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New Dictionary of the History of Ideas 69554 DHI FM Ii Iv-Clxx.Qxd 10/15/04 5:11 AM Page Ii Volume1 10/6/04 11:43 AM Page 1 new dictionary of the history of ideas 69554_DHI_FM_ii_iv-clxx.qxd 10/15/04 5:11 AM Page ii EDITORIAL BOARD Editor in Chief Maryanne Cline Horowitz, Occidental College University of California, Los Angeles Associate Editors Jonathan Berkey, Davidson College Zvi Ben-Dor Benite, New York University Benjamin A. Elman, Princeton University George Esenwein, University of Florida, Gainesville Cary J. Nederman, Texas A&M University Vassiliki Betty Smocovitis, University of Florida, Gainesville Neferti Tadiar, University of California, Santa Cruz Mary J. Weismantel, Northwestern University Paul Tiyambe Zeleza, Pennsylvania State University Advisors Diane Apostolos-Cappadona, Georgetown University Edwina Barvosa-Carter, University of California, Santa Barbara Nupur Chaudhuri, Texas Southern University Kostas Gavroglu, University of Athens, Greece Donald R. Kelley, Rutgers University Zine Magubane, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign J. B. Schneewind, Johns Hopkins University Blair Sullivan, University of California, Los Angeles Reed Ueda, Tufts University Librarian Advisory Board Mary W. George, Princeton University Suzy Szasz Palmer, University of Louisville Editorial Assistant Lisa Griffin ii New Dictionary of the History of Ideas Volume1 10/6/04 11:43 AM Page 3 new dictionary of the history of ideas maryanne cline horowitz, editor in chief volume 1 Abolitionism to Common Sense 69554_DHI_FM_ii_iv-clxx.qxd 10/15/04 5:11 AM Page iv New Dictionary of the History of Ideas Maryanne Cline Horowitz, Editor in Chief ©2005 Thomson Gale, a part of the Thomson For permission to use material from this Since this page cannot legibly accommodate Corporation. product, submit your request via Web at all copyright notices, the acknowledgments http://www.gale-edit.com/permissions, or you constitute an extension of the copyright no- Thomson and Star Logo are trademarks and may download our Permissions Request form tice. Gale is a registered trademark used herein and submit your request by fax or mail to: under license. While every effort has been made to ensure Permissions Department the reliability of the information presented in For more information, contact Thomson Gale this publication, Thomson Gale does not Thomson Gale 27500 Drake Road guarantee the accuracy of the data contained 27500 Drake Rd. Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 herein. Thomson Gale accepts no payment Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 Permissions Hotline: for listing; and inclusion in the publication of Or you can visit our Internet site at 248-699-8006 or 800-877-4253, ext. 8006 any organization, agency, institution, publica- http://www.gale.com Fax: 248-699-8074 or 800-762-4058 tion, service, or individual does not imply en- dorsement of the editors or publisher. Errors ALL RIGHTS RESERVED brought to the attention of the publisher No part of this work covered by the copy- and verified to the satisfaction of the pub- right hereon may be reproduced or used in lisher will be corrected in future editions. any form or by any means—graphic, elec- tronic, or mechanical, including photocopy- ing, recording, taping, Web distribution, or information storage retrieval systems— without the written permission of the publisher. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA New dictionary of the history of ideas / edited by Maryanne Cline Horowitz. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-684-31377-4 (set hardcover : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-684-31378-2 (v. 1) — ISBN 0-684-31379-0 (v. 2) — ISBN 0-684-31380-4 (v. 3) — ISBN 0-684-31381-2 (v. 4) — ISBN 0-684-31382-0 (v. 5) — ISBN 0-684-31383-9 (v. 6) — ISBN 0-684-31452-5 (e-book) 1. Civilization—History—Dictionaries. 2. Intellectual life—History— Dictionaries. I. Horowitz, Maryanne Cline, 1945– CB9.N49 2005 903—dc22 2004014731 This title is also available as an e-book. ISBN 0-684-31452-5 Contact your Thomson Gale sales representative for ordering information. Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 69554_DHI_FM_ii_iv-clxx.qxd 10/15/04 5:11 AM Page v CONTENTS Volume 1 List of Articles Preface Historiography Reader’s Guide NEW DICTIONARY OF THE HISTORY OF IDEAS Abolitionism–Common Sense Volume 2 Reader’s Guide Communication of Ideas–Futurology Volume 3 Reader’s Guide Game Theory–Lysenkoism Volume 4 Reader’s Guide Machiavellism–Phrenology Volume 5 Reader’s Guide Physics–Syncretism Volume 6 Reader’s Guide Taste–Zionism List of Contributors Index New Dictionary of the History of Ideas v 69554_DHI_FM_ii_iv-clxx.qxd 10/15/04 5:11 AM Page vi EDITORIAL AND PRODUCTION STAFF Project Editors Design Mark LaFlaur, Scot Peacock, Jennifer Wisinski Jennifer Wahi Editorial Support Imaging Kelly Baiseley, Andrew Claps, Alja Collar, Mark Drouillard, Dean Dauphinais, Lezlie Light, Mary Grimes Kenneth Mondschein, Sarah Turner, Ken Wachsberger, Rachel Widawsky, Christopher Verdesi Permissions Art Editor Margaret Abendroth, Peggie Ashlevitz, Lori Hines Scot Peacock Compositor Chief Manuscript Editor GGS Information Services, York, Pennsylvania Georgia S. Maas Manuscript Editors Manager, Composition Jonathan G. Aretakis, John Barclay, Sylvia Cannizzaro, Mary Beth Trimper Melissa A. Dobson, Ted Gilley, Gretchen Gordon, Ellen Hawley, Archibald Hobson, Elizabeth B. Inserra, Jean Fortune Kaplan, Christine Kelley, John Krol, Assistant Manager, Composition Julia Penelope, Richard Rothschild, David E. Salamie, Evi Seoud Linda Sanders, Alan Thwaits, Jane Marie Todd Manufacturing Proofreaders Wendy Blurton Beth Fhaner, Carol Holmes, Melodie Monahan, Laura Specht Patchkofsky, Hilary White Senior Development Editor Cartographer Nathalie Duval XNR Productions, Madison, Wisconsin Editorial Director Caption Writer John Fitzpatrick Shannon Kelly Indexer Publisher Cynthia Crippen, AEIOU, Inc. Frank Menchaca vi New Dictionary of the History of Ideas 69554_DHI_FM_ii_iv-clxx.qxd 10/15/04 5:11 AM Page vii LIST OF ARTICLES A AMERICANIZATION, U.S. ABOLITIONISM Michael R. Olneck Cassandra R. Veney ANALYTICAL PHILOSOPHY ABSOLUTE MUSIC Thomas Baldwin Raymond Knapp ANARCHISM AESTHETICS George Esenwein Africa Mary Nooter Roberts ANCESTOR WORSHIP Stephen M. Fabian Asia Mara Miller ANIMISM Norman E. Whitten Jr. Europe and the Americas Peter Lamarque ANTHROPOLOGY C. Scott Littleton AFRICA, IDEA OF Paul Tiyambe Zeleza ANTICOLONIALISM Africa AFRICAN-AMERICAN IDEAS W. O. Maloba Sundiata Keita Cha-Jua Latin America AFROCENTRICITY Marc Becker Ama Mazama Middle East AFROPESSIMISM Peter Sluglett Ebere Onwudiwe Southeast Asia AGNOSTICISM Maitrii Aung-Thwin Thomas Dixon ANTIFEMINISM ALCHEMY Thomas J. Mertz China Fabrizio Pregadio ANTI-SEMITISM Overview Europe and the Middle East Arthur Hertzberg Tara E. Nummedal Islamic Anti-Semitism ALGEBRAS Norman A. Stillman I. Grattan-Guinness APARTHEID ALIENATION Betty J. Harris David Graeber ARCHITECTURE ALTRUISM Overview Thomas Dixon Leland M. Roth AMBIGUITY Africa Giuseppe Caglioti Nnamdi Elleh AMERICA Asia Alan Mitchell Levine Leland M. Roth New Dictionary of the History of Ideas vii 69554_DHI_FM_ii_iv-clxx.qxd 10/15/04 5:11 AM Page viii LIST OF ARTICLES ARISTOTELIANISM Militancy Charles H. Lohr Rosalind Krauss ARTS AZTLÁN Overview Luis Leal Henry M. Sayre B Africa BARBARISM AND CIVILIZATION Babatunde Lawal Jay Goulding ASCETICISM BEAUTY AND UGLINESS Hindu and Buddhist Asceticism Ruth Lorand Brian Smith Western Asceticism BEHAVIORISM Peter Dinzelbacher Nadine Weidman ILINGUALISM AND ULTILINGUALISM ASIAN-AMERICAN IDEAS (CULTURAL MIGRATION) B M Haiming Liu Reynaldo F. Macías ASSIMILATION BIOETHICS Leonard Dinnerstein Arthur Caplan Autumn Fiester ASTROLOGY Overview BIOGRAPHY William E. Burns Frederick Liers China BIOLOGY David W. Pankenier Vassiliki Betty Smocovitis ASTRONOMY, PRE-COLUMBIAN AND LATIN AMERICAN BLACK ATLANTIC Anthony F. Aveni Zine Magubane ATHEISM BLACK CONSCIOUSNESS Michael Martin Gregory H. Maddox AUTHENTICITY: AFRICA BODY, THE Kwadwo Osei-Nyame Jr. Susan Bordo Monica Udvardy AUTHORITARIANISM Overview BORDERS, BORDERLANDS, AND FRONTIERS, GLOBAL Dirk Berg-Schlosser Thomas D. Hall East Asia BUDDHISM Soek-Fang Sim Brian Smith Latin America BUREAUCRACY Marc Becker Sara Jordan AUTHORITY BUSHIDO Gregory W. Streich Diane Skoss AUTOBIOGRAPHY Theresa A. Kulbaga C Wendy S. Hesford CALCULATION AND COMPUTATION Aristotle Tympas AUTONOMY Kenneth Seeskin CALENDAR Stephen M. Fabian AVANT-GARDE Overview CANNIBALISM Tyrus Miller Beth A. Conklin viii New Dictionary of the History of Ideas 69554_DHI_FM_ii_iv-clxx.qxd 10/15/04 5:11 AM Page ix LIST OF ARTICLES CAPITALISM Cultural Citizenship Overview Adelaida R. Del Castillo Cary J. Nederman Naturalization Africa Patrick Weil Jeff D. Grischow CITY, THE CARTESIANISM The City as Cultural Center Stephen Gaukroger Patrick Le Galès CASUISTRY The City as Political Center M. W. F. Stone Margaret E. Farrar CAUSALITY The Islamic and Byzantine City Stathis Psillos Janet L. Abu-Lughod CAUSATION Latin America Richard Scheines Ellen T. Baird CAUSATION IN EAST ASIAN AND SOUTHEAST ASIAN CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE PHILOSOPHY Anthony Parel Q. Edward Wang CIVIL SOCIETY CENSORSHIP Europe and the United States John Christian Laursen John Ehrenberg CHANGE Responses in Africa and the Middle East Daniel W. Graham Ebenezer Obadare CHARACTER CLASS Rachana Kamtekar Cary J. Nederman CHEMISTRY CLASSICISM Bernadette Bensaude-Vincent Gwen W. Brewer CHICANO MOVEMENT CLASSIFICATION OF ARTS AND SCIENCES, EARLY MODERN Juan Gómez Quiñones Marc A. Hight Irene Vasquez Morris COLONIALISM CHILDHOOD AND CHILD REARING Africa Margaret L. King Paul Tiyambe Zeleza CHINESE THOUGHT Latin America
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