Ling 80K Constructed Languages: from Elvish to Esperanto Syllabus (As of Tbd)
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LCC5 CONLANG RELAY — ITHKUIL TEXT: AIFQLAL ÖMMOL Âmmël Tê
LCC5 CONLANG RELAY — ITHKUIL TEXT: AIFQLAL ÖMMOL Âmmël tê, iekawel tiö. Ikàmküz iam-mra ârtwail mmëu’a Ĝi smî’âškôx. Iefqlaromdi ük ho kai’ál. Š. Ailayël egbulak –çoe, aumrawelönar vyelíup qü. Iek’amtoçqár isvala Ħ qo ârtwel kî. Hmuqwat Ĝara č’ óext’ai’l. Hra Ŝnasar –qawe smâ’âškôx. Eswilúk xas –ça hmaigralî Ħ uqwot Ĝukt –č’içewa. Ke uqwat ĜaĦ ia Ńt’aluib eswolúk. Š. Epšal oqwas uqwêt Ĝ óek hwai’l. Aigrawelönar –qowe ocetip. Uqwat Ĝ vyaliup. Vyaliupi’m! Hmi čhal ko ârtwala Ħ lt heĜ mmêĜ. –Ça vyaliup. Ti xat hint. Aigrayëlint to uqwiat Ĝ óek hwai’l _ip’ayûluc’ar ek ho ítu’liu Ń ke. Âmmël tê, auntawél –ça: –aigrayëlar ko uqwet Ĝ óek hwai’l –ieçtraluc’ –qowe. Snalakir uqwat Ĝ áugrala řo. Âdhayëlilliud uqwit Ĝipt, augrayûluc’ eqolekt –qewe. Augrayûl qo –qewe. Az, âmmël tê, aukawél ârtwail kî áula’al ku ltweol. Ir! HELPFUL NOTES • Default word order is VSO or VOS. Placement of a noun before the verb gives it semantic focus. Placement of a noun at the beginning of a sentence topicalizes it. • Ithkuil nominal formatives (i.e., nouns) mandatorily inflect for eight morphological categories, while verbal formatives (i.e., verbs) mandatorily inflect for 22 categories. However, the majority of these categories are often in their default/baseline modes which are unmarked. In order to simplify the intralinears below, I have not indicated unmarked categories, and for default categories that are marked but do not impact the semantics, I have indicated these by empty brackets [ ]. • Many Ithkuil affixes are portmanteau in nature, i.e., combining many separate morphemes into a single affix. -
Guide to Tolkienian Nationality Words by Malinornë After an Idea by ~Nóleme~
Guide to Tolkienian nationality words By Malinornë after an idea by ~nóleme~ The purpose of this chart is to help writers of fan fiction to avoid common mistakes involving non-English names for groups and individuals of various peoples, languages etc. The letters in parenthesis in the first column show which language the main term is in: Q for Quenya, S for Sindarin, E for English, D for Dwarvish and R for Rohirric. For many of the Sindarin terms, two plural forms are listed. The term marked "coll." is a collective noun or class plural that is used for a people or group as a whole. If you need a term for a number of individuals, then use the second one listed. Example: "the two Enyd", not "the two Onodrim". Or, make it simple and use English: "the two Ents" :) If the general adjective is not known, it usually works to circumscribe, e.g. write "of the Dúnedain". It can also work to simply use a noun, e.g. "She had hobbit blood." Avoid the plural form – don't write "He had Eorlingas ancestors." People or group Individual General adjective Language(s) spoken (plural or collective noun) (singular noun) by people or group Ainur (Q) Ainu (fem. Aini) Ainurin Valarin, Quenya Atani (Q) Atan - - Apanónar (Q) - - Ebennin (S) Abonnen (S) Avari (Q) Avar (Q + S) Avarin (Q) Avarin Evair (S) Balroeg (S) Balrog (S) - - Valaraukar (Q) Valarauko (Q) Calaquendi (Q) Calaquendë (Q) Calaquenderin (Q) Quenya, Sindarin, other Celbin (S) Calben (S) Drúedain (Q), Drûgs (E) Drúadan, Drûg - - Dúnedain (S) Dúnadan - Westron, Sindarin Dúnedhil (S) Dúnedhel Dúnedhellen Quenya, Sindarin, other Edain (S) Adan - - Eglath, Egladhrim (S, coll.) Eglan - - Eglain (S) Eldar (Q) Elda (Q) Eldarin (Q) Eldarin, Quenya, Sindarin Edhil (S) Edhel (S) Edhellen (S) Eorlingas (R), Eorlings (E) Eorling - Rohirric Eruhíni (Q) Eruhína (Q) - - Eruchín (S) Eruchen (S) Falathrim (S, coll.) Falathel ?Falathren Sindarin Felethil (S) (lit. -
A Brief Introduction to Constructed Languages
A Brief Introduction to Constructed Languages An essay by Laurier Rochon Piet Zwart Institute : June 2011 3750 words Abstract The aim of this essay will be to provide a general overview of what is considered a "constructed language" (also called conlang, formalized language or artificial language) and explore some similarities, differences and specific properties that set these languages apart from natural languages. This essay is not meant to be an exhaustive repertoire of all existing conlangs, nor should it be used as reference material to explain or dissect them. Rather, my intent is to explore and distill meaning from particular conlangs subjectively chosen for their proximity to my personal research practice based on empirical findings I could infer from their observation and brief use. I will not tackle the task of interpreting the various qualities and discrepancies of conlangs within this short study, as it would surely consist of an endeavour of its own. It should also be noted that the varying quality of documentation available for conlangs makes it difficult to find either peer-reviewed works or independent writings on these subjects. As a quick example, many artistic languages are conceived and solely used by the author himself/herself. This person is obviously the only one able to make sense of it. This short study will not focus on artlangs, but one would understand the challenge in analyzing such a creation: straying away from the beaten path affords an interesting quality to the work, but also renders difficult a precise analytical study of it. In many ways, I have realized that people involved in constructing languages are generally engaging in a fringe activity which typically does not gather much attention - understandably so, given the supremacy of natural languages in our world. -
THE CIRTH the Certhas Daeron Was Originallypb Devisedmt Tod Representnk Theg Soundsnr of Sindarinls Only
THE CIRTH The Certhas Daeron was originallypb devisedmt tod representnk theg soundsNr of SindarinlS only. The oldest cirth were , , , ; , , ; , , ; , ; , ziueo 1 2 5 6 8 9 12¤ 18 ¥19 22 29 31 35 ; , , , ; and a certh varying between and . The assignment 36 39 42 46 50 iue o 13 15 of values was unsystematic. , , and were vowels and remained so ¤ 39 42 ¥ 46 50 S in all later developments. 13 and 15 were used for h or s, according as 35 was used for s or h. This tendency to hesitate in the assignment of values for s and h continued in laterpl arangements. In those characters that consisted of a ‘stem’ and a ‘branch’, 1 – 31 , the attachment of the branch was, if on one side only, usually made on the right side. The reverse was not infrequent, but had no phonetic significance. The extension and elaboration of this certhas was called in its older form the Angerthas Daeron, since the additions to the old cirth and their re-organization was attributed to¤ Daeron.§ The principal additions, however, the introductions of two new series, 13 – 17 , and 23 – 28 , were actually most probably inventions of the Noldor of Eregion, since they were used for the representation of sounds not found in Sindarin. In the rearrangement of the Angerthas the following principles are observable (evidently inspired by the F¨eanorian system): (1) adding a stroke to a brance added a ‘voice’; (2) reversing the certh indicated opening to a ‘spirant’; (3) placing the branch on both sides of the stem added voice and nasality. -
Why Esperanto?
Fiat Lingua Title: The Contemporary Esperanto Speech Community Author: Adelina Solis MS Date: 01-12-2013 FL Date: 01-01-2013 FL Number: FL-000010-01 Citation: Solis, Adelina. 2013. “The Contemporary Esperanto Speech Community.” FL-000010-01, Fiat Lingua, <http:// fiatlingua.org>. Web. 01 Jan. 2013. Copyright: © 2013 Adelina Solis. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ Fiat Lingua is produced and maintained by the Language Creation Society (LCS). For more information about the LCS, visit http://www.conlang.org/ The Contemporary Esperanto Speech Community by Adelina Mariflor Solís Montúfar 1 Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction 3 1.1 Definitions 4 1.2 Political support for a universal language 5 1.3 A brief history of language invention 9 1.4 A brief history of Esperanto 14 1.5 The construction, structure, and dissemination of Esperanto 17 1.6 Esperanto and the culture question 24 1.7 Research Methods 29 Chapter 2: Who Speaks Esperanto? 34 2.1 Number and distribution of speakers 34 2.2 Gender distribution 47 Chapter 3: The Esperanto Speech Community 58 3.1 Terminology and definitions 58 3.2 Norms and Ideologies 65 3.3 Approach to language 70 Chapter 4: Why Esperanto? 81 4.1 Ideology-based reasons to speak Esperanto 83 4.2 Practical attractions to Esperanto 86 4.3 More than friendship 94 4.4 The congress effect 95 4.5 Esperanto for the blind 100 4.6 Unexpected benefits 102 Chapter 5: Esperantist Objectives 103 5.1 Attracting new speakers 103 5.2 Teaching Esperanto 107 Chapter 6: Conclusion 116 Works Cited 121 2 Chapter 1: Introduction When we think about invented languages, we may think of childhood games. -
Edward Sapir's View About International Auxiliary Language
EMANUEL KULCZYCKI EDWARD SAPIR’S VIEW ABOUT INTERNATIONAL AUXILIARY LANGUAGE Introduction The search for common attributes of all languages is connected with the search for characteristics which differentiate languages. If some attributes cannot be found in every language, what is cause of this situation? Is it linked up with the origin of language or with users of the language? People inquire about such matters because the multiplicity of natural languages generates incomprehension and handicaps human communication. The minimum number of languages in the world has been set at 4,000 and the maximum at 8,000. In spite of this people can communicate over communication’s barriers which are generated by the multiplicity of mother-languages. But that diversity worries and disturbs. A Danish linguist Otto Jespersen wrote: „An American may travel from Boston to San Francisco without hearing more than one language. But if he were to traverse the same distance on this side of the Atlantic, he would have a totally different story to tell (…) he would then hear perhaps Norwegian, Swedish, Danish, German, Czecho-Slovakian, Hungarian, Rumanian, Bulgarian, Turkish, Greek, and then in Egypt Arabic and a little English (…) He would not have heard of the languages spoken in Europe. The curse of Babel is still with us”1. It means that we have to use more than one language to 1 O. Jespersen: An International Language, Allen & Unwin, London 1928; <http://www.geocities.com/ /Athens/Forum/5037/AILneed.html>. 66 Emanuel Kulczycki communicate with another man. So some universal language – an international auxiliary language could make whole social communication easy. -
Quenya: the Influence of the Greek Language
Quenya: The Influence of the Greek Language Prologue For all those who do not know what Quenya is, it is one of the many languages that J.R.R. Tolkien created for his much loved Elves. Quenya is the most developed language that we presently have in our hands now and also contains the greatest vocabulary. All the linguists and die hard Tolkien fans, who have studied the author’s languages, would surely know that our beloved writer Tolkien based this language mainly on three other languages; Finnish, Latin and Greek. It is well known that Tolkien not only “borrowed” the grammatical structure of Finnish but also Finnish vocabulary. Tolkien imbedded into Quenya grammar the phenomenon of endings added to nouns for the possessive and prepositions for example, rather than independent words preceding the nouns eg. Coanya = house my. Also Tolkien used Finnish words such as the noun tie(=path) and the verb tul-(=to come) for his Quenya language which retain the same meaning. In other cases the words did not retain the same meaning. eg kuuma Finnish for hot, Quenya for the Void. Added to this preposition endings and pronouns such as –sse(=to) are very similar to Finnish –ssa/ssae(=to). In general the influence to Quenya by the Finnish language is large and evident, perhaps the greatest. Latin was also an influence to Quenya in the form of soft sounds (also a characteristic of finnish) and pronunciation. Moreover Quenya words have an accent on the second to last syllable unless a consonant cluster before that exists. -
LING Thesis Draft 5
TOLKIEN’S TONGUES: * THE PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY OF TOLKIEN’S QUENYA LANGUAGE Kelsey Ryan ABSTRACT J.R.R. Tolkien, author of The Lord of the Rings and other Middle Earth tales as well as Oxford professor of linguistics, constructed over 14 languages in the development of the background of his stories. This thesis will seek to understand Tolkien’s linguistic experiment of Quenya, first in its historical context, and then assess its linguistic merit and behaviors. In the first few sections, Tolkien’s linguistic and academic background will be investigated, setting the scene for further linguistic analysis. This thesis then explores how the authentic nature of the language is developed and evoked through the phonetics and phonology of Tolkien’s Quenya, using the poem “Namárië” from The Fellowship of the Ring for analysis. Smith (2010:7) argues that Tolkien created a “flowing,” “light and melodious” language, designed much like a Romance language, with no “potentially harsh” phonemes or “brusque English consonant clusters.” But with such claims must come evidence. This thesis provides the background research Smith (2010) lacks behind these claims, defining Quenya as a functional language, with clear patterns and tendencies towards particular phonetic and linguistic behaviors. * Special thanks to: my advisors Professors Nathan Sanders (Linguistics) and Maud McInerney (English), Sofia Berlin and Lisa Bao, the library staff, particularly Jeremiah Mercurio, and Lizzie Carp and Bobby Brooks, for their ‘Excel-lent’ help in creating graphs. Thanks also to my close friends, who have pushed me to explore nerd culture all my life. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………3 2 Tolkien Biography……………………………………………………………….4 3 Constructed Languages and Tolkien……..……………………..……………...7 4 Description and Use of Languages.……………………………………………..8 5 Data and Phonetic Analysis: Quenya………………………………….………13 5i. -
Constructed Languages: ESPERANTO
Journal of Modern Education Review, ISSN 2155-7993, USA October 2015, Volume 5, No. 10, pp. 1017–1025 Doi: 10.15341/jmer(2155-7993)/10.05.2015/011 © Academic Star Publishing Company, 2015 http://www.academicstar.us Constructed Languages: ESPERANTO Sevda Huseynova Sohrab (Qafqaz University, Azerbaijan) Abstract: “What is language!?” The question has been answered differently at different times. V. Humbolt, A. Shleykher, H. Shteyntal, G. Paul, and other linguists put forward various considerations about the language. Language is creative and productive by nature, a person using it can set up an infinite number of sentences and express thoughts. Throughout history, numerous languages seriously impeeded the development of relations between people. People have searched ways for getting out of this problem. As a result, the idea of creating a universal world language has occurred. Universal world language refers to a language which can be easily understood by all individuals of different nations. As a way of solving this problem, linguists have proposed to create a substituting constructed language. The most common constructed language is Esperanto. This language posses simple phonetic, grammatical, lexical structure. The language created by Zamenhof can be studied and remembered easily. According to historical facts, Esperantists (Esperanto-language speakers) established a country called Amikejo. They even celebrate The World Esperanto Day as a holiday once a year. Key words: linguists, universal world language, constructed language, Esperanto, Zamenhof, Esperantist, Amikejo 1. Introduction “What is language!?” The question has been answered differently at different times. V. Humbolt, A. Shleyher, H. Shteyntal, A. A. Potebnya, G. Paul, F. F. Fortunatov, I. -
Complexlang: a Compact Logical Experimental Language
Complexlang: a COMPact Logical EXperimental LANGuage Kelvin M. Liu-Huang Carnegie Mellon University [email protected] Published in Proceedings of SIGBOVIK 2019 (15 March 2019) Informal revisions (27 March 2019, 29 April 2019) Abstract and learning barrier of natural languages, Natural languages trade compactness and mathematical expressions seem better in these ways. consistency for efficiency. Complexlang is an a priori, The tradeoff is, of course, that mathematical declarative, ideographic spoken/written language descriptions can be very elaborate or unwieldy. which attempts to construct/ground the semantic We attempt to address all these concerns by structure of both morphology and syntax from first constructing Complexlang. Language should ideally principles using tools provided by propositional logic, synchronize speech, writing, and comprehension in set theory, type theory, number theory, object- order to facilitate learning. Like aUI (Weilgart, 1979) oriented programming, metaphysics, linguistics, and and Arahau (Karasev, 2006), by infusing individual classical field theory. In doing so, we hypothesize letters with meaning and using phonemic that speakers may converse in Complexlang with little orthography, words have transparent and largely training and learn some math and science in the deterministic etymology; writing, speech, and process. meaning can all be inferred from each other, reducing ambiguity, speeding up learning, and even allowing efficient and deterministic creation of 1. Introduction neologisms. For simplicity, the orthography is simply Most previous constructed languages intended for the IPA symbols of the phonemes. Unlike aUI and human use set out to improve etymological integrity Arahau, Complexlang attempts to express semantics (Zamenhof, 1887), semantic clarity (Bliss, 1965; entirely through logic, specifically patterned after set Karasev, 2006; Weilgart, 1979; Quijada, 2004), theory, rather than metaphor, resulting in compact, consistency (Weilgart, 1979; Cowan, 1997; Quijada, transparent, and unambiguous expressions. -
1 Constructed Language and Linguistic Theory Marc Van Oostendorp To
Constructed language and linguistic theory Marc van Oostendorp To appear in: Klaus Schubert (ed.) Planned language: From plan to reality. Association Belgique de Linguistique Appliquée, 2000. 0. Introduction ‘Natural language’ is arguably the most central concept within linguistic theory —it defines its object of study —, but it is hardly ever discussed outside the first pages of introductory textbooks. It is usually taken for granted that everybody knows what the label means, and that it can be applied to American English, Yidiny and Eastern Javanese, but not to tonal music, the programming language Prolog, or the languages of the Elves in the novels of J.R.R. Tolkien. Many interlinguists — those scholars concerned with the study of consciously planned languages meant for international communication — follow this line of reasoning to some extent, if they defend the validity of their interest in Esperanto (cf. Schubert 1989, Tonkin and Fettes 1996 for fairly recent overviews). They argue that Esperanto is markedly different from other planned languages, because it has been used in a much wider range of communicative situations, because it has become associated with a separate ‘Esperantist culture’, or because it is learnt by children as one of their native languages. For this reason, Esperanto would have started to differ from its competitors: it would be the only ‘language project’ that has succeeded in becoming a ‘real (natural) language’. This line of argumentation is examined in this article. I study the relevance of some planned or constructed languages other than Esperanto, viz. Interlingua, Ido, Europanto and Spocanian. These have been made up in slightly different ways, all serve different goals and different philosophies have guided the construction of their respective grammars. -
ROILA – Robot Interaction Language
ROILA Robot Interaction Language Omar Mubin ROILA RObot Interaction LAnguage Omar Mubin ROILA: RObot Interaction LAnguage PROEFONTWERP ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, op gezag van de rector magnificus, prof.dr.ir. C.J. van Duijn, voor een commissie aangewezen door het College voor Promoties in het openbaar te verdedigen op woensdag 1 juni 2011 om 16.00 uur door Omar Mubin geboren te Lahore, Pakistan De documentatie van het proefontwerp is goedgekeurd door de promotor: prof.dr.ir. L.M.G. Feijs Copromotoren: dr. C. Bartneck MTD Dipl. Des. en dr. J. Hu PDEng MEng Typeset with LATEX Cover design by Christoph Bartneck A catalogue record is available from the Eindhoven University of Technology Library ISBN: 978-90-386-2505-8 Acknowledgements One may think that a PhD project is individual in its nature and solely the effort of a single person. To some extent that is true but I truly believe that the ROILA project could not have been possible without the contribution and hard work of not just me but several other people. Firstly, I would like to thank the reading committee, comprising of Prof Michael Lyons, Prof Emiel Krahmer and Dr Jacques Terken for providing valu- able comments to improve the content of the thesis. At this point I would also like to mention the generous support provided by Steven Canvin of LEGO Minstorms NXT who was so kind to donate 20 Mindstorms boxes to us. The Mindstorms kits were invaluable towards the development of the project. All my colleagues at the Designed Intelligence group deserve special acknowledge- ment, in particular Prof Matthias Rauterberg and Ellen Konijnenberg.