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Croatian-Serbian Conflicts and the Dismantling of Yugoslavia (1)
ПРИЛОЗИ Radoslav Stojanović Professor, Faculty o f Law, Belgrade CROATIAN-SERBIAN CONFLICTS AND THE DISMANTLING OF YUGOSLAVIA (1) INTRODUCTION Like in other As is the case in some multi-ethnic societies, Yugoslav society, too, had t\vo facets: one is of conflict, struggle and dialectics of power; the other is of interdependence, cooperation and mutual support. Indeed, with this snapshot view, conilict appears deviant, an aberration of the system. Howe- ver, concensus and equilibrium, rather than confhct was the defining charac- teristic of the former Yugoslav society. The evidence for such an assessment is to be found in the development of the Yugoslav idea since its inception at the turn of the 19th century. Since that time on, one can observe the following conflicts: (1) The uprising in Bosnia and Herzegovina against Turkish rule, 1875-1878. The armed conflict was between the oppressed Serbs and the Moslems, who vvere the defenders of the Turkish rule. In addition, the Croatian politicians vvere campaigning against the Serbian insurrectionists fearing that the success of the uprising vvould bnng about the unification of Bosnia and Herzegovina vvith Serbia and Montenegro. (2) The 1902 conflict betvveen the Serbian and Croatian political parties in Croatia gave rise to chauvinistic pogroms against Serbs in Zagreb and other Croatian cities, organized by the Franco party, namely the party vvhich was the predecessor of the Ustashas. (3) The period trorn 1919 untrl 1939 was characterized by permanent conflict betvveen the Serbian, Croatian, Slovenian and Moslem ehtes. (4) Since the beginning of the 19th century the relationship betvveen the Serbs and the Albanians vvas one of protracted conflict. -
WK 55 Ver 28.Indd
Barbara Werner Główny Specjalista ds. Ogrodów Historycznych Muzeum Łazienki Królewskie TULIPAN Marszałek Józef Piłsudski rośnie i zakwita na 100-lecie odzyskania niepodległości Od końca XVI wieku tulipany, które do Europy zachodniej, do Niderlandów przybyły z Turcji, na dobre zadomowiły się w europejskich ogrodach i nie sposób sobie wyobrazić wiosny bez ich obecności także w Łazienkach Królewskich. Z biegiem czasu z gatunków botanicznych powstała cała gama tysięcy odmian tulipana. Pojawiły się tulipany o różnym kształcie kieli- cha kwiatu, kolorze czy pokroju liści, o zróżnicowanym okresie kwitnienia – od wczesnej do późnej wiosny. Tulipany są obecnie niemalże wszędzie. Są symbolem wio- sny, radości i odradzającej się natury. Prezentują niemal całą gamę kolorów, od białych do prawie czarnych. Są popularne na całym świecie i nierzadko upamiętniają poprzez specjalną „cere- monię chrztu” wybrane wielkie postaci w historii poszczególnych krajów. Nowe odmiany tych niezwykłych, wybranych tulipanów rejestrowane są w Holandii przez Królewskie Powszechne To- warzystwo Uprawy Roślin Cebulowych (Koninklijke Algemeene Vereeniging voor Bloembollencultuur, KAVB) o ponad 150-letniej historii, z siedzibą w Hillegom. Jednym z tych nadzwyczajnych, jedynych tulipanów jest ochrzczony 9 maja tego roku w Teatrze Królewskim w Starej Oranżerii Tulipan „Marszałek Józef Piłsudski”. Jest to tulipan z grupy „Triumph”, o pojedynczym kwiecie, mocnej konstrukcji łodygi i liści. Jego kielich, o specjalnym kolorze karminu połączonego z odcieniem fi oletu i różu, na- wiązuje do kolorystyki elementów munduru Marszałka, czyli do aksamitnych wypustek przy kołnierzu o bardzo zbliżonym kolorze. Ten wytworny w kolorze kwiat ma jeden subtelny element. Na dnie kielicha tulipana, po jego rozkwitnięciu, znaj- dziemy złote wypełnienie, które możemy odczytać jako ukryte AZIENEK KRÓLEWSKICH Ł złote serca Marszałka… Od 9 maja 2018 roku pamięć o Marszałku Józefi e Piłsud- skim będzie trwała także w Ogrodzie Łazienek Królewskich, w rokrocznie zakwitającym wspaniałym, majowym tulipanie Jego Imienia. -
UNDER ORDERS: War Crimes in Kosovo Order Online
UNDER ORDERS: War Crimes in Kosovo Order online Table of Contents Acknowledgments Introduction Glossary 1. Executive Summary The 1999 Offensive The Chain of Command The War Crimes Tribunal Abuses by the KLA Role of the International Community 2. Background Introduction Brief History of the Kosovo Conflict Kosovo in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Kosovo in the 1990s The 1998 Armed Conflict Conclusion 3. Forces of the Conflict Forces of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslav Army Serbian Ministry of Internal Affairs Paramilitaries Chain of Command and Superior Responsibility Stucture and Strategy of the KLA Appendix: Post-War Promotions of Serbian Police and Yugoslav Army Members 4. march–june 1999: An Overview The Geography of Abuses The Killings Death Toll,the Missing and Body Removal Targeted Killings Rape and Sexual Assault Forced Expulsions Arbitrary Arrests and Detentions Destruction of Civilian Property and Mosques Contamination of Water Wells Robbery and Extortion Detentions and Compulsory Labor 1 Human Shields Landmines 5. Drenica Region Izbica Rezala Poklek Staro Cikatovo The April 30 Offensive Vrbovac Stutica Baks The Cirez Mosque The Shavarina Mine Detention and Interrogation in Glogovac Detention and Compusory Labor Glogovac Town Killing of Civilians Detention and Abuse Forced Expulsion 6. Djakovica Municipality Djakovica City Phase One—March 24 to April 2 Phase Two—March 7 to March 13 The Withdrawal Meja Motives: Five Policeman Killed Perpetrators Korenica 7. Istok Municipality Dubrava Prison The Prison The NATO Bombing The Massacre The Exhumations Perpetrators 8. Lipljan Municipality Slovinje Perpetrators 9. Orahovac Municipality Pusto Selo 10. Pec Municipality Pec City The “Cleansing” Looting and Burning A Final Killing Rape Cuska Background The Killings The Attacks in Pavljan and Zahac The Perpetrators Ljubenic 11. -
Framing 'Turks': Representations of Ottomans and Moors in Continental European Literature 1453-1683
16 2019 FRAMING ‘TURKS’: Representations of Ottomans and Moors in Continental European Literature 1453-1683 ed. Peter Madsen Framing ‘Turks’: Representations of Ottomans and Moors in Continental European Litera- ture 1453-1683, ed. Peter Madsen Nordic Journal of Renaissance Studies 16 • 2019 General Editor of NJRS: Camilla Horster (NJRS was formerly known as Renæssanceforum: Journal of Renaissance Studies) ISSN 2597-0143. URL: www.njrs.dk/njrs_16_2019.htm FRAMING ‘TURKS’ NJRS 16 • 2019 • www.njrs.dk Preface The focus of this issue of Nordic Journal of Renaissance Studies is on Conti- nental Europe, i.e., areas bordering or situated near the Ottoman Empire or otherwise involved in close encounters. It has thus been important to include often neglected, yet most important nations like The Polish-Lithuanian Com- monwealth and Hungary (following the lead of the excellent volume edited by Bodo Guthmüller and Wilhelm Kühlmann: Europa und die Türken in der Renaissance, Tübingen 2000). It has also been important to consider literature beyond well-known classics, thus including works that attracted more atten- tion in their own times than they do today. Finally, it should be underscored how the literary (and intellectual) field beyond the vernaculars included pub- lications in Latin. The introduction is an attempt to situate the subject matter of the individual contributions within a broader historical, intellectual and literary field, thus including further documentation and additional literary examples. ‘Turks’ was the current denomination of contemporary Muslims, whether North African or Spanish ‘Moors’, or inhabitants of the Ottoman Empire or its spheres of various sorts of influence. It should be stressed, though, that although the Ottomans in terms of power and political establishment were Turkish, the inhabitants of the Empire were multi-ethnic and multi-religious. -
John III Sobieski at Vienna
John III Sobieski at Vienna John III Sobieski at Vienna Lesson plan (Polish) Lesson plan (English) Bibliografia: [w:] Jan III Sobieski, List do królowej Marii Kazimiery, oprac. Leszek Kukulski, red. , wybór , Warszawa 1962. John III Sobieski at Vienna John III Sobieski’s entry to Vienna Source: Wjazd Jana III Sobieskiego do Wiednia, domena publiczna. Link to the lesson You will learn where from and why did Ottoman Turks come to Europe; what is the history of Polish and Turkish relations in the 17th century; who was John III Sobieski and what are his merits for Poland; what is the history of the victory of Polish army – battle of Vienna of 1683. Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Since the 14th century the Ottoman Empire (the name comes from Osman – tribe leader from the medieval times) had been creating with conquests a great empire encompassing wide territories of Asia Minor, Middle East, North Africa and Europe. In Europe almost the whole Balkan Peninsula was under the sultan (Turkish ruler). The Turks threatened Poland and the Habsburg monarchy (Austria). Transylvania, Wallachia and Moldova (duchies which are parts of present‐day Romania and Moldova) were a bone of contention. In 1683 Vienna, the capital of Austria, was besieged by the Turkish army. Polish king John III Sobieski concluded an alliance with the emperor Leopold I. United Polish and German armies under the command of the Polish monarch came to the relief of Austrian capital. On 12th September 1683 there was a great battle of Vienna where John III magnificently defeated Turks. Polish mercenaries (Hussars) and artillery had the key role there. -
Sećanje Na Paju Jovanovića I Konstantina Babića: Katalog
УНИВЕРЗИТЕТ У НИШУ ФАКУЛТЕТ УМЕТНОСТИ У НИШУ Весна Гагић Сећање на Пају јовановића и Константина Бабића: каталог биографске изложбе и библиографија радова НИШ, 2020. Весна Гагић Vesna Gagić СEЋAЊE НA ПAJУ JOВAНOВИЋA И КOНСТAНТИНA БAБИЋA: IN REMEMBRANCE OF PAJA JOVANOVIĆ AND KONSTANTIN КAТAЛOГ БИOГРAФСКE ИЗЛOЖБE И БИБЛИOГРAФИJA BABIĆ: THE BIOGRAPHICAL EXHIBITION CATALOGUE AND РAДOВA THE BIBLIOGRAPHY OF WORKS Прво издање, Ниш, 2020. First edition, Niš, 2020.. Рецензенти Reviewers мр Перица Донков, ред. проф. Факултета уметности Универзитета у Нишу Perica Donkov, MA, Full professor at the Faculty of Arts, University of Niš др Jeлeнa Цвeткoвић Црвeницa, ванр. проф. Факултета уметности Jelena Cvetković Crvenica, PhD, Associate professor at the Faculty of Arts, University Универзитета у Нишу of Niš др Tатјана Брзуловић Станисављевић, библиотекар саветник Универзитетске Tatjana Brzulović Stanisavljević, PhD, Librarian-consultant of the University Library библиотеке „Светозар Марковић”, Београд Svetozar Marković, Belgrade Рецензенти из области музике за приложени стручни рад Reviewers in the field of music for the attached professional works др Наташа Нагорни Петров, ванр. проф. Факултета уметности Универзитета Nataša Nagorni Petrov, PhD, Associate professor at the Faculty of Arts, у Нишу University of Nis мр Марко Миленковић, доцент Факултета уметности Универзитета у Нишу Marko Milenković, MA, Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Arts, University of Niš Издавач Publisher УНИВЕРЗИТЕТ У НИШУ УНИВЕРЗИТЕТ У НИШУ ФАКУЛТЕТ УМЕТНОСТИ У НИШУ ФАКУЛТЕТ -
Through the Reign of Catherine the Great
Chapter Thirty-two Religion in Eastern Europe and the Middle East from 1648 through the Reign of Catherine the Great What in Polish and Lithuanian history is called “the Deluge” began in 1648, with the revolt of Ukraine from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Ukraine has been important in the history of religion, and especially of Judaism. The Hasidic movement began in Ukraine in the eighteenth century. A century earlier, Ukraine had been the scene of an especially dark chapter in Jewish history. In what is conventionally called “the Khmelnytsky Uprising” (1648-1654) Orthodox Christians killed many thousands of Judaeans, and those who survived were forced temporarily to flee for safety to other lands. In order to see the Khmelnytsky Uprising and the rise of Hasidism in perspective, a summary glance at earlier Ukrainian history is necessary. Early history of Ukraine: Judaism and Orthodox Christianity in Kievan Rus We have seen in Chapter 24 that from the eighth century to the 960s the steppe country above the Black Sea, the Caucasus range and the Caspian had been ruled by the khan or khagan of the Khazars. Prior to the arrival of the Khazars the steppe had been controlled consecutively by coalitions of mounted warriors named Sarmatians, Goths, Huns and Avars. Under these transient overlords the valleys of the great rivers - Bug, Dniester, Dnieper, Don, Volga - were plowed and planted by a subject population known to the historian Jordanes (ca. 550) as Antes and Sclaveni. From the latter designation comes the name, “Slavs,” and it can be assumed that the steppe villagers spoke a variety of Slavic dialects. -
74 JANUSZ TAZBIR Encourage the King in 1462 to Conclude As Soon As Possible a Peace Treaty with the Teutonic Knights
Acta Poloniae Historica 91. 2005 PL ISSN 0 0 0 1 -6 8 2 9 Janusz Tazbir THE BULWARK MYTH The term “bulwark” is one of the notions which have played an important part in the development of Polish historical conscious ness. In the 16th and 17th centuries it suited the concrete reality connected with the geopolitical situation of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Although in the subsequent centuries it was relegated to the category of myths, it did not lose its significance. On the contrary, the term “bulwark” made a dazzling career in the period when the state once given this nickname, for many years (1795-1918) disappeared from the political map of Europe. It would take many pages merely to enumerate the titles of Polish and foreign works that from the 15th century onwards have described Poland as a wall, fence, bulwark, shield or fortress of Christianity. However, for a long time the main term that was used was the Latin one, and the first attempts to polonize it were made relatively late. This also goes for the appearance of the word antemurale in the Polish version, przedmurze. Not until the translation of The Old Testament made by Jakub Wujek (1599), did the term appear, e.g.: “a wall and a bulwark (przedmurze) will be erected there” (Isaiah), “and the bulwark (przedmurze) and wall were ruined together” (Threnodies). All the data convince us that Poland started to be described as a bulwark in the middle of the 15th century. This was already after the death in 1444 of Ladislaus III, later called Ladislaus of Varna, at the moment when the Ottoman power disturbed the whole of Europe by advancing far into the Balkan Peninsula. -
From "Russian" to "Polish": Vilna-Wilno 1900-1925
FROM “RUSSIAN” TO “POLISH”: Vilna-Wilno 1900-1925 Theodore R. Weeks Southern Illinois University at Carbondale The National Council for Eurasian and East European Research 910 17th Street, N.W. Suite 300 Washington, D.C. 20006 TITLE VIII PROGRAM Project Information* Principal Investigator: Theodore R. Weeks Council Contract Number: 819-06g Date: June 4, 2004 Copyright Information Scholars retain the copyright on works they submit to NCEEER. However, NCEEER possesses the right to duplicate and disseminate such products, in written and electronic form, as follows: (a) for its internal use; (b) to the U.S. Government for its internal use or for dissemination to officials of foreign governments; and (c) for dissemination in accordance with the Freedom of Information Act or other law or policy of the U.S. government that grants the public access to documents held by the U.S. government. Additionally, NCEEER has a royalty-free license to distribute and disseminate papers submitted under the terms of its agreements to the general public, in furtherance of academic research, scholarship, and the advancement of general knowledge, on a non-profit basis. All papers distributed or disseminated shall bear notice of copyright. Neither NCEEER, nor the U.S. Government, nor any recipient of a Contract product may use it for commercial sale. * The work leading to this report was supported in part by contract or grant funds provided by the National Council for Eurasian and East European Research, funds which were made available by the U.S. Department of State under Title VIII (The Soviet-East European Research and Training Act of 1983, as amended). -
The Marshall Plan in Austria 69
CAS XXV CONTEMPORARY AUSTRIANAUSTRIAN STUDIES STUDIES | VOLUME VOLUME 25 25 This volume celebrates the study of Austria in the twentieth century by historians, political scientists and social scientists produced in the previous twenty-four volumes of Contemporary Austrian Studies. One contributor from each of the previous volumes has been asked to update the state of scholarship in the field addressed in the respective volume. The title “Austrian Studies Today,” then, attempts to reflect the state of the art of historical and social science related Bischof, Karlhofer (Eds.) • Austrian Studies Today studies of Austria over the past century, without claiming to be comprehensive. The volume thus covers many important themes of Austrian contemporary history and politics since the collapse of the Habsburg Monarchy in 1918—from World War I and its legacies, to the rise of authoritarian regimes in the 1930s and 1940s, to the reconstruction of republican Austria after World War II, the years of Grand Coalition governments and the Kreisky era, all the way to Austria joining the European Union in 1995 and its impact on Austria’s international status and domestic politics. EUROPE USA Austrian Studies Studies Today Today GünterGünter Bischof,Bischof, Ferdinand Ferdinand Karlhofer Karlhofer (Eds.) (Eds.) UNO UNO PRESS innsbruck university press UNO PRESS UNO PRESS innsbruck university press Austrian Studies Today Günter Bischof, Ferdinand Karlhofer (Eds.) CONTEMPORARY AUSTRIAN STUDIES | VOLUME 25 UNO PRESS innsbruck university press Copyright © 2016 by University of New Orleans Press All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage nd retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. -
Lithuania External Relations Briefing: Lithuania Is Joining Poland to Celebrate an Anniversary of the Historical Union and Reinforce the Relations Linas Eriksonas
ISSN: 2560-1601 Vol. 19, No. 4 (LT) June 2019 Lithuania external relations briefing: Lithuania is joining Poland to celebrate an anniversary of the historical union and reinforce the relations Linas Eriksonas 1052 Budapest Petőfi Sándor utca 11. +36 1 5858 690 Kiadó: Kína-KKE Intézet Nonprofit Kft. [email protected] Szerkesztésért felelős személy: Chen Xin Kiadásért felelős személy: Huang Ping china-cee.eu 2017/01 Lithuania is joining Poland to celebrate an anniversary of the historical union and reinforce the relations The start of the summer brought the Lithuanian-Polish relationships to a new height with the Lithuanian state officials joining the Polish counterparts at the celebrations of the 450th anniversary of the Union of Lublin to celebrate the historical event which merged the early modern states (the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland) into the joint Lithuanian-Polish Commonwealth. On 1 July the Speaker of the Lithuanian Parliament Viktoras Pranckietis was awarded a Grand Cross of Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland. At the ceremony held at the Polish Parliament, the head of the Lithuanian legislation addressed the Polish legislators in Polish with the following words: “Today I am addressing you, dear members of the Sejm and all people of Poland, thanking you for the friendship. The friendship which is being cherished by the efforts of both sides, looking into the prospect of close cooperation.” When presenting the award his Polish counterpart Speaker of the Polish Sejm Marek Tadeusz Kuchciński acknowledged the role Pranckietis has played in reviving the two countries' interparliamentary relations. -
CENZURA W DAWNEJ POLSCE Między Prasą Drukarską a Stosem
Paulina Buchwald-Pelcowa CENZURA W DAWNEJ POLSCE Między prasą drukarską a stosem WYDAWNICTWO Ф NAUKA-DYDAKTYKA-PRAKTYKA CENZURA W DAWNEJ POLSCE Polish Librarians Association пП Ш А € ^ Paulina Buchwald-Pelcowa THE CENSORSHIP IN ANCIENT POLAND Between the printing and the stake WYDAWNICTWO SBP Warsaw 1997 Л \ Komitet Redakcyjny serii wydawniczej < <NAUKA—DYDAKTYKA— PRARTYKA> > Marcin DRZEWIECKI (przewodniczący). Stanisław CZAJF\A. Zofia GACA- DĄBROWShlA, Janusz ^i4P4ŚCłIV, Danuta F\ONIECZNA, Krzysztof iVlIGON. Mieczysław MUR4SZKIEWICZ, Janusz NOWICKI (sekretarz). Wanda PIiNDLOWA. Maria PRÓCHNICłvĄ. Barbara STEFANIAK. Hanna TADEUSIEWICZ. Zbigniew ŻMIGRODZKI. Redakcja techniczna i korekta Anna LIS Ksie^żka wydana staraniem Stow ar^zenia Bibliotekarz Polskich przy finan- ^ wsparciu Instytutu Informacji Naukowej i Studiów Bibliologicznych j Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego © Copyright by Stowarzyszenie BibHotekarzy Polskich ISBN 83-85778-80-2 CIP — Biblioteka Narodowa Buchwakl-Pelcowa Paulina Cenzura w dawnej Polsce: między prasą drukarską a stosem / Paulina Buchwald- Peicowa: Stowarzyszenie Bibliotekarzy Polskich. - Warszawa: W^daw. SBP. 1997. - (Nauka, Dydaktyka, Praktyka: t. 24) Wydawnictwo SBP. Warszawa 1997. Wydanie I. Ark. wyd. 19.6Л A\rk. druk. 18,25 Skład i łamanie Ryszard LIPNICKI Druk i oprawa: W'arszawska Drukarnia Naukowa, ul. Śniadeckich 8, 0()-()56 W'arszaw’a, tel. 628-87-77 W ST ĘP ............................................................................................................ 13 I. EDYim-1 INGERENCJE KRÓLEWSKIE ..............................................25