Geological Survey Bulletin. Aitken John, F., and Flint Stephan, S., 1993, Reservoir anatomy within a sequence stratigraphic framework; the Pennsylvanian Breathitt Group of eastern Kentucky: AAPG Bulletin, v. 77, p. 1604-1605. Aitken John, F., and Flint Stephen, S., 1994, High-frequency sequences and the nature of incised-valley fills in fluvial systems of the Breathitt Group (Pennsylvanian), Appalachian foreland basin, eastern Kentucky: Special Publication Society for Sedimentary Geology, v. 51, p. 353-368. Aitken John, F., and Flint Stephen, S., 1996, Variable expressions of interfluvial sequence
    [Show full text]
  • Reconnaissance of Ground-Water Resources in the Western Coal Field Region, Kentucky
    Reconnaissance of Ground-Water Resources in the Western Coal Field Region, Kentucky GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1599 Prepared in cooperation with the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Depart­ ment of Economic Development, and the Kentucky Geological Survey, Univer­ sity of Kentucky Reconnaissance of Ground-Water Resources in the Western Coal Field Region, Kentucky By B W MAXWELL and R W. DEVAUL G E 0 L 0 G I CAL S U R V E Y \VAT E R- S U P P L Y P A P E R 1 59 9 Prepared in cooperation with the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Depart­ ment of Economic Development, and the Kentucky Geological Survey, Univer­ sity of Kentucky UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON 1962 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director The U.S. Geological Survey Library catalog card appears after page 84 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U S Government Printing Office Washington 25, D C. CONTENTS Patre Abstract---------------------------------------------------------- 1 IntroductiOn------------------------------------------------------ 2 Purpose and scope of mvestigatiOn _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ 2 LocatiOn and extent of regiOn___________________________________ 2 Previous mvestlgatiOns_ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ 5 Method of mvestigatiOn_ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ 5 Acknowledgments_____________________________________________ 6 GeographY--------------------------------------------------------
    [Show full text]
  • Ecoregions of Kentucky
    Summary Table: Characteristics of the Ecoregions of Kentucky 6 8 . SOUTHWESTERN APPALACHIANS 7 1 . INTERIOR PLATEAU (continued) * * Level IV Ecoregion Physiography Geology Soil Climate Potential Natural Vegetation / Land Cover and Land Use Level IV Ecoregion Physiography Geology Soil Climate Potential Natural Vegetation / Land Cover and Land Use Present Vegetation Present Vegetation Area Elevation/ Surficial and Bedrock Order (Great Group) Common Soil Series Temperature/ Precipitation Frost Free Mean Temperature *Source: Küchler, 1964 Area Elevation/ Surficial and Bedrock Order (Great Group) Common Soil Series Temperature/ Precipitation Frost Free Mean Temperature * (square Local Relief Moisture Mean annual Mean annual January min/max; (square Local Relief Moisture Mean annual Mean annual January min/max; Source: Küchler, 1964 o miles) (feet) Regimes (inches) (days) July min/max ( F) miles) (feet) Regimes (inches) (days) July min/max (oF) 68a. Cumberland 607 Unglaciated. Open low hills, ridges, 980-1500/ Quaternary colluvium and alluvium. Ultisols (Hapludults). Shelocta, Gilpin, Latham, Mesic/ 47-51 170-185 23/46; Mixed mesophytic forest; American chestnut was a former dominant Mostly forest or reverting to forest. Also some 71d. Outer 4707 Glaciated in north. Rolling to hilly upland 382-1100/ Quaternary alluvium, loess, and in Mostly Alfisols Mostly Lowell, Cynthiana, Mesic/ 38-48. 160-210 20/45; Mostly oak–hickory forest. On Silurian dolomite: white oak stands Cropland, pastureland, woodland, military Plateau rolling uplands, and intervening valleys. 100-520 Mostly Pennsylvanian sandstone, shale, On floodplains: Entisols Muse, Clymer, Whitley, Udic. On 63/88 on drier sites/ On mesic sites: forests variously dominated by pastureland and limited cropland. Logging, Bluegrass containing small sinkholes, springs, 50-450 northernmost Kentucky, discontinuous (Hapludalfs, Fragiudalfs); Faywood, Beasley, Crider, Udic.
    [Show full text]
  • Kentucky Landscapes Through Geologic Time Series XII, 2011 Daniel I
    Kentucky Geological Survey James C. Cobb, State Geologist and Director MAP AND CHART 200 UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY, LEXINGTON Kentucky Landscapes Through Geologic Time Series XII, 2011 Daniel I. Carey Introduction The Ordovician Period Since Kentucky was covered by shallow The MississippianEarly Carboniferous Period 356 Ma Many types of sharks lived in Kentucky during the Mississippian; some had teeth for crinoid We now unders tand that the earth’s crust is broken up into a number of tropical seas du ring most of the Ordovician capturing swimming animals and others had teeth especially adapted for crushing and During most of the Ordovician, Kentucky was covered by shallow, tropical seas Period (Figs. 6–7), the fossils found in Sea Floor eating shellfish such as brachiopods, clams, crinoids, and cephalopods (Fig. 23). plates, some of continental size, and that these plates have been moving— (Fig. 4). Limestones, dolomites, and shales were formed at this time. The oldest rocks Kentucky's Ordovician rocks are marine (sea- Spreading Ridge Siberia centimeters a year—throughout geologic history, driven by the internal heat exposed at the surface in Kentucky are the hard limestones of the Camp Nelson dwelling) invertebrates. Common Ordovician bryozoan crinoid, Culmicrinus horn PANTHALASSIC OCEAN Ural Mts. Kazakstania of the earth. This movement creates our mountain chains, earthquakes, Limestone (Middle Ordovician age) (Fig. 5), found along the Kentucky River gorge in fossils found in Kentucky include sponges (of North China crinoid, corals crinoid, central Kentucky between Boonesboro and Frankfort. Older rocks are present in the Rhopocrinus geologic faults, and volcanoes. The theory of plate tectonics (from the Greek, the phylum Porifera), corals (phylum Cnidaria), cephalopod, PALEO- South China Rhopocrinus subsurface, but can be seen only in drill cuttings and cores acquired from oil and gas North America tektonikos: pertaining to building) attemp ts to describe the process and helps bryozoans, brachiopods (Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Land Character, Plants, and Animals of the Inner Bluegrass Region of Kentucky: Past, Present, and Future
    University of Kentucky UKnowledge Biology Science, Technology, and Medicine 1991 Bluegrass Land and Life: Land Character, Plants, and Animals of the Inner Bluegrass Region of Kentucky: Past, Present, and Future Mary E. Wharton Georgetown College Roger W. Barbour University of Kentucky Click here to let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Thanks to the University of Kentucky Libraries and the University Press of Kentucky, this book is freely available to current faculty, students, and staff at the University of Kentucky. Find other University of Kentucky Books at uknowledge.uky.edu/upk. For more information, please contact UKnowledge at [email protected]. Recommended Citation Wharton, Mary E. and Barbour, Roger W., "Bluegrass Land and Life: Land Character, Plants, and Animals of the Inner Bluegrass Region of Kentucky: Past, Present, and Future" (1991). Biology. 1. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/upk_biology/1 ..., .... _... -- ... -- / \ ' \ \ /·-- ........ '.. -, 1 ' c. _ r' --JRichmond 'I MADISON CO. ) ' GARRARD CO. CJ Inner Bluegrass, ,. --, Middle Ordovician outcrop : i lancaster CJ Eden Hills and Outer Bluegrass, ~-- ' Upper Ordovician outcrop THE INNER BLUEGRASS OF KENTUCKY This page intentionally left blank This page intentionally left blank Land Character, Plants, and Animals of the Inner Bluegrass Region of Kentucl<y Past, Present, and Future MARY E. WHARTON and ROGER W. BARBOUR THE UNIVERSITY PRESS OF KENTUCKY Publication of this book was assisted by a grant from the Land and Nature Trust of the Bluegrass. Copyright © 1991 by The University Press of Kentucky Scholarly publisher for the Commonwealth, serving Bellarmine College, Berea College, Centre College of Kentucky, Eastern Kentucky University, The Filson Club, Georgetown College, Kentucky Historical Society, Kentucky State University, Morehead State University, Murray State University, Northern Kentucky University, TI:ansylvania University, University of Kentucky, University of Louisville, and Western Kentucky University.
    [Show full text]
  • Relationships Between Surface and Ground Water Velocities
    Eastern Kentucky University Encompass EKU Faculty and Staff choS larship 8-25-2016 Relationships Between Surface and Ground Water Velocities Determined from Dy Trace Experiments in McConnell Springs and Preston's Cave Spring, Lexington, Fayette County, Kentucky Laura A. Norris Eastern Kentucky University Cassie E. Simpson Eastern Kentucky University Trent Garrison Miami University - Oxford Follow this and additional works at: http://encompass.eku.edu/fs_research Part of the Geology Commons Recommended Citation Norris, Laura A., Cassie E. Simpson, and Trent Garrison. "Discovering Relationships Between Surface And Groundwater Velocities Through Dye Tracing In Fayette Co, Ky." 2016. doi:10.1130/abs/2016se-272937. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Encompass. It has been accepted for inclusion in EKU Faculty and Staff choS larship by an authorized administrator of Encompass. For more information, please contact [email protected]. August 25, 2016 Relationships between surface and ground water velocities determined from dye trace experiments in McConnell Springs and Preston’s Cave Spring, Lexington, Fayette County, Kentucky Laura A. Norris1 Cassie E. Simpson1 Trent Garrison1,2 1Department of Geosciences, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, KY 40475 2Department of Geology & Environmental Earth Science, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056 Accepted for publication by Kentucky Section of the American Institute of Professional Geologists http://ky.aipg.org/ Abstract In mature karst regions, water may flow through large subsurface conduits, expediting flow to surficial karst springs. In the fall of 2015, a dye trace was performed in the Middle Ordovician karst of Lexington, Fayette County, Kentucky in order to measure ground water velocities.
    [Show full text]
  • 2. the Western Kentucky Coal Field Physiographic Region the WKCF Region Encompasses All Or Part of 20 Counties and Covers Roughly 4,800 Mi2
    Project Final Report for A Grant Awarded Through the Section 319(h) Nonpoint Source Implementation Program Cooperative Agreement #C9994861-02 Geomorphic Characteristics under the of Streams in the Section 319(h) Kentucky Nonpoint Source Implementation Western Kentucky Coal Field Grant Workplan “Stream Geomorphic Bankfull Regional Physiographic Region Curves 2002” of Kentucky Kentucky Division of Water NPS 02-05 MOA PO2 0600000744 July 1, 2004 to June 30, 2009 Benjamin D. Mater Arthur C. Parola, Jr. Chandra Hansen of The Stream Institute Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Louisville Louisville, Kentucky and Margaret Swisher Jones Kentucky Division of Water Kentucky Energy and Environment Cabinet Frankfort, Kentucky The Energy and Environment Cabinet (EEC) and the University of Louisville Research Founda- tion, Inc., (a KRS164A.610 corporation) do not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, age, religion, or disability. The EEC and the University of Louisville Research Foundation, Inc., will provide, on request, reasonable accommodations including auxiliary aids and services nec- essary to afford an individual with a disability an equal opportunity to participate in all services, pro- grams and activities. To request materials in an alternative format, contact the Kentucky Division of Water, 200 Fair Oaks Ln, Frankfort, KY 40601 or call (502) 564-3410 or contact the University of Lou- isville Research Foundation, Inc. Funding for this project was provided in part by a grant from the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) through the Kentucky Division of Water, Nonpoint Source Section, to the University of Louisville Research Foundation, Inc., as authorized by the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1987, §319(h) Nonpoint Source Implementation Grant #C9994861-02.
    [Show full text]