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GEOLOGY of CUMBERLAND GAP NATIONAL R U 119 B East Pineville C D 25E R Ck C

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82°52 30 82°22 30 KENTUCKY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Map and Chart 199 50 45 40 35 30 25 Southeast South Southwest West 36°45 B 36°45 l James C. Cobb, State Geologist and Director Pine a Series XII, 2011 . Wasioto nch r O Pineville ra c P Br. B k UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY, LEXINGTON F Kayjay k C Mountain e uc X s s ork e NO k 2005 k 72 Tye e K State Bird v n e e m r . i a t o Br. D e t T C CO 987 k r G Resort e C BELL oodin R 92 Park Vanila Br. k U D Path e U 1491 D Br. Alva e GEOLOGY OF CUMBERLAND GAP NATIONAL r U 119 B East Pineville C D 25E r ck C o i Brush 987 l FAULT Harbell k r d w c e Ingram Mill Fork n a e Clear Creek 190 n l k a B Wheeler T l i US Springs r e R k e s HISTORICAL PARK H e b T re Cum 225 r C Calvin Oaks y ea s l Ponza a N 190 C Matthew M. Crawford e I r TA Kentucky Geological Survey G UN MOUNTAIN MO P i HARLAN and Hanna Hunsberger t Cr m PINE ee a BELL Cumberland Gap National Historical Park D k n U s Cr CO. 1534 eek CO. Cr. Cubage 987 Introduction k 92 e e r Moore Br. FAULT ies Cr. Panoramic view from The Pinnacle overlook, looking toward Powell Mountain, Cumberland Mountain, and Middlesboro Basin. Cumberland Gap is not visible in the photo, but is below the railing in the right side of the photo. C H n rk Ferndale 987 Brow Fo Cumberland Gap National Historical Park is located in parts of of Cumberland Gap National Historical a Photo courtesy of Wikimedia Commons, commons.wikimedia.org. Cumberland Gap PINE n c C National Historical e Kentucky, Virginia, and Tennessee. The park was authorized by President Park. It was produced using digital geologic s u N FACE b AI Park a T Geology and Cultural History Cr. g UN e s Franklin Roosevelt on June 11, 1940, and is now the largest historical mapping and geographic information Olcott Yellow O tin Br. Cr. ar Cannon M ar le M The Cumberland Gap area has a deep connection to many periods of American history. Geology plays a Kentucky Creek Cr. White park in the National Park System. It contains 24,000 acres along system technology, which also help the Virginia C Davisburg Lake 217 k major role in many of these significant events in human culture, both past and present. Geologic and cultural Bens Fk. Hensley Settlement or Sand y Br. Cumberland Mountain near Ewing, Va., proceeding southwest toward National Park Service with resource Cr. FACE rtins F lle n Ma Cave White Va Clear nno features discussed below are labeled on the maps. Fern Lake in Tennessee, a distance of approximately 20 miles. The management and meeting federal mandates, Area of Ca Rocks Tennessee 1344 D Poor ROCKY map Little N KENTUCKY average width of the park is only 1.6 miles. while also providing informative per- LA trail 516 Cr. R VIRGINIA 40 Chenoa Meldrum E 40 The Gap spectives that are valuable to all citizens nes The park hosts a distinctive range of geologic processes and features. 190 ra Fork B k Colmar C M e U 58 Cumberland Gap is a natural pass in Cumberland Mountain (part of the Appalachian mountain chain) that who enjoy national parks. For more information, please visit the e ROCKY Unique structural geology, caves and karst, surface- and groundwater F r C o CD creates a gateway toward the west. Migrating animals such as bison and elk first took advantage of this gap u Cumberland Gap National Historical Park Web site at www.nps.gov/cuga. r A m l erosion, and mass wasting are just a few of the processes that shape the trai Park i R Bou l nd and forged a trail that connected several Native American territories (Algeo, 2003). By the mid-18th century Clear ar To obtain digital geologic and other GIS data, visit the National Park e 3486 188 Creek y scenic landscape of the park. This publication illustrates the relationship Lick K European-Americans wanted to settle in the fertile, flat lands of the Bluegrass and Nashville Basin that were Run Yellow Hutch Branch Service Data Portal at nrinfo.nps.gov/Reference.mvc/Search. R ah between the geology of Cumberland Gap and the historical and cultural Fork D illal U 217 Sh y west of the Appalachians. Private land companies aided in this venture and received grants for vast tracts 3485 ID r Fk. 988 D issues that are important to the park and its visitors. It is intended for G Creek of land from colonial representatives who wanted explorers to settle the West (Algeo, 2003). Thomas Walker Laurel E H Ewing park visitors, educators, park staff, and anyone interested in the geology R ig dary of Virginia is often credited with being the first European-American explorer through the gap in 1751. o n U 25E oun c it B Br. k e U Caylor n h li American pioneer Daniel Boone crossed the gap in 1775 and made it part of the much larger Wilderness Indian b o U D Park 58 m D u Ha s Be S U Road system that allowed settlers to reach Kentucky. The latter part of the century saw more and more e a ns u U D g a settlers start to migrate along the Wilderness Road and through the gap, making it a key passage into the C F r 74 Garmeada Br. r o e rk Lick Geologic Setting e k Branch western frontiers and an important part of American history. D U Run k Fog rolling through Cumberland Gap. View is looking west from The Pinnacle. D U tr ee U ail FAULT r Photo courtesy of Wikimedia Commons, commons.wikimedia.org. The rocks in and surrounding Cumberland The same rock type (sandstone, shale, etc.) s Cr. i C v 74 a r U D The Gap National Historical Park are sedimentary, may also occur as different varieties. For e D CAVE d Pinnacle JOS Civil War and Cumberland Gap ow Capito UD Ind D trail ia ranging in age from Cambrian to Pennsylva- example, the Geologic Map contains a shale S Fork Edgewood Middlesboro C n U Branch The natural break in Cumberland Mountain that served as a passage toward the west for pioneers in the 74 Old iron nian (540 to 295 million years ago). Sedimen- unit and a black shale unit. Black shale con- Stony MIDDLESBORO U 58 D U D furnace late 1700s was also a strategic feature in the American Civil War (18611865). The Wilderness Road that tary rocks are formed by the compaction of tains much more organic matter than a regular BASIN Gibson particles of gravel, sand, silt, mud, carbonate shale unit, making it very dark colored. Sand- tunnel Station Daniel Boone made so famous served as a natural invasion route for Confederate and Union troops. 186 VALLEYLEE CO. VIRGINIA y Sta Cumberland Gap was the place where army forces were led to the Bluegrass Region of Kentucky or to the D CUMBERLAND r tio minerals, and ancient seashells. The vast stones occur as coarse-grained varieties, with Premier Park da n HANCOCK TENNESSEE U GAP un southern supply areas of Tennessee. By the end of the war, occupation of the gap had changed hands four Bo CLAIBORNE expanse of time represented in the rocks larger sand particles, and also as fine-grained Cr. Yellow times, yet no major battles were fought there (National Park Service, 1999a). Earthwork fortifications and Fourmile C y r conveys a complex geologic history. The varieties, with smaller particles. Creek ar CO. e BELL CO. nd e KENTUCKY ou Fern Lake k gun emplacements built by both armies are still visible in the park (Andrews, 2003b). repetitive rise and fall of ancient shallow seas The layers of sedimentary rocks have a 35 CLAIBORNE CO. B CO. 35 TENNESSEE Shawanee L Red Hill allowed for the various types of sediment to k r k L mountain-building and erosional history that o trail Harrogate Fork F Park e accumulate, including extensive swampy areas e E led to the unique landscape in Cumberland r s t C t t s C that eventually formed the coal beds of today. e e W o Gap National Historical Park. The narrow n x eek Middlesboro Impact Structure n W e n Cr a O The sedimentary rocks present in units shown White Rocks. These rocks get their name from the very light gray and tan color B ridges, steep cliffs, overlooks, steep valleys, i of the resistant sandstone and conglomerate that is exposed as a massive cliff Cr. d eek Although not in the park, the Middlesboro impact structure is a significant geologic feature in the n P Cr on the Geologic Map include sandstone, and natural gaps owe their existence to uplift w N I Hopewell llo I Br. Gap y on top of Cumberland Mountain. See Geologic Map for location. Photo courtesy Ye A s r southern Appalachian Mountains. The town of Middlesboro, Ky., is situated in conspicuous topographic T ng e C a conglomerate, shale, siltstone, limestone, coal, li l e of these rocks (see Structural Geology), in of the National Park Service.
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