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Land Character, Plants, and Animals of the Inner Bluegrass Region of Kentucky: Past, Present, and Future

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Land Character, Plants, and Animals of the Inner Bluegrass Region of Kentucky: Past, Present, and Future University of Kentucky UKnowledge Biology Science, Technology, and Medicine 1991 Bluegrass Land and Life: Land Character, Plants, and Animals of the Inner Bluegrass Region of Kentucky: Past, Present, and Future Mary E. Wharton Georgetown College Roger W. Barbour University of Kentucky Click here to let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Thanks to the University of Kentucky Libraries and the University Press of Kentucky, this book is freely available to current faculty, students, and staff at the University of Kentucky. Find other University of Kentucky Books at uknowledge.uky.edu/upk. For more information, please contact UKnowledge at [email protected]. Recommended Citation Wharton, Mary E. and Barbour, Roger W., "Bluegrass Land and Life: Land Character, Plants, and Animals of the Inner Bluegrass Region of Kentucky: Past, Present, and Future" (1991). Biology. 1. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/upk_biology/1 ..., .... _... -- ... -- / \ ' \ \ /·-- ........ '.. -, 1 ' c. _ r' --JRichmond 'I MADISON CO. ) ' GARRARD CO. CJ Inner Bluegrass, ,. --, Middle Ordovician outcrop : i lancaster CJ Eden Hills and Outer Bluegrass, ~-- ' Upper Ordovician outcrop THE INNER BLUEGRASS OF KENTUCKY This page intentionally left blank This page intentionally left blank Land Character, Plants, and Animals of the Inner Bluegrass Region of Kentucl<y Past, Present, and Future MARY E. WHARTON and ROGER W. BARBOUR THE UNIVERSITY PRESS OF KENTUCKY Publication of this book was assisted by a grant from the Land and Nature Trust of the Bluegrass. Copyright © 1991 by The University Press of Kentucky Scholarly publisher for the Commonwealth, serving Bellarmine College, Berea College, Centre College of Kentucky, Eastern Kentucky University, The Filson Club, Georgetown College, Kentucky Historical Society, Kentucky State University, Morehead State University, Murray State University, Northern Kentucky University, TI:ansylvania University, University of Kentucky, University of Louisville, and Western Kentucky University. Editorial and Sales Offices: Lexington, Kentucky 40508-4008 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Wharton, Mary E., 1912- Bluegrass land and life : land character, plants, and animals of the Inner Bluegrass region of Kentucky, past, present, and future I Mary E. Wharton and Roger W. Barbour. p. em. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-0-8131-5559-3 L Natural history-Kentucky. I. Barbour, Roger William, 1919- II. Title. QH105.K4W43 1991 508.769-dc20 90-36745 This book is printed on acid-free paper meeting the requirements of the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials. @ To the memory of FRANK T. MCFARLAND who introduced me to the flora of the Kentucky River country B.B. MCINTEER who kindled my interest in the unique presettlement ecosystems of the Bluegrass ARTHUR C. MCFARLAN who initiated my fascination with Kentucky geology All more than fifty years ago -Mary E. Wharton With sincere appreciation for the efforts of GRACE CROSTHWAITE for acquainting me with the world of books WM. J. HAMILTON for guiding me through graduate school E.L. PALMER for introducing me to many of the wonders of the out-of-doors -Roger W Barbour This page intentionally left blank List of Maps, Figure, and Tables lX Foreword by John 0. Simonds Xl Acknowledgments xiii Introduction 1 Part I. Geology and Environmental History 1. Geological Background 5 2. Presettlement Vegetation 19 3. Presettlement Animal Life 33 4. Early Modification of the Presettlement Ecosystems 40 Part II. Habitats and Natural Community Organization 5. Plant Communities 51 6. Vertebrate Animal Habitats 62 7. Present Status of Vertebrates 74 Part Ill. Annotated Lists Vascular Plants 79 Vertebrate Animals 159 Part IV. The Future of the Bluegrass 8. The Bluegrass Region of Tomorrow in Light of Present Trends 207 Appendixes A. Glossary of Geologic Terms 227 B. The Geologic Time Scale 227 C. Plant Communities and Succession 229 Bibliography 230 Index of Species 237 General Index 255 Illustrations follow pages 18 and 50 1. The Inner Bluegrass of Kentucky Front endsheet 2. Kentucky River and West Hickman-Bryan Station Fault Zones Back endsheet 3. Generalized Geologic Map of Kentucky 6 4. Physiographic Diagram of Kentucky 7 5. The Inner Bluegrass in Relation to Surrounding Areas 9 6. Outcrop Area of the High Bridge Group 10 7. Abandbned Meanders of Boone Creek 14 8. Courses of the Kentucky River, Dix River, and Elkhorn Creek 16 9. Some Military Land Grants that Determined Road Patterns 43 10. Overlapping Claims in the Bluegrass 44 11. Counties of the Inner Bluegrass 80 1. Structure Section 8 1. Diameters of Selected Large Trees in a Harrison County Woodland Pasture 29 2. Diameters and Estimated Ages of Bur Oaks on a Former Farm in Fayette County 30 3. Mammalian Species Found in Welch Cave 35 4. Composition of Canopy; Maple-Ash-Oak Forests, on Mesic Cliffs of the Kentucky River 54 5. Composition of Forest Canopy; Kentucky River Cliffs, from Xeric to Slightly Mesic 55 6. Comparison between Canopy Species on Opposite Cliffs of Creek 56 7. Importance Value of Tree Species in Four Relic Savanna-Woodlands 60 8. Population Growth in Selected Bluegrass Counties 207 JOHN 0. SIMONDS Bluegrass Land and Life, by Drs. Mary E. Wharton and Roger W Barbour, is a timely and informative examination of the ecology of this world-renowned region of Kentucky. This new book by two distinguished scientists describes in an engaging way the transition of this unique terrain from early geologic time to the brink of the twenty-first century. The whole of the Bluegrass landscape is now, as always in its long history, undergoing change. The ancient past saw the gradual evolution from seas, with their shelled animals and mineral deposits, to savanna-woodlands, rich with the big game animals cherished by several Indian tribes. More recent centuries have witnessed the transition to cultivated agricultural lands unsurpassed for the abundance of their yields and the richness of their pasturage. In the world of the horse, particularly, the word Bluegrass has become synonymous with "quality unexcelled." Today the Bluegrass region is threatened by the all-too-common American phenomenon of urbanization out of control. One can only hope that the evolution of the next decades will be guided by wise land planning of the highest order. In this process the best of the region's natural, scenic, and historic resources must be defined and protected. Existing towns and cities should be restudied, circum­ scribed, enhanced, and revitalized within an interconnected openspace frame­ work. The process is complex. Multi-modal systems of transportation and energy transmission must be pre-planned together to cause as little disruption as possi­ ble and to provide much more efficient means of interconnection and movement. Urban sprawl must be stemmed and eradicated. Pollution in all its insidious forms must be outlawed. In sum, the new land use patterns must be devised in harmony with the natural systems of soil, water, topography, and the "want-to­ be" of the land. The region can then take its evolving form within the green matrix of protected farmland and forest, as in England, Scandinavia, Switzerland, and Germany. The basis for such comprehensive landscape and transportation planning must be a fuller understanding of the land and its physical"givens." It is in this regard especially that this book will make a significant contribution. Just when xii FOREWORD this knowledge is most urgently needed, we are presented with a highly readable compendium of the essential facts by scientists of impeccable credentials. Here is a book that can make a difference. While in recent years it has seemed to some that the beloved Bluegrass countryside might fade into history, this book is hearteningly reassuring. It instills a comprehension of the immense cultural and economic wealth at stake, and it should foster a determination both to preserve and to advance the Bluegrass tradition. Dr. Mary Wharton is a wise, patient, and singularly knowledgeable botanist, ecologist, and geologist. Dr. Roger Barbour is a widely known zoologist and wildlife photographer. Both have been leaders in efforts to preserve the Bluegrass region, and they have collaborated on two previous books. Now they have com­ piled a truly remarkable scientific and cultural sourcebook. There are few to compare with it in America, none before in the Bluegrass region. It will long serve as the definitive reference for all who seek a richer and deeper understanding of Bluegrass land and the life it supports-animal, plant, and human. Mr. Simonds is a nationally known landscape architect, environmental planner, and writer who lives in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The authors are grateful to Johnnie B. Varner for the inclusion of his many unpublished collections of plant species in the Inner Bluegrass, and to him and to WilliamS. Bryant for data on the composition of certain forests. Julian Campbell, Max Medley, Hal Bryan, Steve Rice, William E. Blackburn, and Elwood Carr also permitted us to use some of their collection data. Bettye Lee Mastin graciously shared with us some of her research relating to her book Lexington 1779. Doris Westerman, Albert G. Westerman, and John MacGregor served as consultants on amphibian and reptile distribution and life histories. Wayne Davis was consultant on bird and mammalian species. Contributions toward publication of this book came from the Land and Nature Trust of the Bluegrass, which recognized its importance in fostering understanding and appreciation of the natural assets of the Bluegrass Region­ flora, fauna, land, and environmental history-as prerequisite to intelligent planning in the region. The organization therefore offered to underwrite the cost of publishing color plates and sought contributions from individuals. Contributors of one page or more of color plates: John R. Cooke Dr. Wally Montgomery Winifred W Haggart Mr. and Mrs. A.C. Newbery Mrs. A.B. Hancock, Jr. Matthew Tierney Charles J. Isbell Dr. Woodford Van Meter Walter W May Mrs.
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