International Reference Library

www.dacoromanica.ro INTERNATIONAL REFERENCE LIBRARY

www.dacoromanica.ro HIS MAJESTY KING CAROL II

www.dacoromanica.ro INTERNATIONAL REFERENCE LIBRARY

POLITICS AN D POLITICAL PARTIES IN ROUMANIA

WITH 20 PHOTOGRAPHS AND A GENEALOGICAL TREE

1936 INTERNATIONAL REFERENCE LIBRARY PUBIIISHING Co. LONDON

www.dacoromanica.ro PREFACE The International Reference Library who have set themselves the aim of publishing, on the policy and economy of all countries, easily read, detailed impartial and dependable handbooks, which in accordance with its name shall furnish precise reference, have continually borne these principles in mind in the drawing up of the present book. Since this book is the first to go thoroughly into the !history of Roumanian politics and the Roumanian Parties, and to give their history in a concentrated form together with the first political Roumanian Who's Who, we believe that in publishing it we are serving the great public. The different articles on the Parties have been placed at our disposal by the Parties themselves. Their order has been arranged by us according to the number of their deputies in the Chamber of 1936. The biographies published are based on authentic and authorised data. Whenever it has been impossible, for any reason, to obtain such data, we had prd- [erred to leave out the biography in question completely, o Some few omissions are to be ascribed to this circumstance.

THE EDITOR

July 1, 1936.

www.dacoromanica.ro THE CONSTITUTION

www.dacoromanica.ro THE CONSTITUTION The new constitution, which became necessary through the annexation of the new provinces to Roumania, was compiled by lone! I. C. Bratianu's Government with the cooperation of two or three eminent jurists, and was passed through the House on the 26 th March, through the Senate on the 26 th and was published in the official gazette, the Moni- torul Oficial.' on the 29th March 1923. We give below the important points concerning the constitution.

CONCERNING THE TERRITORY OF ROUMANIA. The Roumanian Kingdom is a single and indivisible national State. The territory of Roumania is inalienable. The frontiers of the State cannot be changed or rectified other than by virtue of a law. The territory of Roumania may not be colonized by a people of foreign race.

CONCERNING THE RIGHTS OF ROUMANIANS. Roumanians, without distinction of ethnic origin, of language or of religion, shall enjoy liberty of conscience and liberty of the press, liberty of meetings, liberty of associations and all liberties and rights as established by law. The present. Constitution and other laws regarding political rights shall determine which, other than the quality of being a Rouma- nian, are the conditions necessary for the exercise of these rights.

www.dacoromanica.ro Special laws, passed with a two-thirds majority, shall determine the conditions under which women may exercise political rights. Women's civil rights shall be established on the basis of full equality of the two sexes. Differences of religious and confessional belief, of ethnic origin and of language, shall not constitute ahindrance in Roumania to the acquiring and exercising of civilrights. Only naturalization shall place a foreigner on an equal footing with a Roumanian as concerns the exercising of political rights. Naturalization shall be granted individually by the Council of Ministers. No distinction of birth or of social class shall be permitted in the State. All Roumanians, without distinction of ethnic origin, of language or of religion, are equal before the law and shall be liable, without distinction, to contribute to public taxes and charges. They alone are eligible for public, civil and military appointments anddignities.Foreigners may not be admitted to public appointments exceptin exceptional cases and as established by law. All foreigners on Roumanian soil enjoy the general protection given by the law both as regards person and property. All privileges of whatsoever nature and class exemptions and monopolies are abolished in perpetuity in the Roumanian State. Foreign decorations may be worn by Roumanians only with the Royal assent. Individual liberty is guaranteed. Nobody may be prosecuted or searched except in those cases and in accordance with the formalities provided by law. Nobody may be de- tained or arrested other than under a judicial warrant, the terms of which must be communicated to him at the time of arrest or latest within 24 hours of detention or arrest. In a case of manifest guilt, detention or arrest maybe carried out immediately, and the warrant shall be issued within24

www.dacoromanica.ro hours and shall be communicated to the prisoner in accordance with the preceding paragraph. Nobody may be removed against his will from the judicature to which he is entitled by law. The domicile is inviolable. No domiciliary visit may be carried out except by the competent authorities, in those cases provided by the law and in accordance with the formalities which it prescribes. No law may establish the punishment of confiscation of property. The death penalty shall not be re-established except in the cases laid down in the military penal code for time of war. Property of every nature as well as debts due by the State are guaranteed. Only Roumanians and naturalized Roumanians may acquire title to and own rural real estate in Roumania. Fo- reigners shall only have the right to the revenues from such real estate. Mineral deposits as well the riches of every description of the subsoil are the property of the State. Masses of common rock and quarries of materials suitable for constructional use are excepted, this, however, without prejudice to rights acquired by the State by virtue of previous laws A special mining law shall establish the manner and conditions for the exploitation of these subsoil deposits, shall fix the royalties of the owners of the surface land and shall at the same time state the possibility and measure in which the latter shall participate in the exploitation of these riches. Rights already acquired shall be taken into consideration provided they are in conformity with the exploitation of the subsoil, and shall be subject to certain distinctions which will be drawn in the speciallaw. Mining exploitation concessions instituted or granted in accordance with the laws to-day in force shall be

www.dacoromanica.ro respected for the period for which they have been granted, whilst extant mining exploitations, granted by owners, shall be respected so long as exploitation shall continue. No concessions in perpetuity may be made. All concessions and exploitations referred to in the preceding paragraph roust, however, conform to the regulations which shall be laid down by law, and which shall also provide the maximum duration for such concessions and exploitations, and which shall not exceed fifty years from the promulgation of this Constitution. Roads of communication, atmospheric space and navi- gable and floatable waters are for the common public use. Waters capable of producing motive power and those which can be used for the common good are public property. All productive agencies shall enjoy an equal measure of protection. By means of laws the State may intervene in the relations between such agencies in order to prevent economic or social disputes. The right to work shall be protected. Social insurance of the workers shall be regulated by law for cases of sickness, accident and other eventualities. There shall be absolute liberty of conscience. The State guarantees to all cults a special liberty and protection so long as their exercise shall in no way encroach upon public order, good morals and the laws concerning the organization of the State. The Christian Orthodox Church and the Greek- C atholic Church are Roumanian Churches. The Roumanian Orthodox Church being the religion of the great majority of Roumanians is the dominant Church of the Roumanian State; whilst the Greek-Catholic Church takes precedence of all other cults. The Roumanian Orthodox Church is and shall remain independent of any foreign hierarchy, but chall maintain its unity with the ecumenic Church of the E.n.st as con cerns its dogmas or beliefs. The relations between the various cults and the State shall be established by 3aw.

www.dacoromanica.ro Documents relating tothe civil state areattributes of the civil law. Education is free in the conditions established by special laws and in so far as it shall not be contrary to good morals and public order. Primary education is compulsory. This education shall be provided free in the State schools. The State, districts and towns shall provide assistance and facilities to pupils wihout means in all grades of education to the extent and in the manner prescribed by law. The Constitution guarantees to everybody the right to com- municate and publish their ideas and opinions by word of mouth, in writing and through the press, each individual be;ng answerable for abuse of this right in cases set out in the penal code, but which may in no case restrict or limit the right itself. No exceptional law may be enacted in this connection. Neither censorship nor other preventive measure against the publication, sale or distribution of any publication may be introduced. No preliminary authorization from any authority is required for the appearance of any publication. No caution money shall be demanded from journalists, writers, editors, printers or lithographers. The press shall never be placed under a cautionary regime. No newspaper or publica tion may be suspended or suppressed. Every periodical publication of whatsoever nature must have a responsible director. The director or editor must be entitled to full civil and political rights. The name of the director and the name of the editor shall be clearly and permanently shown on the front of the publication. Before the appearance of any periodical publication, its proprietor is obliged to make it furmally known and to inscribe its name at the commercial court. As regards publications other than periodicals, the author is answerable for what is written therein, or, in the absence of an author, the editor; the owner of the printing establishment

www.dacoromanica.ro is answerable when the author and editor have not been discovered. For periodical publications responsibility attaches in the order named to: the author, the director or the editor. The proprietor is in all cases jointly answerable for the payment of civil damages. Delinquencies of the press are tried by juries, with the exception of the cases herein established which shall be tried by the ordinary courts in accordance with common law: a) Delinquencies committed against the sovereigns of the state, the Crown Prince, members of the Royal Family and Dynasty, the heads of foreign states and their representatives; b) Direct instigations to murder and rebellion in those cases where such instigations have not been carried into effect; c) Calumnies, insults, defamations against private persons or public servants, whoever they may be, and whether at- tainted as regards their private lives or their personal honour. Preventive arrest in matters concerning the press is forbidden. The privacy of letters, telegrams and of telephonic conversations is inviolable. Roumanians, without distinction of ethnic origin, of language Or of religion have the right of peaceful meeting, without arms, complying with the laws which regulate the exercise of this right, in order to discuss every sort of question; for this there is no need of any previous authority: Meetings in the open air are allowed, with the exception of public squares and roads. Meetings, processions and demonstrations in public roads and squares are subject to police regulations. Roumanians, without distinction of ethnic origin, of language or of religion, have the right to associate, complying

www.dacoromanica.ro with the laws which regulate the exercise of this right. The right of free association does not in itself imply the right to create a juridical body. Everybody has the right of approach to public authorities by petitions signed by one or more persons, but is precluded from petitioning except in the names ofthesignatories. Only properly constituted authorities have the right of sub- mitting petitions in a collective name. No Roumanian, without the authority of the Government may enter the service of a foreignstate,without himself thereby losing his own citizenship. The extradition of political refugees is forbidden.

CONCERNING THE POWERS OF THE STATE All the powers of the State emanate from the nation, which cannot exercise them other than by delegation and in accordance with the principles and regulations set out in the present Constitution. Legislative power is exercised collectively by the King and the national Representation. The national Representation is subdivided into two As- semblies: The Senate and the House of Deputies. Every law requires the assent of each of the three branches of the legislative authorities. No law may be submitted for the Royal assent except after it shall have been debated and freely adopted by the majority of both Houses. Initiative as concerns laws is given to each of the three branches of the legislative authorities.Nevertheless, every law concerning State revenue and expenditure or the stength of the army must first be adopted by the House of Deputies. Authoritative interpretation of the laws shall be solely within the competence of the legal authorities. The promulgation of laws adopted by both Houses shall

www.dacoromanica.ro be effected by and be the duty of the Minister of Justice, who shall keep one of the originals of the law passed, whilst the second original shall be kept in the State Archives. The Minister of Justice is also the Keeper of the Great Seal of State. Executive power is invested in the King, who exercises it in the manner prescribed by the Constitution. Judicial power is exercised by its constituted organs. Their decisions are pronounced by virtue of the law and are executed in the name of the King.

CONCERNING NATIONAL REPRESENTATION. Members of the Houses of Assembly represent the nation. Sittings of the Houses of Assembly are public. Their regulations lay down the cases and manner in which these sittings may be declared secret. Each of the Houses verifies the credentials of its members and judges protests which may be raised in this connection. No election may be invalidated other than by the vote of two thirds of the number of members present. Nobody may at the same time be a member of one and of the other House of Assembly. Deputies and Senators appointed by the executive authority to a paid office, and which they accept, lose, in law, their mandate of representative of the nation. This regulation is not applicable to Ministers and UndersecretariesofState.Incompatibilityisdetermined by the electoral law. At the beginning of each legislature and of each ordinary session, the House of Deputies and the Senate elect from amongst their number a president, vice-president and committee, in accordance with their own regulations. Every decision is taken by an absolute majority of votes, with the exception of those cases when by the Constitution, laws or regulations of the Legislative Assemblies a greater

www.dacoromanica.ro number of votes is required. In the event of an equality of votes, the motion under discussion is rejected. Houses of Assembly may hold sittings with one half plus one of the number of members inscribed in the Roll. Votes are given by standing up or sitting down, by spoken word or by secret scrutiny. A draft of a law cannot be adopted until after it shall have been voted article by article. Each of the Houses of Assembly has the right of enquiry. The Houses have the right to amend and to subdivide into several parts all articles and amendments proposed. Every member of both Houses has the right to put questions to Ministers, to which the latter are obliged to reply within the period laid down by the rules. Anybody has the right to address a petition to the Houses through the intermediary of the Committee or of one of their members.Both Houses have the right to send Ministers petitions addressed to them. Ministers are obliged to give explanations concerning their contents whenever the House may so require. No member of either House may be prosecuted or perse- cuted for opinions expressed and votes given in the course of the exercise of his mandate. No member of either House may, during a session, be either prosecuted or arrested as a means of restraint except with the authority of the House ro which he belongs, except in case of flagrant crime. If subjected to preventive arrest or prosecuted when the Houses are not sitting, the prosecution or arrest must be submitted for the approval of the House to which he belongs immediately following the opening of the session of the Legislative Assemblies. The detention or prosecution of a member of either House shall be suspended during the session if the House so requires. Each House decides, in accordance with itsrules, the manner in which it will carry out its functions. Each House

www.dacoromanica.ro deliberates and takes decisions separately, except in certain cases specified in the present Constitution. Any meeting of one of the Legislative Assemblies when the other is not in session shall be void in law. Each of the two Houses has the exclusive right to make use of its own police through its president, who alone, after the approval of the House, may give orders to the guard on duty. No armed force may be posted at the doors or round about either of the Houses without its consent. The electoral law lays down all the requisite conditions to be a voter to the House of Deputies and to the Senate, disqualification and exclusion as well as electoral procedure. Membres of both legislative bodies areelectedf orfour years. Daily allowances of Deputies and Senators are fixed by law. We shall not publish the chapter concerning the House of Deputies here, as particulars regarding its composition were included in the Election Law.

CONCERNING THE LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL. A Legislative Council shall be constituted whose function shall be to assist in a consultative capacity in the preparing and coordinating of laws, emanating either from the executive authority or from parliamentary initiative, as well as for drawing up general regulations for the application of laws. Consultation with the Legislative Council is obligatory f or all drafts of laws, with the exception of those concerning budgetary credits; if, however, within a term fixed by law, the Legislative Council shall not give its advice, the Houses may proceed to debate and to approve the drafts.

18 www.dacoromanica.ro CONCERNING THE KING.

The constitutional powers of the King are hereditary in line of direct and legitimate descent from His Majesty King Carol I of Hohenzollern Sigmaringen, from male to male by order of primogeniture and with perpetual exclusion of fe- males and of their descendants. His Majesty's descendants shall be brought up in the orthodox religion of the East. Fai- ling descendants of the male line of His Majesty King Carol I of Hohenzollern Sigmaringen, the succession to the Throne shall pass to the eldest of his brothers or his descendants, in accordance with the rules established in the preceding article. If none of the brothers or of their descendants shall still be living, or shall have previously stated that he renoun- ces the Throne, then the King may nominate his successor from a royal dynasty of Europe with the assent of the national Representations, given in the form prescribed. If neither alternative shall eventuate, the Throne shall remain vacant. In the event of the Throne being vacant, both Houses of Assembly shall meet jointly in a single Assembly, even without being summoned, and at latest within eight days of their meeting they shall elect a King from a sovereign dynasty of Eastern Europe. The presence of three quarters of the members comprising each of the two Houses and a majority of two thirds of the members present is necessary to proceed to such election. In the event of the House of Assembly not being constituted within the term prescribed above, then at noon on the ninth day the Houses assembled shall proceed to the election no matter what the number of members present and with an absolute majority of votes. If the Houses of Assembly are dissolved when the Throne becomes vacant, the procedure laid down in the following article shall be followed. During the vacancy of the Throne, the Houses in session shall appoint a royal locum-tenens, consisting of three

19 www.dacoromanica.ro persons, which shall exercise the royal powers until the King shall ascend the Throne. In all the before-mentioned cases, voting shall be secret. On the death of the King, the Houses shall meet even without being convened at latest within ten days after the announcement of the death. If it should happen that they had previously been dissolved and, in the act of dissolution, their convocation had been decided upon for a date later than the said ten days, then the old Houses of Assembly shall meet pending the constitution of those which are to replace them. From the death of the King and until the taking of the oath of his successor to the Throne, the constitutional powers of xhe King are exercised, in the name of the people, by the Ministers, met in council and under their responsibility. The King shall be of age on the completion of eighteen years. On his ascending the Throne, heshall firsttake the following oath before the Houses in session: I swear to protect the Constitution and the laws of the Roumanian people, to maintain their national rights and the integrity of the territory". The King, whilst still living, may appoint a regency composed of three persons, which, after the death of the King, shall exercise the royal powers during the minority of the heir to the Throne. This appointment shall be made with the assent of the national Representations, given in the form prescribed in the present Constitution. The regency shall at the same time exercise a guardianship over the heir to the Throne during his minority. If, on the death of the King, a Regency shall not already have been appointed and the heir to the Throne shall be a minor, both Houses in session shall appoint a Regency, proceeding in accordance with the formalities prescribed by the present Constitution. The members of the Regency shall not assume their functions until they shall have taken the solemn oath before both Houses in

20 www.dacoromanica.ro session laid down in article 82 of the present Constitution. If the King shall be incapacited from ruling, the Ministers, after they shall have legally established such incapacity, shall immediately convene the Houses of Assembly. The latter shall elect a Regency, which shall also exercise the function of guardianship. No modification may be made to the Constitution during the time of a Regency. The King cannot at the same time be the head of another State without the assent of the Houses of Assembly. Neither of the Houses may consider this matter unless at least two thirds of the members of which it is composed are present, and no decision may be taken except with two thirds of the votes of members present. The Person of the King is inviolable. His Ministers are responsible. No act of the King can be invested with power unless itis countersigned by a Minister, who thereby becomes responsible for the said act. The King has the appointment and dismissal of his Ministers. He gives his sanction to and promulgates the laws. He may refuse to give his sanction. He has the right to pardon or to reduce sentences in criminal cases, with the exception of what is laid down in the case of ministers. He cannot suspend the course of prosecution or of trial, nor intervene in any manner whatsoever in the administration of justice. He has the right of nomination to or confirmation in public office in accordance with the law. He cannot create a new office without a special law. He makes the necessary regulations for the carrying out of the laws, without ever being able to modify or suspend the laws and cannot excuse anyone from their observance. He is the head of the armed forces. He confers military rank in accordance with the law.

www.dacoromanica.ro He shall confer Roumanian decorations in accordance with a special law. He has the right to mint money in accordance with a specific law. He shall enter into agreements with foreign States necessary for trade, navigation and other similar purposes; but in order that these acts shall have binding authority, they must first be submitted to the legislative Houses and be approved by them. The Civil List is fixed by law for the duration of each reign. On the 15th October of each year, the House of Deputies and the Senate shall meet without being convened if the King shall not have convened them at an earlier date. The duration of each session shall be five months. The King shall open the session by a Message, to which the Houses shall make their replies. The King proclaims the closing of all sessions. He has the right to dissolve both Houses at the same time, or to dissolve only one of them. The act of dissolution shall comprise orders for the holding of elections within two months and for the convening of the Houses of Assembly within three months. The King may postpone the meeting of the Houses of Assembly; but such postponement may not exceed the term of one month, nor may it be renewed in the same session without the consent of the Houses of Assembly. The King has no other powers than those conferred upon him by the Constitution. The Government exercises executive power in the name of the King in the manner laid down by the Constitution. Ministers met together constitute the Council of Ministers, which is presided over, with the title of president of the Council of Ministers, by the person who has been charged by the King with the formation of the government.

www.dacoromanica.ro Ministerial Departments and Under-Secretaryships of State may not be created or abolished other than by law. No person may be a minister unless he is a Roumanian or has been granted naturalization. No member of the Royal Family may be a Minister. If Ministers shall not be members of one ot the Houses of Assembly, they may take part in the debating of laws but without having the right to vote. The presence of at least one Minister is necessary at debates of the Houses of Assembly. The Houses may demand the presence of Mi- nisters at their debates. In no case can a verbal or written order of the King relieve a Minister of his responsibility.-Either of the two Houses, as also the King, has the right to demand the prosecution of Ministers and to send them before the High Court of Cassation and Justice, which alone has the right to try them, except for those cases which shall be fixed by law regarding the taking of civil proceedings by injured parties, and as regards crimes and offences committed by ministers outside of the exercise of their functions. Ministers may not be committed for trial by the legislative Houses unless this be decided upon by a majority of two thirds of members present. Preliminary investiga- tions shall be made by a commission of the High Court of Cassation composed of five members from the same section and constituted by lot. This commission shall be competent to attribute a quality to actions and to decide whether there is or is not cause for prosecution. Before the High Court of Cassation and Justice the charge shall be supported by the public ministry. The law of ministerialresponsibilityshall determine the cases in which ministers can be regarded as answerable. Any person injured by a decree or a regulation signed or countersigned by a minister, which violates the express text of the Constitution or of a law, may claim damages from the State in accordance with common law for the harm done

www.dacoromanica.ro to him. Either during the course of trial or after judgment has been given, on the demand of the State following a vote by one of the legislative Houses, a minister may be summoned before the ordinary courts in respect of civil liability for damages claimed or suffered by the State. An illegal act by a minister does not release the civil servant who countersigned it from joint responsibility unless the latter shall have drawn the attention of the Minister to the matter in writing. Under-secretaryships of State may be created. Under-secretaries of State may take part in the debates of the legisla- five Houses under the responsibility of the ministers.

CONCERNING THE JUDICIAL AUTHORITY. No jurisdiction may be established except on the strength of a specific law. Commissions and extraordinary tribunals may not be set up by any description of appointment or by any sort of order with a view to specific lawsuits, whether civil or penal, or with a view to the trial of particular persons. For the whole of the Roumanian State there is one single Court of Cassation and Justice. Only the Court of Cassation in its united sections has the right to try the constitutio- nality of laws, and to designate as inapplicable those which arc. contrary to the Constitution. A judgment regarding the unconstitutionality of laws shall be confined solely to the case tried. The Court of Cassation shall pronounce judgment as in the past concerning disputes regarding questions of function or attribution. The right of appeal to cassation is provided under the Constitution. Judges may not be removed in the special conditions which shall be fixed by law. A jury is essential in all criminal matters and for political

www.dacoromanica.ro offences and offences of the press, with the exception of those cases established by the present Constitution. Lawsuits for damages or interest arising out of actions and offences of the press can only be brought before the same jurisdiction within the competence of which is the offence itself. The legal authority is not competent to try acts of government or those of the Command which are of a military nature.

CONCERNING DISTRICT AND TOWN INSTITUTIONS. District and Town Institutions are controlled by laws. These laws shall have as their basis administrative decentralization. Members of district councils and of town councils are elected by Roumanian subjects under universal suffrage by equal, direct, secret and obligatory vote, and with representation of the minority in accordance with the forms provided by law. To these may be added in accordance with the law ex officio members and co-opted members. Women who are of age may be included amongst the co-opted members. CONCERNING FINANCE. No tax of any description may be imposed and collected except on the basis of a law. No privileges may be established in matters of taxation. No exception or reduction of tax may be established except by means of a law. Mono- polies may not be established except by means of a law and then exclusively for the benefit of the State, districts and towns.

CONCERNING THE ARMED FORCES. Every Roumanian, withoutdistinction of ethnic origin, of language or of religion, belongs to one of the component parts of the armed forces in accordance with the special laws. The armed forces consist of :the regular army with its permanent cadres, its reserves and militia.

www.dacoromanica.ro Military ranks, decorations and pensions cannot be withdrawn except by virtue of a judicial sentence and in cases established by law. The strength of the army is voted for each year by both Houses of Legislature. A High Council f or National Defence shall be created which shall permanently see to all necessary measures for the organization of national defence. No foreign armed force can be admitted into the service of the State, nor may it enter or pass through Roumanian territory except on the basis of a specific law. GENERAL REGULATIONS. The colours of the Roumanian flag are: Blue, Yellow and Red, aligned vertically. The residence of the Government is in the Capital of the country. The Roumanian language is the official language of the Roumanian State. The 'present Constitution may not be suspended either in whole or in part. In the event of danger to the State, a general or partial state of siege may be established by law.

CONCERNING THE REVISION OF THE CONSTITUTION. The Constitution may be revised in whole or in part on the initiative of the King or of either of the Houses of Le- gislature. Following such initiative, both Houses, meeting separately, shall decide by absolute majority whether it, is desirable that the rules of the Constitution should be revised. Immediately the necessity for revision has been admitted, both legislative Houses choose from amongst their number a mixed commission which will propose the text of the Constitution which is to be subjected to revision. After the

www.dacoromanica.ro report of this commission shall have been read in both Hou- ses, twice within a period of fifteen days, both Houses, in joint session, under the presidency of the elder of the two Presidents, and in the presence of at least two thirds of the total of members of which they are composed, shall definitely decide by a two thirds majority which articles are to be revised. Following this vote the two Houses are automatically dissolved under the law and the electoral body shall be convened within the period laid down by the Constitution. The new Houses of Legislature proceed, in agreement with the King, to modify the articles to be revised. In this case the Houses cannot deliberate unless at least two thirds of the members of which they are composed are present, and no change may be adopted unless it shall receive at least two thirds of the votes. The Houses of Legislature elected for the revision of the Constitution continue in being for the customary constitutional duration or term and, except for the modification of the Constitution, they function in the same way as ordinary Legislative Assemblies. If the Houses of Legislature elected for revision purposes are unable to fulfil their mission, the new Houses shall be of like character.

TRANSITORY AND SUPPLEMENTARY REGULATIONS. The regulations arising out of the agrarian laws concerning arable lands,f orests and marshes, which are subject to expropriation in whole or in part, their juridical position, the subsoil, valuation,method of payment, etc., are and remainof a constitutionalnature,and aresetoutin the articles herebelow of each of the agrarian laws, and which articles, in their entirety, form an integral part of this Cons- titution and as such cannot be modified except in the manner provided for the revision of the Constitution. The following decree laws are hereby ratified: No. 3902 of 29 December 1918, concerning the granting of citizen

www.dacoromanica.ro rights; No. 2085 of 22 May 1919, 3468 of 12 August 1919, concerning the naturalization of jews residentinthe Old Kingdom. Similarly are ratified all decree laws of individual naturalization which were made prior to the decrees specified above. Jews, resident in the Old Kingdom, who shall not have regularized their naturalization within the period laid down by decree law No. 3464 of 12 August 1919, can make a declaration of naturalizationinaccordancewith decree law No. 2085 of 22 May 1919, within the period of three months from the promulgation of this Constitution.

www.dacoromanica.ro THE ELECTIONS

www.dacoromanica.ro ELECTIONS In the Old Kingdom, Dobrogea and Bessarabia in the first three elections (1919-1922) the system of proportional representation was applied. According to the old electoral laws (of 1919) all districts in the country are represented in proportion to their population, e. g., one deputy is elected for each 30,000 inhabitants and additional fractions greater than a number of 20,000 inhabitants. In the case of Transsylvania and Bucovina, however, the electoral system of absolute majorities was established by a special decree-law, and which provides in the well known article 46 that in the event of one candidate only coming forward for a deputy's seat, the president of the electoral office shall declare him elected without any vote then being taken. By a decree-law in 1920, the regulations of the decree-law of 1919 were modified in such manner that one deputy should be elected for each 50,000 inhabitants only in each district and for fractions greater than a number of 30,000 inhabitants, this however subject to no district having less than 4 deputies. The number of deputies was thus reduced from 568 in 1919 to 369 in 1920 (and following years) and they are distributed as follows:

www.dacoromanica.ro 1919 1920 Consti- No. of Consti- No. of tuenciesdeputies.tuenciesdeputies. In the Old Kingdom and Dobrogea 34 247 34 180 Bessarabia 9 90 9 51 Bucovina 12 26 12 17 Transilvania and the Banat 24 205 22 121

79 668 77 369

The elections of 1922 were also held on the basis of these electoral laws and laws for the distribution of mandates. Later, in the year 1926, the law for electoral unification was passed and was equally valid for all provinces. The first elections on the basis of this law were held in the same year by the People's Party. The unified electoral law of 1926 again changes the number of electoral constituencies and the number of deputies to be elected, and provides the following distribution which is in force at the present time:

No. of No. of deputies. constituencies

Old Kingdom 179 30 Ardeal 92 19 Banat 30 4 Dobrogea , 17 4 Bessarabia 51 9 Bucovina 18 5 Total 387 71

In order to appreciate the importance of various provinces

www.dacoromanica.ro Mr. GH.TATARASCU www.dacoromanica.ro

Mr. GH. TATARASCU from the political-electoral point of view, we must first consider what is the percentage of voting electors of the various provinces to their total number for the whole country. Ta- king an average over the years 1919-1922 inclusive and the years 1926-1933 inclusive, we get the following:

1919-1922 1926-1933

Old Kingdom 51.000/0 43.00 0/0 Ardeal and Banat 21.300/0 34.300/6 Bessarabia 18.050/0 13.870/0 Bucovina 5.11 0/0 4.8006 Dobrogea 4.520/0 4.04 0/0 Total 100.00 0/0 I 00.00 (Vo

The variation in the number of political parties taking part in the different elections is of interest: In 1919 there were 10 political parties. 1920 n n 11 n n 1922 ,, , 12 r,

1926 ,, r) 7 n 7,

" 1927 11 11 8 - n " 1928 7 " " 1931 12 " 1932 17 " " " " The relatively large number of political parties in the period 1919-1926 is appreciably reduced by the effect of the electoral laws of 1926. In the year 1926 there remained only the principal parties which, thanks to their organization and vitality, are able to withstand the sufficiently unfavourable conditions of the new law, which generally speaking favours big parties, and is more particularly intended to create a compact government majority.

www.dacoromanica.ro THE ELECTION LAW OF 1926.

The House of Deputies consists of deputies elected from amongst Roumanian subjects who have attained their majority, by universal, equal, direct, obligatory and secret vote, on the basis of the representation of minorities, by scrutiny of voting lists and by electoral constituencies. Each district constitutes an electoral constituency. The number of deputies for the whole country and for each district is set out in the attached table, and may not be modified except by law. It shall be proportionate to the population, which shall be established on the basis of the general census. The Senate shall consist of elected senators and of senators by law. Elected senators are divided into the following categories: a) Senators elected by Roumanian subjects of 40 years of age and over, by compulsory, equal, direct and secret vote, according to electoral constituencies and by scrutiny of voting lists. Each district constitutes an electoral constituency. The number of senators of this category for the whole country and for each district is set out in the table annexed to this law, and may not be modified except under the conditions above mentioned, namely, by law. b) Senators elected by compulsory, equal, direct and secret vote by a college composed of elected members of town councils and rural parish councils and of district councils, one for each district. c) Senators elected by compulsory, equal, direct and secret vote by members of: 1. Chambers of Commerce, commercial section; 2. Chambers of Commerce, industrial section; 3. Chambers of Agriculture; 4. Chambers of Labour. Members of these Chambers shall meet in separate colleges

www.dacoromanica.ro and shall elect from amongst their number one senator each for each of the above categories and for each electoral constituency. d) Senators elected, one for each University, from amongst its members, by honorary and titular professors, as well as definitely appointed lecturers and temporary lecturers, met in separate colleges for each University. The following are senators by law by virtue of their high positions in State and Church: a) The heir to the Throne when 18 years of age or over. He shall, however, not be entitled to vote until he shall be 25 years of age. b) The Patriarch and Metropolitans of the country; c) Diocesan Bishops of the Roumanian Orthodox and Greek-Catholic Churches, provided they shall have been elected in accordance with the laws of the country; d) The heads of confessions recognised by the State, one for each confession, provided they are Roumanian subjects elected or nominated in accordance with the laws of the country and represent a number of over 200.000 believers. The representative of the Mozaic cult in the Senate shall be the Chief Rabbi, designated by the Unions of the jewish communities in the country. Pending the organization, by law, of cults, the representative of the Mozaic cult in the Senate shall be the religious representative of the Unions of the jewish communities in the Old Kingdom. The chief religious representative of the Mohammedans of the Old Kingdom; The President of the Roumanian Academy. The following become senators by law: a) Former Presidents of the council of ministers, provided they shall have been titular presidents of the council for 4 years, in which period shall be included the term of years served as presidents of the directing council of the Ardeal;

35 www.dacoromanica.ro b) Former ministers of at least 6 years' seniority in one or more governments; c) Former presidents of the Legislative Houses, who shall have filled that office throughout at least 8 ordinary sessions; d) Former senators and deputies elected in at least 10 legislatures, independent of their duration; e) Former Presidents-in-Chief of the High Courts of Cas- sation and Justice, who have filled that office or the office of President of Cassation for 5 years; f) Generals of the reserve and on the retired list: 1. Those who shall have commanded an army in the face of the enemy from the mobilization of the 14 August 1916 and until the demobilization of 1920 for at least 3 months as its titular head. By titular head shall be understood the general who exercised effective command on the basis of an order of the High Command. 2. Those who shall have filled the office of Chief of the Great General Staff, or of Inspector General of the Army (commander of an army) in time of peace for at least 4 years. The number of those of the second category shall not be more than 4, taken in order of seniority as vacancies occur; g) Former presidents of the National Assemblies of Cili- shinau, Cernauti and Alba-lulia, which proclaimed the Union, and the first president by seniority of the first House of all the Roumanians. The verification of the fulfilment of the requisite conditions by those who become senators by law shall be carried out by a commission composed of : The Presidents of sections of the High Courts of Cassation and Justice, under the presidency of the President-in-Chief of that institution. Proofs shall be produced either on the demand of the President of the Senate or on the demand of those legally entitled to make such demand.

www.dacoromanica.ro The rights acquired by those who might become senators by law may be subjected to proof at any time in accordance with the foregoing regulations, the commission being obliged to report to the Senate in such cases concerning their decision within maximum ten days of receipt of the request for enquiry by the President-in-Chief of the High Court of Cas- sation. The mandates of senators by law are held in perpetuity. Once established, they cease only on the death of the holder or by reason of his loss of political rights. Electors must be called upon to vote for the House of Deputies and the Senate within two months of the date of dissolution of the Houses of Legislature by royal decree. The day on which elections commence cannot be fixed earlier than 30 days from the date of the decree summoning electors to vote. Roumanian subjects who fulfil the required conditions shall exercise the right to vote on the basis of voting cards which will be issued to them in accordance with the official lists of electors. The lists of electors are permanent. They shall be drawn up during the months of November and December of the year 1926. Additions and delations may only be made at the time of their annual revision. The lists of electors comprising electors for the House and the Senate shall be drawn up for each commune by the permanent communal delegates, or by an ad interim commission, under the supervision of the mayor or of the president of the ad interim commission, and, in country parishes, together with the notary. Inscription in the list of electors takes place ex officio and at the request of any voter of the same college. In urban communes, the mayors, on their responsibility and under their supervision, may instruct the respective police stations to receive requests for inscription in the list of electors. The lists of electors shall be posted up at town halls and police courts so that they may be seen by everybody throughout

37 www.dacoromanica.ro the month of January. Inscriptions in the lists of electors may be contested at the respective police courts throughout the month of January by any elector of the district constituency. The judge shall give his decision concerning requests for inscription immediately they are presented to him. The lists of electors thus drawn up are definite and final and elections shall be held in accordance therewith. The register shall be held at the disposal of any Roumanian subject. The lists shall also be published in booklet form. The annual revision of the lists of electors shall be carried out throughout the month of December. No elector shall be allowed to vote at elections for the House and the Senate without presenting his voting card. As soon as the lists of electors have been definitely completed, the district electoral office shall arrange for the printing of voters' cards. Voters' cards, drawn up in accordance with the annexed example, are permanent and are released in a counterfoil book. In rural communes the distributions is carried out by a judge and by judge's assistants personally, and, in their absence, by other delegated magistrates. In urban corn- munes, voting cards shall be taken possesion of by those entitled to them at the police court of the district in which they are domiciled. In order to be elected to the House of Deputies it is necessary: a) To be a Roumanian subject. Those who have become Roumanian subjects by naturalization are not eligible except after 1 0 years from their obtaining this status; b) To be in the exercise of civil and political rights; c) To be fully 25 years of age; d) To be domiciled in Roumania. In order to be eligible for the Senate. the same conditions are required as of those eligible for the House of Deputies

www.dacoromanica.ro with the sole distinction of age, which in this case must be full 40 years. The same conditions, except as regards age, are also required in the case of senators by law. In order to be eligible as senator in the colleges of the Chambers of Commerce, Industry, Agriculture and Labour, as well as in a University college, besides the foregoing conditons it is also necessary that the candidate shall be a voter in the respective college. Temporary and definitely appointed lecturers are not eligible in elections to the Senate for Universities. Both those who are eligible for the House of Deputies and those eligible for the Senate must not be in a state of incompatibility as laid down by the law. Those who have been placed under an interdiction or judicial restraint, as well as those who have been declared bankrupt and have not been reinstated, are incapable of being either electors or elected. The following are unworthy to be either electors or elected: a) Those convicted for crime; b) Those convicted for offences laid down in articles 103, 112-121 inclusive, 123-128 inclusive, 135-146 inclusive, 197, 203, 204, 205, 263, 264, 267, 268, 285-293 inclusive, 306-311 inclusive, 316, 322-325 inclusive, 336 of the Rou- manian penal code, or in the corresponding penal regulations in force in the Bucovina and in the province of Ardeal. Also those convicted for illicit speculation or for electoral of fen- ces laid down in the present law, for the period during which they have been sentenced to loss of voting rights. Unworthiness because of offences laid down in section 13- above shall cease after 10 years from completion of sentence provided the person convicted is not an old of- fender; c) Those convicted for acts of betrayal and espionage against the Roumanian State or the Roumanian nation; d) Those convicted for evasion of military service ordered

www.dacoromanica.ro by the Roumanian State authorities, or for having refused to take the oath of military allegiance; e) Those sentenced to loss of political rights for the period provided in the sentence; f) Those who after the declaration of Union to the Rou- manian Kingdom of the liberated provinces either fought or plotted against the armed forces of the Roumanian State, or were guilty of any offence against the Roumanian State as established by judicial decisions which have been maintained as final; g) Those convicted by military courts for desertion; h) Those sentenced by military courts to military degra- dation, whether as the chief or as an additional punishment; i) Those who keep brothels or gaming houses; the latter only when they have been convicted by a definite sentence. Those who have been convicted by Hungarian courts in connection with the entry of the Roumanian armed forces into the Ardeal in the year 1916 shall not be considered as unworthy to be either electors or elected. Those convicted during the war for offences of a political nature by the Austro- Hungarian or Austrian civil or military courts shall not be considered as unworthy to be either electors or elected. Those who, as minors, have been sentenced to correctional punishment shall be exempted from being considered as unworthy. Soldiers on the active list cannot be either electors or elected. All those who occupy a post of any description in the pay of the State, district or commune, or public utility establishment the budget of which is voted by the House of Deputies, may not be elected unless they resign from their offices at latest 5 clear days after the summoning of the electors to the House of Assembly for which they wish to stand as candidates. This regulation shall also be applied to those who are in the paid service of private undertakings, but for appointments for which a royal decree is required.

www.dacoromanica.ro The mayors of towns may stand as candidates, having, in case of election, to choose between the office of mayor or of deputy, this in accordance with the requirements of the law for administrative unification. The following may be elected as deputies or senators: Ministers, Under-secretaries of State and professors, temporary lecturers and definitely appointed lecturers. Secon- dary professors, instructors, teachers definitelyappointed, consecrated priests, archdeacons who are not filling the office of rural dean, definitely appointed doctors, lawyers, engineers and architects, all only provided they are not occupying any administrative post. Directors of secondary, special and primary schools of every category may be candidates; in the event of their being elected, however, they will choose between their positions as directors and their mandates as deputies. Members of one or the other of the Houses of Assembly who are nominated to a salaried post, other than ministers and under-secretaries of State, cease by law to be deputies or senators. Deputies and senators throughout the period of validity of their mandates may not, either in their personal capacity or as nominees, conclude any contract with the State, districts or communes and private institutions such as those hereinbef ore mentioned for either works or supplies, under penalty of such contract being legally voided. In each electoral constituency an electoral office shall be created at the district court. This office shall be presided over by the President-in-Chief of the court. Nomination of candidates for the House of Deputies and for all categories of elected senators shall be effected at the central office, beginning with the day following the summoning of the respective body of electors, and at latest 10 clear

www.dacoromanica.ro days before the date fixed f or the election, up to 6 p. m. on the final day. Presidents shall give their ruling immediately concerning the validity of candidatures. Nominations of candidates shall not be taken iato consideration unless the latter shall be proposed by at least 20 voters of the constituency for the House of Deputies and at least 10 voters of the constituency for senators elected by universal vote and provided they comply with other requisite conditions. Nominations of candidates for senators elected by communal and district councils, and by professional Chambers, may be proposed by at least 5 voters of the respective colleges. Nominations of candidates for the Universities may be made up to the eve of the election by the candidates themselves. Nobody may be a candidate for the Senate and the House of Deputies in more than 4 constituencies in all. A candidate who has agreed to be nominated on one list may no longer accept another candidature in the same constituency, nor may he retire from the list on which he has formally agreed to stand. Cases of death do not prejudice the validity of lists of candidates, as they may be completed with other candidates within the prescribed period. Nominations may be completed or altered only with the consent of all candidates. The same voters may only propose one list of candidates in the same college. The central election commission shall draw up a table comprising a sufficient number of geometrical signs, which shall be as distinct as possible, from which the known political parties, or candidates, have the right to choose a sign for the whole country or for the locality where they are standing as candidates. These signs remain the property of the party or candidate by whom they have been chosen. The choosing of

www.dacoromanica.ro signs shall take place at least 20 days before the day of election. Pictures of things or objects are forbidden under penalty of nominations of candidates being voided. A party may not adopt as its distinctive sign the same sign as that of another party, even if it should be set out in a special order. Signs may not be placed elsewhere than on the front of a list. The central organization of constituted parties, who have obtained a sign for the whole country, may inform the presidents of the district election offices of the names of the persons who are alone entitled to make use of the party sign in the district in question. Presidents of election offices receive and register lists of candidates in the order in which they are handed in, giving each one a number, so that the list received and registered first shall bear the number 1, and the remainder the following numbers 2, 3, 4, etc., according to the order in which they are received. Each list may designate at most two delegates and two assistants for each voting centre or polling booth. Delegates and assistants who represent candidates during election time have, the same as the candidates themselves, the right of control over all the activities of the office. The central election commission shall consist of 5 members, namely: 1. A president and a counsellor of the High Court of Cas- sation and Justice, selected by the drawing of lots in open court. 2. A president of the Legislative Council, selected by lot by the President-in-Chief of that Council. 3. Two presidents of the Court of Appeal of Bucharest, selected by the drawing of lots in open court by the President- in-Chief of the Court of Appeal. This commission shall centralize the election results, shall make the necessary calculations, shall apportion the mandates and shall declare which candidates are elected and which are the substitutes.

www.dacoromanica.ro Voting Papers. As soon as they shall have received authority for printing, the district election offices shall arrange for the printing of the voting papers. The voting papers shall be printed at one or at several printing-offices in the constituency or in adjoining constituencies, and only in the event of there being no printing establishments in those constituencies shall they be printed at the State printing-office. Votiug papers shall be of the shape of a four-page sheet of letter paper. Ballot-boxes for the whole country shall be manufactured under the supervision of the Ministry for Home Affairs and correspond to a type approved by the central election commission. On the day of elections, the presidents of voting centres, assisted by a clerk or by a writer from the clerk's office, shall complete the office, drawing by lot from the list of assistants two assistants who shall be present in the room. In the absence of assistants, the office shall function only with the president and his clerk. Lack of mention of the drawing of lots shall not entail the voiding of the elections. If on the day of elections or during their progress a president of a voting centre shall be prevented by some fortui- tous cause from presiding, he shall be replaced by the judge's assistant, by the judge of the court or by the president of the court, delegated according to article 42, and in the absence of these he shall be replaced by any other magistrate delegated by the Ministry of Justice. Cases pending before the law courts and down for hearing on the day of election are automatically adjourned by virtue of the present law. Voting and Police Measures. The preparation of measures in view of voting shall be carried out on polling day at 7 a. m. so that voting may commence latest at 8 a. m. The preparation of measures for voting shall consist of:

44 www.dacoromanica.ro a) Posting guards in and around voting booths, for which soldiers shall have been made available. b) Stamping the first lot of voting papers necessary for voting to begin. c) Drawing lots for assistants. d) Inspecting the voting booths or rooms together with the candidates or their delegates who are present. e) Verifying the seals on the ballot-boxes. Each voting place shall have a sufficient number of booths to make it possible for all voters to vote in one day. The voting booths must be situated in the same room as that occupied by the controlling office". Voting booths shall be built at the charge of the Ministry for Home Affairs. The president alone has the policing of the assembled voters. In the chief towns of districts his powers in this respect extend beyond the voting premises to the courtyard of the house in which they are situated, as well as to the streets, squares and open spaces up to a distance of 500 metres. Clerks, other than those legally belonging to the voting office or to the body of military guards, as well as: prefects, mayors, magistrates, gendarmes, directors of police, com- missaries of police, police agents, etc., may not under any pretext take up a position within the voting zone or in the voting premises during the whole of the election and until after the result has been declared. In rural communes and in secondary urban communes, the presidents of voting centres exercise the right of policing in general throughout the entire commune. In order to preserve quiet and good order, as well as for the carrying out of prescribed measures, presidents shaH have a military force available, provided in accordance with the request and appreciation of the president of the district election office. In case of need he may, on his own responsibility, make direct request to the local military authorities for additional forces.

www.dacoromanica.ro The Vote and Voting Procedure. Subjects who have received voter's cards are obliged to vote at the centre appro- priate to their domicile. Voters who, without legitimate reason, do not exercise their right to vote shall be subject to a fine of 500 lei imposed by the president of the voting centre in the process verbal which he has to draw up concerning the completion of activities. The fine in the case of voters of the senatorial colleges of the commune and district councils and of the professional Chambers shall be 10,000 lei, without the possibility of its being reduced for any reason whatsoever. Voters prevented from exercising theil right of vote may, in order to avoid incurring a penalty, send a written expla- nation to the president of the voting centre, supported by written proofs of legitimate cause, either prior to or during the elections. Voters who have incurred a penalty may be released from it if they prove that they were unable to exercise their right of vote because of sickness or any other legitimate hindrance, the decision remaining within the appreciation of the court. Elections for the House of Deputies shall last one day only. They shall commence at 8 a. m. and shall continue until 8 p. m. between the 21st September and the 21st March, and from 7 a. m. until 8 p. m. between the 21st March and the 21st September. In the event of voters being present to vote at 8 p. m., voting shall continue, without interruption, until all voters present shall have v oted. In no case may voting continue beyond 8 a. m. of the following day, when in any case the ballot-boxes shall be closed and the votes counted. For the Senate, elections may last 3 days, namely: One day for the election of senators by universal suffrage, which shall be carried out under similar conditions and may last the same time as in the case of elections to the House of Deputies. One day for the election of senators by the colleges of the commune and district councils. One day for the election

www.dacoromanica.ro of senators by members of Chambers of commerce, industry, agricultureand labour and by the Universities.Between elections for the House of Deputies and for the Senate there shall be at least two days interval. Adjournments are decided upon by pre sidents at their own discretion, but they may not exceed two hours throughout the whole day and two hours during the night; otherwise, all members of the office may not be absent from the polling room at the same time. During adjournrnents, assistants, candidates and delegates may remain in the polling room, but the ballot-boxes shall remain in the same polling room and be under permanent guard. The vote is secret. Voters vote in a closed booth or box, applying the stamp which bears the mention voted- within the square containing the list for which they wish to vote. Faulty folding of the voting-paper does not entail voidance of the vote if the secrecy of the vote is respected. The voter, after he has voted, double-folds the voting-paper in such manner that the blank page, which bears the control seal, shall be on the outside. The president shall receive the voting- paper thus folded, and after having satisfied himself of the existence of the control seal, he shall insert it into the ballot- box, taking care not to open it. When the voting-paper opens by accident, the president shall give the voter a new voting- paper. The stamp lent for the purpose of voting shall be returned to the president together with the voting paper. Every voter has the right to challenge the identity of persons coming to vote. In such case, if the person challenged knows how to read and write, he shall be required to reproduce his signature under the supervision of the office in order that a comparison may be made. Nobody has the right to discover or to seek to discover the secrecy of the vote, not even in the course of a judicial investigation or contestation, or during a parliamentary or other enquiry.

www.dacoromanica.ro Immediately on completion of the scrutiny, and on the same day, the president shall proceed declare the votes before the candidates, delegates and assistants present. On the opening of each voting-paper he shall read aloud the number of the list voted for, showing the voting-paper to the candidates, delegates or assitants present. Voting-papers are void which do not bear the control seal or seals affixed by the president, those handed in open, voting-papers so folded that the lists of names are on the outside, those containing the addition of a name or expression, those which do not belong to the ones printed under the instructions of the judicial authorities, which contain delations of names from the lists, on which the stamp shall have been applied to several lists, or which contain obvious signs of some prior collusion. As soon as the results from all over the country have been received, the commission shall proceed with the making of calculations and announcing the names of candidates elected. The work to be carried out by the central electoral commission is divided into three principal categories: 1. Apportioning mandates to the political parties of the country. 2. Apportioning mandates to each political party in the constituencies. 3. Allotting mandates to the candidates on each list. For the apportioning of mandates to the political parties of the country, the following operations will be carried out: a) Totals shall be compiled for the whole country of the number of voters, of cancelled voting-papers and of the votes obtained by each political party; b) Calculations shall be made of the percentage of votes obtained by each political party to the total number of voters throughout the whole country. The political party which, as the result of this calculation, shall appear as having obtained the largest number of votes in the country, but at least a

www.dacoromanica.ro percentage of 40% as against the other parties, shall be declared as the majority party and the remainder as minority parties. No party shall be declared the majority party in the event of no one of them obtaining this percentage of votes, or in the event of two parties, .which shall have most of the votes, having the same percentage; c) Calculations shall be made of the percentage of votes obtained in each constituency by each political party to the total number of voters in the constituency. If the political parties which on this basis have shown themselves to be minority parties in the whole country have, nevertheless, obtained an absolute majority of votes in some constituencies, they shall receive in these constituencies a number of mandates proportionate to the percentage of votes obtained to the total of votes cast in the constituency in question, even though for the whole country they shall not have obtained the percentage of 2 % of the votes cast. The votes which minority parties shall have obtained in these constituencies shall be deducted from the total of votes obtained over the whole country by those parties. From the total number of mandates fixed by law for the whole country shall be deducted mandates allotted to minority parties in constituencies where the latter have obtained an absolute majority, even though for the whole country they shall not have obtained the percentage of 2 % of the votes cast. What remains of the total number of mandates after these deductions shall be apportioned to the political parties for the whole country. The apportionment of mandates remaining after the deductions laid down in the preceding article between political parties for the whole country shall be carried out in, the following manner: First there shall be given to the majority party one half of the number of the said mandates.

4 49

www.dacoromanica.ro The remaining half shall be divided between all parties, including the majority party, in proportion to the percentage of votes obtained by each one of them. In the event of no majority party having been designated, the mandates shall be divided between all parties in proportion to the percentage of votes obtained by each one of them. Minority pcilitical parties which shall have obtained over the whole country a smaller percentage of votes than 2 % of the total number of votes, shall not be allotted any mandate at all. The apportionment of mandates to candidates on each list shall be made in the order in which they are inscribed. Can- didates who are not elected are declared as the substitutes for the lists in question. The central commission must finish its work as herein set out within maximum 8 days from the holding of elections to the House of Deputies. In the event of vacancies occurring for any reason whatsoever, the substitutes for each list, provided they are still elligible at the time, are summoned in the order in which they appear on the list to replace the titular heads of the list in question. By-elections for the House of Deputies are held in the following cases: a) When the House invalidates an election held in a constituency; b) When there are no more substitutes who can replace the titular heads of lists who have lost their mandates for any reason whatsoever. In the latter case, a by-election shall not be held should the vacancy occur in the last session of a legislature. No representation of the minority is provided for in elections to the Senate.

www.dacoromanica.ro District electoral offices, as soon as they are in possession of the results of all sections, shall proceed to add up the votes obtained by each list separately, and shall allot mandates as senators on the basis of the relative majority of the list which has obtained the largest number of votes. If the election has been held for one single seat in the Senate, the votes obtained by each candidate shall be added up and the mandate as senator shall be allotted on the basis of the relative majority of the candidate who has obtained the largest number of votes. Vacancies are filled through by-elections with the exception of those which occur in the last session of a legislature. For the elect:on of a senator representing a University, voting shall be by voting-papers written by hand. The mandate shall be allotted by the president of the office to the candidate who shall have obtained the largest number of votes. Voting begins at 9 a.m. and shall continue till 5 p.m. A deputy or senator elected in more than one constituency at the same election must declare which constituency he chooses to represent within 10 days of the verification of elections. For the seat of senator rendered vacant by choice, death, resignation or other cause, the electorate of the constituency in question sLaIl be summoned to vote within a period of two months at latest from the date on which the vacancy was declared. The resignation of members of the Legislative Houses shall be tendered only to the House concerned. Deputies and senators shall cease to further exercise their mandates who shall lose any one of the attributes required for elligibility,or who shall go over to another political party than the one on whose list they were elected. This latter measure shall not apply to members of parliament

www.dacoromanica.ro date onwhich theHousesofLegislature areconvened. and shallbe inscribed assuch inthe respective listsof voters. the futuretoretaintheir rightsaselectorstotheSenate of article5electoraldecree-lawNo.340214 November of thislawareinscribedaselectorstotheSenatebyvirtue positions iftheyarevacantontheexpiryoftheirmandates. or senatorhaveresignedfromtheirpositions,re-occupy the lossofqualificationdeputyorsenator. try orforcertainconstituencies. 52 of thenumberdeputies andofsenatorsforthewhole 1918 intheOldKingdomandBessarabia,shall continue in elected underelectoralagreementsmadeforthewholecoun- Subjects lessthan40yearsofagewhoonthepromulgation The duration ofparliament is 4 yearsreckoned from the Doctors whoinordertoexercisetheirmandateOfdeputy Brashov Argesh Carash Cernautzi Campulung Caliacra Cahul Buzau Braila Botoshani Bihor Baltzi Baia Bacau Arad Alba The HouseofDeputiesortheSenatedecideconcerning DISTRICT country, dividedintodistricts www.dacoromanica.ro TABLE Voters onthe Register of 128,490 118,968 61,698 78,106 27,080 38,958 43,936 71,128 48,611 46,390 92,166 37,149 69,845 57,187 46,756 61,052 1933 I 1 6 6 2 4 4 6 3 6 5 9 6 4 6 6 9 6 2 2 4 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 Number of senatorselected. Muresh Lapushna Ta rnava-Mica Tarnava-Mare Suceava Storojinetz Soroca Somesh Sibiu Severin Satu-Mare Salaj Radautci Romanatzi Roman Ramnicu-Sarat Prahova Neamtzu Muscel Mehedintz Maramuresh lassy Huniedoara Gorj Falciu Fagarash Do lj Dambovitza Constantza Putna Orhei Oh Odorhei Nasaud Ismail Ilfov lalomitza Hotin Durostor Dorohoi Covurlui Cluj Ciuc Cetatea-Alba DISTRICT 4 www.dacoromanica.ro Voters onthe Register of 112,613 237,612 108,597 41,602 38,767 40,309 36,610 47,049 74,020 68,950 68,775 66,506 74,841 87,666 46,392 59,386 34,316 44,659 63,708 39,232 34.504 47,784 39,742 35,526 79,112 70,057 43,946 88,768 61,350 52,116 64,736 92,086 91,668 48,773 24,910 25,443 48,139 43,659 44,836 54,398 86.277 76,049 70,080 42,462 1933 2 .

53 ..... L.,2 ts, .6 co 666 si ba ..... 03 ...... 0. to .6 .6 tsv 6.. t.,2 54 Agriculture, The membersofChambersCommerce,for Jassy. Bucarest. with headquartersat Galatz. with headquartersat Constituency II with headquarters at Constituency 1 with headquartersatCluj. Constituency IV Constituency III Labour aredividedintothe4followingconstituencies: Vlashca Turda Tulcea Teleorman Tecuci Timish-Torontal Valcea Vaslui Tutova Trei-Scaune Tighina CONSTITUENCIES DISTRICT of ChambersIndustryand www.dacoromanica.ro Neamtzu, Baciu,Orhei,Jassy. Roman, Hotin, Soroca, Baltz, Lapusha,Tighina, pulung, Radautzi,Dorohoi, Botoshani, Turda. Somesh, Tarnava-Mare,Tarnava-Mica, Nasaud, Alba, Arad,Bihor, Cerniiutzi, Suceava, Storojinetz,Cam- Huniedoara, Olt, Valcea,Romanatzi,Dolj,Mehe- bovitza, Vlashca,Teleorman,Argesh, Ilfov, Prahova,Brashov,Muscel,Dam- Durostor, Ciuc. Scaune, Covurlui, Braila,Ramnicu-Sarat,Trei- Constantza, Cetatea-Alba, mish-Torontal. dintzi, Gorj,Sibiu,Carash,SeverinTi- DISTRICTS INCLUDED Voters onthe Odorhei, Buzau, Falticeni, Register of 139,746 57,010 31,582 30,939 48,698 41,237 36,511 70,230 78,986 35,810 66,249 1933 Putna, Maramuresh, Ismail, Ialomitza, Salaj, eui Tutova, Tecuci, ali Falciu, Vaslui, Cluj, Cahul, Tulcea, g bird o 10 6 5 4 5 4 4 3 5 6 4 Satu-Mare,

Fagarash, Number of Caliacra, Muresh, deputies elected. 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 4 Number ofsenatorselected. These Chambers elect in all 16 senators. The Universities elect 4 senators (Bucarest, Cernautzi, Cluj and Jassy) TABLE of the number of Senators by law, divided into categories: Number of CATEGORY mandates for each category

The Heir to the Throne 1 The Patriarch 1 Metropolitansofthecountry (OrthodoxandGreek-Ca- tholic) 3 Diocesan Bishops of the Ortho- dox and Greek - Catholic Churches 17 Heads of Confessions recognised by the State 2 The chief Repre3entative of the Mohammedans 1 The President of the Roumanian Academy 1

RESULTS OF THE ELECTIONS FROM 1926 TO 1933. THE ELECTIONS OF 1926.

The number of persons entitled to vote:..3,496,814 Number of votes polled . . .2,622,565 Percentage of voters 75c/,o The individual parties obtained:

Votes. % Mandates.

National Liberal Party 192,309 7.34 16 National Peasant Party 727,202 27.73 69 People's Party (Averescu) ... 1,306,100 52.09 292 Social Democrats 40,694 1.56 Labour Party 39,203 1.49 L. A. N. C. (Cuza) 124,778 4.76 10 Merchants Guild 1,861 0.07 Various 29,220 1. 11 Votes cancelled, 63,476 2.42

www.dacoromanica.ro The Germans and Hungarians were allied with the Go- vernment in the elections.

THE ELECTIONS OF 1927. Number of persons entitled to vote.. .3,586,086 Number of votes polled 2 762,779 Percentage of voters 77,05%. The individual parties obtained:

Votes. % Mandates.

National Peasant Party 610,149 22.09 64 National Liberal Party 1,704,435 61.69 318 People's Party (Averescu)i . 53,371 1.93 National Party (Iorga).. 28,15' 1.02 Social Democrats 50,059 1.81 L. A. N. C. (Cuza) 52,481 1.90 Labour Party 31,606 1.14 Iron Guard 10,761 0.39 Merchants Guild 164 0.01 Hungarian Party 173,517 6.28 15 Various 2,884 0.10 Votes cancelled 45,306 1.64

The Hungarian Party was allied with the German Party.

THE ELECTIONS OF 1928

Number of persons entitled to vote. .3,671,352 Number of votes polled 2 840,680 Percentage of voters 77,3770 The individual parties obtained:

www.dacoromanica.ro Votes. % Mandates.

National Peasant Party 2,228,922 77.76 348 National Liberal Party 185,939 6 55 13 People's Party (Averescu) 70,490 2.48 5 Peasant Party (Dr. Lupu) 'i0,506 2.48 5 L. A. N. C. (Cuza) 32.273 1.14 Labour Party 38,381 1.35 Hungarian Party 172,699 6 08 16 Various Parties 8,250 0.29 Votes cancelled 53,249 1.87 The National Peasant Party was allied with the German Party and with the Social Demotrats in the election. THE ELECTIONS OF 1931. Number of persons entitled to vote. . .4,038,464 Number of votes polled 2 927,112 Percentage of voters 72,485. The individual parties obtained:

Votes. Vo Mandates.

National Union 1,389,901 47 49 289 National Peasant Party 438,747 14.99 30 National Liberal (G. Bratianu ) . 173,586 6.93 12 People's Party (Averescu) 141,141 4.82 10 Hungarian Party 139,003 4.75 10 L. A. N. C. (Cuza) 113,863 3.89 8 Peasant Party (Dr. Lupu) 100,682 3 44 7 Social Democrats 94,957 3 25 6 Peasant Democrats cartel with the League against Usury P0,570 2.75 6 Labour and Peasant Group 73,716 2.52 5 Jewish Party 64,193 2.1 9 4 Iron Guard (Zelea Codreanu) . 30,783 1.05 25 various lists. 3,412 0.12 Votes cancelled 82,568 2.80

The National Union consisted of the Liberals (Duca) lorga's Party, Argetoianu's Party and the Germans.

www.dacoromanica.ro THE ELECTIONS OF 1932.

Number of persons entitled to vote. .4,220,731 Number of votes polled 2 987,129 Percentage of voters 70,7770. The individual parties obtained:

Votes. % Mandates.

National Peasant Party 1,203,700 40.90 274 National Liberal Party (Duca) . 407,023 13.62 28 National LiberalParty(Gh. Bratianu) 195,048 6.53 14 Peasant Party (Dr. Lupu) 170,860 5.72 12 L. A. N. C. (Cuza) 169,071 5.32 II Hungarian Party 141,894 4.75 14 National Agrarian Party (Goga) 108,857 3.64 8 Social Democrats 101,068 3.38 7 Iron Guard (Zelea Codreanu) . -70,674 2.37 6 National Union (lorga) 68,116 2.28 5 Jewish Party 67,582 2.26 5 People's Party (Averescu).. . 64,525 2.16 4 Merchants Guild 45,851 1.53 DemocraticPeasantParty (Stere) 41,454 1.39 -- Conservative Party (Filipescu) . 18,643 0.62 Agrarian League 14,831 0.50 45 smaller parties .. 20,123 0.68 Votes cancelled 87,810 2.94

The only party which obtained an absolute majority in the constituencies was the Hungarian Party. In consequence, in the districts of Ciuc, Odorhei and Trei Scaune, it obtained 2 mandates in each case. The National Peasant Party had an alliance in the elections with the Germans; the National Democratic Party (Iorga),

www.dacoromanica.ro with the Agrarian Union (Aregtoianu), went into the elections as the National Union .

THE ELECTIONS OF 1933.

Number of persons entitled to vote. ..4,380,354 Number of votes polled, 2 978.748 Percentage of voters 68% The individual parties obtained:

Votes. % Mandates.

National Liberal Party 1,618,864 50.99 300 National Peasant Party (Miha- lache) 414,685 13.92 29 Peasant Party (Dr. Lupu).. 152,167 5.11 11 National Liberals (G. Bratianu) . 147,665 4.96 10 L. A. N. C. (Cuza) 133,206 4.47 9 National Agrar. Party (Goga) . 121,748 4.09 9 Hungarian Party 119,562 4.01 8 Radical Peasant Party (Gr. lunian) 82,930 2.78 6 Agrarian Union (Argetoianu). 73,208 2.46 5 Peoples Party (Averescu) allied with Conservative Party (Filipescu) 47,114 1.58 Jewish Party 38,565 1.29 Social Democrats 37,672 1.26 Smaller parties (90 lists) 32,408 1.10 Votes cancelled 68,966 1.98

The National Liberal Party was allied with the German Party in the elections.

www.dacoromanica.ro INTERNAL POLITICS and POLITICAL PARTIES

www.dacoromanica.ro HISTORY OF THE INTERNAL POLICY The internal Policy of Roumania underwent during the war and after it, a radical change. The f ormer system of elections for the Chamber and the Senate was abandoned and as long ago as 191 7 the right of the unhversal, secret and direct vote was introduced, the system adopted being proportional representation after the model of the Belgianum and the Swiss electoral laws. By this law an enormous number of electors, in the first place peasants entered the political life of the country. The agrarian reform by which the social structure of the State was completely modified, deprived the former political leaders of their material means. To these two very important elements must be added two more, i. e. the entrance into the political life of the country, of the Rou- manians from the new territories, and of numerous minorities. The political system in force up to the war which consisted in the alternative administrations of the two great parties, the Liberal and the Conservative, was abandoned in consequence of the forming of certain new popular parties which completely changed the aspect of the internal politics. The Liberal Party whose roll in the building up of new Roumania had been so important, governed thecountry during the Peace Treaties. For several years, and for a considerable time without any Parliament and under martial laws, the head of that Party, Ion I. C. Bratianu, was called upon to represent the country before the Peace Conference of Paris. Ion Bratianu demanded of the allies, the respecting

www.dacoromanica.ro of the secret agreement closed in regard to the Banate in 1916, and when this was refused he left the Peace Confe- rence and resigned. The first elections in which the new parties created during the war, and those included in the country by the Union with the new territories, took part, followed this event. In the elections of 1919, the Peasants Party of the teacher and hero Ion Mihalache, the Peoples League of General Averescu, who was at that moment the most popular man in the country, as well as the National Roumanian Party of Transylvania, the old Party of the Rou- manians in Transylvania, in which Province as well as in Bukowina, an electoral system on basis of an absolute majority was established, took part in the elections for the first time in 1919 in the Old Kingdom, in the Dobrudga, and in Bessarabia on basis of the universal vote. The elections carried out by the Government of the Generals, under the presidency of General Vaitoianu appointed in September 26, 1919, president of the Council, had 568 deputies to elect. 10 Parties took part in this first election, The National Party of Transylvania obtained 199, the Peasants Party 130, the Liberals 103, the Nationalists and Democrats 27, and the Progressist" Conservatives 16, mandates. The resultof these elections shows clearly how much ground had been lost by the old and powerful Conservative Democrat Party, althoughstillheaded by Tachelonescu.ThisParty hadlost a. greatdealof itspopularity,and has never yet regained it. On basis of the result of the elec. tion, the National Party was charged with the forming of a coalition Government. Its leader, Dr. Iuliu Maniu refused this mission and Dr. Alexandru Vaida Voevod formed the Government in his place. Alexandru Vaida Voevod also represented the country at the peace negotiations. The coalition Government was based on the National Party, the Peasants Party and the Party of Mr. lorga, in the meantime

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Prof. NICOLAE IORGA

www.dacoromanica.ro at Cluj the Council of Direction was functioning and attending to the administrative organization of Transylvania, and at Czernowitz a Directorate with almost identicalattribu- tions for Bessarabia and Bukowina. The life of the Vaida Government was very short, lasting only from December 2, 1919 to March 12, 1920. When the president of the Council was carrying on negotiations at London succeeding in obtaining recognition of the Union of Bessarabia, the members of his Government at Bucharest resigned without his knowledge. The Averescu Government followed that of Vaida Voevod. Tache lonescu was a member of this Government and also certain leaders of the National Party of Transyl- vania, headed by Octavian Goga. The elections of 1920 were carried out on basis of a new decree law by which the number of deputies was reduced to 369. The result of these elections gave 224 seats to the Peoples League. The Averescu administration voted the new agrarian reform and abolished the Council of Direction of Cluj and the Directorate of Czer- nowitz. The Minister of the Interior in this Cabinet was Mr. C. Argetoianu. On December 17, 1921, the Minister for Foreign Affairs, Tache Ionescu, resigned, and consequently, the entire Cabinet. It was Tache lonescu, the head of the Conservative Democrat Party who was charged withthe f orming of the new Government. The portfolio of Finance was given to Nicolae Titulescu. Tache lonescu was obliged to govern with the Averescu Par- liament, by which on January 20, 1922 a vote of blame was passed on the Government, who resigned making way for the Government of lonel Bratianu. The Liberal Party presided at the elections of March and obtained 227 mandates. The first mission of this Government which was in power during four years was to adjust the administration of Roumania to the new situation. They applied the agrarian reform and drew up the Constitution. During the debates on

www.dacoromanica.ro the Constitution, the Nationalists of Transylvania carried on an extremely keen campaign, and having failed to determine the Government to alter the initial draft acconding to their demand, they withdrew from the Chamber and declared that they refused to recognise the Constitution. At the coronation of King Ferdinand and Queen Marie at Alba lulia, the representatives of the National Party were not present. Tache lonescu died in 1932 and a great number of the Conservative Democrat members adhered to the Li- beral Party, or to the National Party of Transylvania, which by this fusion, was transformed from a regional Party into a party of the entire country. The Liberal Party attended chiefly to the economic questions. Because of the intensive economic relations between Transylvania and theformer Monarchy, the Government succeeded in nationalizinga great part of the undertakings of that province and chiefly with Roumanian capital, thus applying Vintila I. C. Bratianu's motto: prin noi in§ine" (through our own means). In December 1925, Crown Prince Carol left for London to represent the Roumanian Royal family at the funeral of the dowager Queen Alexandra of England; instead of retur- ning to the country, he was foreed to send a letter to King Fer- dinand on December 12, stating that he renounced his rights as heir to the throne and as member of the royal family. This being the firm determination of Prince Carol, a Crown Council was heldatSinaia on December 31,all former presidentsofthe Councilas wellasthe leaders of all parties being present. This Crown Council had to take note of the King's decision to accept the prince's renounce- ment and on January 1, 1 926, a report appeared in the Official Monitor announcing that the King had accepted the abdication of the Crown Prince and that Prince Mihai was declared heir to the throne. The Chamber of Deputies held a sitting on January 4 and passed the respective law by

www.dacoromanica.ro 234 votes. On the same day the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate were convened to a common sitting as National Assembly, and voted the law relative to the appointment of the Regency, its members being prince Nicolae, the Pa- triarh Miron Cristea, and the President of the High Court of Cassation, Gheorghe Buzdugan, who were nominated by the King. The Bratianu Government before resigning, voted the new electoral law in 1926. This law, still in power to- day, and the text of which we give in another part, completely changed the present and future internal politics in the country. Its provision, in accordance with which the Party obtaining at least 40% of the total votes expressed, recei- ves a so called electoral premium of 50% of all mandates and which establishes the system of voting by lists, on condition that only the Parties having obtained at least 2% of the votes expressed shall obtain mandates, had the natural result of bringing about the disappearance of the small parties and fractions, and of encouraging fusions. On March 27, 1926, lonel Bratianu resigned and King Ferdinand charged General Averescu with the forming of the Government, which was constituted on March 30 with Octavian Goga, Ion Mitiliniu, Trancu-Iaqi, etc. This Government was f ormed of members of the Peoples Party with the Goldig group of the National Party (Goldi§, Lupaq and Lapedatu). The Ave- rescu Government fixed the date of the elections for May 25. The effects of the new law were seen in these elections. In 1922 twelve political parties were represented in the elections, and in 1926, in the elections held on basis of the new electoral law, only 7 parties. The Magyar and German minorities then took part in the elections for the first time. The National, and the Peasants Parties began negotiations with a view to a fusion, which led to a satisfactory result. Mr. Argetoianu for this reason resigned from the National Party on October 7, and after the completion of the fusion on

www.dacoromanica.ro October 10, Mr. lorga f ollowed his example. By this fusion the National Peasants Party under the Presidency of Mr. Iuliu Maniu became the second of the great Government Par- ties. In the meantime General Averescu had been having difficult times at the Chamber of Deputies because the Oppo- sition had brought forward the question of the return of Prince Carol, which had become the question of the day, since King Ferdinand's health was more than ever a cause of anxiety. A great success of the Averescu Government was the ratification by Italy on March 8, 1927 of the Union of Bessa- rabia with Roumania. On March 20, the Minister Lapedatu resigned from the Government and on the demand of the Prime Minister that a readjustment of the Cabinet be allowed, King Ferdinand demanded the formation of a Natio- nal Government within three days,this intention of the King being broughttotheknowledgeofallParties through the Minister of the Palace, on May 30. As Gene- ral Averescu was unable to form this Government, he was obliged to resign on June 4, and on June 5 the Govern- ment was formed under thepresidency of Prince Barbu Stirbey, with the participation of representatives of all the Parties. However within a few days, owing to divergencies in regard to the electoral campaign, the Liberal Ministers resigned together with three other Ministers. Prince Stirbey himself resigned on June 20, recommending to the Sove- reign, a Government of Officials, presided by the Minister of the Palace, Hiott, a proposal which was, however, not accepted. The King charged lonel I.C. Bratianu with the forming of the new Government and the Liberal Cabinet was constituted the same day with loan I.C. Bratianu as president of the Council and Minister for Foreign Affairs ad interim,I.G. Duca, Vintila Bra'tianu, C. Argetoianu, Dr. Lupu, Stelian Popescu, Al. Lapedatu, I.Inculet,I.Nistor,

www.dacoromanica.ro C. Dimitriu, General Paul Angelescu and Professor Mrazec. The undersecretaries of State were Gh. Cipaianu, R. Fra- nasovici, Gh. Tatarescu and Al. Perieteanu. The elections were held on July 8 for the Chamber of Deputies and on July 12 for the Senate. The Liberals obtained 314 seats, the National Peasants 57 and the German-Magyar Block 14. King Ferdinand died of cancer on July 20, 1927. Prince Mihai was at once proclaimed King and the Regency nominated by King Ferdinand entered into function. lonel Bra- tianu handed in the resignation of the Government, but the Regency rejected it. On November 24, 1927, after a very short illness, Ione! I. C. Bratianu died of amygdalitis (ton- cilitis), in consequence of suffocation and after a surgical operation. The members of the Government once more resigned and the brother of the late Ione! Bratianu, Vintila I. C. Bratianu was appointed president of the Government. All the members of the Government kept their portfolios. The Regency began by getting into touch with the leaders of the various parties. General Averescu as well as Iuliu Ma- niu, formulated resserves in regard to the Government, and Maniu declared that an understanding between the Govern- ment and the Opposition could only be brought about after the dissolving of Parliament and free elections. All attempts failed and on December 7,1927, theNational Peasants Party withdrew from the Chamber of Deputies and opened a kind of Counter-Parliament. The National Peasants agitation against the Government took more and more accentuated forms, culminating on March 18, 1928 by a National Peasant Meeting at Bucharest, in which almost 100.000 persons took part. On July, 1928, the National Peasants Party held a congress at Alba lulia in the presence of an immense multitude. On November 3,1928, the Liberal Government resigned, giving as the reasons for their resignation the following:

69 www.dacoromanica.ro The negotiations in view of stabilization and of the loan being almost terminated, Mr. Vintila Bratianu considers it necessary, to ensure the application and continuity of th6 financial consolidation policy, to advise the formnig of a Government of National solidarity and concord". Not having succeeded in bringing about this result and finding it impossible to continue his mission efficaciously, Mr. Vintila Bratianu handed to the High Regency the resignation of the Cabinet presided over by him. The foreign Bankers with whom the Government had negotiated the stabilization and development loans, demanded a written guarantee of continuity, and that the application of the laws should not be carried out only by one party. For this reason it was necessary for Vintila Bratianu's resignation to be accepted. He recommended the forming of a Government of representatives of all the Parties to work with the existing Parliament. The regency wished to form a National Government, but the various attempts which lasted up to November 9, 1928 led to no result. At that date Mr. Titulescu returned to the country and was charged with the forming of a National Government. He proposed the following solution: that the Liberal Parliament vote the loan and afterwards that Parlia- ment be dissolved and new elections held. The first part of the solution proposed was refused by Iuliu Maniu, and the second part by Vintila Bratianu; consequently Mr. Ti- tulescu withdrew, and on November 10,1928, Mr. Iuliu Maniu was charged with the forming of the Government. The Cabinet was constituted as follows; Iuliu Maniu, Dr. Al. Vaida Voevod, I. Mihalache, M. Poliovici, V. Madgearu, Ge- neral Al. Alevra, Gr. lunian, G. G. Mironescu,I. Radu- canu, N. Costachescu, Dr. A. Vlad, General Cihosky, Sever Dan, Pan Halippa, V. Nitescu, Sever Bocu, and Sauciuc Saveanu. The undersecretaries were:I.Lugo§ianu, D. R. loanitescu, Ed. Mirto, Dr. Aurel Dobrescu and Virgil Po-

70 www.dacoromanica.ro tarca. The elections were held on December 18 and gave the following results: National Peasants 348, Liberals 13, Averescu-lorga 5, Lupu's Party 5 and the Magyars 13. The Parliament began an intense activity, voting the stabilization law, the loan, and the administrative reform which had the result of the withdrawal of the Liberal Party from Par- liament on July 19, 1929. The Police Reform, the Agricul- tural Credit Law, the Law for the Circulation of Agricul- tural goods, etc. were also realized. To balance the Bud- get, new taxes were created and the number of public officials was decreased. On October 5, 1929, the Regent Buzdugan died, and in his place Mr. C. Sarkeanu Counsellor of the Court of Cas- sation was elected. The decision regarding the above candidature provoked various complications and some dissatisfaction. As the new Regent was closely related to the Mi- nister M. Popovici, Minister of Finance, the latter resigned. In 1930, the Liberal Party began a violent campaign a- gainst the Maniu Government. At the communal and district elections, the Government still had the majority, but the Liberals also obtained numerous votes. In the meantime the action of the groups who were discussing the return of Prince Carol had increaspd. Certain papers continually brought f or- ward this question and such papers were confiscated almost daily. The current in favour of Prince Carol's return had penetrated even to the villages and several members of the Government had adopted a favourable attitude in this regard. As may be seen from a memorandum of Iuliu Maniu, the Government itself considered the matter, indirectly, and was not adversed to this idea. On June 5, Prince Carol left Munich on a private aeroplane arriving on the morning of June 6 at Someseni, from where he continued his journey' on a military plane, piloted by captain Opris, to Bucharest. The Government having received the news of Prince Carol's

www.dacoromanica.ro arrival on the territory of Roumania, held a permanent Ca- binet Council to discuss the manner in which thePrince should be received, and the questions connected with his return. On June 6, 1930, Prirrce Carol reached the civil ae- rodrome at Baneasa. The discussions of the Cabinet were then centred around the question as to whether the Prince was to mount the throne or to enter the Regency. Mr. Maniu waited upon the prince during the night of June 6, 1930 at Cotroceni and informed him of his intention to resign. From Cotroceni Mr. Maniu went to the Regency to hand in the resignation of the Government. This resignation was accepted and on June 7, 1930, Mr. Mironescu was charged with the forming of the Government. The National Assembly was convened for June 7. The Chamber of Deputies and the Senate had held separate sittings beforehand and at the Senate Mr. Mironescu had read the names of the newly nominated Government. On June 8,1930, the Assembly abrogatedarticle 6 and 7 of the Statutes of the Royal Family, and by Parliamentary initiative the title of Great Voevod of Alba Iulia was given to the heir of the throne. Grigore lunian proposed the annulment of all acts from January 4,1 92 6, the abolition of the Regency and the proclamation of Prince Carol as heir to the throne. The bill was passed by 485 votes against one. In the meantime the Regents the Patriarh Miron and C. Sara- teanu had resigned. On June 8, 1930, in the afternoon, King Carol took the oath. Mr. Mironescu was received in audience by the King to whom he presented his resignation, which was accepted. The King expressed the wish that a Government of concentration be formed. On the occasion of the meeting held by the Committee of the National Liberal Party, Mr. Gheor- ghe Bratianu, son of Mr. lonel Bratianu, declared that he

72 www.dacoromanica.ro could not subscribe to a decision which divides the country into two parts". In consequence of thisdeclarationMr. Gheorghe Bratianu was excluded from the National Liberal Party. Gheorghe Bratianu proclaimed the dissidence and was followed by several of the more striking personalities of the old Party. The efforts made to constitute a concentration Govern- ment having failed, the misson of forming the Government was entrusted to Iuliu Maniu, but on the same day Mr. Ma- niu lay down his mandate since the Sovereign had asked him to accept in his cabinet members not belonging to the Na- tional Peasants Party, That this plan might be realised, Ma- niu proposed that the Government be formed by any one of the Vice Presidents of the Party or by General Presan, assuring such Government of his support and of that of the National Peasants Party. General Presan accepted the mandate. All the leaders of Parties, excepting' Mr. Vintila Bra- tianu assured him, that they would participate in the concentration Government, but as, owing to the refusal of the Liberal Party, General Presan was not able to realise the collaboration of all parties demanded, he withdrew. Mr. Ti- tulescu's efforts also failed and on June13, 1930,Maniu was again charged with the forming of the Government, in which he succeeded with Mr. Manoilescu as Minister of Com- munications and General Condeescu as Minister of War. The acceptation of Mr. Manoilescu aroused great dissatisfaction within the National Peasants Party, because Ma- noilescu in the years1926-1927had been undersecretary for Finance in the Averescu Government, and had been a member of the National Peasants Party for one year only. This fact together with other, considerably great difficulties were added vehement attacks on the part of the press, led to another Ministerial crisis. In the August of1930Mr. Ti- tulescu was recalled to the country and public opinion con-

www.dacoromanica.ro sidered this arrival as the introduction to a change of Go- vernment. During the two years since the return of the King, Mr. Titulescu's name had often been pronounced as the future Prime Minister and suggestions in this direction had even been received by him. However the Roumanian Minister at London, who had managed the internal policy of the country and who, since he was a member of no political party, was completely independent, did not consider the moment suitable to accept so difficult a mission. The arrival of Mr. Ti- tulescu was really in connection with other questions and the Maniu Government remained inoffice until October 6, 1930, when in consequence of a number of misunderstandings, Mr. Maniu resigned. The King did not desire a change of regime and he charged Mr. Mironescu, Vice President of the National Peasants Party, who had been up to that moment Minister for Foreign Affairs in the Maniu Cabinet, with the forming of the Government. The Mironescu Government included Messrs. Mihalache, Madgearu,Popovici,Junian, Manoilescu and Voicu Nitescu. The remaining members were maintained. Maniu left for abroad and Vaida, who declared himself solidary with Maniu, withdrew to Cluj. In De- cember 1930, Vintila Bratianu died and I.G. Duca was elected president of the Liberal Party in his place. The Mi- ronescu Government had many difficultiestocontend against. The negotiations for the closing of a loan were very toilsome,the atmosphere surrounding thesenegotiations being unfavourable both in the country and abroad. The conditions in which the loan was contracted were sufficiently hard, however it was closed. Mr. Mihai Popovici, Minister of Finance, resigned, and a few days later was followed by the Minister Manoilescu who had brought in several bills, some of which were rejected by the Chamber of Deputies. In April 1932, Mr. Octavian Goga abandoned the Peoples Party and created the Natio-

www.dacoromanica.ro nal Agrarian Party. On April 4,1931, the resignation of the Mironescu Cabinet was accepted. The Prime Minister graphicly charged Mr. Titulescu with its formation. Mr. Ti- tulescu with its formation. Mr. Titulescu who as Minister at being charged with the management of affairs until the new Government to be f ormed. The Sovereign once more expressed the wish for a concentrat4on Government and tele- graphiclychargedMr.Titulescuwithitsformation. Mr.TitulescuwhoasMinisteratLondon andac- tual headof Roumania'sf oreignpolicy,had obtained greatsuccessabroad and enjoyed much authorityin the contry, now acepted the mission. He arrived in the country on April 9 and after a four hours' audience with the King began negotiations with the heads of the various parties. During 14 days he endeavoured to constitute a Go- vernment of National Union. All the leaders admitted the idea in principle, but professor lorga, who had also promised toparticipateinthis Government, wrotein hispaper It may be said with certainty, that a Government of Na- tional Union will not be formed". The reason was the riva- lity between the parties and the misunderstandings between their leaders. Each head had an individual audience with the King and to each a cordial appeal for collaboration was made by His Majesty. Both Mr. Maniu and Mr. I. G. Duca declared that, should the National Union Government be formed, they would enter it as Ministers without portfolio. The agreement as to principly was distroyed by the exactions of the parties of General Averescu, George Bra- tianu and Lupu, who were solidary in their refusal to enter the Government. The plan of a largely formed national union Government having failed, on April 17, the Liberal and the National Peasants Parties came to an understanding with Mr. Titulescu in regard to their entering a concentration Go- vernment to which Mr. lorga also adhered. Mr. Titulescu

www.dacoromanica.ro had an audience at the Palace, after which the great Parties were invited do accept one of the three following solutions: 1. A concentration Government composed of the National Peasants, the Liberal, and the Jorga Parties, with common lists at the elections. 2. A National Union Government, composed of all Par- ties in the form proposed originally by Mr. Titulescu, but without common lists, the elections to be carried out on separate lists. 3. A Government of Officials, the heads of Parties to participate as Ministers without poAfolio, the elections to be effected by separate lists. Mr. Titulescu demanded 71 mandates and that the Ministries of the Interior, for Foreign Affairs, and of Finance, be placed at his disposal irrespective as to the results of the elections. Both the Liberals under the leadership of Mr. Duca, and the National Peasants accepted the second and the third formulas. The agreement was closed on the following bases: Disso- lution of the Chamber of Deputies, common lists at the elections,1 00 mandates for the National Peasants,1 00 for the Old Liberals, 70 for the friends of Mr. Titulescu and the rest to fall to the Parties of Gheorghe Bratianu, Lupu and Averescu. Of the portfolios two each were to fall to the National Peasants, to the old Liberals and to the friends of Titulescu ;one each to the three smaller parties; two undersecretariates to the National Peasants and one to a friend of Mr. Titulescu's. However the smaller parties refused altogether. Titulescu then adhered to the idea of forming a Government of technologists and specialists, composed as follows: Titulescu, President of the Council and Minister of the Interior; D. Ghica, Minister for Foreign Affairs; lorga, Education; Professor I. Cantacuzino Labour and Health; Ga- roflid Communications; Zauceanu Finance; the Counsellor of the Court of Cassation, Lupu, Justice; General Condeescu,

76 www.dacoromanica.ro the Army; I. Camarasescu Agriculturea, and Professor Vasi- elscu-Carpen Industry. As undersecretaries: Gh. Cr4an, professor Cadere and Savel Radulescu. The Government was to work with the existing Parliament. C. Argetoianu and Grigore Filipescu were against this solution. In the meantime Argetoianu had been negotiating with professorlorga to whom he had proposed the forming of a Government under the presidency of the latter. Mr. lorga accepted and asked Mr. Maniu for Parliamentary support for a lorga Govern- ment with Argtoianu as Minister of the Interior. Mr. Maniu refused. On April 18, at one p. m. Titulescu was received in audience by the King, who demanded that C. Argetoianu be appointed Minister of the Interior in the Titulescu Cabi- net, which Mr. Titulescu would not accept. The National Peasants categorically opposed collaboration with Argeto- ianu, and at 4 p. m. when a new audience was held, Titu- lescu withdrew. The same day, April 18, 1931; Professor Iorga was charged with the forming of the Government after a common audience with Mr. Argetoianu. The surprise at this was general. The lorga Government was formed as follows: lorga Pre- sident of the Council and Minister of Education; Argetoianu Finance and the Interior; Dr. Cantacuzino Labour and Health; Manoilescu Industry; D. Ghica Foreign Affairs;Professor Valcovici Communications; Hamangiu Justice; Professor lonescu SisestiAgriculture; General .5tefanescu Amza, the Army. Undersecretaries: Munteanu Ramnic and N. Ottescu. Camarasescu had been proposed for the Ministery of the In- terior and V. V. Tilea as undersecretary, but as they were members of the National Peasants Party, they refused. Mr. Manoilescu, also a member of the National Peasants Party, disregarded the instructions of the Party in accepting the portfolio offered to him, for which he was excluded by the National Peasants. The lorga Government had a great many

www.dacoromanica.ro enemies at the moment of their coming intopower. The dissolving of the Chamber caused a sensation and aroused protests on the Part of the National Peasants. The General elections were fixed for the month of lune.Negotiations were carried on with the various parties and an agreement was reached with the Liberals and with the German Minority. The results of the elections were as follows: The National Union, composed of Mr. Duca's Liberals, the National Party of Mr. lorga and the Agrarian League of Mr. Argetoianu, 289 mandates, the National Peasants 30,Gheorghe Bra- tianu's Liberals 12, General Averescu 1 0, the Magyars /1 0, Dr. Lupu's Peasants 7, Mr. Cuza's Antisemitic League 8, the Social Democrats 6, the Communists under the title of the Labour Block" 5, the League against Usuary 6 and the title of the Labour Block" 5, the League against Usuary 6 and the Jews 4. The lorga Government commenced with two welcome measures: prohibition for priests to celebrate mass and to accept the oath on the occasion of political manifestations, and the creation of a Ministry of the Minorities, Rudolf Brandsh an old leader of the Saxons of the country, being appointed undersecretary of this Ministry. Argetoianu announced great reforms, but the general impression was that the Govern- ment was provisional. A very important act was the cartel with the Old Liberals by which their road towards an understanding with the Crown was made smooth. In the meantime, Mr. Maniu, on lune 22, had resigned both from the leadership of the National Peasants Party and from Parlia- ment, and had withdrawn to bis estate at Wadacin. The letter by which he handed in his resignation gave no reasons, but everyone knew, that the cause was a serious misunderstanding, and Maniu's fear of a dictatorship. The leadership of the Party remained open, Mr. Mihalache acted

www.dacoromanica.ro as leader provisionally, Mr. Vaida being charged with the leadership of the Party in Transylvania. The financial situation of the Government was growing more difficult from day to day and the dissatisfaction among the officials was increasing. On June 2,1932, Mr. lorga resigned because the King had asked him to present within 8 days, concrete solution for the improvement of the financial situation. He handed in his resignation by the following letter: In view of the budget difficulties which I can see no way of fully and immediatelyovercoming,excepting by a Government supported by a powerful party,I beg Your Majesty to accept the resignation of the Cabinet that I have during one year, had the very painful duty of presiding. I beg Your Majesty to believe me in future also". On June 5, Mr. Titulescu was charged with the forming of a concentration Government, but withdrew on June 6, and on June 7, the same mission was given to Mr. Vaida, i.e. the forming of a Government by elections carried on by all parties, or at any rate the majority of the parties. This also failed, almost all parties refusing their support. On june 8,1932, the Vaida Government was formed, it being decided that the elections should be carried out by thernThese electiops were held between July 17 and 30 and the National Peasants Party obtained a majority of 40,30%, the exact limit fixed by the electoral law. Almost all parties were given mandates. Since the National Peasants had obtained the absolute majority in the Chamber of De- puties, they were called upon to take over the Government. Mr. Vaida resigned after the elections and the Party chose Mr. Maniu who in turn refused. Mr. Mihalache also refused and resigned from his post as president ad interim of the Party, to make way for Mr. Maniu. The leadership of the

www.dacoromanica.ro Party was then offered to Mr. Vaida, who also refused, and finally, on August 2, 1932, Mr. Maniu resumed the leadership. On August 12 the Government resigned and Mr. Maniu and Mr. Mihalache having refused, Mr. Vaida formed the Government on August 13. At the end of September, a serious conflict arose between the Government and Mr. Ti- tulescu, owing to thenegotiations withRusia, the result of which was the resignation of Mr. Titulescu on Septem- ber 26, 1932, both from his post of Roumanian Minister at London and from all the delegations given to him. The Go- vernment rejected his resignation and invited him to return to Bucharest, where he was offered the portfolio of the Mi- nistry for Foreign Affairs, which he accepted on October 10. On October 1 4, Mr. Vaida presented to the Sovereign the resignation of the Government which was accepted on Oc- tober 17, a Maniu Government being appointed, with Mi. ronescu as Vice President and Mr. Titulescu at the Ministry for Foreign Affairs. Mr. Vaida withdrew to Cluj. On January the 5th, Mihalache resigned. On January 6 he was granted an audience which led to no result, and Ma- niu, in sympathy with Millalache, resigned from the Govern- ment. Mr. Vaida took the place of Maniu and with Miro- nescu still at the Ministry of the Interior and Titulescu at the Ministry for Foreign Affairs, formed the Government. Maniu and Mihalache withdrew from the leadership of the National Peasants Barty and both left for abroad. The internal situation called for the institution of martial law, a measure disapproved both by Mr. Maniu and by Mi- halache. On May 1, matters were further complioated by the discovery of the Skoda Affair. Mr. Maniu, announcing, on May 1st, his decision to maintain his withdrawal from the leadership, Mr. Vaida was elected to this leadership on May 6th. On May 21st, 150.000 peasants marched past the new

www.dacoromanica.ro chief at Bucharest, however certain organizations were seen to manifest openly for Maniu. The divergence within the Party, between the partisans of Maniu and Vaida became daily more marked, culminating in an article which appeared in the paper Patria", written and signed by Zaharia Boila, nephew of Mr. Maniu. In consequence of their attitude, certain intimate friends of Mr. Maniu's, Zaharia Boila, Aurel Leucutia and Ilie Lazar were excluded from the party. In answer to this exclusion, the partisans of Mr. Maniu met at Sovata and manifested warmly in favour of Mr. Maniu, approving his policy as against the concilient policy of Mr. Vaida. Mr. Mihalache was also preparing difficulties for the Government by his statement at Campulung, in which he asked for restabilation of the currency, revision of the Cons- titution, and adoption of the Maniu programme. The Govern- ment ignored all these difficulties, and was further accused of favourizing the extreme right, in the first place the Iron Guard-. On November 7, Mr. Vaida had an audience with the Sovereign in consequence of which the Government resigned. The cause of this resignation was of an external and internal order, the dissatisfaction produced by the extension of the extreme right movements, which had been allowed to become threatening without any counteraction on the part of the Government, and the hitlerist agitation of the Sa- xons. The liberals, under the leadership of Mr. Duca announced a mass manifestation at Bucharest on November 15. Finally, the majority of the National Peasants began showing a growing tendency in favour of Mr. Maniu's ideas. Vaida resigned from the Government formally on Novem- ber 12, 1933 and on lgovember 15, from the leadership of the National Peasants Party. Mr. I. G. Duca was charged with the forming of the new Government, in which he was asked tocollaborate with Gh. Bratianu and with Octavian Goga. He could come to an

6 81

www.dacoromanica.ro understanding with neither, and consequently on November 1 4, 1933, the Duca Government of a purely Liberal formation, took the oath. The elections for the Chamber were held on the 20 of December and for the Senate on the 28 and 29. In the meantime the Government had dissolved the Iron Guard Organization. On December 30, 1933, the Prime Mi- nister I. G. Duca was assassinated in the Station of Sinaia. After the assassination of Mr. Duca. Mr. Angelescu, the oldest Minister among the members of the Government was charged with the forming of the Government, which after 5 days was replaced by the Tatarescu Government still in power to-day. The Tatarescu Government maintained the dissolving of the Iron Guard and settled the question of the conversion of the peasants' debts.Constantin I.C. Bra- tianu was elected leader of the National Liberal Party. The abstaining from the vote of the partisans of Mr. Vaida on the occasion of the general elections of December 1 933, caused dissatisfaction among the National Peasants, and Mr. Mihalache attempted to bring about an improvement in the relations between Vaida and Maniu, but without result. On March 8, negotiations began between the Natio- nal Peasants and Dr. Lupu's party with a view to a fusion, which was effected. The conflict between the Vaidists" and the Manists" (partisans of Vaida and of Maniu), became daily more acute. Vaida, as leader in Transylvania, excluded the former Minister Sever Bocu from the Party. The misunderstandings reached their culminating point on the occasion of the sitting of the executive committee of the Party, when Mr. Vaida f or the first time issued the idea of the numerus proportionalis" or numeris valachicus", the consequence of which, since this idea was not approved by the party was his withdrawal and the formation of the Frontul Romanesc Party. The leadership of the National

www.dacoromanica.ro Peasants in Transylvania was taken over by the former Mi- nister Mihai Popovici. In the summer of 1935, Goga's Party fusioned with the Christian League of National Defence", Cuza's Party, under the name of National Christians Party. Mr. Cuza was elected supreme chief and Mr. Goga active president of the new Party. The Tatarescu Government, enjoying the confidence of the Crown, has up to the present, apart from the conversion law, realized the question of the arming of the country, by the help of the foreign and the native industry, and the unification of the penal code and penal procedure. The internal policy sketched by us chiefly chronolo- gically in the above pages, leaving it to the various parties to give the summary of the work carried out by their Go- vernments shows one very important point for the future evolution of Roumania: the unification of the country. Rou- mania, unitary from the national, administrative, legislative and economic point of view, up to 1919, became by the Union with Transylvania, the Banate, Bukowina and Bessa- rabia, a State with five kinds of laws, and the same number of administrations, with a railway net directed towards different centres, an economy depending on various States, and a Roumanian population which for some time manifested regionalistic tendencies. A gigantic work with happy results can be seen in the improvement of this situation. In the first place the economy of the country has been nationalized. Fo- reign capital has ceded the place to Roumanian capital, which only began developping in the 20th century, and has now nationalized all the more important industries, without dri- ving out foreign, capital which has maintained its participation while losing its decisive role. In this regard we must recall Mr. Vintila Bratianu's motto: prin noi in§ine", which has led to this action of nationalization. The railways have

www.dacoromanica.ro been brought into a system so that all the principal lines now run towards the Capital of the country. By the building of modern high-roads, begun under the National Pea- sants Government, a net has been obtained, also leading to the centre of the country. As regards legislation, all Go- vernments have helped in the work of unification. By the Constitution and by the electoral law of 1926, the bases of internal politics were unified in the entire country. Each new law voted by the Legislative Bodies has marked a step forward in this direction. Hand in hand with these positive and practical realizations, the spiritual unification has been carried on. The minorities have also understood the genuineness of this policy and their collaboration has a centripetal tendency. In the same way a complete lack of regionalism can now be ascertained as regards the Roumanians in the different new territories; the National Party of Transylvania has fusioned with the Peasants Party, the two parties having now melted into each other completely and being under the leadership of a personality of the Old Kingdom; many Tran- sylvanian leaders are now important members in the various old parties, and Goga, also a Transylvanian, is actually president of a large Party with ramifications all over the country. While many of the Succession States are struggling against the separatist and regionalistic tendencies, the spiritual unification in Roumania can be considered as completely realised. Each party has some of the merits of this result, for each has pursued this object with the same fervour.

www.dacoromanica.ro THE CHAMBER OF DEPUTIES AND THE SENATE

By the convention of Paris of 1858, the Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia, constituted under the name of Uni- ted Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia, were left under the sovereignty of the Sultan of Turkey and under the collective guarantee of the contracting powers. By this convention the seven great European powers established the organization of the United Principalities (Mol- davia and Wallachia) on a constitutional basis in accordance with the wishes of both Principalities, freely expressed in the Divans held ad-hoc in 1857, and transmitted to the European Commission instituted at Bucharest on basis of art. 23 of the Paris Treaty of 1856. The legislative power was exercised collectively by the Domn" (Prince), by an Elective Assembly and by a Cen- tral Commission resident at Focani, whose mission it was to draw up the laws interesting both Principalities, to be voted later by the Assemblies of each country. The Union of the Principalities having been realized by the elections of January 5, and 24, 1859, held at Ia*i and Bucharest, by which Prince Alexandru Ion I. Cuza became the Domn of both Principalities, a single Ministery being formed on January, 1, 1862 and a single Assembly for both countries, the Central Commission being abolished, it was found that certain articles of the convention of 1858 had become inapplicable and Prince Alexandru Ion I. Cuza then decreed and promulgated on July 2, 1864 the Statutes De-

www.dacoromanica.ro velopping the Convention of Paris of 7/9 August 1858, these Statutes being ratified by the Sultan and by the Great Powers who were the guarantees. On basis of the Statutes, the Public and legal powers were entrusted to and were to be exercised collectively by the Domn, the Ponderating Assembly( theSenate) andthe Elective Assembly. The Senate was composed of :the Metropolitan of the country, theBishops of the Eparchies,(the Diocesan Bi- shops), the first President of the Court of Cassation, the oldest of the Generals of the Army in active service, and apart from these, of 64 members to be appointed by the Domn: Half of these 60 to be persons recommended by their merit and experience and the other half to be chosen from among the members of the General Councils of the Districts, one for each district. A third of the members of the senate were to be renewed every two years but only those appointed by the Domn. The Metropolitan Primate of Roumania was by right the president of the Senate: two Vice Presidents were to be appointed by the Domn from among the members of that Body, while the remaining members of the Committee were to be elected by the Senate. The Elective Assembly was composed of deputies elected by the vote of 2 classes of citizens: The electors, who voted directly, and those who voted indirectly. The indirect electors were all Roumanians, who, according to the communal law, were electors in the communal councils and paid to the State a certain tax varying according to categories, between 48 and 100 piastres. The directelectors were Roumanians who could prove that they had an income of 100 galbeni" (1 galben being equal to 12 Gold Lei), and that they paid taxes to the State amounting to 4 galbeni. The right of vote was exercised from the age of

www.dacoromanica.ro 25 years completed. The following were entitled to vote as direct electors without the qualifications relative to income and taxes, if they fulfilled the other conditions demanded: priests, professors of the Academies and Lyceums, Doctors and Licentiates of the various faculties, engineers and architects with diplomas issued by or recognized by the Govern- ment, the teachers of public schools as well as the Directors of private schools, recognized by the Government. Civil and Military Officials who had retired from service were direct electors if they could prove that they received an annual pension of at least 3000 piastres. The following conditions were asked for the right to be elected deputy: Roumanian Nationality by birth or naturalization; completion of 30 years of age; the quality of elector, and the payment of the eligibility taxes. Those who had held important posts in the State, retired officers of high rank, professors and all those who exercised corresponding liberal professions, were exempt from such taxes. The indirect electors gave their vote collectively by the chobsing of a direct elector. Any commune with 50 indirect electors, elected a direct elector. The vote for the choice of the direct electors was given openly; the vote for the election of deputies was secret. The Law provided a minute electoral procedure. The election was made on basis of the absolute majority of the votes cast and established as valid. The mandate of deputy was incompatible with that of Mi- nister, of Member of the Court of Cassation,of Attorney attached to the Courts and Tribunals, of Director and of Head of a section of the various Ministries and Prefectures, of Prefect, Subprefect, Chief or Superintendent of Police, as well as of that of Members of the Army in Activity. The Domn alone was the initiator of the laws, bills could bly, from among its members. The Vice Presidents, the Se- cretaries, and the Questors were elected by the Assembly.

www.dacoromanica.ro The Domn alone was the initiater of the laws, bills could be presented only by him. The revenues and expenditure budget was drawn up by the executive power by which it was submitted to the vote of the Elective Assembly. The latter were entitled to amend it at their discretion; only after being voted by this Assembly could the budget come into force. However the Statutes of 1864 did not last long, they were abolished by the revolutionary movement of February 11, 1866, by which Prince Cuza was dethroned, for the purpose of fulfilling point 3 of the wishes expressed and voted by the Divans held ad-hoc at Iasi and Bucharest in 1857, i.e. A foreign Prince, elected to an hereditary throne from among the reigning dynasties of Europe, whose heirs shall be brought up in the religion of the country". In consequence of the dethroning of Prince Alexandru Ion I. Cuza a Lieutenancy was instituted composed of three persons: General M. Golescu, Lascar Catargiu and Colo- nel N. Haralamb, and the Ministry nominated by this Lieu- tenancy placed on the table of the Constituent Assembly, the draft of a constitution which was debated on, amended, voted and finally decreed on June 30, 1866, and promulgated on July 1, 1866. Article 82 of this constitution stipulates that the constitutional powers of he Prince are hereditary, in the direct and legitime descendants of Prince Carol I of Honzollern- Sigmaringen, from first son to first son, women and their descendants being perpetually excluded. It is on this constitution that Prince Carol I of Hohen- zollern-Sigmaringen took the oath provided by article 87. He was elected by plebiscite of the Roumanian people and was the founder of the Roumanian dynasty, the first King of Roumania after the war of Independence of 1877-1878

www.dacoromanica.ro Mr. N. N. SAVEANU

www.dacoromanica.ro and the creator and organizer of modern Roumania, by his long and wise reign of almost 48 years. The Constitution of 1866 provided that the legislative power should be exercised collectively by the Prince and the Representatives of the Nation in two Assemblies; the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies. Two members to the Senate were to be elected for each district, one by college I, composed of the landed proprietors of the district with an income from their lands of at least 300 galbeni, the other by college II of the residential towns, composed of the owners of real estate with an income of up to 300 galbeni. To be eligible as senator, besides the other conditions, the age of 40 years was stipulated and an income of any nature, of 800 galbeni. The Universities of Iai and Bucharest sent one member each to the Senate elected from among the respective professors. The heir to the throne from the age of 18 years, the Metropolitans and the Diocesan Bishops were members by right of the Senate. The President of theSenate and the Members of the Committee were elected by the Senate. The Members of the Senate were to be elected for 8 years, and half their number to be renewed every 4 years, one member for each district to be drawn for retirement; the retiring members were reeligible. In case of dissolution, the entire Senate was to be renewed, This provision of the constitution was applied only once during the twelve years Government of Ion C. Brkianu, when at the elections of 1884, the Senate after four years of functioning, was renewed by the drawing of lots for the retirement of half its members. The Chamber is elected as follows: The electorate is divided into three electoral colleges in each district. The electors of the first college are those who, apart from

www.dacoromanica.ro the general qualifications demanded of all electors, have an income from rural or urban property amounting to at least 1.200 Lei. All those vote in the second college who, apart from the other qualifications, have their domicile and residence in towns and pay to the State, yearly taxes of whatever nature amounting to at least 20 Lei. The following are exempt from the above qualification in this college. a) Member's of the liberal professions. b) Retired officers. c) State pensioners. d) Those who have finished at leastthepreparatory school classes. All State communes in one district, f orm a single college together with the town of residence. The third college comprises all those who are not electors in the first and second colleges, and pay to the State a tax, however small. , The electors of this college who have a basis income of Lei 300 and upward, and can read and write, can express their vote either directly to the deputy in the town of residence, or indirectly through the delegate of their commune together with the electors who cannot read and have not the necessary qualification. The following can also vote directly without the pecuniary qualification being fulfilled. a) Village teachers and priests. b) Those who pay a yearly rent of at least 1000 Lei. 50 electors elect one delegate. The mayor, the notary, the tax collector, the head of the garrison as well as all other public officials cannot be elected as delegates. The above three colleges elect directly as follows: Two

www.dacoromanica.ro delegates for each district with the exception of the following districts Ilfov,Iasi, Do lj,Buzau, Mehedinti, Prahova, Te- leorman, Bacau, Putna, Boto§ani and Tutova, for which the following number of deputies are elected: Ilfov 5; I* and Do lj 4 each; Buzau, Mehedinti, Prahova, Teleorman, Bacau, Putna, Boto§ani and Tutova 3 each. The second college elects as follows: Bucharest 9 deputies, Jassy 6, Craiova and Ploesti 4 each; Braila, Turnu Ma- gurele, Bacau, Roman, Galati, Foc§ani, Bar lad and Botosani 3 each; Buzau, Giurgiu, Hu§i, Pite§ti and Turnu-Severin 2 each; and the other districts one each. The third college elects one deputy for each district, excepting the following: Ilfov, Do lj, Mehedinti, Prahova, Bu- zau, Bacau, Putna and Suceava, for which 2 each are elected. The elective law specifies all further conditions, as well as the procedure of the elections. To be entitled to vote it is necessary: a) to be a Rouma- nian by birth or to have obtained complete naturalization. b) To enjoy civil and political rights. c) To have completed the age of 25 years. d) To be domiciled in Roumania. The constitution of 1866 amended for the first time in 1879 to adjust it to the provisions of article 7 relative to naturalization, of the Treaty of Berlin of 1878, was modified more fully in 1884 in consequence of the new situation created by the War of Independence of 1877-1878 and the raising of Roumania to the rank of Kingdom. The number of Senators was increased to 120, and after the voting of the Law of April 14, 1910 for the granting of political rights and representation in Parliament to the citizens of the two districts of the Dobrogea given to Rou- mania by the Treaty of Berlin of 1878, the number of Se- nators was increased to 126. The constitution of 1866 was amended for the third time in 1917, during the war for the Union of the Roumanian

www.dacoromanica.ro Race, by the constituent Assemblies at Ia§i, to which town the Government had withdrawn. They voted the great social reforms: the expropriation for social utility, of the land of the great rural proprietors, for the purpose of giving such land to the soldiers who had taken part in the war and to the peasants who had no land, and the introduction of universal suffrage that the lower masses of the nation might take part in the public life of the State. At the end of the world war, Roumania having realized her millenary dream by the Union of the Roumanian Pro- vinces and the Old Kingdom under the single sceptre of the great King FerdinandI,thefirstParliament of Great Roumania was elected by the universal vote of the citizens of all the Provinces. The Senate of the first Parliament was composed of 254 Senators, and at the following elections the number of senators was reduced to 196. Under the Constitutional regime of 1866, the differences between the qualifications asked for eligibility as regards Se- nators, and as regards Deputies, were based only on income, the age of 40 years, being in addition demanded for the Senators. This difference was so slight all deputies being in fact rich men and many of them advanced in age that it may be said both Legislative Bodies had much the same composition. The new Constitution of March 1923, of Great Roumania, organized the Senate on another basis, to mark a greater difference between it and the Chamber of Deputies. It established the principle that the Senate was to be composed of : Senators elected by electors of 40 years of age and up ward, by obligatory, equal, direct and secret vote; Sena- tors elected by the electoral colleges of the District and communal Councils, also by obligatory, equal, direct and secret vote, one Senator for each district; Senators elected by the

www.dacoromanica.ro professional Chambers: the members of the Chambers of Commerce, of Industry, of Agriculture and of Labour, meet in separate Colleges" and elect from among themselves, one Senator for each category and for each electoral cir- cumscription, the number of circumscriptions not to be of more than six; and finally the Senators elected by the Colle- ges of University Professors, one Senator for each University. The Senators by law", who owing to their high position in the State and in the Church, represent in the Senate the learned professions and the Confessions recognised by the State, and the Senators by law, who owing to their experience and competency are an important factor in the legislation of the different question submitted to the deliberations of the Senate. The number of the Senators is at present 249 and of the Deputies 385. The Senate enjoys the same Constitutional rights and prerogatives as the Chamber of Deputies with certainrestric- tions relative to the initiative of financial laws, as follows: a) The State Budget is voted only by the Chamber of Deputies (Art. 114 of the Constitution). The Senate votes only the Budget of its administration which cannot be amended either by the Chamber of Deputies or by the Ministry (Art. 140 of Senate Regulation). b) All laws relative to the State Revenues and Expendi- ture, must be first voted by the Chamber of Deputies (Art. 35 of Constitution). c) In the same way any law creating a tax of any nature, and laws for the contracting of a loan, for the introduction of customs duties or for the constituting of pensions funds or national rewards, must first be voted by the Chamber of Deputies. d) Any law relative to army contingents are first voted by the Chamber of Deputies. (Art. 35 of the Constitution).

93 www.dacoromanica.ro Each of the Assemblies deliberates and takes decisions separately excepting in the following cases. a) The Senate meets together with the Chamber of De- puties at the opening of the ordinary cession to hear the Speech from the Throne. b) The Senate meets together with the Chamber of De- puties to elect the Head of the State; to receive the oath of the Crown Prince on his ascending the Throne; to elect the Regency should this case arise and to receive the oath of the members of the Regency. Apart from such cases each Legislative Body works separately in its own precincts. Any sitting of one Legislative Body outside of the time of session of the other body is null by right. The Senate and the Chamber of Deputies determine by regulation, the manner in which they will exercise their attributions. The Senate and the Chamber of Deputies, besides their duties of legislation are deliberative bodies by which the important questions on the order of the day are discussed and the administrative and governmental acts of the executive power are controlled, these bodies being entitled to impeach Ministers in accordance with the law of Ministerial responsibility. At the beginning of each legislative period and at the o- pening of each ordinary session, the Chamber of Deputies elects,a president, 6 vice presidents,8 secretaries and 4 questors in accordance with the Internal Regulation of the Chamber, the election is effected by secret vote and by the absolute majority of votes cast. The procedure for the Senate is the same, excepting that six questors are elected instead of four. To exercise the attribution of legislation, the Senate is divided into 7 Permanent Commissions in accordance with

www.dacoromanica.ro specialities, and 7sections,for which the members are drawn. With a view to fascilitating their parliamentary activity, the members of the Chamber of Deputies are divided into 9 sections and 16 commissions. Apart from such Commis- sions, the Charhber can constitute others as need arises. Each law is first discussed in the respective Commission and then in the Sections and by the Committee of the De- legates of Sections. After which, in consequence of the report presented, the law is discussed in Public Session. The Senate is entitled to amend and modify the laws proposed, after which they are voted and forwarded to the respective Ministry to be voted by the other Legislative Body. The Presidents of the Chamber of Deputies and of the Senate have a twofold role: political and administrative. The President presides the sittings of the respective body and leads the debates during such sittings. He represents the respective body on all occasions and is consulted by the King at all changes of Governments and in regard to all questions of a superior State order. As supreme chief of the respectiveadministration,he appoints officials, organises services and introduces all measures for the order and safety of the assembly. The presidencies of the two Legislative Bodies are 1936 composed as follows: CHAMBER SENATE PRESIDENT: N. N. Saveanu C. D. Dimitriu VICEPRESIDENT: BArca Vasile Alimnestianu Constantin Berceanu Mihail Boeriu loan Djuvara Mircea Ciugureanu Daniel (Dr.) Fotino Gh. Hacman Maximilian Mosoiu Tiberiu Purca'reanu I. Ion Sta'nescu Justin Sandulescu Alexandru

www.dacoromanica.ro CHAMBER SENATE

SECRETARIES: Cosma Aurel Junior Waleanu Silivestru Cosma Traian Nerva Forfota Petru Cretoiu V. loan Georgescu Marius (Dr.) Culianu Raul Nastase Gheorghe Gheorghiu H. Atanase P'6usesi P. Nicolae Nastasi V. Erast Pop Octavian Nasta luliu Popescu Virgil laginescu Remus Vasiliu Matei

QUESTORS : Candrea Vasile Alim'anestianu Vasile Popescu Nicolae Cosoiu N. Ion Rosculet Radu Damian loan SFavescu Misu Diaconescu Emil Marinescu Misu Zotta Paul (General)

www.dacoromanica.ro Mr. C. D. DIMITRIU

www.dacoromanica.ro THE QUESTION OF THE MINORITIES The question of the minorities in Roumania, is among the most difficult of the problems to which, as yet, no solution has been found. Various Statesmen see this problem from different points of view, and suggest solutions, which not sel- dom, lead one to the conclusion that their authors are not familiar with the matter. We have approached the former Prime Minister, and President of the Peasants Party, His Ex- cellency, Dr. Julius Maniu, for permission to publish, in part, the speech delivered by him on the question of the Minori- ties,in the Roumanian Sociological Institute, on May 11, 1924 that is, 12 years ago. For this lecture does not only contain a masterly historical exposition of the question, but the views of a man who was formerly himself a minority statesman, and whose strong national feelings are matched by liberal convictions, which show him the right and the just way. The statistical figures given are rather out of date, for the population of Roumania now amounts according to the Statistics of 1930 to 18,025,237 inhabitants, while the figures of the distribution and number of the minorities, have not yet been published; nevertheless, the data of the lecture can, if the increase be borne in mind, serve as guidance. The following abstracts have been made with the consent of His Excellency, Dr. Julius Maniu: The Minorities problem has two aspects, that is, it must be resolved from two points of view: first from the point of view of the National State, in the sense that the number, cul-

7 97 www.dacoromanica.ro tural, economic and social importance of the Minorities, must not be allowed to endanger: a) the existence and territorial integrity of the State; b) the perpetual duration of the race, for which reason they must not be allowed to interfere with the welding together, nationally and spiritually, of the body of the nation with the State; c) the spirit of the national genius, the national traditions, thought and aspirations, which they must not be allowed to corrupt, nor the specific acquirements of the people by whoin the State has been built up, that is, those sources of spiritual and moral riches which alone give a nation its right to existence. Secondly, the problem must be considered and resolved from the point of view of humanity, of the respect due to man as an individual, and from the point of view of the Mi- norities, ethnical, religious, or of language , who, as collective personalities, can develop specificcharacteristics, only if certain corporative rights are granted to them. 74% ofthepopulationofourcountry areRoumanians, and 26%, belong to other nationalities. Among the mino, rities of race and language of our State, the most numerous are the Hungarians, who, however, barely represent 8,6% of the entire population, and are spread over a territory of approximately 11 0.000 Sq. kilometers, without geographical continuity, wedged in between compact masses of Rouma- nian population, although, it is true that some of the enclosed Hungarian areas are of considerable extent for instance the Szekler Districts. The situation of the Germans is exactly the same; they represent 4,3% of the entire population, and are scattered in several spots, in Transylvania, the Banate, Bessarabia, and Bukowina. The other ethnical minorities, of race, language or religion, are so thinly spread over the entire country, and represent so slight a political force as compared to the rest of the land, that they can have neither

www.dacoromanica.ro the ethnical right, nor the physical force, to give our State any other character than the national Roumanian". The minorities problem, far from being a question determined only by the relative proportion of political forces in a State, is the problem of man's rights, acquired by immense sacrifices made by all humanity, it is the question of humanity, consecrated by the martyrdom of so many great souls; but also, a question of utility and of reasons of State, and a problem of the harmonious development of the State. Beyond all this, it has become, by decision of the Peace Con, ference, by the Additional Treaty signed at Paris, on Dec. .9th 1919, and by the decisions of Alba-Julia, of Dec. 1st 1919, a question of international importance". Let us examine the etnographical situation of the country. The Statistic Bulletin of 1924, establishes the number of inhabitants of Roumania, at 16.500.000 inhabitants, for a territory of 296.000 sq. kilometers. The distribution of these inhabitants, according to race and language, is shown by the Bulletin, although the exact figures are not given, as follows:

Roumanians 74% Magyars 8,4% Jews 5% Germans 4,3% Ruthenians 3,3% Bulgarians 1,5% Turks 1% Others 2,5% Therefore, Roumanians 74% Minorities 26%

As regards the united provinces, Transylvania, the Banate, Criqana and Maramuref have together a populationof 5.114:000 souls spread over a territory of 102.000 sq. km.

www.dacoromanica.ro Of these: 2.930.000 are Roumanians, 1.305.000 Magyars ( Hungarians), 539.000Germans,181.000Jewsand 157.000 other nationalities. Consequently 57.30% are Rou- manians, the remaining inhabitants belonging to the minorities. In 15 districts the Roumanians have an absolute majority, in 2 districts they have a relative majority. The Ma. gyars have an absolute majority in three districts, the Szekler district, and a relative majority in one district. The Germans have not an absolute majority in any district, they have a relative majority in a single district and important minorities in 4 districts". Bessarabia has a superficies of 31.360 sq. km. The sta- tisticshave establishedthenumberofinhabitantsat 2.642.000. Roumanians 1.683.000, Russians 75.000, Ukrai- neans 254.000, Lipovenians22.000, Jews 267.000, Ger- mans 79.000, Bulgarians 147.000, other nationalities 100.000. Approximately 70% Roumanians, and 30% various minorities. As regards the 8 districts of Bessarabia, 6 have an absolute Roumanian majority, and 2 districts a relative Rou- manian majority-. Bukowina has 10.441 sq. km. with 811.721 inhabitants, of which: 313.000 are Roumanians, 265.000 Ruthenians, 68.000 Germans, 102.000 Jews, 36.000 Poles and 10.000 Hungarians". This is the picture of the ethnographical situation of the Roumanian State in general lines. Let us now see what the legal situation of the Minorities is in our country". file question of the Minorities of language, race or religion has not been resolved here by any systematic code of the Minorities, nor by any special law in force for the whole country. The Constitution only specifies the equality of all citizens before, the law and their equal political and civil rights. Such rights have long been established by the Consti- tution of 1866. A more precise basis of principles for the

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www.dacoromanica.ro settling of the minorities question is contained in the Deci- sions of the National Assembly" held on December 1, 1918 at Alba lulia and in the stipulations of the Additional Treaty signed at Paris on December 9, 1919. A practical, but partial and ad interim solution of the Minorities question is to be found for Transylvania, the Banate,Maramureg, and Crigana, in Decree I. of the Council of Direction by which the Hungarian, so-called ,,Equal Rights of Nationalities Law" of 1868 was maintained for the parts beyond the Carpethians, with the amendment that wherever the law in question re- fers to the use of the Magyar State language, the Roumanian language is to be understood, and that the rights granted to Roumanians by that law, be applied to the Magyars and to the other minority peoples". The Decisions of Alba lulia establish the following principles in regard to the minorities: Complete national liberty for all co-inhabiting peoples. Each people to be educated, administered and judged in its own language, by persons chosen from among such people, and each people to be entitled to representation in the Le- gislative Bodies and in the Government of the Country, in proportion to the individuals composing it". Equal rights and full autonomous and religious liberty for all Creeds of the State". The Additional Treaty on the other hand specifies the rights of the minorities as follows: Art. 8. All Roumanian Nationals (ressortissants) shall be equal before the law and shall enjoy the same civil and political rights irrespective of all differences of race language or religion. Differences of religion of creed or confession cannot be an obstacle for any Roumanian national (ressortissant) as

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www.dacoromanica.ro regards the use of his civil and political rights, more especially as to his admittance to the public services, functions and honours or to the exercising of the various professions and industries. No restriction shall be decreed against the free use by any Roumanian national(ressortissant) of any language either in private or in commercial relations or in religious matters or in the press or publications of any kinds or in public meetings. In spite of the establishing of an official language by the Roumanian Government, rational facilities shall be given to the Roumanian nationals of a language other than the Rou- marnan, for the use of their language, either orally or in writing, before the Tribunals. Art. 9. Roumanian nationals belonging to any ethnical minorities of religion or of language shall enjoy the same treatment and the same guarantees de jure et de facto as other Roumanian nationals. They shall more especially have an equal right of creating managing and controlling, at their own expense, religious or social charitable institutions, schools and other establishments of education, with the rights to use their own language and to exercise freely their own religion. Art.1 O. In matters of public education, the Roumanian Government will grant, in towns and districts where there is a considerable proportion of Roumanian nationals of a language other than the Roumanian, facilities intended to assure that in primary schools, the children of such Rouma- nian nationals shall be instructed in their own language. This stipulation shall not prevent the Roumanian Government from rendering obligatory the teaching of the Roumanian language in such schools. In the towns and districts inhabited by a considerable proportion of Roumanian nationals belonging to any ethnical minorities of religion or of language, such minorities shall see

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www.dacoromanica.ro assured to them, an equitable part in the allocating, and in the enjoyment of, the stuns which may be alloted out of the public funds, by the State Budget, by the budgets of town halls or by other budgets for the purposes of education of religion or of charity. Art.1 1. Roumania consents to grant under the control of the Roumanian State, local autonomy to the Saxon and Szekler communities in Transylvania, in regard to religious and educational questions. Art.1 2. Specifies that such rights of the minorities are placed under the guarantee of the League of Nations and establishes the manner of application of such guarantee. We must in the first place point out, that the National Assembly of Alba-Julia granted such rights not only for the territories beyond the Carpathians, but for the entire territory of Roumania, asking that the new Constitution of Rouma- nia be formed on basis of the principles contained in such Decisions. In the same way the stipulations of the Additional Treaty of December 9,1 9 19, were established and are valid for the entire Country, differing in this from the Treaty relative to the Jugoslavian State, which applies only to the terri- toriesbrokenofffrom theAustro-HungarianEmpire. Another essential difference between the Additional Treaty signed by our State and those signed by the other Succession States is, that ours does not contain certain provisions relative to the Jews, contained in the other Treaties, with im portant clauses in their favour". By comparing these two main bases established for the practical solution of the Minorities question, it will be seen immediately and without difficulty,that thedecisions of Alba-Julia establish larger rights for the Minorities than those contained in the Additional Treaty. More especially the expression: Full National Liberty for All Peoples" has greatly agitated Roumanian public opinion, causing considerable

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www.dacoromanica.ro anxiety, and on the other hand has given the opportunity for exaggerated claims on the part of the minorities". To do away with such anxiety and such claims, the stipulation must be precisely and clearly understood in regard to its historical antecedent, its practical reason and its actual contents". The political conception and national efforts of the Rou- manian people of beyond the Carpathians, date from ancient times. In all political, social, religious and national ma, nifestations, the guiding idea and the principal postulate was national liberty and equal national rights for all peoples of Transylvania and of the other Trans-Carpathian territories, which later evolved into the postulate of national independence and unity". Under political slavery, as well as in the State Government of the years 1863-1864, the Roumanian people remained faithful to this principle". By these national rights are understood the right for each people to have a political influence in the life of the State, in direct proportion to its numerical and social importance, and moreover freedom to develop its qualities of race, not only as regards individuals, but collectively Ily the freedom of meetings and associations, by the right to education in its own language, and by the respecting of its language before the public services and authorities, in relation to its geographical situation". This being the origin and contents of the political conception of the Roumanian People of Transylvania, it could not vary in this regard, in the decisions of Alba-Julia". However, the Minorities of the Trans-Carpathian territories endeavour to explain this decision as though it contained a national autonomy to be granted to such Minorities, an absulutely mistaken opinion. The National Assembly did not decide on the granting of National Autonomy to the Mi- norities. On the contrary it decidede consciously and ex-

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www.dacoromanica.ro www.dacoromanica.ro pressly, that such national autonomy could not be granted to them and therefore could not be promised to them. The proof of this is that many members of the National Assembly had proposed in a previous, very long and wellfounded conference, lasting two days and almost one night, that national autonomy be granted to the Minorities. But this proposal was rejected by the previous conference itself, and the Na- tional Assembly unanimously accepted the decision propo, sed by the previous conference as to the omitting of the national autonomy for the Minorities. In the same way, the Additional Treaty in no way gives the assurance of national autonomy for the Minorities, but only stipulates a local autonomy under State control, and only in cultural and religious questions; This moreover only for the Szeklers and Saxons of Transylvania". It is natural that theDecisions of Alba-Iulia and the Additional Treaty should not establish National Autonomy for the Minorities, since apart from all other arguments, national autonomy in regard political, administrative and juridical questions, can only be conceived by accompanied territorial autonomy". ,,Putting all other circumstances which contradict the possibility of introducing territorial national autonomy for the Minorities, quite aside, the single fact of the geographical situation of such Minorities, which is without any continuity, makes the practical carrying out of such autonomy physically impossible. In our State the Saxon People alone of all the Minorities live in a compact mass, but this people is so reduced, in number as compared to the total inhabitants of the country and as compared to the Magyars, and its geographical dislocation as social and economic structureare of such a nature, that territorial national autonomy for the Saxons, would mean both for themselves and for the Magyar people, of beyond the Carpathians, a weakening and reduc-

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www.dacoromanica.ro tion of their political forces, which if they were to go carefully into this question, would cause them to reject such autonomy". In explaining thus, the provisions of the National Assem- bly and of the Additional Treaty, we must examine, both from the point of view of the State and from that of the Minorities, what regime should be introduced practically and concretely in regard to the Minorities of our State". ,,From the point of view of the Roumanian National State and for the purpose of ensuring its territorial integrity, of maintaining its national character and of creating a practical and effective possibility of State Government, thus preventing the possibility of corruption of its national individua- lity and character by foreign thought and conceptions of life, it is necessary for the following to be established: 1. The official State language to be the Roumanian language. 2. The official language of the Central Government, of the Legislation and of the Central State Administration, in all its manifestions to be the Roumanian language. 3. The official language of all the officials and of all the State Services which presuppose a central organization and administration by their very nature (the Army, Railways, Posts, Telegraphs, Customs, etc.) be the Roumanian language. 4. The official language of the Administrative Offices in their relations with the Government to be the Roumanian language. . 5. That superior State Education and Education in the Secondary, civil and professional State Schools with the ex- ceptions specified below, as well as primary educationin Roumanian territories and for all Roumanian children everywhere, be given in the Roumanian language and be imbued

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www.dacoromanica.ro by the spirit the thought and the greatness of tradition and aspirations of the Roumanian race. 6. That Roumanian science, art and literature be spread and promoted in all their manifestations in the entire country. 7. Protection of the Roumanian religions of both cone fessions (the Christian Ortodox and the Greek-Catholic) by all the power of the State. 8. Maintaining and organizing of the Army at the cost of whatever sacrifice. 9. The power of the State to be employed everywhere to support and strengthen, the peasantry, industry, commerce and economic life of the Roumanians. 10. The Re-patrioting and colonizing on the territory of our country, of all Roumanians scattered in various parts of the world, to be carried out. 1 1. The systematic and mass immigration to our country of foreign elements, who either owing to unfavourable circumstances in their own country, or to find an easier means of earning their life, have invaded Roumania since the War, to be prevented. 1 2. Apart from the above, that everything possible be done for the hygienic and social and moral raising of the Roumanian people. Together with these points which it is necessary to establish from the point of view of the national Roumanian State in regard to the problem of the Minorities, we must establish from the point of view of the Minorities themselves, the rights to be granted to them, to protect their just and equitable interests". It must be pointed out that the problem of the Minori- ties cannot be resolved in practical life schematically for the entire country on basis of scientifical or political ascertain- ments, established in some part. In our country there are various peoples with different etnographical qualities, diffe-

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www.dacoromanica.ro rent geographical situations, and different social and cultural structures. A practical measure taken in regard to one people in a concrete case, which may satisfy this people, might well displease another people in our country. In practical life and in concrete cases it will be impossible to observe all over the country, the same rules for all. At the basis of the solving of the Minorities problem, this practical consideration must be borne in mind, and must not be lost sight of one moment-. Apart from the equality before the law of each citizen, long since provided in the Codes of the Old Kingdom and of the United Provinces, civil and political rights must be assured to all those who belong to a Minority of race, language or religion. To be able to specify this question more clearly, it must be borne in mind that political rights are divided into two great categories, the category of civil rights and that of political rights properly speaking. Civil rights are the following: personal liberty and safety, freedom of conscience, of thought, of the spoken word and of the press, religious and educational freedom, the right to meetings and associations, the right to the mother-tongue, freedom to choose a career or profession and freedom of labour. The political rights properly speaking are: the right to take part in the Legislation of the Country, in the Magistrature, and in the Administration of the Country". Certain of these rights are so natural, that they need not be analysed in greater detail; others however must be more carefully specified. Among these are more especially: the liberty of the spoken word and of the press, the right to meetings and associations, religious and educational liberty, the right to teaching in the mother-tongue and, to the use of the mother-tongue in public services and offices and finally the right to participate in the legislation and the magistrature and to take part in the administration of the country".

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www.dacoromanica.ro I. Freedom of the spoken word and of the press, which cannot be made to depend on any permission, the right to hold meetings and to form associations which must be insured to an equal extent and without any restriction, for all citizens of Roumania, irrespective of differences of race, lane guage or religion. The equal exercising of such liberties cannot be prevented either by legal measures or by vexatious means. Such rights must be clearly specified by fundamental laws of a constitutional character and with equal guarantees and sanctions to protect them, for all citizens, and this not only in regard to the principle in itself, but to the manner of application of the principle. ,,I believe that the possibility to form societies and to hold meetings, without first informing the authorities, is an exagge- ration, unsuited to the circumstances in our country, but on the other hand it must be clearly stated, that the announcement made must be taken note of, and that the functioning of the societies and the holding of the meetings cannot be prevented excepting when it is clearly proved that they are directed against the integrity of the State, public order, or good morals". 2. As regards religious liberty, the legal provisions in force up to the present in the Old Kingdom and the United Pro- vinces, by which the observance of creeds, religions or confessions is declared to be free, in so far as it is not in opposition to good morals, and does not interfere with civic duties, must be maintained. And this is not all, for in accordance with the decisions of Alba lulia, equality between the various faiths must be admitted and the creation of an autonomy of the confessions recognized by the State, encouraged. Among the confessional right must be numberedthe right to maintain schools and various educational institutes of any category, at the expenses of such confessions, the language in which the lessons are given being that proposed by

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www.dacoromanica.ro them. The manner and the measure in wich the State can and must assist the various confessions financially, must also be established definitely, and with the assurance of such rights". 3. In public education, the principle must above all be respected that each one is entitled to study, and to cultivate himself at the school and in the manner chosen by himself, and further that each people can be instructed in its own language. In consequence of this principle, in State and communal infants schools and primary schools, in communes and towns inhabited by Roumanian subjects of a language other than the Roumanian, in considerable proportions, the chil, dren must be taught in their own language; the minimum number of children necessary f or the State to be obliged to see that instruction is given in the mother tongue, to be precisely established. The State must maintain in towns and districts where there are important numbers of inhabitants whose language is other than the Roumanian, middle and secondary civil and professional schools, in which the instruction is given in the language of the minorities, certain studies however, being obligatory taught in Roumanian: the geography, history and constitution of Roumania, and the Roumanian language and literature. As regards the teaching in religious and private schools, the Roumanian language should be introduced as obligatory study only in secondary, middle, civil and professional education. All such institutions must be under State control. The history and literature of Roumania must be an obligatory subject". 4. The right to use one's own language is the natural consequence of personal liberty. It is, and must be, illimited, in personal and commercial relations, in regard to the press, publications and public meetings, in religious or confessional matters.

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www.dacoromanica.ro As regards politicalrights, they must berecognized without any reserve, for the minorities of race, language or religion-. In conclusion I believe that the solving of the minorities problem must on the one part satisfy the natural aspirations of the Roumanian nation, and on the other hand, the justi, fied claims of the minorities. If indifference in the first regard would be a mortal sin, narrow intolerance in the other regard would be a poltiical error, for which we should certainly have to suffer. Inflexible energy and an unfaltering persistence in repressing and preventing any tendency likely to compromise the teritorial integrity of the Roumanian State, and a firm supperrt of the national and moral integrity which is just as important to the Roumanian spirit, must go hand in hand with the sense of justice and a right appreciation of the peoples and the men with whom our fate has connected us and with whom- we must live. Because of certain individuals who may betray the interests of the Roumanian State, and must be punished, we must not abolish the rights of the minorities as communities. We must choose the broad road which separates national indifference from fanatical intolerance. As regards the organising and theconducting of our State in connection with the problem of the minorities, we must inevitably choose between the policy of a forced de- nationalization of the minorities and a policy of national and social justice.It is my unshaken convictionthat only the road specified herein, can lead to it solid foundation and a sure development of our national State".

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www.dacoromanica.ro RIGHTS OF WOMEN IN ROUMANIA The problem of the civil and political rights of women, and the fight for them, belongs to post war history in Rou- mania. Whereas, in other countries, in the first half of the XIX Century, women were fighting for these rights, there was no talk of any organized movement in this direction, here. In the Constitution of Moldavia of 1822, a word was said for the first time of their equality before the law, Ho, wever, in the practical life of everyday, after the introducing of this Constitution, it was found that no one thought of applying it to women. Moreover, it would never have occurred to any women that the liberties and equalities of the Moldavian Constitution of 1822, could apply to her. The complete lacke of culture of those times explains the total absence of social aspirations in the women. The first foundation of education for women in Moldavia was created in 1854. The only social activity of Roumanian women in those days was in the philanthropic domain, and chiefly in an individual manner. History mentions many names of Roumanian women, who were great philanthropists, great patriots, and who gave proof of their power of self sacrifice, in aiding those who were in need, or in carrying out works of faith by the building of churches, to glorify their great Part- ners in Life. The year1 848 was the beginning of a new era for the Roumanian women. By the contact with the ideas of the times, through new men, a new mentality began to penetrate,

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www.dacoromanica.ro and this explains the part played by women in the movement of1 848, either in supporting the provisional Govern. ment against the reactionary armies, or in contributing towards the maintenance of the papers of propaganda of the new egalitary theories. We thus find Ana Ipatescu, who, with a pistol in each hand, encouraged the people to save the provisional Government; Maria .Eliade Rädulescu, Efinzia, wife of Colonel Plesoianu, Maria C. A. Rosetti, Princess Ion Ghica etc., who rose to the understanding of a combat of ideas, of social emancipation. Naturally their yearning towards liberty and equality did not regard their own destiny, but that of their husbands, fathers, brothers and sons. The period of the Union has also its pleader of women, fighting for the victory of the Unionist Movement. The first woman to be able to write currently, in 1859, newspaper articles to support the propaganda carried on for the Union of the Principalities, was Sofia Cocea. When the Constitu- tion of1 866 was voted, the question of political rights for women, was raised for the first time. The Electoral Law and Universal Suffrage, were then discussed. The writer, Eliade Radulescu, deputy in the Chamber of 1866, brought forward the question of women's votes,of course,opposing the idea of any such reform. Cezar Boliac, poet and deputy, was however decidedly in favour of the universal vote, without any iestriction. However the influence of Eliade Radu- lescu prevailed, and the Constitution of1 866 thus classed women amongst children, idiots and criminals as regards the political regime to be applied to them. The Code Napoleon being introduced among the Laws of the country, women were finally left in a situation of inferiority as compared to men, not only in regards to political, but also civil rights. In 1886, the first Feminist Movement manifested itself in Moldavia, at Ja§i, due to the initiative of Cornelia Emilian, a woman of very large views. It was she who first realized

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www.dacoromanica.ro that the real emancipation of women can only be brought about by their economic emancipation, and she consequently founded at Ja0 in 1886, the first Professional School for Girls, the Reunion of Roumanian Women" (Reuniunea Fe- meilor Romane), the object of which was to prepare girls for practical work, so that in time they might come to earn their own living. It was Cornelia Emilian also, who founded in 1895, The League of Roumania Women", to fight for their civil and political rights. The publicity organ of this League, was the Buletinul Ligii", which ceased to appear, two years later, the League itself not surviving. In 1908, Tereza Stratilescu, professor and directress of the Lyceum for Girls, Oltea Doamna", also of Ja0, formed the Club, Uniunea Educatoarelor Române" (The Lea- gue of Roumanian Women Teachers),also based on the idea of economic emancipation as primary factor for the moral emancipation of women, Mrs. Janculescu-Reus, a disci- ple of Cornelia Emilian, founded in Bucharest, The League for the Rights and Duties of Woman" (Liga pentru dreptu, rilei datoriile femeii) with an organ of publicity, the object of which was the political emancipation of Roumanian women. In 1913, Mrs. Ella Negruzzi, licentiate of History and Philosophy, and of Law, began the fight at Jai (undertaken twice, in 1892 and 1905, by Sarmiza Alim'anistianu and Mrs. El. Popovici, at Bucharest, without success) for the right of women to be called to the Bar. After 10 years of combat, comprising the time of the World War), Mrs. Ella Negruzzi succeeded in entering the Roumanian Bar, thus opening the doors of a new career for women. In 1923, the inscribing of women among the ranks of barristers,was confirmed by the Law ofAdvocates, promulgated when Mr. Jean Th. Florescu was Minister of Justice. The profound sociab changes created by the World War,

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www.dacoromanica.ro awoke women to the consciousness of their own value. The Rournanian women in the entire territory of Roumania, sent delegates to the meeting held in the capital of Moldavia, by which a memorandum was forwarded to Parliament in the Summer of1917,demanding their civil andpolitical rights. After a series of debates and conferences, held in the Hall of the Jassy University, the women's movement was concentrated by the forming of the Association for the Ci- vil and Political Emancipation of Roumanian Women", in the Summer of 1918. The most prominent feminine figures of Great Rouman1a formeda part of this Association. By its activity it imposed new leading lines in regard to the social political life of women, which the authorities were obliged to adopt. The propaganda made by the Association through the articles published in various great daily papers and in public meetings, brought this matter before the Government, in consequence of which the following principles were insert ted in the new Constitution of1923: Art. 6 Par.II and III: Special Laws, voted by a majority of two thirds, will determine theconditions under which women may exercise political votes. The civil rights of women shall be established on basis of the complete equality of the two sexes". Art.108Par. III: The members of the District Councils and of the Communal Councils are elected by Roumanian citizens by universal, equal, secret, direct and obligatory vote, and with the representation of the Minorities, in accordance with the formalities provided by the Laws. To these can be added by law, members by right, and co-opted members. Among the co-opted members can figure also women who are of age. In the year1928,with the coming into power if the Na- tional Peasants Party, Art.108was amended and the right of women to elect and to be elected as members of the Corn-

115 www.dacoromanica.ro munal and District Councils was established. The conditions are as follows: to be admitted to figure on the electoral lists of the communal and district councils, a woman must be of age, have completed 4 lyceum classes, be a member of the committee of management of some charitable institution, and be a war widow. In the year 1929 the first communal and district elections were held. In all municipal councils, the representatives of women were elected, headed by the feminine personalities of the Association for the Political and Civil Emancipation of Roumanian Women. In the situation won for themselves by the women, who were now communal and district councillors, and in some places were elected even as mayor, they worked ardently, more especially in the organization of Public Assistance, this section being now the axis around which the great masses of the population, reduced to unemployment and misery, chiefly revolves. The women elected to the Municipal and General Count cils, have passed with success through the first stage of political rights, which are to be granted to them fully before long, as they hope, on basis of the public statements made by the leader of the National Peasants Party. In the year 1931, under the ministry of Mr. Valer Pop, a new success on the road of the emancipation of women was registered: the civil capacity was granted to married women, i. e., the right to administer their own property and incomes, women being now entitled to sign deeds without the consent of their husbands. The idea of justice for which generations had sacrificed themselves and their fortunes, with such confidence, appears to be approaching realization, but we have still many demands to make and many fights to carry through before our rights can be completely conquered. Now that the way

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www.dacoromanica.ro of concessions has once been entered into, we must hope that we shall find less and less obstacles on our upward road. In the fight for women's rights, the following feminists" have distinguished themselves: Mrs. Calypso Botez,professor, and leader of the young generation on the way to their new responsibilities. Mrs. C. Botez, formerly president of the Red Gross of Galat, during the war, has devoted a great part of her life to the problem of women's rights, having also written very interesting pamphlets on this question, which have been much appreciated. Mrs. Elena Meiss- ner General President of the Association for the Civil and Political Emancipation of Roumanian Women, has devoted herself to the question of their emancipation by propaganda carried on at meetings and conferences, and by the writing of articles in favour of the integral rights of women. Mrs. Ortansa Satmary, one of the presidents of the same Associa- tion, an ardently enthusiastic nature, has even founded a paper, Cuvantul Femeilor" (Women's Word), by which she pleads our cause. Mrs. Cutescu-Stork, professor of painting at Jasi, adhered to the feminist movement of 1918, to one of the first manifestants in the field of women's rights. Mrs. Maria Baiulescu of Brasov, president of the Union of Roumanian Women, of Transylvania and later of the whole country, a great patriot and poet, who during the war, being at Jassy, adhered to the feminist movement of 1918,to which she gave her great power of work and love, forth victory of the cause of women. Mrs. Maria Pop of Craiova, an unparalleled social worker and fighter, and a talented orator, has consecrated a large part of her activity to the idea of emancipation. Elected Assistant Mayor, for the Munici- pality of Craiova, she has distinguished herself by incessant work and is amongst those most likely to enter Parliament, should full political right be granted to women. Mrs. Maria Castano-Dimitriu of Constanta, the foundress

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www.dacoromanica.ro and editress of Ziarul Nostre (Our Paper), an organ of propaganda for the rights of women, is one of the most active feminists, and has contributed greatly towards the progress of the movement. Amongst the modest workers, most also be counted, Mrs. Ella Negruzzi, Licentiate of History, Philosophy and Law, Barrister of the Ilfov Bar after a ten years fight , former elected Municipal Councillor and member of the Dis- ciplinary Council of the Ilfov Bar. Together with her Colla- borators of the Association for the Civil and Political Eman- cipation of Roumanian Women, Mrs. Ella Negruzzi has sacrificed for an ideal, a great part of her long life. Most of the women fighters are inscribed in the various political parties, in which they endeavour to support their justified claims, and will continue to do so, until their complete realization.

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www.dacoromanica.ro WHAT IS A POLITICAL PARTY ? The study on the theories of the Political Party- has been placed at our disposal by Professor D. Gusti, former Minister, Director and creator Of the Roumanian Social Institute. A party is always a part of a whole, the word pars- (part) shows this etymology; a party presupposes at the same time the existence of an opposing party which gives it existence and life, for the party ceases to exist when it is alone. A party therefore means part of a community and the opposition of such party with the other parties of the community. The analysis of a political party as social phenomenon comprises the following essential problems:I. what is a political party; 2. what are its manifestations; 3. how is it affirmed and maintained (through the organization adopted by it) ;4. what are the means of realization of the political party's object. All these questions are closely connected with each other and form together the system of the political party. Thus, a political party is a free association of citizens permanently united by common interests and ideas of a general character, such association pursuing openly the obtaining of power, to govern with a view to the realization of a social ethical idea. We have said that the first constitutive element of a political party is a free association of citizens. An individual can form part of a political party or no, according to his will, whereas he forms part of other social

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www.dacoromanica.ro unities, for instance, his class, his family, nolens-volens; he has not the freedom of choosing his association in these respects. Secondly, a party, the free association of citizens must be united in a permanent manner". For it is evident that a public meeting, for instance, is also a 'free association of citizens; the mass which forms a public meeting is however, far from forming a political party, for it has met once in a way, to resolve or to listen to certain debates and statements; such a meeting is limited to a certain time and space, and is dissolved immediately. Thirdly, the permanent association of free persons must be an association of citizens". In the Roumanian State we may have an association of the Germans who live in Rou- mania, permanently and freely united, but composed of Ger- mans, belonging to the German State; an association of this kind could not form a party whereas a group of Saxons, i.e. free association of Roumanian citizens permanently united, can at any time become a political party. Fourthly, the free association of citizens with a permanent character must have the object of coming into power as a government. By this constitutive element the political party differs further from such social elements as the class, the family, the caste, which from the political points of view are totally passive. By this constitutive characteristic, it differs from free and permanent associations which have not the ambition of coming to the head of the government. Fifthly, it is asked of a political party that these efforts to obtain power shall be made quite publicly. In this way the political party differs from all organizations which are formed and work in the shade, clandestinely and secretly, to overthrow some special form of government.

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www.dacoromanica.ro By this the political party is distinguished in the first place from the camarilla. None of the secret organizations formed under an abso- lutist regime are political parties. The Nihilists under Tsa- rism, were not a political party properly speaking, nor were the young Turks under Abdul Hamid, nor the Carbonari in Italy, the famous patriotic organization formed to deli- ver Italy from the foreign Napoleonic dominion, and whose soul was Mazzini. Just as little can secret societies, such as the Freemasons, the Camorra and the Maffia be considered political parties. A political party represents general ideas and interests. Therefore a clique of which the members follow only the satisfaction of personal interests is not a political party. Every political party is in danger of becoming a clique when the majority of its members have the object of specu- lating the State, of exploiting it as though it were their private property, making of the act of government a means of personal profiteering. A political party is not a fraction, because a fraction is precisely a fragment of a party. A coterie differs from a fraction, for it is the fraction of a fraction; it represents the maximum of personal ambition and interest. A political party therefore is neither a Camarilla, a clique, a coterie nor a fraction, for these four types of manifestation, sometimescalledpartymanifestations, do not pursue general interests, but only interests of a private nature. A political party always strikes deep roots, which is necessary in social life,i.e. both in its economic substratum, concentrated in the form of interests and in the spiritual substratum, crystallized in ideas. The political party is the twofold product, ideologic and economic, of a social condition in a given historic moment. Thus the antagonism of

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www.dacoromanica.ro parties, has its social reason in the contradictory existing social interests and ideas. There are parties that put forward chiefly economic interests, others that lay stress on political, religious or philo- sophic ideas; in reality, however, an idea, to be powerful must always be accompanied by an interest, and an interest cannot be satisfied without an idea; interests and ideas grow and intertwine closely, even when the idea appears to be only the facade, the seductive garment of the interests, or when the interests appear to be simply the brutal obstacles, that prevent the spring of ideas. In the same way, we cannot say, as Marx affirms, that political lifeis only a reflex of the economic life, which alone is initial and real, but that social life as an indivisible whole is manifested under the form of economic, political and ideologic categories. We cannot and must not speak of an identity between a party and a class. Universal political experience shows us that to belong to a certain class does not necessarily entail the belonging to a certain party. A person may belong to a certain social class and nevertheless be totally indifferent in regard to polities. He may belong to no party; on the other hand, he may belong to a certain class and be a member of a party other than that said to represent the interests of his class, like the workmen who are members of the conservative party or of the Catholic parties, and who by the fact that they belong to such parties, do not in any way lose the membership of their class. Finally, a political party may contain elements of many social classes and thus, cannot by any means represent one particular class. Political parties are to-daydiscussed,disputedabout, and opposed, more especially by holders of the following doctrines: syndicalism, guilds, socialism and sovietism. The political party, these doctrines affirm, must be completely

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www.dacoromanica.ro done away with and replaced by the Soviets, the Syndicates, the Guilds the cellules of the future organization of society. All such currents and doctrines, which are the determined enemies of the political party, have two common constructive thoughts: direct action and the sovereignty of labour; the direct action which must replace indirect action, in other words, the party, and the sovereignty of labour, which must replace the sovereignty of the State. Of these two doctrines, the more important is certainly the Syndicalist doctrine, which has had the good fortune to have inspired leaders. It has a great ascendent on contemporary political thought, powerfully influencing both socialism for instance, and Bolshevism. Guild socialism (national Guilds movement) a compromise or better said, a synthesis between socialism and syndicalism, as formulated by Hobson, Go le,Penty, Orage, Tylor, under the influence of Ruskin is the social romanticism of to-day which precognizes the modern revival of mediaeval guilds. The sovereignty of labour and direct action are met with in the so-called Sovietism. A political party is not compact and homogeneous. It is not compact, because it is a group in full development and change by the entry of new recruits and the exit of the old members; a political party is a social process, not a social state. And just as it is not a compact group, itis not a homogeneous group because it is formed of various groups and grouplets, largei4 or smaller circles, which may be con- centrically coordinated, which may also have centrifugal forces but also centripetal forces, forming a right, a left and a centre. The object of the organization of the party is to change

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www.dacoromanica.ro this heterogeneous and variated social mass, into an integral and homogeneous whole, that is, into a social unity. The organization creates the party; it unites, associates, socializes men, who although they have commoninterests and ideas, are otherwise disparate from each other; it then establishes, as soon as such men are united, the united, the necessarycohesion between them by creatingthe party spirit and subordinating the will of each, freely, to the will of the party. The creative organization of the spiritual unity of a party consists of three elementary principles :1. leadership, 2. the program, and 3. the means of combat and of propaganda. The mass must be, and asks to be, led. A political party as a mass, must be composed of leaders and led. Among the leaders there is one who concentrates in his personality the force and union of a party, the spirit, object, sense, prestige, splendour, and sometimes alsothe deca- dence of the party. his is its Chief. The chief is the provi- dential man, he is the power of attraction, the unifying force of the party. He represents the unity of the party and is its symbol. The Chief is the monarchic element of the party. He is surrounded by a plethora of collaboratos, of various leaders who are minor gods: membres of parliament, former ministers, journalists, organizers of meetings, who form together with the chief, the monarchical regime of the leadership of the party. A party may be led despotically or constitutionally. Every party program comprises toa greater or lesser extent the following points:1. an explicative analysis and a criticism of society; 2. a statement of the present needs and of the possibility of transformation of present day society into something better; 3. the most suitable means for the realization of these requirements and the necessary tac-

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www.dacoromanica.ro tics by which such means can be employed at a suitable moment; 4. a doctrine which comprises a social ideal. Parties have one common object; the conquest of power by their fight, for at the basis of every party is the aim of imposing and extending the particular will of the party together with the general will of the social and political whole, and in opposition to the will of the other parties. This is the entire sense of the wish to reach power and the essence of the fight between the parties. For, whatever name the party may give itself, conservative, socialists, liberal, etc. each of them, although by different ways follows the same main object: the fight for power. The fight between the parties has the character of a true war, since, in the same way as in war we have adverse wills in conflict (parties faced by other parties), we have to do with rank and file, with the mobilizing of forces, and when there are fights, with various tactics and strategies, with con- queror and vanquished. Finally, we have to do with party discipline. The essential is that the Party with a program" pursues government as the means of realization, whereas the opportunist party wishes to come into power for the sole purpose of governing. This determines the procedure of propaganda carried on by the two parties. The Program Party" differs essentially from the opportunist party by the means of propaganda chosen. The Program Party" always appeals to the judgment of the citizens, it wishes to convince, its object is to impose certain views but olny by persuasion. The fight is carried on vigorously but openly by means of loyal and honourable arms, the ideas of the adversary being combatted within the limits of truth. The Program Party" inaugurates an ideal method of party polemics, with the one object to convince. The system preferred by the opportunist party is utterly

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www.dacoromanica.ro different. It does not wish to convince ,but merely to succeed at any price and with any means. There are five methods employed by the opportunists with great skill to impose their will:1. the art of seduction, of insinuation,of pleasing. 2. the art of corrupting; 3 the art of calumniating, lying and mystifying, 4 the art of intriguing and finally, 5. the art of terrorizing. The political party forms one of the most suggestive and interesting collective personalities, being as it is an original social unity, with its own thoughts and unitary will. The newer constitutions raise the political party from a simple instrument for the technical realization of elections, to the rank of a legitimate factor in public life(although this is effected indirectly by the introduction of the proportional vote and the ballot). In fact, the political party has the mission to give body, sense and colour to the constitutional forms. Its social mission is to bring about a profound transformation in social conditions and to provoke the creation of new institutions in the sense of an ascendent evolution towards a social and ethical ideal. Finally, the political party must be the political pedagogue of the nation,and must become one of the most important social institutions for the political and social education of the individual as a citizen; it must awaken interest of each in the social and political problems of the time, and the consciousness of responsibility. By the political party the citizens are called u- pon to participate in the actual realization of the principle of national sovereignty.

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www.dacoromanica.ro THE POLITICAL PARTIES

www.dacoromanica.ro 1.1r . CONST ANTIS I. C.

www.dacoromanica.ro THE NATIONAL LIBERAL PARTY PRESIDENT CONSTANTIN 1. C. BRATIANU

The political organization which determinedthegreat transformations of Roumanian society in the first part and the middle of last century and which was to preside at the most memorable moments of the later evolution of the Rouma- nian State, was not constituted under the title of National Liberal Party" until long after its apparition, and after long years of decisive activity. The name of Liberal Party does not appear officially in the political history of the Roumanian State until the year 1866. It indicates a much older formation, a group which at that moment came into existence formally, but which had established years before at important moments, the guiding lines of its ideas and the points of its programme. The party which for the first time in 1866 called itself the National Liberal Party, was the one which had determined the revolution of 1848 in the Principalities, which had played a decisive roll in obtaining in 1856 and 1858 at Pa- ris, the freeing of the Roumanian countries from the double protectorate of the Russians Eznd of the Turks, which in 1859 brought about the Union of the Principalities and had been called in turn the Patriotic Party, the Democratic Party and the National Party, while its adversaries spoke of it as the Party of the Carbonari or of the Novators' but which was al ready called by the press in 1860 and in Parliament in 1862, the Liberal Party.

129 9 www.dacoromanica.ro The consciousness of this continuity reaching back to beyond its formal creation, has been present with all the leaders of the Party and allowed them in the manifesto issued to the country by the Liberal Party in 1888, to say that those who brought about the popular movements in 1821, 1848, 1856 and 1866, represented the awakened national conscience, the power and the soul of the country". The tardy statutary organization of a political organism which had long existed, can therefore only be understood by those knowing the peculiar conditions presented by the political life of the Roumanian countries before 1860. After a long Turkish domination and a war which brought about between 1806 and 1812 a Russian occupation of both Principalities, they found themselves in the first part of the 19th century, from the juridical point of view, under the sovereignty of Turkey, and under a Russian protectorate, which amounted to a domination more cruel than the Turkish. If the Turkish sovereignty and the crushing Russian protectorate could not prevent the penetration of liberal ideas in the Principalities, if they could not prevent the stronger and stronger manifestations of those grouped spiritually around such ideas, they could however prevent the open and legal organization of a political Party, and more especially of a liberal Party. In spite of such formal restrictions, liberal ideas did make their way in Roumanian society as long ago as the year 1800 by the triple road of French Literature, either imported directly or through Greek society closely connected with French culture, by foreign immigrants and travellers staying in the Danubian Countries, and more especially by the young men who went in larger and larger numbers study in the western States, more especially in France. To these channels was added a little later the powerful interest exercised by such ideas over Tzarist Russia. They reached the Principalities

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www.dacoromanica.ro in the form of echoes which called for a national awakening, the liberty of peoples and the equality of all social classes before the laws. In such ideas and in the echoes of the French Revolution are to be found the first roots of Rou- manian Liberal Manifestations and the first acts of the future Liberal Party. As was natural in a people lacking independence, beyond the details relative to the methods of combat and of national claims, the idea of the liberty of all peoples found strong adherence in all classes and was able to unite all leading circles irrespective as to their social situation. How- ever claims of a social andpoliticalorder, the extreme reforms which touched owners, and preached the equality of all, could not obtain the same unanimity of votes. This is the reason why the National Party, formed of the small and the great boyards grouped around the idea of national claims, differed greatly, and made it possible to foresee the birth of two very distinct branches, whenever the question arose as to the establishing of an ideology referring to the social realities of the Principalities. On the one part were those who wished to fight for national freedom, but did not wish to give up their privileges, and on the other, those who wished to realize at the same time as national freedom, a radical reform of the social situation an adjustment to the European standards. This process of bifurcation of the national party; was to terminate in that year of 1866, when after the advent of a new, foreign prince, by whom a political continuity was to be ensured, the two branches, separated definitely, becoming the Progressist Conservative Party and the National Liberal Party. Although the final break took place only at this date, and certain questions regarding the national liberty had often caused them to stand shoulder to shoulder, it is none the

131 www.dacoromanica.ro less true that these two branches had existed as distinct groups, long before. In trying to disentangle the evolution of the liberal and historical ideas of the Liberal Party, from these confused national manifestations, we may divide them into two very distinct periods: 1) a preparatory period, a period of incubation, we may say, around the years 1800 to 1858; 2) a period of organization and of insistent action, from 1848 to 1866; and finally; 3) a period of realization, from 1866 up to the present. The preparatory period, the period of incubation as we have called it, began the powerful movement if we leave out ofaccountcertainpamphlets whose savour of the French Revolution provoked a panic among the great boyards of Moldavia in 1804 by the draft of the Consti- tution, which in 1822, the small boyards of Moldavia presented to Prince Ion Sturdza, by the revolutionary movement in Wallachia, due to the Captain of Pandours, Tudor Vla- dimirescu, in 1821, which appeared to belong to this same social class, but developed later into a xenophob movement; and finally by the forming of a series of societies declared to be of a cultural nature, but with a powerful political action, and by a number of publications intended to prepare spiritually, the way for the new reforms and to obtain ad- hesions to the new movement which was being prepared. In the draft mentiond above, and in the publications which appeared during this period, individual liberty is continually spoken of, as well as equality before the Law, expropriation for public utility, and education in the language of the country and the obligation of such education. The even more daring idea for those times, of the autonomy of the Principalities, and of the calling to the throne of a Prince from one of the Western Countries, was also agitated.

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www.dacoromanica.ro Although so timidly formulated at first, the political and social demands, as well as the national, had some effect, but without touching the great masses of the people. Ne- vertheless their future consequencies were considerable. In the social order, they led to the granting to the small bo. yards, of an equal right of vote to that of the great boyards of the Sfatul Domnesc- (the Prince's Council), and in the national order, they drew the attention of the Protec- tive Powers to the situation in the Principalities, and obliged them to attempt obtaining a new legislation for them, which meant certain concessions. The Organic Regulation, given by the Russians' to the Danube Principalities in 1832, represented, apart from a series of administrative measures, a small step forward along the road of the ideas in question. It was however very difficult for such legislation to gain anyone's approval, for it came from a foreign Power and appeared only a corrective of a deplorable situation, while it marked more strongly the fact of the Russian dominion. The Regulation did not therefore, any more than the other attempts made by the Princes and by the Representatives of the Sovereign and Protective Powers, succeed in quieting the spirits. The small boyards continued their activity, either by agitation, or by actions intended to serve as examples, as for instance, when the Boyard Radovici of Golesti build a rural school, and Ion Campineanu freed the gypsies, who were serfs on his estates. After 1830, these beginnings were increased by the organization of a secret society in Moldavia and by the creation in Paris, by Ion Ghica, Golescu, Dumitru Bratianu and Ion Campineanu, of a society for the education of the Rou- manians. All of these having the moral support of the French intellectual circles, and certain assurances from theother Powers, dreamed of a mass rising to obtain autonomy and

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www.dacoromanica.ro the application of the long precognized social and political reforms. The moment appeared suitable in 1848, when the echoes of the revolutions in the West, determined a movement in Moldavia, which led by so prudent a man as Ko- gMniceanu, did not succeed in dethroning the Prince, as was proposed, but strongly established certain points, by which the autonomy of Moldavia was demanded, equal civil and political rights for all citizens, a General Assembly composed of Representatives of all social classes, the guarantying of But this was all, because the Princes and the great Bo- yards, sur e! ofthesupportofRussia,crushedthe movement and imprisoned or exiled the revolutionaries. In Wallachia, the revolution took a more violent form and was far more efficacious. In the month of March of the year 1848, a revolutionary committee was formed in Bucharest, of all the leaders of the national and progressist current; the professor and publisher Ion Heliade Radulescu, the brothers Golescu, Bra- tianu and BMcescu, C. A. Rosetti and Ion ampineanu. Counting on the support of England at Constantinople, and on the effective help of France, the Committee proposed to make of the Dome a president of a Republic, elected for five years from among the members of any class of society; and at the same time to obtain the autonomy of the Principality and to realise radical reforms in the social and political domains. After some soundings made by Dimitrie Br'atianu and Ion Ghica at Budapest and Constantinople, the Committee began operations by a collision in the streets of Bucharest and an attack on the Prince, continuing by a great meeting held at the village of Islaz, where, in the presence ofseveral thousand peasants, and with the help of the Army, the Ma- nifesto which was to form the nucleous of the Constitution was issued. The oath, to protect liberty, and to proclaim a

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www.dacoromanica.ro provisional Government, of which the Members of the Re- volutionary Committee should form part, was taken on the Cross and on the Bible. From Islaz, the provisional Government went to Bucha- rest, where they obliged the reigning Prince to accept the Constitution, providing: equality of all citizens, the responsibility of Ministers, the liberty of the Press, land for the peasants, the creation of a national guard, enfranchisement of the Jews, freeing of the Gipsies, and abolition of the death penalty. The Bucharest Tribunals of the Provisional Government burned the Organic Regulation, and the final defeat of the Revolutionaries by the Prince and the great Boyards, with the aid of some Turkish Detachments, had the effect of establishing certain matters clearly, and of opening the way largely, for future developments. It was evident from that moment that the new ideas could only be made to penetrate, and could only be imposed, by the small boyard class, that the great Boyards would always form an implacable opposition, that the national party dreamed only of a larger autonomy, and that the Novators, must in future seekother means of imposing their will. The year 1948 meant the first beginnings of the Liberal Party and the creating of a Conservative Opposition. The Party thus created, with a formulated ideological line, and a fairly well defined programme of social claims, understood that it would not be able to attain its object until the internal liberties had grown considerably, and also liberty in the relations with the Protective Powers. That year saw therefore, the development of the second period, in which, with the experience gained and better clarified ideas, the Liberal Party,still called, Democrat, Novator or Radical, was to fight more especially in the international domain. Making use of the sympathies of the Western Countries,

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www.dacoromanica.ro and seizing a favourable international conjuncture, the new party, helped in the direction by the Conservative Branch of the National Party, succeeded in imposing in all foreign circles, even in Russia ad Turkey, the idea of the Union, ad of a larger liberty in the government of the Principalities. The Crimean War and the peace that followed it, at Pa- ris, caused the triumph of these ideas, owing to the accord established between the Great Powers in 1856 and 1858, by which it was decided to give the Danubian Principalities, a larger autonomy, the right to choose their own rulers, and even to organize a common administration. In accordance with this accord, the elections for the new Princes were held in 1859, and after long debates, on Jan. 5, Alexander Cuza was elected in Moldavia, and on Jan. 24, thanks to the pres- sure brought to bear by Ion BrMianu, who had become the leader of the extreme left, the Divans held ad hoc, elected him for Wallachia also, the Union of the two Principalities being this realized. Within the larger framework of the new liberties obtained from the Western Powers, and with the guarantee of the united government, the Liberal Party saw its possibilities of action increased, and gained more and more the sympathy of the masses for the raising of whose situation they were fighting. Believing that in this way he was giving a greater stability to the United Principalities, Alexander Cuza avoided choosing from the beginning a Government of the extreme left, such as the Liberal, and took as collaborator, the moderate liberal, Mihail Koialniceanu of Moldavia. This brought about a keen opposition, both on the part of the Conservatives and on the part of those Liberals who were called at the time red", and determined a coalition of these groups, by which the Domn was prevented from rea- lising any other reform than that of the secularizing of the estates of the Monasteries, it being considered by the ex-

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www.dacoromanica.ro treme party, that a policy of half measures was not the thing to be desired. In 1856, a coup d'Etat, apparently put on foot by the Liberals, with the assent of the Conservatives, obliged the Prince to abdicate. The long precognized idea of offering to a foreign prince, of a western dynasty, the throne of the United Principalities, was once more revived, and it was first offered to the Count of Flanders, and on his refusal, Ion Br'atianu obtained the consent of Prince Carol of Ho- henzollern. In 1866, accompanied by Ion Bra'tianu, the new Ruler entered the country and mounted the throne of the Danu- bian Principalities, to which he was to give a monarchical continuity, and to win for them the liberty they needed to be able to enter the European rhythm. The first Government of Prince Carol, was a Govern- ment of Coalition presided by Ion Ghica and in which the Liberals were represented by their leaders loanBratianu, Sturdza and C. A. Rosetti. The chief desiderata of a national order, were realized. The Union of the Principalities effected,the monarchical continuity assured, the internal fights for supremacy done away with, and the autonomy of the country considerably increased. In this domain, there was consequently little left to conquer, according to the point of view of the times; as regards social life however, everything had still to be done. The Constituant of 1866, in which the radical ideas of the Liberals made themselves powerfully felt, gave the Prin- cipalities a Constitution modelled on the Belgian, an extremely advanced Constitution, that is, not only for the Rou- manian Countries, but even for those of Central and Western Europe. The period of conquests had ended and that of constructive work, in which the Liberals were to play a predominant role was beginning. There were nevertheless cer-

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www.dacoromanica.ro tain points still to be won, amongst others the putting of the peasantry into possession of land, universal suffrage, and consequently a more advanced electoral law, and the enfranchisement of the Jews. Together with the stabilizing work, in which they were to assist the new Prince and his Governments, the Liberals continued to fight for the realisation of thesepoints. The year 1876, saw the advent of the Liberal Party, and the dawn of one of the most fruitful periods of the reign of Prince Carol I. In foreign affairs, the period from 1876 to 1888, during which the Government of Ion Bratianu was in power, is marked by the collaboration of the Roumanian Armies, with the Russian, in the war against Turkey, a collaboration which had the result of obtaining the Independence of Roumania and the annexation of two districts of the Do- brudgea. These two important events were bound to lead to the amendment of the Constitution, and in fact, in consequence of discussions with the Representatives of the Po- wers at Berlin, the Liberal Government amended in 1879, Art.7, to grant enfranchisement to the Jews. In 1884 a new amendment was realised, by which the Principalities were proclaimed a Kingdom. In this twelve year's period, after the crucial point in the life of the Roumanian State, the Liberal Party developed a prodigious constructive activity. Among the many reforms carriedout by thisGovernment, must be mentioned, the extending and nationalizing of the Railways, the creating of the National Bank, of the Land Credit, of the Agricul- tural Credit, the building of bonding-warehouses for grain, of cattle markets to allow the exploitation of the products of the country, and above all, the measure by which in 1878, 48,184 peasant families were given 227,349 hectares and 3,871 families, 16,834 hectares. To these measures, which are the starting point for future activity, both in the

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www.dacoromanica.ro social and the economic life of the country, must be added a series of laws and of measures to raise the level of it, cultural life, by increasing the number of schools and of churches,and by givingeducationalfacilitiestothe peasantry. Naturally, the realisations fell short of the initial programme of the revolutionaries, and of the first points of the Liberal Party, constituted in1 866, but they had contributed enor- mously towards the consolidating of the Principalities, the consolidation which was to make possible later, the integral realisation of such programme. In1 892, after the death of Ion Bratianu and a short leadership of Dumitru Bratianu, the Liberal Party, proclaimed president of the Party, Dumitru Sturza, former collaborator of their late chief. The year1 90 1, brought a grave Economic crisis for the young Kingdom, and after seven changes of Governments, the Liberal Party was once more called to the head of affairs. Dumitru Sturdza resolved the crisis and then issued for the first time the formula that was to be so much discussed later: Prin noi imine" (by our own efforts). To the constitutional principles, and to the national and social conceptions of the times, the Liberal Party added then, a well defined ideology in the economic political domain, an ideology based on the conviction that the country must be kept from the bondage of foreign capital and that all elements of production must be stimulated to the maximum. The repeated and fruitful collaboration with King Carol I, had given the Liberal Party such authority and had gained them so much confidence, as to justify their return to power in 1907, when they were called upon, to calm the peasant revolt that broke out in that year and threatened to spread to a most alarming extent. By crushing this mo-

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www.dacoromanica.ro vement, the Liberals proved that they deserved most fully the confidence placed in them. Prosperity in the economic domain, stability in internal affairs, prestige abroad, all these advantages gained by the young Kingdom, enabled Ion I. C. Brkianu, the son of Ion Brkianu and the successor of Dimitrie Sturza in the leadership of the Party, to promise in 1913, when the Liberals were again in power, and after a brilliantly successful campaign in Bulgaria, by which Roumania obtained the New Dobrud- gea, to announce that he gives land to the entire mass of the peasantry. The European War, for the moment prevented the realization of this project, however the same Party, at the end of the war, which Roumania had entered on the side of France and England redeemed the promise, by amen- ding the Constitution in 1917, for the purpose of expro- priating the property of the great land owners, that it might be giventothepeasants,and tointroduceuniversal suffrage. During the neutrality of the Roumanian State, the Liberal Party strongly advocated the opening of hostilities on the side of France and England, The Liberl Leaders forcibly maintained this point of view against the Ientiments of King Carol I,because, apart from the spiritual connections and the traditional alliances with those two Powers, they saw in the triumph of their cause, the triumph of Roumania's own, and the possibility of united within the same frontiers, the Roumanians of the territoriesstill under foreign dominion. The current of public opinion determined by this attitude, convinced King Ferdinand, Successor to King Carol I, that the attitude of the Liberal Party was the attitude of the country itself, and in 1916 Roumania entered the war as the ally of France and England. International events have proved that Ion I. C. Biltianu

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www.dacoromanica.ro and the Liberal Party chose the right road, when they per- sisted in their point of view against the desire of Carol I. As already stated, at the end of the war, by which the Onion of all Roumanian was realised, the Government of Ion I. C. Bratianu, introduced the distribution of land among the peasantry, and the universal vote, thus fulfilling in a shorter time than would have been thought possible barely half a century all the national, social and political demands, formulated when the first liberal movement arose in the Principalities. The Constitution of 1923, drawn up and voted under the National Liberal Government presided by I.I. C. Bra- tianu, confirmed the acquisitions of this remarkably rapid evolution and opened a new era of national consolidation. From that moment, true to their ideology, the National Liberals have directed their entire activity, towards the work of fortifying the institutions won, and of developping to the maximum, the potential national virtues. Their programmes have been drawn up with a view to the realisation of these objects. The post-war Liberal Governments have shown a sustained effort to ensure internal order by a sincere, but determined application of the most liberal laws, an effort of consolidation in the international domain, by a policy faithful to the Treaties and to the League of Nations; an action to stimulate the national forces of production, by a regime for theimprovementof Roumanian agriculture and industry, and by the spreading of culture amongst the masses, of the people. When after an absence of some years, the return of King Carol II to the throne, may have awoken in many, the hope that changes would be brought about in the internal order, the Liberal Party, at that moment under the laedership of Vintila Bratianu, maintained a reserved attitude, waiting for

141 www.dacoromanica.ro the moment when they could again place themselves in the service of the Country and of the Throne. The defection of certain partisans could not shake their situation, and when after the death of Vintil'a Beatianu, the new chief, Ion Duca was charged with the forming of the Government in 1933, the National Liberal Party, continued their work of consolidation, this time more especially in the direction of the re-establishment of internal order and financial reform. The determination with which the extirpation of the anar- chical currents was proceeded with cost the life of Ion Duca, who was assasinated by some of the members of the suppressed organizations. Even this blow failed, so far as the object of its perpe- trators was concerned, for it could not shake theLiberal Party. Mr. Constantin Brkianu was proclaimed its President, and the Presidence of the Government was entrusted by the King, first to the Ministry of Education, Dr. Ion Angelescu and later to Mr. Gh. Tafarescu, former Secretary General of the Party. Order having been re-established, the LiberalGovern- ment continued their activity, in 1936 producing the first balanced budget since the war and up to the present, and carrying on the work of arming the country, imposed by international events. From this short review of the Evolution of Liberalism and of the National Liberal Party in Roumania, an evolution which up to the moment of the fusion was involved in the very birth process of the Roumanian State, certain facts can easily be seized, by which the authority enjoyed by the Party in its numerous administrations becomes clear. Having arisen at a time of transition, during a troubled period for the whole of Europe, not only for the Princi- palities, the Liberal Party had to liquidate the past and to

142 www.dacoromanica.ro introduce a new order, to re-cast, strongly fixed realities, in new f orms, to apply new principles, in a society, that in many ways, had remained behind the times. To realize such objects, a political organism was required, at once well organized and extremely elastic,it was necessary that the Party should be guided by extremely luminous principles, but also that for each circumstance, the solution should be f ound, containing the principle of continuity the most suitable to the Roumanian realities. New institutions such as theConstitutionalMonarchy, Universal Suffrage and Parliamentarism had to be transformed into living realities to be efficacious for Roumanian Society. That is what the Liberal Party has meant in the evolution of modern Roumania. An unshakable political organization, thanks to its iron discipline, which has always been recognized, its avoidance it demogogic formulas, led by chiefs of such ektreme authority as that of the revolutionary Ion Bratianu, C. A. Rosetti, Dumitrie Sturza, Ion I. C. Bratianu or Vintila Bratianu, the National Party of Roumania, has always been the implacable defender of its principles, but has also always known how to adjust them to the realities and circumstances of thq moment. Desiring to instal a sincerely constitutional regime, but convinced that this could only be realized under exceptiol nal authority, its leaders have understood the Party must be the bridge between the Crown and the Country, they have understood that in a young State, the King cannot be a mere arbitrator, but that he must govern through his Go- vernment. That is why the National Liberal Party has been called to the post of responsibility at all difficult moments, and

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www.dacoromanica.ro has presided at all the most important realizations of modern Roumania. Programme of the National Liberal Party: The sincere application of the Constitutional Parlamentary regime by the respecting of the prerogatives of all constitutional powers and the eliminating of the excesses which have of late diminished parliamentary prestige, it being only by the respecting and application of the principles on which our Constitution is based, that the normal development and the prosperity of the Roumanian State can be assured. The strengthening of the idea of authority. The combatting of all currents founded on class and racial hatred. The punishing, in accordance with hastened procedure, of those who by fraude and abuse, have prejudiced the State, the district or the commune. The ending of the excessive legislation which has created legislative chaos. Simplification of the entire administrative apparatus and its reduction to the real needs of good management within the present budget possibilities, and the introduction of a new spirit in all branches of public administration. The assuring of the stability of all officials; the revision of the body of officials, all sinecures and abuses of plurality to be suppressed; abolition of useless autonomous regies; realization of the application of the personal responsibility principle in regard to officials; a regime of ruthless economy. The payment of foreign debts to be carried out within the limits of the country's capacity of payment, but with permanent care to defend its credit abroad. The placing of agriculture in the first plan of action of the State, and its support in view of the crisis which is crushing it. All forces shall be mobilized to hasten Its rationalization, the quantitative and qualitative increase of its production and its industrialization.

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www.dacoromanica.ro Special solicitude to be granted to winegrowers to ensure better remuneration of their products. Building up of the national industries and of Roumanian commerce. National industry, commerce and labour must enjoy special attention and defence. The law for the encouragement of industry shall be adapted to present needs. State suppliers shall be regularly paid. Realization of a social policy to assure to the working classes the condition of life demanded by the aspirations of the time, the appreciation of labour, and the respecting of human dignity. Reorganization of the Services of Public Health on basis of a general coordinating action, special attention being paid to the villages. Improvement and modernizing of the means of transport. The administration of the Roumanian Railways to be placed on a really commercial basis. Railway traction to be harmo- nized with motor-traction. The promoting of cultural development in all its forms. The principle of obligatory primary education to be integrally realized. All ef forts shall be made to put an end to illiteracy. The consolidating of the harmonious relations andthe good un-clerstanding between the national churches. The strengthening of the armY. The organizing of the entire nation with a view to the national defence, the organizing of the preregimentary" instruction of youth, the reduction of the term of military service under arms and the increase of the number of reenrolments, the urgent equipping of the army, the development of the military industries and the adapting of private industries to the mission which they would have to fulfil in case of war. Preparation in view of chemical warfare. ContinuatiOn of the foreign policy pursued since the war and up to present for the consolidation of peace and the maintaining of the existing treaties. 10 145 www.dacoromanica.ro NATIONAL PEASANTS PARTY PRESIDENT: H. E. ION MIHALACHE The National Peasants Party arose from the fusion of two parties: the National Party of Transylvania and the Pea- sants Party of the Old Kingdom. The Transylvanian National Branch is by far the older of the two. Eighty years ago the organization was known in the form of the Roumanian National Party of Trassylvania. After the law-suit of the Memorandum, the Party adopted the tactics of passive resistence. It maintained itself by means of a negative resistance propaganda, without actually taking part in political life. The generation of Messrs. Juliu Maniu, Vaida-Voevod, Gold4, St. Ciceo-Pop, gave up the old tactics. Consequently, the marking personalities of the Party were elected deputies, and carried on the fight in the Budapest Parliament. From that moment, the Party was led by Mr. Juliu Maniu, After the war, they took ver the leadership of Transylvania and completed the national work there by means of their local government, the Council of Direction. In the parliaments between 1919 and 1927 the opposition fight was carried on in common with the Peasants Party under the leadership of Mr. Ion Mihalache, up to the complete fusion of the two parties in 1926. The Peasants Branch is much younger. A teacher, Do- brescu-Arges, made attempts in the direction of an autonomous Pesants policy towards the end of last century. The oli- garchic structure of Old Roumania prevented any great extension of this movement. A Peasants movement existed also in the left wing of the Liberal Party, which through Professor C. Stere, Dr. Lupu, etc. agitated in favour of agrarian reforms f or the Peasantry. A Peasants Party properly speaking was, however, only formed after the closing of peace

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www.dacoromanica.ro in 1918, and on the initiative of Mr. Ion Mihalache. Its founder has the habit of saying that the National Peasants Party is the will of those who died in the trenches. I. Mihalache had essayed even before the war to form a party of this kind by the political organization of the Pea- sants Cooperative movement, through the medium of the review Vremea Noua- (New Times), edited by the elite of the schoolteachers, headed by the present leader of the Party who stood for the third college (in which the peasants voted in the time of the tenants colleges with the restricted vote). However, up to 1918, the movement was limited to the economic domain and even in this domain it covered only a small geographical region. Immediately after the war, the current broke out spon- taneously: in Wallachia by the initiative of a group of teachers, headed by I. Mihalache, who were at once joined by the University Professors, V. Madgearu and I. Raducanu; in Moldavia by the initiative of the University Professors, N. Costachescu, P. Bujor, St.I. Borcea. In the first Parlia- ment of Great Roumania, the percentage elected of the new party was so great that the new government was obliged to be formed by the alliance of the Peasants Party with the National Party. This Government, which was caused to fall by a whole series of intrigues, lasted barely three months. Seven years of opposition in common caused the two branches to know each other better and to merge into each other in spirit, little by little. In 1926 their fusion was complete. After a year and a half, the National Peasants Party came into power under the Presidency of Mr. J. Maniu. They governed up to May 1931. After a short Iorga-Argetoianu government, the National Peasants Party again came in and gave two administrations, the Vaida administration and the J. Maniu administration (1931-1933).In 1934, Mr. I. Miha- lache was elected President. A complete reorganization of

147 www.dacoromanica.ro the cadres, a bringing up to date of the party from the point of view of the statutes and the programme, the creation of the professional feminine group, and a neworganizationof youth, followed. The party, under the spur of its leader, adopted a new programme, a new ideology. Led by I. Mihalache with the help of Messrs. I. Maniu. Dr. Lupu and V. Madgearu and other conspicuons members, the National Peasants Party is to-day in full prosperity. It is the most powerful party of Rouma- nia. The basis of its programme is the raising of the Peasantry. The ten main points of the programme of the National- Peasants Party of 1926 are the result of the thought and experience of the National Party of Transylvania and of the Pea- sants Party of the Old Kingdom and of Bessarabia. They are the result of the social and national realities of the Rou- manian Race, united by the sacrifices of blood of the Old Kingdom, and of the freely expressed will of the national assemblies of Alba lulia, Kishineff and Czernowitz. After 9 years, the general lines of these 10 points still form the basis of the National Peasants Party Programme. The perturbed years that have pased, have comprised not only the breaking out of the most dreadful economic crisis ever experienced by mankind, but also the radical transformation of the entire social and spiritual mentality. Ancient empires, venerable institutions and time-honoured establishments everywhere change their nature. An atmosphere of busy labour dominates everywhere. We are perphaps entering a new era. In view of this general owerthrowing of values, the main points of the 1926 programme still remain valid. Only their manner of application, the details of their contents, the standpoint from which we view them at present, if not changed in their essence, have become amplified or at any rate specialized. Constitutional monarchy, thesolidarity of all classes a-

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www.dacoromanica.ro round the peasantry as essential factor of production the legal and constitutional regime, the guarantee of the freedom and rights of citizens, etc. are points of support which have kept their entire validity for us. The social-economic evolution of the past few years has but enriched or impo- verished their contents, has changed their accent or centre of gravity. In 1926, for instance, the attention of all was drawn to the political point of view. To-day, the crisis has displaced the perspective and the economic prism of events imposes itself almost as an obsession. Eight years ago, the social-economic organisation, after the liberal pattern, might still have maintained some of its illusions. Now, after the total anarchy which has shaken the power of production in relation to the possibility of consumption, after the disorder of speculations of all kind and the financial crashes all over the world, no one believes any longer in a spontaneous harmonization within the framework of economic liberties. A real revolution has taken place in the domain of all values: spiritual and material. It can be summarized as a transformation of societies founded on the individualist ideal into societies of a more and more pronounced social and solidarist- type. In all branches of activity, from political and economic regimes, to cultural phenomenons, even in the most orthodoxly individualist countries, the rights of society increasse and individual wishes are put aside: the importance of the State, of the principles of cohesion and solidarity, take precedence of isolated individual claims. The national peasant doctrine has to scrutinize the future to analize the prospects arising from the political economic change of mentality, to endeavour to adapt itself to the new demands, by creating harmony between its interests and the demands of the time. As an unshaken postulate of these times, stands the national idea. Events since the Great War have everywhere streng

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www.dacoromanica.ro thened the principal of the national States. Above all material or social, economic or religious idea, stands the firm will of modern man, to live within the natural limits of nationa lities. After the realization or our millenary dream of ethnical union, our nation must fulfil its cultural mision, by developping all the aptitudes and moral and spiritul possibilities of the Roumanian genius. All efforts towards progress, of our Party, will be guided in the first place by constructive axioms of nationality. Differences of tradition and custom, of the Roumanian provinces which have lived under the domination of other States, have created a variety of regional types. Taking this into account, as well as the need to bring out the value of all local initiatives, within the limits of the general interests of the State, the National Peasants Party must organize administrative life on basis of the principles of decentralisation and local autonomy. In the economic domain, in face of the present anarchy, the idea of State economy is in full ascension everywhere. The metodical and conscious intervention of the State, to direct, regulate and normalize economic life, is the basis of directed economy, to-day. But thic economic system can have various degrees and forms. It can vary between the formula of the State's normalizing character in the economic process, and that of the directly producing and directing State. Recognizing the fruitfulness of private initiativein economic life, we adopt the idea of the normalizing State, intervening to rationalize and limit individualistic excesses. While in certain domains strictly indicated by the national requirements, we shall have recourse to the formula of the directly managing and producing State. Consequently the future economy of our country will be of a twofold nature. The economic evolution is not along a single line. Different economic types can co-exist. The older forms, overtaken by others, do not disappear. they last still,

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www.dacoromanica.ro for some time. Of the newer forms, some advance more rapidly, in a more accelarated cadence, others show a certain inertia and remain behind. We shall thus have to organize the future economy, in three sections: an Individualistic stage a State Economy stage and finallya Cooperative stage. To this last, all attention must be given, in a peasant State, more especially. We believe that only the co-operative organization in all the organic structure of peasant agricultural economy, can lead to the highest quantitative and qualitative excellence of peasant production, and to direct contact with the consuming markets, by which the entire profit will be assured to the producers, by the avoiding of intermediaries, agricultural economy being thus saved from capitalistic speculation, and the peasants assured a high standard of life. The entire field of agricultural economy, the basis of our entire national economy is reserved to cooperation: as production, as sale, as supply and as credit. It is evident that this conception, totally different to the liberal conception which reserves to cooperation a limited field and a role sub ordi- natedtocapitalistic economy, demands radicalreorga- nization and cooperation, a work which was begun by us in 1929 and has to be terminated. All this presupposes a cooperative conception in the peasantry, a cooperative education and spirit which must be developed in the ranks of the small farmers by the primary, agricultural, and forestry .schools, etc. The development of the cooperatist cadres and mentality will therefore be carried out on autonomous lines which come into conflict with the burgeois economy in the individualist State, the object of cooperation being the emancipation of the small farmers from capitalistic exploitation. The Liberal State has enslaved cooperation to capitalistic objects. The National-Peasant State will associate cooperation with the aim of organization of solidary economy. As

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www.dacoromanica.ro comunistic economy is the characteristic of the Soviet State; the corporationist" economy the characteristic of the fascist State; individual economy, the characteristic of the Liberal State; so cooperative economy will be the main characteristic of the National-Peasant State. State intervention will not only have the object of rationalizing economic life. Directed economy must also have a social object: that of doing away with the exploitation of the peasantry due to the enormous discrepancy between the prices of agricultural products, which have fallen to their lowest, level, and those of manufactured products which are maintained at a high scale. For this purpose all forms of monopoly, which constitute an exploitation of the peasantry will be combatted. If we admit the tendency towards a planified economy with a central unitary and coherent direction, it is difficult to conciliate this politically with the old individualistic and au- tonomistic democracy based on the respecting of abusive rights or of isolated individual caprices. The old democracy of the past century, developping the ideas inherited from the English traditions and from the French revolution, created an ideology, insuring all liberties to the individual, even against the collectivity. This democracy was formally political rather than economic. It insisted much on rights and far less on duties of solidarity and cooperation. Finally it was less the democracy of production than of consumption. All these characteristics came from the fact that the democracy inherited by us from last century proceeded from the idea of an individual and not from the idea of a group. The great revolution had abolished classes, states, corporations and groups. It had pulveri- zed society into endless isolated atoms, placing at the basis of all its policy, the fetish of the human personality. Stress was therefore laid on liberty not on equality, or rights not on

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www.dacoromanica.ro Mr. ION MIHALACHE

www.dacoromanica.ro duties. The civilization and economy of our century has reorganized itself around the idea of a group. The workers have fought for their class, and the peasants also. Men of the same trade have adhered to professional syndicats. The democratic idea is undoubtedly superior to many forms of direction of human society. In spite of passing crises it appears eternal. The idea of control, of responsibility, of equalitp, between those of equal merit, of a minimum of liberty, are virtues definitely gained to the spiritual patrimony of humanity. Only the form in which democracy is exercised varies, according to the requirements of society at a given moment. The individualistic de. mocracy appears out of date to-day. In this place we must organize, a social group democarcy, in which there shall be a question of justice, not only of liberty, of duty, not only of rights. The Press shall be protected from an abusive censureship. The guaranteeing of the libery of the written word, however, implies responsibility and prompt measures to prevent abuses. The old democracy was accused of grave deficiencies: ste- rility, incompetence, injustice. It will not be possible for such reproaches to be brought forward against the new democracy. Two main groups have appeared in contemporary society: the social class and the professional syndicates. The peasantry forming a class must in the first place attend to its own needs and toits own destiny. It cannot, however, ignore, from the political point of view, the interests of the other social categories, the economic associations and professional syndicates of the town which are closely interwOven with their own. The peasantry must therefore attend in the first place to their political organization as a class, to realize a rural democracy; and in the second place must get into touch with the other syndical or professional groups, with which they are inevitably connected. The above considerations explain the notion of the Na- 153 www.dacoromanica.ro tional-Peasant State. Between the Fascist State exclusively devoted to the corporations and the communist State subordinated to the proletarian class, the National-Peasant State does not mean the tyranny or dictatorship of the peasants but only their primary rale in the solidarity and collaboration with other national groups or classes. Such organization presupposes, as we have seen, independence of the social national categories. The peasantry beirag the main productive factor ot the country and its greatest power of consumption, ist prosperity must mean the provess of all other social categories. Moreover, the recent crinis has shown that a pauper peasantry brings about general ruin. In accepting the democratic groups principals, the Natio- nal-Peasants Party will in any case remain faithful to the large and definitely established lines of democracy properly speaking. Not only because of the crucial fact that all highly ci- vilized States have remained faithful to democracy, but for the special reason that it represents the great, the immense majority of this country. Dictatorial regimes employ to maintain a minority in power. Powerful and popular as it is, why should the National- Peasants Party do so? It desires only an organizatoin of democracy. The seductions of the regimes of forced authority, leaves it indifferent. Open to all progress, with intelligence and prudence, without being a partisan of novelty at all price, it assimilates the recent social transformations and makes them depend on the great organic reality of the peasants which it represents. Between anchylosed senility, faithful to all traditions without exception, and the permanently revolutionary spirit of a- narchy, it chooses instinctively and consciously at the same time, the road indicated by the interets of the peasants, adapted to the general direction of evolution. And in this way it believes that it is integrally fulfilling its historic mission. 154 www.dacoromanica.ro THE NATIONAL-LIBERAL PARTY PRESIDENT: PROF. GHEORGHE BRATIANU.

On June 8, 11 930, when His Majesty King Carol II, was proclaimed in Parliament, King of Roumania, the National Liberal Parry (Leader Vintila Bratianu) did not vote, after having taken an antagonistic attitude on the previous day. Gheorghe Bratianu, at that time Deputy for Jassy and Pre- sident of the National Liberal Organization in that District, being called by the new King, considered it his duty to res- pond to this appeal and to transmit to the leader of the party any intentions which might be manifested to him. The next day, the permanent delegation of the National Liberal Party having met to discuss the question on the order of the day, Gheorghe Bratianu expressed his opinion that under the existing circumstances, the attitude of the party should not lead to internal enmity. For this reason he was excluded from the party. Part of the permanent delegation adhered to the attitude of Gheorghe Bratianu. On June 15, 1930, at the great meeting held in the Sala Frascati, all those who felt and saw in the attitude of Gheor- ghe Bratianu, the true iontinuation of the ideology of the Liberal Party: nationalism, liberalism, constitutidnalism, mo- narchism, proclaimed him leader of the National liberal Party. On June 17, Gheorghe Bratianu made a statement iithe Chamber of Deputies, on his conception of the relations between the Crown and the National Liberal Party. In the meantime the rest of the Party continued to exist and to work under thepresidency of Vintila Bratianu. Thus in the eyes of public opinion it appears that two Li- beral Parties exist. We will let Gheorghe Bratianu, the official voice of the National Liberal Party itself, be heard; this is what is inscribed on the frontispiece of the Statutes of the Party:

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www.dacoromanica.ro The National Liberal Party has, within the last few years, passed through a double crisis, an internal crisis and another in relation to exterior facts. After the death of Ion I. C. Bra- tianu, the order and discipline remained, but not the spon- taneousness and spiritual cohesion which alone can maintain the dynamism of a great Party. Neither did the discipline imposed in the domain of ideas give the party, when faced by new circumstances resulting from its own actions of a political and social order as well as from the profound economic transformations in Europe, the means to understand andto direct the events of the time. Thus its power of adaption to present realities declined. The proof of this was given in connection with the last general congress, and in the painful development of the deci- cions of leadership of the party during the events of June 1930. Based on this experiment and on our common action, the National Liberal Party considering that it cannot abandon its faith towards the Crown, 'nor the will of the nation, has established its principles of organization on a new foundation, and they are inscribed in the very name of the party; it is, and will remain, national, as its tradition and history and the superior interests of the Unitary NationalState, welded together by the millenary sacrifices of the race, demand. It is liberal, because it believes that only in following the principles of liberty can it reach the realization of a social life assuring to all, the possibility of complete development of personality: It is within the limits of these two great principles that the Liberal Party will continue to develop its activity. The great economic drama of contemporary civilization is unfolding before our eyes. We do not believe either in the total transformation of the modern State or in the disappearance of the capitalist regime. We believe however in

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www.dacoromanica.ro the need for the powers of the State to adapt themselves to the present conditions of life and in the gradual evolution of capitalism which will bring us out of the present economic anarchy. The National Liberal Party considers that the country must be protected against two dangers: the ignoring of the close economic interdependence between peoples, and the failure to take into account the implacable progress or the times. Roumania cannot isolate herself, during the course of her future development, either in time or in space. As declared adversary of such conceptions, at the basis of which there is more political romanticism than clear intuition of present needs. the National Liberal Party preconizes radical measures to meet exceptional circumstances and is firm in its belief that in future, only the free development of individuali- ties and a stable and normal regime of justice, can guarantee the progress of our race in all domains of its creative forces. Unshaken in its monarchical convictions in support of which it last year brought the uncontestable proof of facts, the National Liberal Party remains firmly determined to maintain Roumania's foundation, her constitutional institutions, unmoved, it believes that it is only thus that it can remain in future also, in accordance with its traditions, the guardian of complete accord between the Crown and The National Will". We will further quote, from the speeches of Mr. Gheorghe Bratianu, the following passages relative to the national and constitutional problem: Two great problems the national problem and the constitutional problem both equally important, have been placed at the head of the National Liberal Program. Both will be given the attention which they demand, within the margins set by the conception of the National Liberal

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www.dacoromanica.ro Party, and the superior interests of the State and of the nation. The national problem is in fact the problem of ensuring a dominant situation to the Roumanian element in the economy and culture of United Roumania, which cannot be realized without occupying certain key points of our economic and political life. The national and unitary State must assure to the majority nation the place due to it. The national idea comprises not only claims of an internal order, it also demands that the scattered elements of the race left outside of the frontiers, be brought into the territory of Roumania. The national idea which has been the spiritual force of the founders of Roumania, remains the spiritual force of those by whom the country must be fortified. It is time, to make it known that in Great Roumania it is not the foreigner but the Roumanian who must take the lead. The constitutional problem is the problem by the solving of which, within the tried framework of constitutional institutions a leadership supported by the confidence of the nation must assure to Roumania, internal order and work, and dignity and prestige abroad. The National Liberal Party must see that confidence in the Crown be never for a moment separated from the national will. The National Liberal Party will fight to restore to the fundamental institutions of the country, the character of stability and of prestige which is their esential role in the life of Roumania, of to-day and of to-morrow, as it was in the past". Doctrine of the Party. Faithful to its past, the National Liberal Party fights to realize the following principles:

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www.dacoromanica.ro 1. The strengthening and development of the Roumanian nation by liberty, democracy and solidarity. 2. The defence and the development of the Roumanian State under a monarchical constitutional and democratic regime with a unitary national character, both in political and in cultural and economic life. 3. The strengthening, at the basis of our society, of individual property, considered, however, as an evolutive social function in accordance with the great national and social requirements. 4. The abolition of class-war, by the brotherly solidarity and collaboration of all social classes, an equitable distribution of rights and obligations of a political and of an economic nature, being assured to all citizens within the limits of this social solidarity, as well as the free development of all energies, irrespective of race, class or religion. 5. The strengthening and development of social justice by the organization: of public liberties, of universal suffrage, of the civic culture and education of the people, of national labour and production, and of the relations between labour and capital and the professional associations, under all forms allowed by the constitution of the country. Programme of the National Liberal Party. On April 19 1936, Mr. George Bratianu issued the following manifesto: Roumanians! We are passing through the most difficult times known in our country, since the realization of the Union. Danger from beyond the frontiers, and within, anarchy, poverty and dissolution. Roumania is disarmed both materially and morally. And at the same time attempts are continually made to open our frontiers, threatened by foreign war. In the Government of the country, robbery and waste have reached their utmost limit. Reckless expenditure is made,

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www.dacoromanica.ro but the necessary money to save the health of our people and for their defence, cannot be found. Immorality dominates; it can only be matched by the hypocrisy of those by whom it is practiced. The exploiters of the inheritance which they profane, make a platform of the very bodies of those, for the assassination of whom they are responsible. Our fundamental institutions are trampled on. There is only one law: arbitrariness. Only one method of government: oppression. The spoken and the written word are no longer free. Only those have the right to speak who encourage waste or who help to cover infamy. One Tribunal was left: Parliament. For fear of the discovery of the truth, it was closed by stealth so that the thieves and traitors could continue their work of distruction silently, in the shade. We have long observed the threatening of these dangers. We have followed their growth and development. It was to prevent them that the Constitutional Front arose, and it has been supported on endless occasions, in endless elections by the full approval of conscious public opinion. In our thought it should have comprised all responsible factors of our political life. Up to the present however, except f or the Parties which staunchly carry on this fight, no decided reaction, no unitary direction has been seen on the part of the forces of the Government or of the opposition. Those of the Governmental camp decline responsibility but tolerate abuses. Amongst those of the opposition, some allow thenselves to be tempted to form unavowable associations, other must contend against the dissensions which render their action in- effective. Men's brains are confused by resounding watchwords.

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www.dacoromanica.ro Mr. GHEORGHE BRATIANU

www.dacoromanica.ro The healthy road followed by the founders of this country has been abandoned. There is nn time to lose. Conscious of the dangers which we have to face, and of all the responsibility of our action, we are determined to open the fight. We have unfurled our standard! Follow us! Against the anarchy and provocation that would crush us, we shall defend the sacred patrimony of nationality, liberty and the dignity of citizenship. We shall defend the right of property, of the initiative of work and enterprise, in harmony with the discipline of the superior and permanent interests of the nation, freely consented to. We have drawn up for you, the working program of the National Liberal Party. But programs and principles have weight, only in proportion to the confidence given to the men charged with their defence. Our hands are free! Our fiands are clean! The program is the letter,action must give it life. Action means realization. Let us press forward to the battle,in thefirm conviction that our victory will mean the salvation of the country! Now as always, our battle cry is: Awake Roumanian!... 1. National Policy: Permanent affirmation of the independence of Roumania, and realization, from all points of view, of the idea of the National and Unitary State. Accomplishment of the unification of the National State in all domains: codes, ways of communication, new marking out of the district boundaries etc. A policy of ethnical defence. Nationalization of the frontier towns and areas by means of Roumanian settlements,

www.dacoromanica.ro Roumanians from outside of the frontier being preferred for this purpose. Right of pre emption for the State over the landed property of such areas, to facilitate colonization. Revision of naturalizations, and of immigration permits, dating from the ratification of the Peace Treaties. Establishment of the proportional system in the Adminis- tration and in undertakings,to ensure to Roumanians the priority due to them. A State policy of the Minorities to ensure a distinction between the elements that have long been established in the country, and whose faith towards the National State has been verified, and the doubtful elements of recent immigration. 2. State Policy: Respecting of constitutional liberties, and the ensurance of all means necessary to the action of Go- vernment and to its responsibilities. Reduction of the number of deputies and senators, and of the Legislative Councils, to assure the continuity of political economy. Preparation of the reform of the Senate by the limiting of the number of Senators by right", and the creation of a new representation of professional interests. The cases of plurality, considered incompatible" in regard to Parliamentary mandates will be increased to ensure the complete morality and independence of the Legislative Powers. Extension of the political rights of women. 3. Foreign Policy: The external policy of the country to be established by the agreement of all responsible factors; and the informing of Parliament in the interest of the consolidation of peace, of the existing alliances and of normal relations with all our neighbours, the specific interests of

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www.dacoromanica.ro Roumania being however born in mind, both in the political and the economic domain. More especially, the rejection of any imposed obligation to open the frontiers of the country to an army of foreigners, or to subordinate the sectirity and integrity of Roumania to interests other than her own. 4. National Defence: Organization of the armed Nation-. Moral and material preparation to meet the danger of war. Strengthening and equipping of the army. Pre-military and Post-military inetruction. Development of the national armament industry. Immediate measures and works for the defence of the civil population. Guaranteeing of the security of the State by the employment of the national element exclusively, in the administration, and in undertakings connected with the defence of the Country. 5. Political Economy: Return to the principles of liberty in economic life. Restriction of State intervention. Encoura- gement of private initiative; stimulation of labour, and of economy in all its forms. Full guarantee of the right of property. The removal of cooperative societies from under allpolitical or State influence. Abolishing of legislation by decree laws in economic and financial matters. Revision of all burdensome concessions, made to the detriment of the State, the Districts or Communes. The bringing back of the State to its normal attributions, as organ for the defending and harmonizing of the interests of all categories of producers and social classes, in line with the general interest. 6. Agriculture: An agricultural policy pursuing the improvement of the production of the soil, as regards both quality and quantity.

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www.dacoromanica.ro The encouragement of the deserving elements among the small and middle class land owners, by cheap credits, premiums, subventions and reduction of taxes. The creation of practical agricultural institutes. Exploitation of all the national wealth of the soil, by rational means. A law for the effective defence of winegrowers and fruit growers. Conservation, improvement, increase and rational exploitation of forests. i Establishing of a just balance between the prices of agricultural, and of industrial products. Urgent creation of an agricultural credit Institute for the small peasant owners. Special attention to be given to lands subject to flooding, to debased lands, to pastures, to irrigation. Development and improvement of rural highroads. 7. Industry: Creation and encouragement of the industries necessary to economic life and the national defence. Granting of customs protection only for those industries which have sufficient vitality and which exploit the raw material of the country, or are directly connected with the Na- tional Defence. A customs tariff so established as to ensure a normal and permanent balance between the prices of manufatcured pro- ducte, and the prices of agricultural products. Abolition of all Trusts and Cartels as well as of all organizations of economic speculation, developed to the detriment of the consumer. Intensityandrationalizationoftheexploitationof sources of energy and of mining wealth, to meet the economic needs of the country, and for the National Defence. Progressive nationalization of generators of energy, more especially of the Petroleum Industry. Conservation of the

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www.dacoromanica.ro petroleum reserves by rational exploitation in relation to the lands explored and by the improvement of the refining of the raw products. A just exploitation of products both for export and for the internal consumption: Creation of a Pe- troleum Bourse. 8. Commerce: Ensurance of the freedom of commerce in the interior of the country, by abolition of all useless formalities. Transport with charges low enough to ensure an easy circulation of goods between all parts of the country, and in direct connection, with the country's ports. The creation of storehouses and silos at stations, to facilitate the marketing of cereals. Creation of a stable regime of foreign commerce, to ensure greater freedom. The ensurance of outlets for national products, by lasting commercial conventions of a nature to defend and to develop our foreign commerce. Abolition of all difficulties arising from the present regime of foreign exchange, which prevents export. Organization of free zones in ports. 9.Credit: Re-establishing of cheap credit with normal means of execution. Respecting of State obligations. Assurance of deposits and the stimulating of the spirit of economy and foresight by a more severe legislation in regard to the material and penal responsibility of all those who administer the capital of depositors and shareholders. Simplification of prosecution and of the means of realizing all credits as promptly as possible. 1 O. Monetary Policy: Encouragement of the exploitation of the gold mines and a monetary policy suited to the real needs of Roumanian economy. Re-organization of our Bank of Issue and its re-instate- ment in its natural functions, so that it may, as well as possi-

165 www.dacoromanica.ro ble answer the requirements of the structure of our national economy, in encouraging the really productive classes of the country by abundant and cheap discount. 1 1. Fiscal Policy: Reduction of taxes for all categories of producers and a more equitable distribution of burdens, with a view to freeing creative initiatives and economic forces. Radical re-organization of the fiscal apparatus, and the establishing of an effective system of personal responsibility, and for the prevention of fraud. A rigurous application of the principle of the Budget unity. Abolition of special abusive taxes. 1 2. Policy of Labour: Creation of a large credit Institute for cooperatives and tradesmen associations; granting and expending of the advantages of the law for the Protection of the National Industry of such organizations; encouragement premiums for tradesmen worthy of such encouragement. A new regulation for labour contracts by the introduction of an obligatory control when they are closed and at their application; legislating of standard labour contracts in favour of the national element. Efficacious measures to combat unemployment in all domains of labour. A program of public works for this purpose. Creation of dwelling houses, sanatoria, watering places, and health resorts for the preservation of the moral and physical health of the workers. Regulation of the right to assistance; concentration of all institutions of public assistance and their coordination with the private assistance institutions. Re-organization on a new basis of the Central Office of Social, Insurance, so that its revenues may serve the interests of those insured to the best advantage. Legislating of old age and permanent invalidity Pensions for those insured. Pension Offices for private employees.

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www.dacoromanica.ro 1 3. The sanitary Problem: Re-organization of medical assistance and of sanitary control in the towns and villages, to fight against social diseases and infant mortality. Doctors, Dispensaries, Pharmacies and baths in rural communes. Obli- gation of a term of rural service for doctors. Gratuitous,hospital assistanceforallcitizens without means. Protection of maternity and of children. 1 4. Communication: Rationalizing, developping and modernizing of means of communication (railways, post, aviation, navigation, ports, highroads, bridges). Strategic junc- tions, connecting all provinces. Systematization of commercial channels and of ways for the') transport of goods of all kinds to the centres of sale; a policy of tariff reductions to facilitate the circulation of goods and transit. 1 5. Administrative Policy: Simplifying organizing and rationalizing of the entire State apparatus. Concentration of services with a double use. Re-organization of administrative services on basis of decentralization. Revision of illegal appointments and application of the disciplinary and penal revocation. Regulation of the citizens' petitionary right, with obligation for State officials, under penalties, to follow up and to answer in due time, all demands addressed to the administration. An effective plurality law; Harmonizing of salaries to ensure a just remuneration of public officials of all categories to guarantee to them sufficient means of existence. Effective application of nomination by competitive examination, of officials of the State, district and communal administration, as well as of private enterprises supported by the State.

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www.dacoromanica.ro Effective, civil and penal responsibility for Ministers, Un- dersecretaries and Government Officials;for this purpose alteration of the qualifications now given to infringements relative to the administration, and the providing of severer penalties with material damage for Ministers and Heads of Authorities whose actions are declared abusive by the Law Courts. 16. Justice: Cheap and simple legal proceedings at the disposal of all those obliged to go to Law. Re-introduction of circuit judges with the obligation for them, of a rural term of service. Ensurance of salaries suited to the role and position of the juridical bodies. 17. School: A cultural and school organizatian suited to the social and economic structure of the Roumanian people and their national aspirations. Accentuating of the education side in primary and secondary schools. Accentuating of the selective principle in secondary schools. As great a development as possible of practical and professional teaching. Application of the proportional principle in the secondary and superior schools to ensure the priority of the Roumanian element. Effective support on the part of the State, the districts and the communes for deserving pupils from rural districts to allow them to continue the courses ofthe secondary schools. Re-organization of the training of the didactic body and of the organs of direction and control, with a view to a rigurous selection. Granting of the rights provided in the Law for the Orga- nization of the Didactic Body and the harmonizing of their salaries with those of magistrates and of the military. 18. Church: Strengthening of the authority of the church. Moral and material support of the dominant church to allow it to fulfil entirely,its mission in the country and in the Christian East. 168 www.dacoromanica.ro IGeneral congressI

I Central committee

Permanent central Circle of study delegation Propaganda committee

Districts Organization of the Capital

I District congress

I Districtcommittee

Circle of study Permanent district delegation

Town district Town district Town district committee committee committee

Communal Communal Communal organization organization organization

Village organization Village organization Village organization

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www.dacoromanica.ro The National liberal Party (Gh. Bratianu) has taken part, since its creation and up to the present, in three general elections. In each of these three elections the Party has held the third place, coming immediately after the two Governmen- tal Parties. Its partisans are most numerous in the Old King- dom, where one seat is obtained at all elections, for each of the districts of Iai, Covurlui, Prahova and Bacau. In Bessa- rabia, the Banate and Transylvania, its organization is still weak, but in Bukowina it is making undeniable progress. In 1931 the Party obtained 12, in 1932 fourteen and in 1933 ten mandates. The discipline in the ranks of the Party is excellent. The motto of the Party is: National dignity, political social integrity, and true realism". The objects realized by the Party up to the present are as follows: a) Groups of specialists (doctors, lawyers etc.) all devoted partisans travel through the communes and villages at fixed dates and listen to the needs and grievances of the people, giving them instantly, and on the spot, the advice required by them. b) Reading rooms, homes, medical dispensaries etc., have beencreated both in the towns and in the communes when the inhabitants can meet, or can come to find medicine, medical assistance, or valuable advice from a lawyer (in cases of arbitration, on agtonomi- cal questions etc.) or a book to read, and even a cinema- tograph. All this is placed at the disposal of the villagers completely free of charge, which of course demands great material sacrifices on the part of those who have realized it, more especially as the Party has no reserve fund. It is necessary to know this to be able to appreciate the generosity of the gesture made and of the efforts placed so intelligently and practically in the service of the idea of the enlightening of the villages and of the raising of the social and cultural level of each member of the Party and citizen of the country. 170 www.dacoromanica.ro THE NATIONAL-CHRISTIAN PARTY The National Christian Party, of Roumania, one of the most powerful parties in Roumania, is nevertheless the new- est political group, having been formed only in the Sum- mer of 1935, by the fusion of the National Agrarian Party with the Christian League of National Defence. The National Agrarian Party was established in 1932 when in consequence of differences of opinion concerning their programme and political tactics, Fieldmarshal Averescu and his chief collaborator, Mr. Octavian Goga, former Mi- nister of Arts and Cults in the Government of 1920-21 and of the Interior (1) during the GoVernment of 1926-1927 left the Party, being followed by numerous leading members and a great part of the adherents. At the Congress held at Bucharest in April 1932, the programme of the new political organism was established, Mr. Octavian Goga being proclaimed president as one of the most remarkable personalities of modern Roumania, an old fighter for the freeing of the Roumanians from under the Austro-Hungarian subjection, a poet of great talent, member of the Roumanian Academy and who both in oposition and in the two Governments in which he participated, had shown great skill as a Statesman of the first water. The principal points of, the programme of the new Party were: Modification of the Constitution as follows: Reduc- tion of the number of deputies, transformation of the Se- nate into a State Council, abolishment of the eligibility of the town, communal and municipal Councillors, modification of the Press Law, severer punishments for dishonest functio- naries, including ministers, liability of the latter for every

') In Roumania, the Portfolio of the Interior is the moat important. Its head almost always the Leader of the Party himself, or the prospec- tive leader. 171 ...

www.dacoromanica.ro loss sustained by the State through their fault, introduction of capital punishment, reestablishment of financial balance, promotion of agriculture and so forth. Shortly after the establishment of the National Agrarian Party, on the 31 of May of the same year, the Government presided by Mr. N. lorga resigning, and H. M. The King charging Mr. Al. Vaida-Voevod with the constitution of the new Cabinet, Mr. Vaida addressed himselfto Mr. Goga asking him to collaborate in the new Government. But this offer was refused by the president of the Party. The Party presented itself alone and as an opposition party at the general elections of July 1932, obtaining 108.857 votes and 8 mandates in Parliament, thus proving its vitality and legitimating its existence as a self-depending political party. During the Government of Mr. Vaida Voevod, the Na- tional Agrarian Party carried a hard oposition fight, its deputies participating in a most effective way in the Parlia- mentary battles; when the Government fell in November 1932, and the eventual Prime Minister I. G. Duca made the National Agrarian Party an offer for collaboration, Mr. Goga refused it, wanting to keep his Party independence and entire liberty of action. At the general elections of December 1933, the Party presented itself again independently and obtained this time even a greater number of votes, 121.748, and 9 mandates for Parliament, although it had been combatted not only by the Government, but also by the other Parties in opposition. In the following months, the National Agrarian Party developped a very lively activity against the Government in power. At the same time however, seeing that the forces of the right were broken up into a number of parties, groups and grouplets, Mr. Octavian Goga did all in his power to

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www.dacoromanica.ro unite these forces in one single large and powerful political organization, but in this he was only partially successful, by the, fusion of the Party with the Christian League of Natio- nal Defence, known under the initials L. A. N. C. (Liga Apa'rarii Nationale Crwine), under the presidency of the old political fighter A. C. Cuza. This fusion was effected on July 16, 1935. The second component of the National Christian Party, the Christian League of National Defence" is the result of a laborious evolution of the national christian idea in the course of more than 40 years. Based on the Law of Nationalities as a natural law and considering the Jewish question in the light of such law, with the obligatory consequence of eliminating the jews from the public and economic life of the country as detrimental to the great interests of the nation, the doctrine of the L. A. N. C. placed this teaching as a scientific truth in the centre of its programme and succeeded in determining one of the most gigantic national movements of our time. The L. A. N. C. is a powerful political economic and cultural organization, the watchword of which is the device formulated 1 v the great philosopher Vasile Conta in the following words: Unless we fight against the Jewish elements, we shall perish as a nation". Beforereaching its present form,theLeague passed through the following stages: 1. The National-Democrat Party formed in 1910 by A. C. Cuza and N. lorga and based on the National-Christian idea. The main points of the Party's programme were, the eli- mination of the Jews, prohibition for them to settle in the villages and their removal from the army. 2. The National-Democrat Christian Party, foundedin 1919 continued its activity on basis of the same programme, but without N. lorga, who abandoned the Party.

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www.dacoromanica.ro 3. The National Christian Union, created in 1922 with the collaboration of the eminent professor Dr. N. Paulescu and other supporters of the National Christian idea, had a programme based on combatting the Jews by all legal means in support of Roumanian economic political and cultural interests". 4. The Christian League of National Defence came into being in 1923 as a political, economic and cultural organization, with A. C. Cuza as only leader, and the review Ap'ararea Nationalg." (The National Defence) as organ of its doctrine. Before fusioning with the National Agrarian Party, the League carried on a lively and fruitful activity to promote the basic ideas of its programme. It had a very large echo among the masses of the people more especially in the north of the country, in Moldavia, Bukowina and Bessarabia, where powerful organizations were formed, a very keen activity was developed and remarkable electoral successes obtained thanks to the strong current of public opinion set in movement. The Programe of the National Christian Party: Il the sp&- ritual order: Differently to the liberal conception and to the marxist materialism, we desire to have as basis of the Rou- manian State, the spiritual principle of Christianity, and consequently we consider the National Church as the supreme representative of the force which is generative of moral life. We desire a militant priesthood encadred in the State organization. In the monarchical order: We consider the Monarchy as the only State form which can ensure to us here, national consolidation and a civilization of our own. We are therefore adherents of theConstitutional Mo- narchy. In the Constitutional order: We declare ourselves to be

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www.dacoromanica.ro in favour of the amendment of the present Constitution, by which we tend towards the categorical affirmation of the national idea in the structure of our State life, towards the moral reforming of Roumanian society and the reestablishment of the principle of authority in the State organism. We wish for the transformation of the Legislative Bodies into an ordered and useful instrument, by the reduction of the number of deputies, as well as by the new attributions to be given them; and a new organization of the Senate, formed of Senators elected by Roumanian corporations constituted on basis of certain special laws, of Senators appointed by the King, and of Senators by right representing certain institutions. We demand the insertion in the Constitution of the basic principles of the Administrative Law to ensure the political domination of the Roumanian& We demand the insertion in the Constitution of the principles of a press law, to assure the national character and the professional honour, and t9 guarantee the intellectuality, of the publicity organs of the country. We demand a new and rigorous affirmation of Ministerial responsibility. We demand the introduction of the death penalty for certain penal crimes as well as for crimes of high treason. In the Political order: We want Roumania for the Rou- manians. We demand the affirmation of the political, economic and cultural supremacy of the dominant nation, freed of all pa- rasitic admixture. We demand the application of the national principle in State functions and the introduction of the numerical proportion in the ethnical sense in all private undertakings in Roumania. We wish the National Army, Justice, the State Adminis-

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www.dacoromanica.ro tration and Education to be in the hands of the dominant nation. In connection with this, the principle of the numerical proportion shall be borne in mind when pupils are inscribed in the institutions of superior education. In regard to the minorities we distinguish between: 1 ) The minorities who, from the first day of the founding of the present Roumania, adhered to the idea of the National State, identifying themselves definitely with the interests of the dominant nation, the geographical situation of the \Roumanian State guaranteeing their connection with the country. Mem- bers of such minorities must be allowed to hold State offices in accordance with the numerical proportionality. 2) The minorities who, being infiltrations of races constituted as national States on the frontiers of Roumania, and permanently exposed to the agitations ofsuchcountries, whose Governments openly issue revisionistic war cries, still present in their manifestations, centrifugal tendencies. Members of such minorities can be admitted to certain State functions, to the liberal professions, and in commerce and industry, in accordance with their numerical proportionality. 3) The Jewish element, who owing to ancient extra territorial impulses, to their too recent Roumanian ctiizenship, and to their contact with the influences of the States to which they formerly belonged, form the dissolving element, detrimental to the consolidation of the Roumanian State, against which the Roumanian State has the duty of defending Rou- manian organization and work. We demand the return to their country of origin of all the foreigners who have entered the country by fraud, who are not citizens in the sense of the peace treaty, and canot legitimate their existence here, from the point of view of a State necessity.

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www.dacoromanica.ro Prof. A. C. CUZA and Mr. OCTAVIAN COCA

www.dacoromanica.ro We demand the revisions of all naturalization granted to those who came to the country after the signing of the peace treaty. In the Social order: We demand the economic, physical and moral raising of the peasantry. We demand special measures whereby, through the af fir- ming of the idea of Roumanian supremecy, the present state of unemployment in which our intellectual youth is at present plunged, may be put an end to. We demand the reeducation of our working classes, by their withdrawal from the heresy of the class war and their incorporation in the totality of the nation. In the cultural order: The direction and supervision, in the national constructive sense, of the entire cultural movement in Roumania (the press, editing firms, the theatre, ci- nematograph and radio) by the creation of a Ministry of Pro- paganda. In the economic order: We demand the strengthening of agricultural production. The creation and strengthening of industries with Rournanian national capital. The establishing of a normal balance between agricultural and industrial prices. The abolition of all measures of protection granted to the so called national exploiting industries. We demand, as measures of economy, the reduction of the number of Ministries and Undersecretariates by the simplification and regroupi,ng of the services of management of the State apparatus. We demand rural and urban expropriations for reasons of national utility. The colonizing of Roumanians in the different important points of the country. The Roumanianizing of the towns of Roumania. In the Financial order: The rate of the national currency, the leu, must be determined by the requirements of econo-

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www.dacoromanica.ro mic life, the real stability being what chiefly interests us, rather than the legal stability; since it is only the former that can assure normal conditions and economic prosperity. Credit must be reestablished and granted under easy conditions more especially for agricultural requirements. The budget must maintain continually, a normal proportion between public expenditure and the national revenue. The political, administrative and economic State functions must be rationalized. In regard to foreign politics: Since the main anxiety of our foreign policy is the need of defending the existence of the State and of maintaining the principle of the inviolability of Roumania's frontiers, for which purpose a system of alliancies must be created, our friendly relations must be continued with those countries that can ensure the economic reconstruction of the Roumanian State by offering outlets for Roumanian products. We demand the urgent arming of the country. The swastika, the distinctive sign of the Christian League of National Defence, was adopted by the National Christian Party also, for although this emblem is identical to that of the German National Socialist Party, it was adopted by Mr. A. C. Cuza before 1910, therefore long before the forming of the German Party. Consequently it must not be suppo- sed from the identity of these signs that there is any connection between Hitler's Party and the Roumanian National Christians; There is no relationship whatever between the two Parties. Once the fusion effected, a vast campaign of propaganda for the enlightening of the masses was started by the Cen- tral Organization and by the organizations in the districts, and was carried out all over the country. Meetings were held in all important centres, for instance at Kishinef, the capital of Bessarabia and at Czernowitz, the capital of Bu-

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www.dacoromanica.ro kowina, meetings in which tens ofthousands ofcitizens took part. The result of such activity was seen in the partial elections held during the months of January and February of 1 936 in the various regions of Roumania. One in the north of the country, in Bukowina, another in the Old Kingdom, and a third in Transylvania. In all three elections the success was carried off by the National Christian Party; in Suceava the absolute majority of the votes cast was obtained, the Party thus succeeding in the election of their candidate by several thousands of votes above those obtained by all the rival candidates together; in Mehedinti they obtained almost 19.000 votes as compared to 4350 obtained in the general elections of 1933, and at Hunedoara, also a considerable increase of votes from 1341 to more than 9.000. These results obtained in barely 6 months of existence, prove the great vitality of the National Christian Party and justify our affirmation that the Party will shortly be called upon to play an important part in the political life of Rou- mania.

THE ROUMANIAN FRONT PRESIDENT: H. E. Dr. ALEXANDER VAIDA VOEVOD VOEVOD The organization Roumanian Front'', founded and led by Dr. Alexander Vaida Voevod, former prime minister in several administrations, is not a political party in the sense of the existing political parties in Roumania. All political parties in Roumania are organized on an elec- tiv basis, the criterion of selection being the electoral influence in the districts and communes, and in case such parties should come into power, it follows that the various local problems

179 www.dacoromanica.ro must be realized according to the electoral interests and requirements, and the general interests of the country according to the electoral needs of the party. In resolving any problem the determining factors are the electoral interests of the party, the local interests of the organization and of the leaders, co-ordinated with the general interests, the latter being almost always left in the background. Owing to this situation, the amendment of laws relative to the essential problems of the State, is extremely frequent from Govern- ment to Government, the State Administration being continually subjected to the political influence and fluctuations of party politics, any stability in the leading criterions of the different branches of the life of the State being altogether lacking, while the administration of the communes is entirely subject to the party interests, because of the leading organs, usually nominated by the Government, and very rarely elected by the population. Party Politics, based on the electoral party system, in regard to their organization, have not been, and will not be able to improve the continually weakening situation of the State, for they are themselves enslaved by their needs of existence, to the party electoralism. . As acontrast to this situation, the organization ofthe Roumanian Front", is based on the authoritative criterion, and on that of the selection of values. Its leaders are not elected, but are nominated by the supreme leader, on whom they depend and to whom they are answerable. The organization thus presents itself without any hypothesis imposed by the personal electoral situation of the various leading members, and the general interests are not subject to any party interests. The cadres thus constituted have only the role of deepening the penetration of the ideology and political principles of the Roumanian Front among the masses, and of

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www.dacoromanica.ro fulfilling the postulates imposed by the organic needs of existence of the State. The Roumanian Front is therefore an organism created to realize a national movement, which by abolishing the de- fects of the party system shall lead, 'through the solidarity of the Nation to the creation of a consciously national authoritative State, exempt from the fluctuations from party to party, and from continually changing criterions in its organization, altering according as to whether the one or the other party is in power. The Roumanian Front was created on May 12, 1935, by the establishing of the programme read by Dr. Alexander Vaida Voevod, at the public meeting held at Bucharest. The program and the political ideology of the Rouma- nian Front are determined by the past of the race, by the political, economical, social and geographicalsituationof Great Roumania. In the past, the Roumanians lived separated from each other, under different dominations, but with the permanent tendency to reach the Union of the whole race in a National State. The leading elements of the Roumanians in all regions under foreign dominion, as well as the leaders in the Old Kingdom carried on a national fight which in the new, united State, should have led to the strengthening of the Rou- manian element. The new national State, could not be, in their conception, merely politically national, in the sense that it should be only politically in the hands of Roumanians as the basic element of the country and owing to their numerical preponderance; but on the contrary it was to become national in the biological sense, a national State where the native Roumanian element should be master both of political life and of economic and social life, and dominate in all branches of public activity. Political dominion was realized in 1918 by the creation

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www.dacoromanica.ro of Great Roumania.But the country is weakened by the interminable divisions in the numberless political parties. In economic life the situation of the Roumanian element is not completely assured to-day. Certain branches more especially the industrial and commercial, are outside of the real domination of the Roumanians. The past development of the various regions, in Transyl- vania and the Banate, under the Hungarians, in Bukowina under the Austrians, and in Bessarabia under the Russians, gave birth to an economic life dominated by elements against which the Roumanian Race was engaged in a struggle, elements favourable to and favoured by, the former masters. Consequently, in the past, an artificial economic structure was created necessary to the former lords of the land, but truly injurious to the Roumanian element. For the same reason, in the interests of the former lords, towns were created in the territories that are now the New provinces, which appear as artificial islands in the sea of the Roumanian population. To this must be added the fact that the Jewish element, without a country of their own but with the sentiment of their nationality, of their Jewish race, lacking social stratification and existing only as a commercial and industrial element, are completely installed in the industrial and commercial departments of the life of the country, to the detriment of the national element. By their disproportionatelylarge number as compared to the population of the country, the Jews destroy the economic balance, for they cannot be supported by the commercial and industrial life of the State, more especially if the Roumanians are to enter these branches of activity. Owing to the past evolution, the Roumanian People has been and is still, mainly an agricultural people, the other branches of economic life having fallen under the control of

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www.dacoromanica.ro elements of different ethnical origin, and this to-day more especially, in consequence of the too slight remuneration to be obtained from agriculture, leads to a constant lowering of the standard of life of the ethnical element, while, as a whole, the Roumanian People are kept outside of the great circuit of economic life, either for lack or capital, or by the inherited economic structure, or owing to a policy lacking the guidance necessary to improve the situation. The following fact may serve to illustrate the existing circumstances: Of the total credits and re-discounts granted at one moment by the National Bank, only 8% were to agriculturists, and 92% to industry and commerce. The new Roumanian State, at the moment of its creation, found itself as regards economic circumstances, before an accomplished fact. The free play of forces in economic life and in the social stratification, would mean the rendering permanent of the situation found when the Roumanian State of 1918, was created, or at any rate an evolution with very little chance of success, even in the distant future. To-day, after almost twenty years since the Union, the distribution of the national income is of approximately 70% for the minorities and of only 30% for the Roumanians, figures exactly in inverse ratio to the number of the population. To allow this situation to continue would mean to condemn the national element to permanent poverty, which cannot be the object of the race politically master of the State. Geographically, it must be remembered that Roumania is in the immediate neighbourhood of theSoviet Union. Should the communistic ideology obtain influence over the masses in Roumanian, this would lead to its destruction as a Roumanian National State. We cannot defend ourselves against this ideology? by public force, but only by the creation of social cellules able to resist by the national political education, and the national consciousness of the masses them-

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www.dacoromanica.ro selves. The maintenance of the Roumanian State as national State can only be realized by the living national consciousness of the Roumanian ethnical element and by the combatting of all ideology that even approaches, or has any affinity with the communistic ideal. This proves the need of educating the masses in the sense of their old traditions, with the strengthening of property, of the family and of religion, and of a profoundly moral spirit in the masses and in their leaders, that they may be ready for any sacrifice for their supreme object as a nation; the need of the national strengthening and developping of the State, as national organism, with the abolition of all class war or struggle foreign to the collective existence and interests of the nation. The present political, economic and social reality, and the historic past, impose as a matter of elementary logic, the adoption of the ideology and programme of the Roumanian Front, to create the 'basis of a really (biologically) national State. Politically ,Roumania must be a Constitutional Monarchy, the Monarchic principle being the keystone of a calm and lasting development and evolution. It is by the complete solidarity of the Roumanian ethnical element, around the conception of a national organic State, that barren political fights can be put an end to, and it is by the profoundly moral education of the Roumanian masses, and their national consciousness that the guarantee of the permanence of the organic State must be found, of the State organic in structure, authoritative in ite manifestations and stable, not subject to fluctuations, in its organization of the nation and in the object pursued. In this regard, the doctrine and the political ideology of the country must be subordinated to one single purpose: the assurance of the existence of the Roumanian nation, and its development on a national organic basis.

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www.dacoromanica.ro _roar%

111 7,f.v for-

--/-".°..-..... Dr. ALEX. VAIDA-VOEVOD

www.dacoromanica.ro From the economic point of view, the foundations of the life of the country must be placed in the hands of the ethnical element, on basis of the principle of proportionality, so that the ethnical element may have the same direct influence in economic as in political life, and become its leading element, while economic solutions must tend to favourise the basic branches of economic life, that arise from the principle occupations of the ethnical element. Capital and labour must be subservient to the superior object of the Nation, profits being sufficient to ensure the spirit of enterprise, and salaries to assure the raising of the standard of life, a bove the minimum required. One of the means to be employed in this regard is the abolition of Cartels", together with' -the support of agriculture and the creating of an ethnical middle class in commerce and industry, a new policy of credits and an effective control of banking and industrial life. As regards the social point of view, the Roumanian Front does not recognize differences of class and does not admit the class war, the relations and questions between the classes having to be settled by the direct intervention of the State. A nation cannot be divided and placed in a state of internal warfare, for considerations of class. The principle of proportionality, as the most just measure between the dominant nation and the co-inhabiting nationalities,applied in economic life, must also be utilizedto create intellectual layers in the various professions, by its application in State lyceums, schools with public rights, and Universitities. The selection of the best elements among the children of the race, and their education in special schools at the expense of the State. The strengthening of the Church and of moral and religious education to meet the national requirements of the State.

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www.dacoromanica.ro A markedly national school education, and the organization of the school element, in the national interest of the authoritative State. The strengthening' of the Army in proportion as it is necessary for the effective defence of the State and of the life of the Race. The Minorities problem must be solved in a way that shall not prevent the development of the national element and the life of the State in any regard. There must be no policy of hatred towards the minorities, but on the other hand, an end must be put to the privileged situation resulting from the past. The Press must not be a privilege of those who dispose of capital, but must fulfil a function of real responsibility, in the domain and in the interest of the National State. In the administrative life of the communes, club political interests must be done away with, and their development must be assured, by the best elements,accepted by the population, the communes being considered as the smaller cellules of the National State. To summarize therefore, according to the above examples the development of the State must be placed within the framework of the principle of authority, with the categorical affirmation of the principle of the National State. RADICAL PEASANTS PARTY PRESIDENT: H. E. GRIGORE IUNIAN The Radical Peasants Party of Roumania was formed in the year 1932, in consequence of Grigore Junian's withdrawal from the National Peasants Party, and the fusion thus brought about with the Democrat Peasants Party of Professor Stere. As Minister of Justice in the National Peasants Government

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www.dacoromanica.ro guipmit.

Mr. GRIGORE IUNIAN

www.dacoromanica.ro and Vice-president of that Party, Grigore Junian had asked them to keep to the lines of the programme on basis of which they had obtained power. He had asked the Parlia- ment, and the National Peasants Gouvernment to hasten the resolving of the problem of Agricultural debts, a problem of the utmost importance to the peasantry and to the national economy. Then as now, Grigore Junian considered that all the evil was due to the error made in stabilizing the leu at too high a rate. Believing that by a new stabilization the more and more difficult situation of the Roumanian producer would be improved, this being the most equitable and best way also, of settling the question of the agricultural debts and of in- vigorating the entire economic life of the country, he demanded the carrying out of this lower stabilization. For reasons made public by Mr. Junian in his speech in the Cham- ber od Deputies, announcing his intention to leave the Na- tional Peasants Party, the Government and the Parliament of that Party, refused to adopt his solution. Grigore Junian left the National Peasants Party on Nov. 20, 1932, together with a number of friends and members of Parliament with whom he formed the Radical Peasants Party. A months few later, on Feb. 20th 1933 the fusion of that Party, under the Leadership of Grigore Junian, with the Democrat Peasants Party under Mr. C. Stere, took place at Kishineff. Mr. Stere had also left the National Peasants, shortly before, the reason being, in his case to, that the Party had deviated from the lines of the programme, traced during the long succession of combats undertaken by them. The new Party was formed under the name of Radical Peasants Party". A serious and well founded action of propaganda was set on foot, for the purpose of enlightening Roumanian public opinion in regard to the programme of this Party that is considered by its members as the only continuation of the ideology and programme of the old Peasants

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www.dacoromanica.ro Party; in a very short time the Radical Peasants Party has succeeded in creating organization in all the Radical districts of the country. In the Autumn of 1933, a Government crisis having arisen, the Radical Peasants Party, through its President Mr. Grigore Junian, recommended to His Majesty the King, a freely elected Government to represent truly, the will of the Rournanian Public, The Radical Peasants Party, in the Elections of Dec. 1933, obtained 84,000 votes, and were allotted 6 seats in the Chamber of Deputies. The Radical Peasants believe that the only solution for the improvement of the economic situation, is a more efficacious protection of the producing and labouring classes of the country. An increase in the value of peasant property and products, at present very depreciated as compared to the prices of industrial goods, would improve the economy of the peasantry; who form the majority of the inhabitants of Rou- mania, their number amounting to 14.000.000 out of a total population of 18.000.000; and by the restabilization of the currency, the Radical Peasants believe that the problem of agricultural debts, incompletely solved by the Law for the Conversion of Agricultural Debts, would be definitely settled. In the national order of ideas, the Party will assure to the Roumanian ethnical population, the power to develop cultu- rally and flourish economically, that they may reach a situation of equality with the other ethnical inhabitants, who, by the force of circumstances, have attained to a higher stage in these regards. The Radical Peasants, however consider as an aggravation of the external dangers, a certain nationalistic policy manifested of late in an aggressive form, which is likely to separate the Roumanians into different camps, in the national fight. In the political order,itis the opinion of the Radical

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www.dacoromanica.ro Peasants Party, fighting to promote the interests of the producing and labouring classes, that the Constitutional Par- liamentary regime is the only one able to assure the defence of such interests. In regard to external politics, the Party remains firmly attached to the present system of alliances and treaties, by which alone, the integrity of Roumania's present frontiers can be assured. Faithful to the friendly relations with France, the Party believes that such lasting friendship can only be based on reciprocal estime, to the exclusion of all tendencies of other countries to interfere in the internal policy of Rou- mania. On basis of this programme the Radical Peasants have carried on their activity, and have succeeded in winning a considerable degree of popularity among the masses of the workers, both in the villages and in the towns. In the four years of its manifestation in all their forms, the Radical Peasants have more than proved the need of this Party, whose vocation it is to represent, and to be the instrument of, the battle of the Peasants and Workers of Roumania, for their rights.

THE PEOPLE'S PARTY PRESIDENT: H. E. FIELD MARSHAL ALEX. AVERESCU.

The People's Party made it appearance in the Poltical Life of Roumania in 1920, when the People's League founded in 1918 was converted into a political party. Consequently we find the origin of the People's Party in thePeople's League which was not the artificial creation of any man, but a political formation imposed by the grave circumstances of the War. The sufferings endured by the soldiers and the population, as well as certain errors committed by the Government, made

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www.dacoromanica.ro both the soldier in the trenches and the noncombattant realize the need of some corrective action, and thus the movement was born by which all honest and loyal elements were called upon to take part in public life. Naturally all those who were caught up by this current needed a leader. Tacitly, without any previous understanding, the thoughts of all were directed towards the great Commander of the War, the Ge- neral Averescu of those days,Field Marshal Averescu of to-day. Whenever the country was in great straits, it was General Averescu who was called to overcome the crisis. For the Roumanian officer and soldier it was enough to know that General Averescu had been appealed to, for their courage to show fresh vigour and for their belief in victory to reappear. An unsurpassed strategist and tactician, with a vast culture gathered in all domains, general Averescu with his prover- bial coolness, his dauntless courage, his fatherly care for the soldiers and for the civil population, was during the whole War, the Knight without Fear and without Reproach. The qualities of this great personality and the preponderant role played by General Averescu, both in the Balkan War of 1913, as Head of the General Staff, and in the last War, as Commander of the Army, explain the almost mystical bonds established between him and the Roumanian People in their longing for redress these bonds are the symbol of all the aspirations of the nation. When in the Autumn of the year 1917, the armistice was closed on the East Front because of the Russian defection, General Averescu asked that no further men should be sacrificed so that the Army might be preserved in view of other military operations that when the hazard of war should once more change, it might be ready, as actually happened in 1919, when the Army, spared by General Ave- rescu, triumphantly entered Budapest.

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www.dacoromanica.ro In January 1918, General Averescu was charged by King Ferdinand to form a Government to close a peace such as he desired, without annexions or reparations. At that moment, the People's League had not yet been created, but it existed in the atmosphere of the country. General Averescu, unwilling to negotiate a peace by which the country would have been mutilated and humiliated, withdrew from the Government and from the Army, resigning to begin a new activity in public life. In March 1918, General Averescu addressed a letter to several Statesmen, asking whether it would not be well to profit by this current, born in the trenches, and to form a league with the object of reinstating constitutional life, of calling to responsibility all those responsible for the errors committed and of establishing a regime of honour. His appeal was accepted with enthusiasm by those statesmen, to whom he had appealed, and on April 3 1918, in the Jassy residence of the late, deeply regretted University Professor and great Roumanian, Matei Cantacuzino, a meeting was held of public men of all Parties, and the Consti- tutive Act of the League was signed, under the name of The People's League, and the leadership of General Averescu. From that moment General Averescu began a gigantic public activity. The official Gazette of the League was created. It was given the name of Indreptarea" (Redress) as an expression of the country's wish that what had proved faulty should be reformed. Apart from this paper, two others were created: one for the villagers called Gazeta Poporului" (The Peo- ple's Gazette) and the other for the workmen, called Mun- citorul" (The Worker). General Averescu began to travel all over the country, and was everywhere received as an envoy of God, the whole

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www.dacoromanica.ro population showing their reverence for him by falling on their knees and kissing his hands. In the elections carried out by the Government Marghilo- man in May 1918, he was elected in all the districts for which he stood in Moldavia, that is to say in the parts not occupied by the Germans, but also in the District of Mehe- dinti, for which he had not presented his candidature, and which was under foreign occupation. The current grew from day to day, the number of adherents increasing to such an extent that from the first months, General Averescu was obliged to think of a statutary organization of the People's League. The Statutes of the League were drawn up, to give a new organization to this political formation, later imitated by all the other Parties. It was also General Averescu who drew up the first program of the League, placing at its head, the three words: Work, Honour, Legality that represent the synthesis of the League's doctrine. After the end of the foreign occupation, in 1918, which had as consequence the realization of the national unity and the freeing of the entire territory of the Old Kingdom, the organization of the People's League, formed in the first place in Moldovie and Bessarabia, was extended all over the country, to comprise the provinces of Wallachia,Oltenie, Transylvania, the Banate and Bucowina. Although he had gained all Roumanian hearts, General Averescu refused to take part in the elections of the Autumn of 1919, for the reason that the Government of the moment did not give the guarantee of free elections. A proof of his popularity was however given a few months later, in February 1920, when, new partial elections being held for the Senate, all the places were taken by the partisans of General Averescu. In view of this formidable popularity, King Ferdinand I,

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www.dacoromanica.ro FIELD-MARSHAL AL. AVERESCU

www.dacoromanica.ro on March13 1920,again called General Averescu into power, as leader of the People's League. He formed a Go- vernment with Tache lonescu and some elements of the Na- tional Party of Transylvania, headed by 0. Goga, who had adhered to the current represented by General Averescu. As head of the Government, General Averescu, feeling the need of unity in the Administration, which the League could not afford, proposed with the approval of all his partisans, the conversion of the League into thePeople's Party, which was realized on April 151 92 0,at the great Congress held in the Roumanian Arenas" of Bucharest. This first Administration of the People's Party lasted until Dec.13 1921. During this interval of one year and nine months, the activity of the Averescu Government was wonderful. In the first place he restored the internal peace of the country threatened by a Bolshevic current which had become strong because of the weakness of the preceeding Governments. A general strike was ended in a few hours, without the Govern- ment having had recourse to any violents measures, merely by the authority of General Averescu. In the second place, it voted the Agrarian Reform, giving the peasants the land promised to them during the War. In the third place, it realized political unity between the united provinces and the Old Kingdom, abolishing the Di- rectorates of Cluj and Czernowitz. In the fourth place, it reconstructed the railway net and the rolling stock, ruined during the War, besides carrying out a number of improvements in Education, in Religious Ques- tions, in industrial and Agricultural matters etc. In full ascendant activity, Marshal Averescu was obliged to abandon power in Dec.1931,because of the late Tache lonescu, who refused to continue his colloboration.Tache lonescu himself was charged with the formation of the new

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www.dacoromanica.ro Government, but his Administration lasted only one month. On Jan. 20, the People's Party Majority passed a vote of blame on the Government and Tache lonescu was obliged to resign, which led to the dissolving of Parliament. From 1922 to 1926, the People's Party carried on an opposition activity, by the control exercised by it, both outside of Parliament, numerous meetings being held, and within Parliament. In this interval of four years, the People's Party called a number of Congresses of which the most important were those of Sibiu, held in the Autumn of 1922, and that held at Kishineff in the Autumn of 1923. At the Sibiu Congress, the People's Party revised its Pro- gram to bring it into unison with all the imperious needs of the Country. This basic program was kept up to date by a series of amendments effected by the other Congresses held up to 1926. On March 31 1926, the Liberal Government having resigned, King Ferdinand once more charged General Averescu with the forming of a Government of the People's Party, to which two leaders of the National Party of Transylvania had adhered: V. Goldi and the priest Lupa. This second Go- vernment, between the years 1926-1927, was characterized by its perfectly ordered administration, and by the voting of a series of organic laws, which had they been respected by the succeeding Governments, would have realized a real furthering of the prosperity of the country. The State Budget for 1926-1927 showed a surplus of three and a half milliards, a unique result, since the War and up to the present. In the same year 1926-1927, the trade balance was favourable to the extent of six milliards, which proves that the economic life of the country was in full nourishment. Among the more important laws voted by this Govern-

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www.dacoromanica.ro ment were the Law for the Organization of the Roumanian Railways, the Law for the Harmonizing of the Salaries of Public Officials, the Law of Labour Associations (Syndics,- tes) and others. Quite unjustified political considerations led to the fall of the Government of the People's Party on June 4, 1927. Since then, the country has not succeeded in reaching a moral balance, it is awaiting the Government of great authority, to gather up the threads broken off in 1927. During all this interval, between 1927 and up to the present, the People's Party, carrying on the Opposition fight, has fulfilled its duty in controlling and criticizing the work of the numberless Governments which have followed each other at the head of the country. Apart from the part played by it, in this control and supervision, the Party, in the many. Congresses held, has kept its program in touch with the multifarious needs of the country, thus preparing itself for the work of Government. Thanks to the uncontested authority of its Leader, Marshal Averescu, the People's Party has maintained a preponderant role in the public life of the country. The thought of the men who count of those who think only of the good of the country turns towards Ge- neral Averescu and his Party, which waits with confidence to be called to the Government of the country, that it May fulfil its mission with the same competence, and unselfishness as in the past. The programme of the People's Party: The Constitutional Regime: The People's Party, a Consti- tutional Party, demands the strict application of the Consti- tutional provisions, the ordinary laws having to contain severe penalties against those who, by abuse of power or by other means, may disregard such provisions.

195 www.dacoromanica.ro Foreign Policy: The People's Party will not deviate from the line of conduct followed in foreign policy, but will continue to pursue the policy consented to by all, the policy of peace, arising from the Treaties in f orce. The Party is the defender of the principles on which the League of Nations is based, with the unchangeable desire to maintain and develop the best relations with all States, on basis of such principles. Electoral Reform: Particular attention must be given to the application, by the Electoral Law, of Art. 64 of the Consti- tution, relative to the representation of the Minorities. The Electoral Law must contain efficacious measures to prevent demagogic, and more especially subversive propaganda. The People's Party believes it necessary to increase the professional representation in the Senate" and to introduce such representation in even larger proportions in the formation of the Chamber of Deputies. The juridical Reform: New norms f or the recruiting of magistrates must be inlroduced, to assure a rational selection and complete independence of the magistrature. The Ma- gistrature must be given complete autonomy. Legislative Uni- fication must be realized gradually: Financial Policy: Taxation quotas shall be examined again in the most conciliatory spirit and with the wish to harmonize the fiscal contributions asked of all classes of the population, with their economic needs. Re-organization of the Popular Banks and of the Coope- ratives. Inviolability of all special laws with the character of contracts. Efforts to be made to gain, seriously, the confidence of the Financial Circles of the West. Economic Policy: The excessive intervention exercised by the State in the management of the national economy and

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www.dacoromanica.ro the way in which its control has been continually extended have not given the hoped for results, consequently this State interference in regard to supplies, production and commerce cannot be continued. The action of the State must be limited to measures to guard and harmonize the social and national interests. Full liberty must be granted to internal commerce and transactions, and foreign commerce must be freed of all administrative complications and prohibitive fiscal restrictions. In such regime of freedom it will be necessary to pursue a customs policy to ensure the development of the national industry on basis of the effective application of such policy. National labour must be everywhere encouraged. The industrial problem: The People's Party recognizing the important role plaged by the industries in our economic reconstruction and in the consolidation of the power of our State, considers it necessary to continue and to develop, the policy of their legal encouragement. Particular attention shall be given to the encouragement of trades and of the peasants home industries. The Party will create a labour credit, more especially to supply the small industry. Agriculture: The People's Party will complete the Agra- rian reform in the first place by the sincere application of the Agrarian Laws voted by Parliament in 1921, and in the second place by the realization of measures of agricultural organization. Such agricultural organization, based on the right of property, will begin by the associating of peasants properties in a form to allow the rational cultivation of the land. The agrarian problem presents three distinct parts: 1) The need of a rational distribution of the arable land, in estates varying between the minimum necessary to the existence of a family and a maximum can be exploited to full advantage by a single owner.

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www.dacoromanica.ro 2) The placing at the disposal of agriculturist owners, of means of all kinds for the improvement and intensification of our production. 3) The organizing of the depositing and transport of our agricultural products. In the same way, the improvement of the land subject to inundation around the Danube and the other great rivers, shall also be carried out, by the building of dams. Effort shall be made to realize the exploitation of the Delta of the Danube. To reduce the cost of production it will be necessary to grant special encouragement to motorized culture. To assure the right of property, land registers and surveys according to the system existing in Transylvania and Bukowina, will be introduced in the Kingdom and in Bessa- rabia. The Problem of Labour and of Social Welfare: The Peo- ples Party will take particular attention to labour interests harmonizing such interests with those of the employers. The Army: The unified term of service under arms shall be reduced to the limit necessary to give the men the full instruction required and a sound military and national education. The Peoples Party will by no means endeavour to realize economies by reduction of the budget of the army. Excess contingence shall be utilized to organize unities of workers. Particular attention will be given to the court of officers of reserves. Minorities: The Peoples Party makesno difference between the citizens of the country, irrespective as to their nationality or their belief. It as a duty of the Government, whatever Party it may belong to see that the stipulations of the Peace Treaties and

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www.dacoromanica.ro therefore also those relative to the minorities shall in no way be impaired. The Peoples Party has constantly maintained the opinion that it is preferable both from point of view of the interest of the minorities and of those of the State, that the minority citizens should use the cadres of the existing political parties for the advancement of their ideas.

THE AGRARIAN PARTY PRESIDENT: H. E. CONSTANTIN ARGETOIANU

The Agrarian Union" was constituted as a political party on June 8, 1932. Agreat number of agriculture and membres of the liberal professions met in the residence of Mr. N. Ottescu, former Under-Secretary of State for the Ministry of Interior and laid the basis of the party. Amongst those present were: Messsrs. Dr. J. Cantacuzino, former Minister; Al. Radian, former Un- der-secretary of State; Mihail Sadoveanu, President of the Se- nate; Prince Basarab Brâncoveanu, deputy; Ioan Pangal for- Under-Secretary of State. After interesting discussions, a report was drawn up and mer.forwarded to Mr. C. Argetoianu, the actual president of the Agrarian Union, former Minister of the Interior and of Fi- nance. In the resolution preceding the report, the founder-members of the Agrarian Union specify that the reason for the founding of this political organization is: the drawing up of an agrarian programme, to which all other branches of activity should be subordinated, Roumania being a country of tillers of the soil. The f 9Acvrarianin Union" constituted under the Pre- sidency of Mr. C. Argetoianu, developed a lively activity in Parliament, contributing within the framework of its pro-

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www.dacoromanica.ro gramme toward the resolution of all problems relating to the economy of the country, and the needs of the ranks of the producing peasantry. In the Parliament of 1932, the Agrarian Union" had foul deputies, obtaining approximately 90.000 votes. In the Par. liament of 1933, 5 of its deputies were elected: C. Arge tuianu, Al. Radian, Dr. Aurel Mil lea, Dr. J. Popa and Dr Max Campean. The Agrarian Union- has complete organizations in all the districts of the country, numbering among its local leaders, many well known agriculturists as-well as distinguished mem bers of the intellectual classes and of the liberal professions. At the congress held on June 8, 9 and 10, 1935, the Agrarian Union established its program. he essence of the Agrarian Union''s programme is that in contradistinction to the other political programme, it considers that resolving of all economic, financial political, customs and foreign trade problems, should be made to depend on the agrarian interests. Roumania being an agricultural country, both by her economic structure, and, more especially by the almost unanimous profession of her population, can only progress by ensuring the remuneration of agricultural production and by raising the economic, cultural level ot the peasantry. Whithout being an adversary of industry, the Agrarian Union-, pursues the object of intergrating industry within the framework of agrarian interests. The members of the Agra- rian Union consider that, if present circumstances prevent the application of a regime of free trade, the tendency of the Roumanian State in future, must be towards freedom of ex- changes with foreign countries, to ensure outlets to our products and the cheapest possible supply of strictly necessary goods, to Roumanian agriculturists. The constitutional problem: The Agrarian Union believes

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Mr. CONST. ARGETOIANU

www.dacoromanica.ro that our fundamental pact must be brought into concordance withthe needofapplying,incertain circumstances, measures of public direction and control which would not tally with the text of the present Constitution. Certain provisions of the Constituion must therefore be amended so as not to hamper by their rigidity, measures imposed by the evolution of our national and international economic relations. Bearing in mind, on the other hand, that the separation of the three powers in the State, and their hierarchy, (separation is not synonimous with equality) is not clearly determined in the present Constitution, which even allows the encroaching of one power on another, more especially the encroaching of the juridical power on the others, the Agraiian Union believes that from this point of view also a revision of our Con- stitutional Law, is required. The Agrarian Union does not, however, believe that a new solemn revision of the Constitution, whether by the channels provided in the Constitution itself or by simpler and more practical ones, would be sufficient. A new rigid and inviolable Constitution would soon fall into the same faults as that now in force: many points of it would becom-: inapplicable or at any rate inoperative. What we need is the possibility of a continual correction of the Constitutional Law, of a revision of the procedure of amendment of our Constitutional Law. The Agrarian Union believes that the best solution of the Constitutional Problem now before us, and which requires to be resolved that we may return to legality, would be the establishing of the right of the ordinary Parliaments to amend the Constitutional Law in the same way as any other law, oniy with special voting restrictions. For larger amendments of the Constitutional Law, an appeal to the people would be even more suitable than the vote, even if restrictive.

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www.dacoromanica.ro As regards our parliamentary and electoral regime, the Agrarian Union believes that the Senate should be formed only of members appointed for life(pre- and post fascist Italian regime) chosen by the Crown from among the quali- fied representatives of trades, of the liberal professions and of the economic interests, with a large preference for the agrarian elements. The Chamber of Deputies reduced to the number of 1 representative for each 100,000 inhabitants should be left as heretofore ot universal suffrage, with the representation of the minorities but without the majority premium, the vote being given by lists for the entire country. Problem of organization of agricultural production: Rouma- nia must continue to be a largely cereal and agricultural production exporting country. The org,mization of agricultural production with a view to the maximum yield, can only be achieved in two ways: 1) By the rationalizing of labour and cultivation; b) by the facilitating of transport, export and credit. The Agrarian Union considers that the rationalizing of labour and culture can only be brought about by the creation of agricultural associations. Only by such associations, can a systematic and extensive, large cultivation be carried on. Until the entire reorganization of the State on an agrarian basis can be carried out, measures are urgently required for the marketing, at least of the current harvest. For this purpose the only measure is complete freedom of negociation for the exchange obtained from the export of cereals. This exchange should be left totally at the free disposal of the exporters. In summary, the direction of the agriculturists towards associations, the radical reform of the regime of coorporations, the organization of the mutual assistance societies; the creation of storehouses and silos with a view to standardization and warranting; complete freedom for the negociation of agricul-

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www.dacoromanica.ro tural exchange, the revision of transport tariffs and the acce- leration of transports, are the points to be realized. V iticultural and fruitgrowing problem: The measures of protection should be: a) Immediate prohiibition of all plantings and re-plantings of vines for a term of some years, during which period the new regime of f3lanting and re-planting should be fixed on .basis of serious studies; b) A fixed tax per hectare, the integral monopoly of all alcoholic drinks and severe repression of all frauds and fal- sifications, to prevent unfair competition between the winegrowers. Commercial Measures: a) The greatest possible use for alcohol from wine and fruits, by the alcohol monopoly for alcoholic drinks; b) The creation of a central commercial organ with branches for th, depositing, preparing and sale of wines. c) The organization of export by the viticultural syndicates and the International Chambers of Commerce. A special convention with Russia to be closed as soon as possible to ensure an outlet to the fruits and wines of Bas- sarabia. Forestry Problem: A forestry policy must be inaugurated in our country. The forest occupy 21% of the superficies of our country. Over 200,000 workers earn their living by working in the woods. From the viewpoint of export wood holds the third place. The forestry policy must be based on: 1) Legal Restrictions in the production of wood; 2) The greatest possible restriction of the regeneration of the beechtree, its place should be occupied by the larch-tree and oak-tree; 3) Measures regarding the consumption of wood. Wood

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www.dacoromanica.ro of a fine quality should be eliminated as much as possible from the internal consumption and replaced by wood of an inferior quality; 4) The customs measures. Timber shall be prohibited for export; 5) The encouragement by serious legal advantages of the constitution of Associations of Producers; 6) The nationalizing of the exploitation of woods. The exploitation of our forests, is to-day over 95% in the hands of f oreigners. Economic and Financial Problem: For a right assessment of imposts, for the simplification of the foreign commerce regime, for a rational solving of the foreign exchange problem as well as for the general leading of the country on the normal road the equilibrium in the economic relations of our various producing factors, must previously be established. The Agrarian Union thinks the first radical measure to be the liquidation of the liability which paralizes all the branches of our activity, a quick, automatic and radical reduction of all debits without distinction based on the category of the debtor and without a discrimination as to the origin of the debt. In assessing the imposts, the payment possibilities of the tax-Payer should be born in mind. The indirect taxes are in such cases better supported than the direct taxes. The Fiscal control should prosecute the evasions of great quotas more than those of little quotas. Regarding foreign commerce, the Agrarian Union is convinced that every measure hindering the liberty of transactions is harmful to the general economy, the only bearable measure Jn regard to the regulation of commerce is a more elastic prorogation of imports, the total balance of payments being borne in mind rather than the category of goods and the origin of the exporting countries.

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www.dacoromanica.ro The preblem of the monopolies must be solved by the extention of the State Monopoly to the sale of petroleum products and :(3 sugar. The regime of our national industry must be revised not only from the point of view of national collaboration and the employment of the national element, but from the very important point of view of the directing policy which to-day places the most important of our undertakings almost exclusively in the service of certain interests, foreign to the interests of the national economy. As regards the financial policy of the State, the Agrarian Union believes "that a budget policy based only on economy and on treasury expedients can only lead to the disorganiza- tion of the State apparatus with all its consequences. The monetary and exchange problem: The Agrarian Union considers that the liquidation of our debts, and monetary normalization are the two radical reforms without the realisation of which an improvement of our economic situation cannot be conceived. The National 'Bank no longer assures the convertibility of the Leu by its own means to-day the rate of the Leu, which is moreover fictive, is only kept up by the help of the State. It is impossible to-day to speak of the independence of the bank of issue: to-day without the permanent assistance of the State, the National Bank would be obliged to declare itself bankrupt. In such conditions the National Bank can no ,Ionger be thought of as a State within a State". We must either continue our present monetary regime and in that case the National Bank must be reduced to the proportions of a simple registring office of State payments and col- lections or if we wish the National Bank to be what its Statutes intend the regulator of our monetary circulation, we

205 www.dacoromanica.ro must place at its disposal the necessary instrument which is a new convertible currency. Export must be free. It must not be hampered but on the contrary encouraged. Import must also be free with the reserve of a State control based on the situation of the trade-balance, by which certain customs measures justified by circumstances may be introduced. The experience of other countries shows us that by the free negociation of exchange, an almost fixed premium is established, which in the countries where this experiment is being made, has become established around 30% of the value of the exchange. The congress of the Agrarian Union believes only and it wishes to repeat this once more in the results of a radical monetary reform, and awaits with confidence the moment when internal possibilities and the external conjuncture shall allow us to carry it out. The Armament Problem: The arming and equipping of the country cannot be ef fected in the proportions demanded by all the present deficiencies, by means of order placed abroad. The national industry must be placed in a position to meet all demands of the army both in regard to light arms, heavy arms aviations apparatus, etc. and to all ammunition and equipment. National Problem: The Agrarian Union is deeply convinced, on the o n e part of the right of the Roumanian element to keep in its hands all the reins, in every domain of our national activity, whether political, economic, or social and on the other part, of the duties of this same Roumanian element towards the ethnical minorities which are its co-inhabitants all over the country. Special measures must be taken to re-establish the balance in favour of the Roumanian element.

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www.dacoromanica.ro The Law for the Organization of National Labour is insufficient and an urgent regulation of the acces to the superior Public Schools and to the liberal professions must complete it. The problem of our relations with the ethnical minorities must be finally resolved and closed. The ethnical minorities are entitled to the protection of their work, faith,language and schools. They have at the same time the duty to defend the existence of the Roumanian State by every sacrifice, together with all of us. Social Problem: A constant preoccupation is the sanitary problem. 1 he sanitary service must be divided into two: a Static Part comprising hospitals, homes f or incurables and sanatoria, and a dynamic part comprising only the fight against social diseases and epidemies. As regards schools, the primary classes must be reducted to at most 4 years and the rural schools directed exclusively towards the practice of agriculture, and the urban ones towards the practice of professions. In future we must have as many primary professional schools as possible f or the enlightening and directing of the masses, as well as good superior schools and Universities for the cultural improvement of the country and as few lyciums for girls and f or boys and other foolishnesses such as fi- nishing schools etc. the result of which is only to create un- classed failures and parasites. The Agrarian Union sees in goods roads an indispensable condition for the prosperity of the country. Armaments, sanitary installations, high-roads those are the three categories of indispensable expenses and the only ones which can be demanded of our poverty.

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www.dacoromanica.ro NATIONAL CORPORATIST LEAGUE PRESIDENT: H. E. ENGINEER MIHAI MANOILESCU

The Natoinal Corporatist League" was formed in the Au- tumn of 1933, after a long doctrinary preparation carried on through the review The New World" (Lumea Noua), and lectures and propaganda pamphlets, by Mr. Mihail Ma- noilescu University Professor, former Minister and former Governor of the National Bank of Roumania, at present Se- nator together with a group of friends of his, of which the most important are Messrs: I. Jo Idea Radulescu, Jour- nalist, former Deputy, Secretary General of the League, En- gineer Cristea Niculescu, former Secretary General of the Mi- nistry of Industry and Commerce, Professor at the Polytechnic School. of Bucharest, Florin Zaharia, Lawyer, former Secre- tary General of the Ministries of Industry and Commerce and of Communications, former Deputy etc. In the Manifesto addressed by Mr.Munoilescu tothe Country, to announce the founding of the National Corpo- ratist League", the following among other thingsis to be read. Anxious about the fate of the country, we have thought of new means of organizing the State. These means, able to give to the people inspiration, and the possibility of work and gain, are: The National Corporative Organization of the Country and the State. The new commandment for all peoples is to-day, the economic organization of national life. However, this organization cannot be carried out by the present State.It can only be created by the Corporatist State. That is why so many States to-day have become, or are becoming Corpo- rative States". This Manifesto was immediately followed by the publication of a programme for the reform of the Roumanian State, signed by Mr. Mihai Manoilescu, and adopted by the Great

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Prof. MIHAIL MANOILESCU

www.dacoromanica.ro Council of the National Corporatist League, in one of their extraordinary meetings. National Corporatism, according to the teaching of Mr. Manoilescu and his partisans, means neither a dictatorship, nor Fascism, nor a coup d'Etat, it means a new Constitu- tional Regime, instituted on basis of a normal revision of the present Constitution; this regime however means the organizing of National Work and of the National Political Repre- sentation. The Chamber of Deputies must become an economic Chamber, elected by agriculturists, tradesmen, workers, merchants etc., and the Senate, a social cultural Se- nate, elected by the cultural professions, professors, physicians, lawyers, engineers etc. The Government will be under the management and responsibility of its leaders, and the other ministers, not bound by any Cabinet solidarity, will be simply the collaborators and subordinates of this leadership, by which they will be able to be dismissed at any time should they prove to be incapable. All the economic activity, social and cultural economy vill be organized in great National Corporations, by which most of the functions exercised by the State at present, will be taken over. The State will not have the direct management of sanitary and cultural matters. It will maintain the supreme right of co-ordinating such activities. This decentra- lized working, combined with regional decentralization will enable the nation to develop the maximum amount of activity according to the views of the President of the League. The ideas exposed above are contained in 33 points and represent the programme for the reform of the State: 1. The national corporatist reform of the Roumanian Na- tion and of the State does not instantly demand, for its realisation, a political revolution with the material characteristics of that which took place 10 years ago in Italy. Just as the introduction of the democratic regime in a country does

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www.dacoromanica.ro not imply a repetition of the French Revolution, the introduction of the National Corporatist regime does not mean the repetition of the Fascist revolution. The national corporatist reform here, may take the shape of a Constitutional Reform, carried out in the usual manner by the amendment of the Constitution, as provided by the Constitution itself. 2. The National Corporatist organization of the country and of the State, will be brought about by a series of legal reforms, of which the basis will be the constitutional reform. Nevertheless there are certain preparatory reforms f or the corporative organization of the country and of the State, which could be realised even within the present Constitution. 3. The object of the national corporative organization of the country and of the State is: a) To allow the solving of the economic, social and cultural problems of the present; b) To allow the realization of a more equitable balance between the Roumanians and the Minorities in all fields of national activity and the maintaining of a predominantly Roumanian character in all national corporations; c) The facilitating of the evolution of the country towards new economic social forms, in which the individual interest of the employer would no longer constitute in all domains, the unique basis of production and exchange, and in which incomes from rent would no longer crushingly burden the economic activity required by the general social interest. 4. At the basis of the new constitutional order, will be a new conception of the individual. The individual will no longer be characterized juridically by the uniform and ab- stract quality of citizen and by natural rights, resulting from the simple fact of his existence, but by his differential and concrete qualities resulting from the service or function or services or functions fulfilled by him in the collectivity which alone give birth to rights, on basis of duties fulfilled.

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www.dacoromanica.ro The doctrinal definition and the insertion of the functional qualities of the individual in the positive texts of the law, will be the beginning and the basis of the constitutional national-corporatist reform. The functional role of an individual is often confused with his profession. However the profession is not the only possible social function or the only possible form in which social services can be rendered. Be- sides the profession, which represents by definition the in- dviidual's means of existence, certain voluntary social functions or services may be legally entered, such for instance as membership of school or church committees. In principle, all social services and functions which have a permanent character, deserve to be entered among what we shall call the functional right", and which is to take the place of the old right of citizen". 5. The introduction of the principle of social service, must naturally lead to the granting of rights absolutely equal to those of men, to all women who fulfil permanent social functions. 6. The division of the nation according to the Social functions and services of the individual, must not be confused with the present, out of date division according to the social class, which may be compared to the former qualifications for the vote (electoral colleges) in which persons with the most diverse functions and professions were included, merely on basis of the individual income! 7. Persons with several social professions and functions will be able to, find for each of them, the suitable enrolment, naturally however, only in so far as be is actually active to some extent in such professions and functions. 8. The corporatist reform will be imbued with the idea of the hierarchy of interests. Above the individual interest will be the collective interest of the corporation, and above this the general interest

211 www.dacoromanica.ro of the country. The effective legislation, will be constantly inspired by the need of establishing this hierarchy. 9. The basis of the social, cultural economic and political organization of the country, will be the national corporations. The national corporations are the collective organs of public law, which will organize the various national activities and functions, enrolling all those who fulfil such activities and functions. The National Corporations will comprise both those activities and functions that are now exercised by the State and considered public rights, and those that are exercised by private persons and are considered private rights, such as economic functions and liberal professions. 1 O. The National Corporations will be classified in two great categories: The Social-Cultural Corporations and the Economic Cor- porations. A) The Social-Cultural Corporation will organize the activities in the domain of social and cultural services. They will comprise apart from the Church, the Army and the Law, the following National Corporations: 1. The Corporation of Instruction and Public Education. 2. The Corporation of Public Health. 3. The Corporation of Sciences. 4. The Corporation of Arts. 5. The College of Administrative Public Officials. B) The Economic Corporations which will organize the national economic activity. They win comprise the following National Corporations: 1. The Agricultural Corporation. 2. The Corporation of Industries and Trades. 3. The Corporation of Commerce and Transports. 4. The Corporation of Bank and Insurance. 11. The State will recognize to the Corporations the ma-

212 www.dacoromanica.ro ximum attributions compatible with the Unity of the State, reserving to itself only: a) The State functions properly speaking: foreign policy and internal order; b) The functions for the co-ordinating of all national activities. All other functions will be taken over by the Corpora- tions, which will for this purpose be invested, as organs of public rights, with the authority to draw up the internal legislative norms and to exercise even external executive attributions. 12. The Church, the Army, the Law and the other social- cultural corporations will be organized on basis of the principle of the largest possible autonomy, each of them being granted once and for all the recognition of certain specified rights connected with the carrying out of special national missions. This recognition, given by constitutional channels, and by way of a concordat" between the State and the national corporations, will have the object of giving stability and continuity to the social cultural life of the nation. For instance, Education will be organized and administered by the National Corporation of Teaching and Public Education, which will comprise professors of all grades and will at the same time have the mission of organizing teaching and education, for which it will be granted all the necessary rights and means. In the same way, the Law will unite in a national corporation, not only all magistrates of all ranks, but all barristers, and the corporation of Public Health will comprise all physicians whether they are State officials or independent members of that profession as well as the auxiliary sanitary staffs. 13. The fact that in the present State, certain social functions are exercised by the State, and others by private persons, will in future entail no difference between such func-

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www.dacoromanica.ro tions, which will all be exercised by the national corporations of a public nature, the private character of the indi- vidualactivities organized by them, being respected, according to the case. 14. The fact that the social-cultural corporations will have to receive, in future also, financial means from the State, or will have the right to apply themselves, the corresponding stamps for the services which they fulfil, will not be able to restrict their autonomy, which will depend only on functional requirements and not on circumstances of a financial nature. 15. The economic corporations will have the purpose of organizing the national economic activity, and of maintaining the social balance between the economic elements. 16. The economic-corporative organization of the country, will take into account the essential fact that the superior forms of economic organization, which will arise in future, cannot and must not completely replace in all domains, the older economic forms. Thus in the society of to-morrow also, beside the corporations and syndicates. which will have become autonomous organs of production, there will still exist the independent capitalistic undertakings, co-operative undertakings and small tradesmen; and in the agrarian order, the medium sized rural estates, will co-exist with the labouring peasants property. Consequently, the Constitution and the ordinary laws will take into account all these diverse economic forms, without tending to destroy the balance which is created between them by their own vitality. 1 7. The economic corporations will be constituted on basis of three principles: a) "The regional principle, in accordance with which, the regional elements will be given expression in the composition of all corporations.

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www.dacoromanica.ro b) The principle of speciality, which will allow the sub- division of the corporations by different specialities,i.e., in corporations of categories. c) The principle of parity, by which the constitution of the corpoillion comprising the capitalistically organized undertakings, will be based on equality of rights between the employer and the employees. Such corporation is the result of the organic combination of two collective forms: The Syndicate of the Employers and the Syndicate of the Em- ployees. In the corporative management, the syndicates of the head of undertakings (the employers) and those of the employees, will have the same number of members. 1 7. The Economic Corporations will have Economic, So- cial and Political National Missions. The economic mission of the corporations is that of organizing and co-orainating the national production. They will fulfil this role through the syndicates of the undertakings, the exclusively economic mission of which is extremely important. The syndicates of the Employers will discipline production in their own branch, and will co-ordinate it outside of their branch by understandings and even by contracts closed between syndicate and syndicate. As such, the syndicates of Employers will have a complete juridical personality (in the same way as Joint Stock Companies) whereas corporations which have not to close contracts between themselves, will have a limited juridical personality, in the same way as the professional associations of to-day. The social mission of the corporations is to resolve by way of understandings, all differences arising between the employers and the employees, having recourse in case of need, to arbitration. At the same time the corporations have the role of developping by continual collaboration between the

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www.dacoromanica.ro employer and the worker, a new social discipline, resulting from the priority given to the national interests. The political mission of the economic corporations, as well as that of the social cultural corporations, is to integrate politically, the local life, the regional life and the national life, by constituting in all these domains a stable political regime, with a competent and responsible management. The local and regional autonomous organs, and the State itself, must be the expression of the positive cultural economic and social elements. 19. In view of the co-existence in the present and in the future, of many forms of production, and of the great difference between the agricultural and the industrial production, the political representation of the corporations in the local organs, in the regional organs and in the State, will not be effected in a symmetrical way in all corporations. Thus the agricultural corporation will have a local basis, on which a representative construction will be built in the form of a pyramid, whereas the industrial, commercial and intellectual corporations will have a much more centralist construction. 20. In the same way, existence of the proletarian peasants without land, does not demand a specialrepresenta- tion in the agricultural corporations with the same symmetry and analogy as the representation of the workers in the capitalist industrial and commercial undertakings. 2 1. For the election of the local, communal and district administrations the corporatist regime will apply two distinct methods, according as to whether it is a question of villages or towns. In the villages the communal administrations will be elected by the local members of the agricultural corporations which in fact constitute the unanimity in the villages, for the double purpose of attending to such administrations and at the same time of electing from among their number, the members of the Regional Corporative Meetings

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www.dacoromanica.ro and of the Corporative Economic Chamber of which we speak below. In the towns, on the contrary, the communal administrations will be elected only for their local administrative mission, and will not have the role of electing from among their number the members of the Corporative National Meetings, who will be elected in a direct manner through the industrial, commercial and intellectual corporations, which in fact constitute the unanimity of towns. The system of indirect election, by successive bodies of electors, of the members of the National Corporative Assem- bly, which will represent the agricultural corporations, will permit the carrying out of a repeated selection of the capable elements who have proved their worth by their activity in the local administration. 22. The communal elections will be carried out each ye'ar, for a fifth of the members of the communal councils, while the district elections, in which only the member of the communal councils will take part, will be held each year, also for a fifth of the members of the district councils. 23. The Chambers of Commerce and Industry and those of Agriculture will be abolished, Economic District Cham- bers being instituted, to comprise the complete representation of agriculture, of industry, of the trades, of labour and of commerce. These Chambers will maintain their present consultative character, having several missions as chambers of speciality. 24. Above the local organizations(communal and district) will be the Regional Organization of the country in the geographical and economic provinces, which may or may not coincide with the historic provinces. Such provinces might be: the Banate, Transylvania with the western parts of the country, Bukowina,Bessarabia,Moldavia, the Dobruclgea and Wallachia. 25. In general lines, the regional autonomy would regard

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www.dacoromanica.ro the administration properly speaking, education, excepting the programmes and conditions of appointment of the teaching staff, public health, the roads and agricultural production. In the same way the administration of such State undertakings on their territory, as have a local character, shall pass altogether into the patrimony of the autonomous provinces. 26. Public Finance shall have a central organization, taxes being equal in all provinces. In opposition to other political systems, the Constitution of the Naiional Corporative State, must be carried out from below upwards, the State as supreme political organ not being situated as a separate force, outside of the Corpora- tive System itself, but on the contrary, the State being the synthetic expression of the corporations,which,together with the Sovereign, will be the only source of political pawer. In the place of the presentConstitutionalprinciple: the King and the Parliament, the Corporative State will put the principle: the King and the Corporations. 27. The Regional Corporative Assemblies will be elected by the members of the corporations of each region, in accordance with the same principles, the same norms and the same proportion of representation of the various Corporations, as the Corporative Parliament. The Corporative Parliament will consist of the economic Chamber and the Social Cultural Senate. 28. The Economic Chamber will be composed only of representatives of national economic activities, in the proportion established beforehand by the Constitution, f or each national economic Corporation. The economic Chamber will comprise 300 deputies, and the elections shall be made each year, a fifth of the deputies elected by each Corporation being replaced.

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www.dacoromanica.ro The distribution of deputies among the Corporations will be approximately as f ollows: The Agricultural Corporation 150 deputies. The Corporation of Industries and Trades 110 deputies. The Corporation of Commerce and Transport 30 deputies. The Corporation of Banks and Insurances 10 deputies. In this distribution, agriculture will have in all 150 deputies and industries, trades, commerce and banks will have in all 150 deputies. Thus half the economic Chamber will belong to agriculture. By the electoral law the distribution of the mandates for each National Corporation will be established, between Cor- porations of the categories composing it. 29. The composition of the economic Chamber must realize an organic character from two points of view: the corporative point of view and the regional point of view. The election of members according to the above rules will satisfy the corporative point of view. So that such election may also satisfy the regional point of view, it is indispensable that the election, more especially in Corporations with many representatives in the Assembly, should allow the sending of local members by each autonomous province and insofar as possible even by each district. For the agricultural corporations, as we have shown, the 150 members of the Economic Chamber are to be elected by the 'communal councillors who are member of this Cor- poration. Such councillors have not an equal vote, but by virtue of their character of mandataries of their electors of the same Corporation, they have a multiple vote, proportional to the number of electors whom they represent. The separate election by district, of the members of the National Corporative Assembly chosen by the Agricultural

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www.dacoromanica.ro Corporations will allow the representation of the local elements in preference to candidates from other districts. 30. The Cooperatives can have a special rale in the electoral mechanism, whenever they comprise a predominant part of the villagers of some commune and whenever they fulfil effectively, and not only apparently an important economic function for the village collectivity. 31. As regards the Corporations of Industry and Trades commerce and Banks the circumscriptions will be autonomous provinces, in such a manner, that each Corporation shall erect a number of members to the National Corpora- tive Assembly, insofar as possible proportional to the number of its members in each autonomous province. 32. The Social Cultural Senate will be composed only of representatives of national activities in the domain of social and cultural services, in a proportion established beforehand by the Constitution for each Corporation and for each College apart. The Social Cultural Senate will comprise 300 Senators apart from a restrictive number of senators by right, and the elections shall be held each year, a fifth of the Senators elected by each corporation and college being renewed. The distribution of senators by Corporations and Colle- ges will be as follows: The orthodox church and the other confessions 50 senators. The army 20 senators. Justice 50 senators. The Corporation of teaching and public education 50 senators. The Corporation of Science 25 senators. The Corporation of Arts 15 senators. The College of public administrative officials 40 senators. By the electoral law the distribution of the mandates of

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www.dacoromanica.ro each Corporation and College among the categories composing it, will be established. 33. In principle, the elections shall be carried out in all Corporations and categories only between equals, each homogeneous category electing senators only from among its members. 34. Those amongst the senators who are, in some form or other, public employees, shall not be entitled to vote as regards' questions of salary and of their professional rights in regard to the State. 35. The College of public officials, with the number of 40 representatives, will have a political social character. They will not be in the same situation towards the State, as that of the Corporations which in their entirety will constitute the very basis of the State; on the contrary, such officials are the employees of the State and the instruments of its policy. Their colleges have not theref ore the same rights as the Corporations, nor the same juridical and political position towards the State. Such colleges will have a purely electoral sense and are intended to give expression through those elected by them, not to the professional interests of the public officials in regard to their employer, the State, the districts or the communes; but to constitute only an affirmation of the functional right owned by any member of the collec- tivities, within the framework of his social function, to participate in public affairs. 36. The so-called liberal professions will not be represented separately, but each in the corporation to which by right it belongs owing to the national function which such profession fulfils. Thus lawyers can be represented by the College of Jus- tice, physicians by the Corporation of Public Health, engineers and architects by the Corporation of Industry. 37. The present senators by law"will be maintained

221 www.dacoromanica.ro only insofar as they represent the army, the magistrature and national merits. Those based only on the number of times they were elected to Parliament, will be abolished. 38. The Government will not be constituted on the principle of Ministerial Solidarity, which implies a total change of the Ministerial Formation and therefore discontinuity in the life of the State, being thus a continual source of intrigues and misunterstandings among the Cabinet. The mechanism of the supreme Government will have as pivot, the head of the Government, who will be nominated and revoked by the Sovereign according to his free appreciation. The withdrawal of the head of the Government will however be obligatory, should Parliament demand it by a spe- _ cialvote,with a 2/3 majority. The head of the Government will recommend to the So- vereign, the heads of departments who will be given the name of secretaries of State only (the present title of Mi- nister-, connected with the political conception of the solidarity of the Cabinet being abolished). The secretaries of State will be responsible only towards the head of the Government a'nd the latter will be responsible towards the Sovereign. Only the head of the Government will be responsible for the acts of the Government and the former will be able to make responsible the secretaries of State, but without in this way disengaging his own responsibility. The secretaries of State shall be appointed and revoked by the Sovereign, on proposal of the Head of the Govern- ment. Nevertheless, the withdrawal of a Secretary of State is obligatory should Parliament demand this, by a special vote, and an absolute majority. 39. The financial and economic policy, as well as the pro-

222 www.dacoromanica.ro gramme of public works will be fixed in large lines for a period of some years by means of a National Economic Pro- gramme. Such Programme will be voted by Parliament which will also fix the date up to which its validity is to last. No ordinary law and no administrative measure can de- rogate from such programme, unless Parliament admits this derogation expressly, by a 2/3 majority. The Programme of the National Corporatist League" is supported and rendered popular in the country by the District Organizations of the League and by the numerous papers of propaganda that appear in the provincial towns. THE CONSERVATIVE PARTY PRESIDENT: Mr. GRIGORE N. FILIPESCU Society is not constructed as you construct a machine; you cannot reform society as you repair a machine" once said Beaconsfield. This is the basic principal of all conervativedoctrine, which in Roumania as in any other countries is based on the harmonius connection between past and present; it considers as an historic truth the fact that real and durable progress cannot be by leaps and bounds. From the time of the Divan held to decide on the Union of the two Principlalities, the Conservatives have maintained the programme on basis of which modern Roumania has been built up. They have never restricted the natural selection" as it was called by Barbu Catargi, Prime Minister in 1862 of the united Ministries of the two Principalities, the two main points of their program being: equality of all Roumanians before the Law and their eligibility for all State services according to their morality and capacity. These were the Con- servatives who formed the majority in the Assembly by which the Constitution of1 866 was voted.

223 www.dacoromanica.ro There is something organic in the development of social institutions. It is wise therefore to direct them, to help them to unfold, and it is a great mistake to attempt to force them into forms unsuitable to their growth. The conservative doctrine never loses sight of the two things, in the progress of a state: the teaching of the past tradition and the actual state of the country reality. The conservative doctrine, therefore, is the wise doctrine of realities, in opposition to the visionary theoretic doctrine of utopias. At its origin. the Conservative Party had a pronounced shade of Liberalism in the true sense of the word and it was only due to the revolutionary tendencies of the Party of the left, the National Liberals of to-day that such difference arose in the system of Governing. The ones, those of the left called the ,Reds" wished to lower the upper class, the others, the Conservatives, called by opposition White" wished on the contrary to raise the lower class.It is the theory, and the prevention of, the red utopia theory, that most dangerous teaching for the still unripe political understanding of the country, that separated so deeply as regards the means that should be employed for the progress of the country the two Government Parties which afterwards remained in permanent opposition to each other, the Conservatives and the Liberals. Based on traditoin, the conservative doctrine follows a religious policy and a policy of the protection of property. Based on realities, the conservative doctrine, is a social one. The name of Conservative Party" is a label which often in Roumania and other countries does not quite suit the actual facts. How frequently, under lie sway of realities, the Conservative Parties have been more liberal than the most orthodox liberals. Nevertheless, everywhere, excepting perhaps in England, the most injust accusationsare brought

224 www.dacoromanica.ro Mr. GRIGORE N. FILIPESCU

www.dacoromanica.ro against the conservative Parties, accused of being reactionary and refractory to all progress. Precisely in the terrible fight of to-day, in the desperate struggle to find a new balance in individual and social life, the role of the Conservative Parties who bear in mind all examples of the past and also take into account the present realities is immense. The ConservativeParties,everywhere, are the warrant of true progress. That is why in Roumania to, a Conserva- tive Party was necessary. It was born of a real need of our political and social public life.It arose on the tradition of ownership, in the form of the hereditary small landed property in Moldavia and Wallachia (called in Moldavia mos- nenie and in Wallachia raze0e). It is necessary here to mention another point of the so very liberal" programme of the Conservatives: the absolute iespect of property and the complete freedom of the work oif the villagers. Although property comes into being at the same time as the beginning of the social life of man and the tradition of property should therefore be conserved entirely,itis nevertheless necessary for property to make sacrifices for the general good. Such sacrifices the Conservative Party of Rou- mania has accepted willingly and of its own free will, as a realsocialneed, but has opposed demagogic disorder which is a true danger for any state. If in regard to the expropriation of the large landed property, the Conservative Party of Roumania was not refractory, but only endeavoured to avoid shattering a rich agricultural past by the new foundation and distribution of rural property, so to, in the question of labour, in the problem of assistance to the producing masses, itis the Conservative Party who gave Rou- mania its first law: Petre Carp's mining law. In the first time by this law

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www.dacoromanica.ro assistance to the worker, his retirement and pensioning was organized. For the Roumanian Conservative Party, all that has been necessary for the general good, has exceeded the interest of its members. Petre Carp, speaking of the Con- servatives once said: If they wish to count for anything, they must be the first to place themselves at the head of all useful reforms and if they wish to have forthemselves not only talent and science, but also political weight, they must prove that no serious progress is foreign to them and that no need of the Country leaves them indifferent. And truly there has been no need of Roumania's that the Conservative Party hast not shared and solved. Obligatory education and permanent magistrates are two further healthy points which the social foundation of our State owes to the Conservatives. The Law of the Clergy and the Law of Mines are also among their works. The history of the Roumanian Principalities, as well as of the Kingdom of Roumania affords the proof of what have meant for the good and progress of the country, the actions and personalities of such men as Lascar Catargiu, Ale- xandru Lahovari, Petre Carp, Titu Maiorescu, Nicolae File- pescu, Alexandru Marghioman, Take lonescu etc. In the difficult times of 1870, it was to the Conservative Party that the escape of the country from the former fights for the throne was due. The foreign Dynasty demanded by the Conservatives in the Programme Manifesto already mentioned, was maintained by the healthy and wise love of his race shown by Lascar Catargi, the Head of the Conservative Government of that time. And since a political party need a daily contact with public opinion, in Nov. 1885 the paper Epoca" appeared, the director and owner being Nicolae Filipescu; the anniversary fell a few months ago, of fifty years of work for the affirmation of an idea which sprang from the depth of a

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www.dacoromanica.ro clear and unselfish conscience; fifty years of great aspirations and high ideals; years of sacrifice and of victory. It may be said that the entire activity of the party has been interWoven with the life of the Epoca''. Every question by which Roumanian public opinion has been moved, has been shared by the Conservative Party and warmly supported by the columns of the Epoca" and one of the most glorious pages of the Epoca- and of theConservative Party was the stirring of the public opinion, in favour of our entrance into the war, on the side of France and England. August 14, 1916 means not only the spiritual freeing of Roumanian thought, it also marks the most glorious page of the Conservatory Party's past a glory that is especially mirrored in the memory of Nicolae Filipescu and Take lonescu, who united on the great theme of the future of Rou- mania. In the peculiar psychoses of to-day, it is evident, that more especially in Roumania, a young country with little tradition in its social foundations, the Conservative Party who does not make utopian promises and speculate with words, cannot meet the expectations of the impatients. But what forms the power of the Conservative Party in Roumania to-day, is not number, but their entire political activity. Lead with energy and great political understanding by Grigore Filipescu, who has inherited the conservative tradition the Conservative Party in Roumania represents in the public life, an unbroken tradition and a doctrine of high public morals. A Conservative Party in a country still young politically, is like the Body of Flames of ancient Rome, who kept the sacred flame burning so that it might be found alive and glowing at the moment of action. This is the role of the conservatives in Roumania and in them we see the guarantee of true progress.

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www.dacoromanica.ro NATIONAL DEMOCRAT PARTY PRESIDENT HIS EXCELLENCY PROFESSOR N. IORGA The National Party arose from the cultural movement set on foot by the review Semanatorul" (The sower), in the year 1904 and was manifested more energetically in 1906, when the fight began for the affirmation of the Roumanian language in the institutes of national culture and art, on which occasion the Roumanian intellectuality adhered to the action as they did later to that f or the improvement of the situation of the Roumanian peasants, in 1907. The first manifestation of the political fight was the apparition of the Paper Nea- mul Rornanesc", published in the form of a political review beginning from the year 1906. The Parliamentary fight of the party began in 1907, when professor N. lorga was elected deputy. On April 23, 1910, the bases of the National Democrat Party were laid in Bucharest, two important points of the Party's programme being established; revision of the distribution of land to the peasants in 1864 for the purpose of com- pleting the property where this reform was faultily carried out ,and of dispossessing those who had usurped such land and the universal vote with the representation of the minorities. In the Spring of 1924 the Party fusioned with the group of Mr. Argetoianu, forming the National Party of the People, and in the Spring of 1925, a new fusion took place, with the National Roumanian Party, the National Party" being f ormed. This latter fusion ended in 1926, Since the Transyl- vanian branch of the National Party, together with some of the partisans of Tache lonescu fusioned with the Peasants Party of those days to form the National Peasants Party, while the National Party remained in its present formation. In its programme of Government, the National Democrat

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www.dacoromanica.ro Party attends in the first place to the agrarian question. It precognises the strengthening of peasants property, and the training of the peasants so that by rational culture and fruitful labour they may be placed in a position to reconstitute the export of the country; then, the associating of the small scattered estates, to form a large sphere of agricultural production. The planting of forests in regions where they are lacking, to procure wood for the peasant housholds. The creation of a Minister of Agriculture, to direct a much more far reaching reform than that of the distribution of land to the peasants: 1 ) The regulation of cultures in regard to the needs of the country. 2) The organizing of the Chambers of Agriculture that they may provide for the sale of products, to the advantage of the producer. The irrigating, damming and regulating of our rivers, to avoid the disasters which so frequently occur, and to redeem the lands subject to flooding. The reorganization of agricultural teaching in accordance with the new economic circumstances, and lessons with practical demonstration. The directing of village industries, for the purpose of reintroducing the wearing of the national cos- tumes, and to maintain the tradition in regard to the mani- facture of stuffs and linen. The creation of an agricultural and viticultural credit, the reconstruction of peasants life and the introduction of a reliable court to decide on misunderstandings relative to the distribution of land. An entire reform of education to direct the youthful element towards practical professions. Abolition of the present electoral law and the introduction of a new one in which the present abuses and demagogy shall be avoided, such for instance, as the obligation for the State

229 www.dacoromanica.ro to bear the expenses of printing the lists, and the right to stand for ten districts at the same time. As regards the labour question, the creation of associations according to the branch of production, such associations to be bound together by an idea, and not only by interest; then, the creation of labour credits, and arbitration, to decide on labour conflicts. The army to be endowed with the material and moral possibility of fighting. The administration to be organized on basis of the idea of the village, and not of the commune. The encouragement of industry, and the suppressing of speculation, but such encouragement to have as object the industries based on raw materials and agricultural products, customs duties to be only high enough to protect our national industry; the creation of commercial credits to support commerce. The abolition of the political economy of State cointerest- and commercialization, and the opening of the doors of the country to foreign capital for the exploitation of the wealth of the country. Completion of the railway net and of all communications on land and by water. The recognition of all nationalities wish historic rights and cultural values and their association in the effective Govern- ment of the country, which is theirs also. Such nationalities must be given the possibility of developping their own culture, the State having no reason to interfere in this,excepting insofar as itis necessary to see that good order and morality are maintained; the guaranteeing of liberty for religious organizations. The material situation of the Roumanian Church must be prosperous, and its superior organs must be granted effective power and real autonomy instead of what they have to- day (the programme dates from 1928). In regard to foreign affairs the strengthening of our relations with all our allies of the war, the converting of diplomatic relations into close,

230 www.dacoromanica.ro economic, cultural and military bonds. The continuation of our defensive relations with the members of the Little En- tente, our friendship with Poland and the revival of the old commercial roads to bring about closer ties between the two peoples. The reorganization of the State services, to prevent the present bureaucratic routine. The State must have only as many officials as are necessary, those maintained in service must be sufficiently paid to ensure their livelihood in accordance with the requirements of personal dignity, any abuse of power committed by such employees must be severely repressed. The Ministry of Health and Social Welfare to be reorganized on as complete a basis as possible to assure the health of the population, and to prevent diseases by means of pamphlets, cinematographs, the teaching of the elements of hy- giene, etc. The Press, the fourth power in the State, shall enjoy complete freedom as guaranteed by the Constitution, all the societies of the Press to be fusioned in a Federation of the Press in Roumania", to constitute a powerful professional organization, by which its prestige may be fully upheld.

THE PARTY ALL FOR THE COUNTRY" PRESIDENT: GENERAL G. CANTACUZINO About 13 years ago, in face of the dangerous wave of foreignism, the students and others commenced a strong nationalist movement .in Roumania. In 1927, however, this movement, which had been started so well, deviating from a straight and honest line and accepting compromises and arrangements, the youth Corneliu Zelea Codreanu with 5 other young men founded the Le- gion of the Archangel Michael with the object of readjus- ting the National-Christian spirit, which had moved away

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www.dacoromanica.ro from Orthodoxy even in the very heart of the nationalist movement. Enthusiastic, and filled with Christian and national ardour, the activities of these young men were closely watched by the entire youth of the country and by many others, and have been followed to such extent that governments which have been enslaved by freemasons and Jews resort to mediaevalpersecutions, followed by sensational prosecutions. The more pronounced were these persecutions, the greater was the growth in popularity of the movement, and this was especially the case when, following the formation of the famous political section the Iron Guard", the movement gradually became a National-Christian politicaland electoral factor of real grength. This was our position at the time of the elections in the winter of 1933 when, as I ascertained later, (see La revue des Deux Mondes of the 15th January 1934) the Liberal Government was negotiating a loan in Paris to be made when they came into power, and dissolved our party in order that they should be given the credits promised. There followed reaction: the shooting of the liberal minister I. G. Duca, who ordered our dissolution; unheard of persecutions of members of the Iron Guard; the prosecution of Guards in which only the assassins were condemned, the remaining 50 accused being acquitted. In spite of the dissolution, the Iron Guard movement became still more popular, and the government felt itself obliged to introduce a law, entitled for .the defence of the State", which was directed solely against the Iron Guard. At the end of a year, the members of the former Iron Guard in the words of the law having the right to engage in politics, but this right having been taken away from them, Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, the chief of the Iron Guard, in-

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www.dacoromanica.ro piezt-a-e General G.CANTACUZINO www.dacoromanica.ro 2.-46Ztccerft.o.

I MMIIMMMIZNM sIA We: structed General Cantacuzino, next in the movement after himself, to form another political party. This was the origin of the party of to-day All for the Country". Itis a legally constituted party, the government being unable to refuse such legal basis. The main principles are those of the Iron Guard, and its programme may be summarized as follows: In the Spiritual sphere: The moral uplifting of the Rou- manian people, honesty, dignity, order, desire to work and belief in God. In the National sphere: The legal defence of Roumania against the ever growing dangers which threaten her, whether from without or from within. In the Social sphere: Justice and bread for all those who work. In the sphere of the State: A monarchal organization of the State and in the State, adequate to the new circumstances of Roumanian life. In the International sphere: Peace and good relations with all those who respect Roumania's frontiers and all our rights as a free State. From the formation of the party All for the Country" in March 1935 and up to the present time in December 1935, its activities have been so ell directed by Corneliu Codreanu, more especially in the educational sphere, by labour camps, works, building of churches, etc., and its popularity has grown so much, that the Government and all other political parties both persecute it and incite others to persecute it in order to stave off the inevitable day when the regime of the Roumanian-Christian Legion shall be enthro- ned, and which, if it does in some respects resemble Fas- cism and Hitlerism, has its own origin and is profoundly Roumanian, as the principles which we apply were enuncia-

233 www.dacoromanica.ro ted as far back as 1922. Apart from admiration, therefore, we have no sort of contact whatever either with Mussolini or with Hitler. We are less occupied with political and electoral questions than with the educational question. We seek to make men conscientious and honest in addition to having a profound National-Christian faith such as is held by our followers. Only when we have in our party a large element thus educated shall we apply our anti-simitic, national and Christian ideas. To attain this is a matter of long duration, and in which the factor of patience is perhaps the most important of all. AGRARIAN LEAGUE PRESIDENT: H. E. CONST. GAROFLID.

Until 1929 when the crisis, which had begun in 1926 was accentuated by a catastrophic fall in agricultural prices by the loss of outlets and by the effect of stabilization at a too high rate, the political parties which governed, with few ex- ceptions, carried on a policy diametrically opposed to the agricultural interests and a banking industrial policy which was not based on the economic structure of the country. The leading idea of Mr. C. Garoflid, former Minister and President of the Agrarian League, at its creation, was, that it was necessary for agriculturists irrespective as to the political party to which they belong , to unite in apolitico-professional organization and to draw up a program of their demands in regard to the economic agriculturalproblem which the succeeding Governments would be obliged to accept owing to the power of the organization and of public opinion. To attain this object it was necessary that there should be independent agriculturists in Parliament to support the program of the League whenever the interests of agriculture

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www.dacoromanica.ro should come into conflict with the legislative or executive measures taken by the Government. The difference therefore, between the usual professional organizations and the Agrarian Leage is that the former, fight only in regard to professional questions, while the latter extends its activity over the economic policy of the Government, even participating in Parliamentary elections by supporting its members who have undertaken to carry out the program. The difference between the different Political Parties and the Agrarian League is that the Political Parties have an exclusive organization, claiming power for them and for their partisans, whereas the Agrarian League fights only f or the adoption of a program by the Political Parties to which it offers its collaboration when they adopt this program, its members being only agriculturists or persons whose occupation is closely connected with agriculture. The Agrarian League is thus an association of agriculturists of all categories, and of the friends of agriculture. Its object is the prosperity of agriculture and of the social class which it represents. Consequently it calls to action all farmers, winegrowers, fruitgrowers breeders, fishers and all those whose occupation is connecter; with agriculture, so that by their Union they may defend their economic, cultural, professional and political interests. The Agrarian League fights by legal means. Its basic principles are: respect of the right of property, raising of the economic and cultural level of the rural classes and strengthening of their spirit of solidarity. Cultivation of the sentiment of love and devotion to the Country and Dynasty. The essential points of the program are: Development and strengthening of the small and medium rural landowners. Intruduction in the Old Kingdom and in Bessarabia, of the Institution of land-records and of the Land-Register. (Ca- dastre).

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www.dacoromanica.ro Reduction of debts to the power of payment of the agricultural debtors, and in proportion to the low prices of agricultural products. The stabilization of the currency at a rate which the National Economy can support. Creation of an agricultural and viticultural mortgage credit for long terms and at an interest which agriculturists can pay, to meet the many requirements of agriculture. Reduction of the discount of the National Bank. Improvement and increase of the agricultural and viticultural short term personal credit. Control of banks and guarantee ofdeposits.Responsibility of the Boards of Directors. Support and development of agricultural co-operative societies of all kinds. Organization of agricultural, zootechni- cal, viticultural, forestry, fruit-bearing and fishery production on a rational basis with the support of the State and of the other professional Institutes. Subsidies for selected seeds and agricultural tools. Organization of agricultural, viticultural, and fruit-growing syndicates. The exploitation of agricultural production by the guaranteeing of a minimum price. Abo- lition of the maximum price for bread, maintaining of taxes on the import of cereals. Organization and direction of agricultural export, and of the export of meat, wine, fruits, eggs and the products obtained from them. Freeing of agricultural exports from all taxes and imposts including the turn- over tax. Stimulating of the export of cattle, meat, conser- ves, fruit and wine, by commercial conventions. Total prohibition to use spirit obtained from cereals for drinks, such spirit to be used only for industrial purposes. The concentration of manufacture by the expropriation of small refineries to abolish fraud; the aromatizing and de- naturalizing of spirit at the place of production. The use of only wine-spirit in drinks such as rum, liquors, brandy and as household spirit. Encouragement of the industry of ge- nuine wine-vinegar. To revive and stimulate the commerce of

236 www.dacoromanica.ro natural good wines, the obtaining of authorization to open public-houses where only wine is sold, in all the villages and hamlets of the country, as well as in the towns, without any limiting of the number of licencies, or restrictions in regard to distance and the right to sell by the glass. Obligatory syndicates of wine-growers. Measures of encouragement for the standardizing of wines. Adaption of the prices of industrial and manufactured materials required for agriculture, to the low price of agricultural products. Reduced income-duties for goods required, for agricultural exploitation, by the syndicates and agricultural co-operatives. Abolition of cartels and the introduction of the control of prices of the industrial products of which there is a great consumption.

LIBERAL DEMOCRAT PARTY PRESIDENT: H. E. I. TH. FLORESCU. In 1929, a fraction broke off from the National Liberal Party under the Presidency of Mr. I. Th. Florescu, former Minister of justice,and worked under the group-name of The Free Man" (Omul Liber). The executive Committee of this political formation met on November 12, 1931 and transformed it into the Liberal Democrat Party with the following program : Reduction of taxes to the actual value of incomes. The adjustment of industrial prices to the agricultural prices to reduce the cost of living. Revision of the protective customs- tarif fs of an industry which robs the consuming public. Pro- vention of trusts which increase the dearness of life by placing obstacles in the way of free competition. Penalties for guilty Ministers, even in the case of waste and negligence only. Increase of the untaxable minimum income to the fi-

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www.dacoromanica.ro gure really necessary for the keep of the taxpayer and his family. Reduction of the legal interest to 5%. Import of cheap foreign capitals for the creation of companies in association with the State, to allow villagers to build cheap and hygienic dwellings. Increase of labour insurance assistance and pensions.Creation of cheap credit for tradesmen. A pensions or insurance law commercial employees, to which the employees and the employers should subscribe. Streng- thening and improving of the administration by the creation of permanent prefects and sub-prefects, completely removed from all political influence. Encouragement of agriculture, by minimum prices fixed for cereals and by advances of seeds and fruit-trees seedlings. Payment of war compensation by the State in instalments. In foreign policy, an enlarging of the Little Entente by the addition of Poland and Greece". This group, transformed into a party, is profoundly dynastic and deeply devoted to the King of Roumania, the noble symbol of the race.

CITIZENS BLOCK FOR THE SALVATION OF THE COUNTRY PRESIDENT Mr. G. R. FORTU In 1930 a part of the members of the professional associations of Bucharest, led by professor G. R. Fortu, laid the basis of the Citizens Block with the object of political control, of enthroning legality in the place of arbitrary will and of bringing into operation severe penalties for all who appro- priate State money to their own use or who impair the honour of the State . As means of combat the block precognizes civic resistance" in which it sees the only sure corrective of administrative abuses, it being necessary to teach those in power

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www.dacoromanica.ro that they must themselves respect the law before they can ask the citizens to do so. The organ of propaganda of the Block is the paper Dru- mul Nou" (The New Way), and ist programme of government is fixed in the following points. Stern and detailed laws relative to ministerial responsability; control of the fortunes of the present and of former State dignitaries and officials, and confiscation of unjustified property. The sending before and extraordinary court of all persons guilty of the frauds mentioned in the Rist reports, and of those implicated in the Skoda af fair and in all the affairs that have ruined the country. The death penalty for those who in future defraud the State in any way. Abolition of all State undersecretariats, of useless Minis- tries and of all synecures which burden the country. Important economies in regard to those in high positions, not only in regard to the lower classes. Support and preference for the Roumanian element in all fields of activity. Professional representation of the producing classes in the management of the State, the districts and the communes, so that the administration of the country may be decided by its producing elements. The Citizens Block will thus build up the social refuge of the nation, which is the Roumanian State". The State shall no longer be the property of the political Parties, but of the nation. The citizen shall no longer be, as to-day, without rights but with many duties, but shall be an integral reality in the nation, through the group of the occupation to which he belongs (his profession or trade). Seeing that Society is not made up of individuals, but is an organism of social groups, the State resulting from the organic forces of the nation will be the Corporative State.

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www.dacoromanica.ro The Corporative State will clear the way between the people and the King, freeing it both of the parasites of the nation, which are the politicians, and of the parasites of the Crown. The sources of richess of the country shall feed the economic life of the nation and shall no longer enrich the national brokers who up to the present have been supported by the Gouvernments of politicians. Individual initiative and liberty must be freed of all obstacles created by State interference, to assure the prosperity of the nation. Fiscal charges shall be reduced to what is really required for the needs of the State and shall be simplified so that they may no longer be vexatious. The means of completely abolishing such charges by a new monetary mechanism will be one of the main points studied. As regards industry, protection shall in the first place bear in mind the consumers, and only in the second place the industries connected with our soil and subsoil. Agriculture freed of past burdens shall be made remune- rative by cheap and easily obtainable credits, by better methods of production and by easy means of sale. The work of the peasant class of agriculturists shall be protected and developed. Commerce freed of fiscals, administrative andjuridical obstacles, will fulfil its economic function of the circulation of goods, which is now completely paralized. The trades shall be enabled to maintain and strengthen themselves, by cheap credits and offices of supply and sale. The training and the education of the people shall no longer be made the pretect of useless expenditure. Social life, freed of all obstacles, and of all political pa- rasitism, will give the possibility of normal existence to all social categories.

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www.dacoromanica.ro THE SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC PARTY OF ROUMANIA The history of the Labour movement in Roumania is divided into two perfectly distinct periods; the first that of 1918, when Roumania covered an area of 137,898 square kilometres and the number of inhabitants was 7351,665, and the period of the World War when the area of the country had increased to 294,967 square kilometres and the population of the country amounted to over 18,000,000 inhabitants. In the territories which were annexed to Roumania by the Peace Treaty of 1919, the socialist movement developed in Ardeal and the Banat under theinfluenceof the movement in Hungary, in Bucovina under the influence of Austrian socialism and in Basarabia, which had been a part of Czarist Russia, were to be found traces of the Russian revolutionary movement. Socialism existed in Roumania from before the War in the Old Kingdom in all its phases, beginning with Uto- pian socialists and passing through all phases of the evolution of the Socialist movement up to the present time. As the result of the enquiries of a Socialist journalist, Nicolae De- leanu, we know that two Utopian socialists, an engineer called Theodor Diamant and f ormer officer called Manolache Ba- laceanu, both belonging wIten students at Paris to the St. Simonian circle, where they became socialists, endeavoured between the years 1831 and 1836 to apply in Muntenia, and subsequently in Moldavia, the idea of communising production and the means of production, which experiment was called the Falanster" of Scaeni and which was carried out whilst respecting in every detail Fourier's constructive programme. After a few days, however, the landlords sent along a detach- ment of soldiers with orders to raise the follies of Scaeni to the ground, these having turned the heads of their feudal

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www.dacoromanica.ro farm labourers. The two followers of Fourier were arrested The beginning of the Marxist socialist movement, h3wever, bears a Russian imprint. The first socialist circle was formed at Jasi by revolutionary refugees from Russia, amongst whom Nicolae Zubcu, Codreanu, C. Dobrogeanu-Gherea, Dr. Russel and others who, in the years 1875 and 1876, gained a number of followers from amongst the natives of the country. Later on, socialist groups were also formed at Bucharest and at Ploesti, all organised by Russian revolutionary refugees. In the year 1879 the first socialist newspaper appeared in Roumania under the title of Basarabia". In the year 1881 a monthly review appeared for the popularisation of scientific and socialist subjects called The Contemporary", and this appeared regularly for seven years. Propaganda a- mongst workers did not begin until 1884. In the year 1885 there appeared at Bucharest the newspaper The Rights of Man" (Drepturile Omului), in 1887 there appeared at Braila the newspaper The Lamp" (Lampa) fourteen numbers appearing, whilst the newspaper The Worker" (Muncitorul) also appeared at Jazi and 63 numbers were published. At the same time the first manifesto of the Socialist Party appeared. In 1888 there appeared at Bucharest the newspaper Emancipation" (Desrobirea), seventeen numbers being published, at Severin the paper The Socialist" (Socialistul), at Gala; the paper Brotherhood- (Fratia), and at Braila the newspaper Unity" (Unirea). At the general elections that year Ion Nadejde at Ja.,i and Vasile Mortun at Ro- man took part in the fight and were successful. These electoral battles, as well as the intense activity of the Roumanian socialists beginning from 1881, are bound up with the names of Ion Nadejde, Vasile Mortun and Con- stantin Mille, The official constitution of the Party dit not take place until 1893. In the year 1894 there appeared The New World" (Lumea Noua) as a daily Roumanian social de-

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www.dacoromanica.ro mocratic organ. In those years there was also developed in its entire grandeur the scientific and literary, work of the great socialist theorist C. Dobrogeanu-Gherea. He came to Rou- mania as a young revolutionary refugee from Russia and after many changes of fortune, definitely took up his residence here in 1879. The work of C. Dobrogeanu-Gherea, of Ion Nadejde, Vasile Mortun, Constantin Mille and others who surrounded them did much to alter literature, science and art under the influence of the socialist movement. The struggle of Roumanian socialists of those days were carried on particularly with a view to obtaining universal franchise. The Roumanian social democratic Congress held in 1895 decided: The Social Democratic Party will not give its electoral support to any party which will not agitate for the immediate granting of the universal vote". Following the decision of the Congress of 1897, the So- cial Democratic Party commenced a lively propaganda in the villages for the enlightenment of the peasantry. The sta- tute drawn up for the Peasant Socialist Organisation contains amongst other provisions: Amongst the first books which shall be bought with the money of the organisation shall be included those embodyind all communla and constitutional laws, the electoral law and other such, in order that anyone may be able to see what are his rights and his duties". As regards schools and the health of the peasants: Members of the organisation are in duty bound to send their children to school and to make them attend scool to the end of their course. Members of the organisationshould make every possible effort, if they are not too old, to learn from their own children, at least to read and to write. Those who are still young are especially duty-bound to do this". Members of clubs must be attentive to the advice given by veterinary surgeons in order to prevent the pread of sickness amongst cattle and to the advice of doctors in order that teps be taken

243 www.dacoromanica.ro to prevent the spread of quinsy, typhus, scarlet fever, measles, smallpox, consumption and other such diseases'. The propaganda in the villages very quickly showed astonishing results. The number of peasant clubs grew to many hundreds. The Government, seeing the proportions taken by the peasant organisations, arrested hundreds of peasants belonging to theseorganisations together with theleadingorganisers, including Ficsinescu, the law student, and Banghereanu, the metallurgical worker. A short time after the dissolution of the peasant organisations the Socialist movement in Roumania suffered a moral blow with fatal repercussions for the Party. The principal leaders of the movement, at first Mortun and Diamandy, and little later Ion Nadejde, after an activity lasting for 20 years, went over to the Liberal Party. These socialist leaders from the commencement considered the Liberal Party as the representative of the modern middle class,whose object was to prepare the transformation of Society to socialism. Their dissatisfaction with the socialist movement was that not even after a struggle of 20 years were they able to show positive results. The Social Democratic Party had remained a small party notwithstanding the fact that those leaders, by personal material sacrifice, had given the Party a printing press, newspapers, etc. After these leaders had left the So- cialist movement those who remained faithful to the Marxist ideology, despite the great efforts made, were unable to save the Party. For a period of five years there were in Rou- mania only socialists, but a Socialist Party no longer existed. Only in January 1905 was the Socialist Party in Roumania reorganised, this after the breaking out of the Russian revolution, when on the appeal of the Socialist International, Roumanian socialists also met together in order to protest against the Czarist terror. At that time there came to Bu- charest Dr. Christea Racovski, who up to 1917, together

244 www.dacoromanica.ro with C. Dobrogeanu-Gherea, was the principal leader of the Socialist movement in Roumania. In 1917 he went to Russia, where he became President of the Ucrainian Soviets Commisar of the People and later Soviet Russian Ambassador at Paris, and who is now in exile. Racovsky carried through the work of reorganising the Party and founded the newspaper Rou- manian Labour" (Romania Muncitoare), but it took five years before it was possible to hold the first General Con- gress. The delay in the reorganisation of the Party was due to the peasant rising of 1907. The reaction of the governing power, which accounted for 11,000 peasant lives, did not stop at the suppression of the rising by the military but endeavoured also to break up the socialist organisations, ex- pelling a number of leaders who were devoted to the So- cialist cause from the country, and amongst these being Ra- covsky himself. He was not able to return until 1911. The first General Congress subsequent to 1899 was held in 1910. At that Congress an extensive programme was adopted. The political part of the programme demanded: universal, equal, direct and secret vote for all inhabitants of the country of 20 years of age and upwards, without distinction of race, religion or sex, obligatory voting, proportional representation, the holding of elections on a Sunday or a legal holiday, immunity for those elected and the abolition of the Senate. Full rights were demanded for children born out of wedlock and abandoned by the father to claim their rights of paternity. Further; the election of magistrates and of juries by universal vote". In connection with education: the reorganisation of popular education which should be free, obligatory and complete for all children without distinction of nationality or religion and with respect for the language of ethnical groups. The bringing of rural and urban education under lay control and the granting of equal rights for teachers

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www.dacoromanica.ro and instructresses. The development of professional and agricultural schools. Compulsory education up to the age of1 4 years. The general introduction of canteens in the schools. Food, clothing and educational requirements to be provided free for pupils of primary, secondary and professional elementary schools who are without means. The provision of means for poor but deserving pupils to enable them to continue their studies in secondary and higher schools. At this Congress the demands of the Roumanian Social Democratic Party were set out for the first time in relation to the Jewish problem, as follows: ,The emancipation of Je- wish nationals which was demanded by our first Liberal generations and was promised in Europe as long as 30 years ago, is included in its programme by the Social Democratic Party. This because Roumanian Social Democracy, as well as the Social Democracy of all nations, is not fighting only against the exploitation and oppression of salaried workers but also against any form ofexploitation and oppression whether directed against a class, a party, a sex or a race". The programme of 1 9 1 0 demanded the separation of the Church from the State leaving the administration and conduct of the former to the care of believers"; the conversion of the standing army into a national militia and, in the meantime, the reduction of military service to a period of one year; the abolition of military justice and of compulsory education in barracks". The recognition of syndicates as juridical entities, a working day of eight hours, prohibition of night work, complete rest from work on Sundays or on one day per week of a minimum duration of thirty-six hours for all salaried workers without exception, and with the introduction of the rotatory system in industries where this is necessary". The Agrarian programme demanded: Compulsory expropriation of all big estates, the Crown estates to be brought

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www.dacoromanica.ro back within the sphere of the State, of which they are a part. The following shall be subject to expropriation without payment of any indemnity: landed estates,lands and woods which have been seized by fraudulent means, whether from the State or from peasants. All these lands shall constitute a National land fund, administered by the Communes under the control of the State. From this fund there shall be leased to peasants who have no land, or to peasant associations, holdings of the necessary size for small peasant farms and for periods which may not be less than 50 years. Practical agronomic instruction both by the creation of special schools and by its introduction into general primary education. In the latter case, all measures must be taken that it should not be taught at the expense of general instruction and should not serve the teacher as a means for the accum- mulation of wealth, for the exploitation of the work of the pupils and of the school gardens". The suppression of those articles of the law which give proprietors the right to pursue or to sequester harvests". From 1910 the framework of the Roumanian Socialist De- mocratic Party was constantly being developed until the time of the outbreak of the World War. In 1911 the Party participated in electoral contests, putting up candidates at Bucha- rest, Galati, Plowi and Braila. In 1912 the Social Democra- tic movement led to a bitter fight against the handicraft and professional laws, bound up to social insurance in such manner that the adminsitration of the insurances fell into the hands of the small master class, who, apart from the fact that they themselves ought to have been insured, did not contribute at all to the support of the insurance regime. Boot- makers and iron workers in the capital came out on a de- monstrative strike and during the month of June there were street demonstrations in which more than 15,000 workers participated.

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www.dacoromanica.ro Both during the Balkan War of 1912 and especially following the outbreak of the World War the principal preoccupation of the Roumanian Social Democratic Party was propaganda against war and in favour of neutrality. The Extra- ordinary Congress of this Roumanian Social Democratic Party held in August 1914 took up an attitude against any kind of warlike adventure, and stated that the only policy compatible with the vital interests of the country was sincere and unquestionable neutrality, for the maintenance of which Roumanian workers would struggle even at the cost of their own blood, defending the territorial integrity of the country against any attempt at violation". Further, considering that by our own forces we would not be able successfully to resist eventual invasion by the Russian or Austrian armies, the Congress proclaimed that an understanding between all Bal- kan peoples was an imperious and immediate necessity". In July 1915 representatives of the Socialist Parties of Rouma- nia, Bulgaria and Greece met at Bucharest constituting an inter-Balcanic Socialist conference" having on its agenda: 1. The means for the propagation of the idea of Fede- ration of the Balkans. 2. The Socialist parties of the Balkans and the re-establishment of the Socialist International. After the Conference had decided on the constitution of The Social Democratic Workers Federation of the Balkans" with headquarters at Bucharest, they declared that the only form of union between the Balkan peoples which can assure understanding and a peaceful existence is a Federal Balkan Republic, having as its foundation an entirely democratic regime which would guarantee real and absolute political, civil and cultural equality of all Balkan nationalities without distinction of race, religion or tongue, having as their own organ a parliament elected by universal, equal, direct and secret vote, having proportionalrepresentation,referendum

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www.dacoromanica.ro and self-government, and having a national militia as its means of defence". In connection with the second point of the agenda, the Conference decided that it considers it as a fraternal duty to make an appeal to the socialist parties of the belligerent countries to return to the old and well tried tactics of class warfare, to break off every pact with the middle classes and to intervene energetically, seriously and efficaciously for the cessation of the war and the conclusion of peace without the annexation of territory or payment of war indemnities". In September 1915 at the Conference of Socialist Parties held at Zimmerwald Roumanian Social De- mocracy was represented by Dr. Racovsky. In August 1916 Roumania went into the World War alongside of the Entente powers. Until the end of the year 1918 the Social Democra- tic Party was reduced to silence. At the end of 1918 a new chapter in the history of the Socialist movement in Roumania began. By the annexation of the Ardeal, the Banat, the Bucovina and of Bessarabia the economic structure of the country took on an altered appearance and tended towards the development of industry and of commerce, with the consequent growth of the industrial proletariat, and was influenced by the distinctions in the social and economic spirit of the annexedterritories, amongst which the Ardeal, the Banat and the Bucovina formerly belonged to a country more advanced than the Old Kingdom. In order to illustrate this by a few figures from official statistical data we need only show the change which occurred as regards the number of workers engaged in industry proper in 1915 in comparison with the situation 10 years later, that is in 1924. The number of workers in industry proper in the Old Kingdom was: In 1915 . .. . 53,470 1924 . . . . 123,900

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www.dacoromanica.ro The number of workers in industry proper together with those in the annexed territories in 1924 was 239,692. The figure for motive power was, in the Old Kingdom,

In 1915 . . . 108,839 H. P. 1924 . . . . 157,096 H. P.

whilst in the entire country the figure for motive power in the year 1934 was in all 389,549 H. P. The change in the character of the Social Democrat movement as compared with that which existed prior to the War is also illustrated by the situation of the movement of Syn- dicalism both before and after the War. In pre-War Roumania the number of workmen's syndicates reached its maximum in 1912, when there were in all 63 such syndicates and the number of workers say approximately 14,000. These syndicates were, however,distinct in structure from the Syndicalist movement in Western countries by the fact that the material sacrifices required of the workers' organisations were reduced to the minimum possible, which did not permit of a sustained battle for the attain- ment of their economic demands, and they were in a much larger measure attached to the political battles of the Social Democratic Party in Roumania. The principal basis points of established on the lines of the Syndicalist movement in Hun- gary and Austria inherited by the syndicates in the Ardeal, Banat and Bucovina, and which continue up to the present time to be the bases of the Syndicalist movement. The leaders of the Roumanian section of theSocialDemocratic Party in Hungary were able to contribute to the consolidation of the position of the Social Democratic organisations in the annexed territories, beginning in the year 1919, thanks to the fact that they played an important role in the historical

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www.dacoromanica.ro moments when United Roumania, as it is known today, was proclaimed. At the National Assembly which was held on the 1st December 1918 at Alba Julia the Social Democrat leader, loan Flueras, was elected Vice-President of the National Assembly, whilst in the directing council or Government of the Ardeal and Banat constituted under the Presidency of Iuliu Maniu, two Social Democratic leaders participated, na- rnely, loan Flueras, who was appointed Minister f or Social Administration, and losif Jumanca, who was to be in charge of industry. The first foundation proclamation of the new Roumanian State received by the National Assembly of Alba lulia was drawn up on the intervention of the So- cial Democratic leaders, whilst many Articles of the resolution today still constitute the basic aspriations of the Social Democratic Party in Roumania. The principal basic points of this historic document are: Full national liberty f or all peoples inhabiting the country. The creation and introduction of a new purely democratic regime in all spheres of public life. Complete liberty of the Press, of association and of meeting. Freedom for everybody of propaganda and expression of their ideas. Radical agrariar reform. The abolition of private agents and, to the end of reducing large estates in accordance with necessity, the granting to the peasant of the possibility of himself acquiring property at least of such extent as would enable him to work it and provide for the needs of his family. Industrial workers should be assured the same rights and advantages as are provided by law in the most advanced of Western countries. After he union of the Ardeal, Banat, Bucovina and Basa- rabia to the Old Kingdom, certain important changes in the economic and social structure of the country took place. In- dustry and commerce especially were very rapidly developed' in the annexed territories and later this was the case more particularly in the Old Kingdom, the old capital conti-

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www.dacoromanica.ro nuing to be the economic and political centre of the country. The number of industrial undertakings grew from 857 which existed in Roumania prior to the War in the year 1915, to 3508,in 1934. The number of paid workers in large undertakings, including the Oil industry, was at the same periods as under:

In 1915 .. . 53,470 1934 . .. . 214,516 (this apart from State undertakings such as: railways, post office, telegraph, telephone, tobacco and match factories, workers in the ports, employees of commercial undertakings such as banks, insurance companies, shops, etc.). The number of insured (without commercial employees and dock workers) rose in the following manner:

In1914 .... 217,772 1926 ... . 669,831 which number, after the inclusion of the above mentioned categories, rose in 1935 to approximately 800,000. The social and political situation in the country also changed very .much and as the result of the two big reforms introduced immediately after the War, namely, universal, equal and secret vote and later the agrarian reform by which nearly 6,000,000 hectares of arable land were expropriated. Big estates were reduced in the Old Kingdom to 13.3%, in the Ardeal to 8.8%, in Bucovina to 27.2% and in Basa- rabia to 6.7%. There was thus created a powerful class of small farmers who entered into the political life of the country as the result of universal suffrage. In the years 1919 and 1920 workers throughout the country flowed into the labour organisations. Syndicates numbered almost 250,000 members, whilst the socialistparties, which were inadequate in every region, numbered altogether

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www.dacoromanica.ro some 90,000 members. In the Parliamentary elections at the beginning of 1920 the socialist parties obtained 19 mandates in the Chamber of Deputies and three in the Senate. After these elections the Government presided over by General Averescu lent itself to brutal provocation of the Socialist movement. It abolished the independence of the social insurance societies in the new provinces, introduced troops in various factories, workmen in Government factories were left without wages for weeks on end, and in this atmosphere the Syndi- cates and Socialist Party declared a general strike on the 20th October 1920. At that period in the reconstruction of the Socialist movement, its solidarity was frequently and seriously attacked. Clandestine groups supported by the Third International set in motion certain actions which were opposed to the avowed activities of the movement; actions tending to the disorganisation of production, to espionage and terrorism, to the provocation of irredentism and which divided the members of the movement into hostile camps des- troying solidarity amongst the workers and the confidence of the latter in their leaders. The Government, informed of the weak state of the movement, gave it a severe blow immediately the general strike was declared. Hundreds of leaders were imprisoned and condemned. Thousands of men were beaten, tortured and thrown out of their workshops and houses. The Syndicalist organisations of the Old Kingdom were destroyed. The Syndicates in the Ardeal and Banat lost 63,173 members out of their total membership of 91,789. The Workers' Unions of the Railways and of the Tobacco and Match factories were dissolved. Out of 239 syndicates 57 had to terminate their activities. After the general strike the groups supported by the Mos- cow International resumed their activities and at the Socialist Party Congress held at Bucharest in 1921, the majority of the delegates decided to affiliate to the Communist Interna-

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www.dacoromanica.ro tional. The Congress was arrested and the movement, which had begun to recover after the blow it had received at the time of the general strike, received yet another blow in the Old Kingdom from the results of which it did not recover until 1926. Some isolated Social Democrats in the Old King- dom, together with the organisations in the Ardeal, Banat and Bucovina, founded at Ploesti at the beginning of 1922, the Federation of the Socialist Parties of Roumania" affiliated to the International Workers Association of Vienna". The Parliamentary elections of 1922 gave an opportunity for manifestation of the Socialist parties which had definitely separated themselves from the Communist Party, but they did not result in more than one single deputy representing the working classes being elected. In May 1933 the Fede- ration of Socialist Parties of Roumania took part in the Ham- burg Congress at which the foundations of the new Socialist International were laid. At the Congress of the Federation of Socialist Parties of Roumania held at Bucharest in 1927 it was decided to constitute a single party throughout the country giving it the title which it holds today of The Social Democratic Party of Roumania". In 1928 the Social Democratic Party formed a Cartel with the National Peasant Party in order to turn out the Liberal Party and to do away with the state of siege and censorship which had been in force without o break since 1920. At the end of 1928 their struggle was successful and, continuing in an electoral Cartel with the National Peasant Party, the Social Democrats obtained 9 mandates in Par- liament. The votes obtained by the Social Democratic Party beginning with 1926, when the Liberal Government under the Presidency of lonel I. C. Bratianu introduced a new Elec- toral Law (the Electoral Law of 1919 had as its foundation secret and equal voting and mandates for electoral constituencies based on a relative majority of votes, whilst the

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www.dacoromanica.ro Brkianu Law of 1926, which is in force to-day, has as its basis principle secret and equal voting but with lists of candidates for each district, mandates being apportioned on the basis of the votes obtained throughout the country to those parties which have obtained at least 2% of the total of votes cast throughout the country, and the allotting of 40% of the mandates to the party which obtains 40% of the total of votes cast) are the following:

1926 . 40,594 1927 . 50,059 1931 . 94,957 7 mandates 1932 .. . . 101,068 7 mandates 1933 . 37,672 When the Liberal Party came to power it prevented the handing in of lists of candidates in those districts which were of greatest importance for the Social Democratic Party. The dissolved Communist Party took part in the electoral contests beginning with 1931 under the style of the Workers' League. The votes obtained were the following:

1931 . . . 73,716 5 mandates 1932 . .. . 9,441 1933 . ... 3,515 At that period of political strife in Roumania the situation of the peasantry stood in the forefront of all problems, as their small holdings had reached a state of bankruptcy. On the one hand the fall in the prices of agricultural produce to one-half of what they had been this as a result of the world crisis and on the other hand as a result of the manner in which the peasantry had been placed in ownership of the land. The peasants received land but did not receive any support whatioever from the State to provide their farms with the implements and animals necessary for the cultiva-

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www.dacoromanica.ro tion of the soil. Those who were given land had recourse to one-half of what they had been this as a result of the interest they had only been able to meet in part up to the time of the agricultural crash in 1930. The destitution and misery of the peasantry, weighed down by debts of over 40 milliard Lei, which is the estimated value of the whole agricultural yield, reached the utmost extreme of what could pos- sibly be borne. In 1931 a law for the conversion of agricultural debts was passed, which however did not mean more than a transitory solution, as the instalments fixed by this law can only be paid by the peasantry with the greatest difficulty. The Social Democratic Syndicalist movement may be considered as consolidated since 1926. From the time of the general strike in 1920 up to September 1923 the Syndicalist movement was broken up by fraticidal strife provoked by communists. In September 1923 the General Syndical Con- gress held at Cluj expelled .he Communist minority representing some 24.000 members and there remained in the Social Democratic syndicates only 29,000 members. The number of members of the Social Democrat syndicates from 1926 up to 1934 was the following in each year: 1927 . 27,134 1928 . 28,782 1926 . . . 30,784 1929 36,609 1930 30,168 1931 30,483 1932 27,748 1933 41,637 1934 44,358 The consequences of the world economic crisis began to be felt in Roumania in the year 1927. There was an impro-

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CONSTANTIN TITEL PETRESCU

www.dacoromanica.ro vement in 1929, but subsequently from 1930 and until 1934 a severe crisis has weighed down the whole economic life of the country, preventing the development of the Syndicalist movement and demanding of it relatively very big sacrifices for the assistance of unemployed, as may be seen from the following figures:

Year Total Income AssistancePaym ents 1926 17.180.707 3.957.775 1927 19.926.224 8.176.082 1928 19.67.0.420 10.266.949 1929 24.373.997 10.927.856 1930 23.620.487 13.825.393 1931 24.319.485 14.138.339 1932 16.011.622 8.705.433 1933 13.007.540 4.905.290 1934 14.395.945 4.631.049

The Syndicalist movement has been fighting since 1924 for legislation dealing with unemployment, but up to the present it has only been to obtain transitory solutions such as the voluntary contribution by employers and employees of 0.50% on salaries this as from December 1933. In view of the economic situation the last general Syndicalist Congress held on the 29th October 1934 decided to demand:... the monopolisation of trusts, of cartels and of the grain trade, nationalisation of the means of production and especially of the large undertakings, monopoly of all means of transport, nationalisation of credit, emission banks to pass into the sole possession of the State by the expropriation of their private shareholders, and monopolisation of institutes accepting deposits of public savings, inclusive of all insurance companies". The Social Democratic Party in Roumania, in its present

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www.dacoromanica.ro programme calls for the immediate introduction of the following ref orrns: The Social Democratic Party of Roumania is affiliated to the Labour Socialist International. It rallies under its flag the working peasants, whom it supports in their struggle for the protection of small peasant holdings and whose activities it directs into the paths of cooperation. It also rallies all national minorities to the side -of the working classes, as it is only together with the Social Democratic Party that they can gain their legitimate rights. Internal Policy: The Social Democratic Party demands: The constitution of the Chamber of Deputies and, in general,of all elected, representative or administrative bodies solely by universal, equal, direct and secret vote, with proportional representation for districts and totalization of the remainder of the votes throughout the country. All citizens of 20 years and upwards, without distinction of race, religion or sex, to be enfranchised. All expenses necessary for the holding of elections to be borne by the State. Elections to be held in a single day, which shall be a Sun- day or public holiday. The abolition of members by right and of nominated members, as well as of the rights accorded to universities, chambers of commerce or professional chambers, district and comunal councils and other corporations to send members to elected, representative or administrative bodies. The abolition of the Senate. The election of the Government by Par. liament. Full liberty of the press, of meeting and association. The right of membership in trade unions for public servants. The right to strike for all categories of employed. The suppression of the system of corporal chastisement

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www.dacoromanica.ro and severe punishment for State employees guilty of assault. The abolition of the General Security Institution and the replacement of the gendarmerie by a force of country police. The abolition of the state of siege and of exceptional pre- cautionary measures throughout the country. The separation of the Church from the State, and the maintenance of the former by believers. Effective application of the provisions of the Constitution regarding the equality of all citizens without distinction of race in the eyes of the law. The right of all citizens to be examined, tried and ruled in their native tongue in those places where they are living in compact masses. Administrative decentralization. Education: Obligatory, free and lay primary education up to the age of 15 years. The free provision for pupils of food, clothing and books. Completely gratuitous professional, secondary and higher education through the abolition of all charges. Talented pupils to be maintained by the State or Com- mune in professional, secondary and higher schools. The abolition of compulsory instruction in religion in schools. The Army: Reduction of military service to maximum 6 months. Reduction in the number of effectives. Democrati- zation of the army. The abolition of short-term service. The effective withdrawal of the army as a subject for political and economic strife, and its effective subordination to the civil authorities. The prohibition by law of the use of troops for agricultural or industrial labour, or for any other work apart, from their instruction and training. The abolition of orderlies for officers. The abolition of corporal chastisement, and human respect to be assured to men in the army.

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www.dacoromanica.ro Foreign Policy: To fight against all alliances of an aggressive or military nature. To fight alongside of the socialist parties of all countries for general disarmament, compulsory international arbitration and the federalization of European States. The independence of Roumania as regards the great im- perialist powers in order not to be drawn into any warlike conflicts. Annulment of all war debts. Economic Policy: Nationalisation of the National Bank, of the Industrial Credit Bank, and of all other credit institutions of a public character. Placing them under the management of boards composed of the representatives of the professional labour organizations, of the professional employers' organizations and of the State and, finally, under the direct control of Parliament. Abrogation of the commercialization laws. Exploitation of the nationalized riches of the subsoil and of natural sources of power, with royalties out of the production for the State and Commune, and special working conditions for the protection of workmen. Foreign capital to be admitted and to be placed on a f oo- ting of equality with national capital subject to the condition that a part of the surplus value produced should be invested in the country. The protection of national industry by cheap credits, transport rebates, exemption from customs dues for machinery, technical plant and accessories, reductions in duty for raw materials, honest State administration, the placing of State orders and a stable industrial regime. Liberty of cooperation and its encouragement by the State by cheap credits, exemption from taxation and cooperative schools. Fiscal Policy: Exemption from taxation of salariesup to

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www.dacoromanica.ro the minimum necessary to ensure existence inaccordance with price indices. Progressive and proportional taxation on gross incomes derived from annual revenues, usury, bonuses, dividends and all commercial, banking, special and industrial incomes. Special progressive and proportional taxation of increased values of real estate, of income derived from speculation and of the profits of undertakings of economic trusts. Social Policy: Labour legislation and the respecting of all rights already gained. Consultation with the General Labour Confederation as the representative of labour organized into syndicates regarding the drawing up of all laws concerning labour matters. Ratification and the passing into law of the conventions and recommendations of the International Labour Office. Equal treatment as between foreign and native workers. Solution of the housing problem by the building of apart- ments by the State and Commune which shall be cheap, hygienic and suitable for the people. Agrarian Policy: Revision of the agrarian reform in order to amend the illegalities and abuses there have been in its application, and to bring about expropriation in actual fact. Raising of the inalienability of peasant land. Supplying of peasants who have become owners of land with implements, draft cattle and seed. The establishment of model farms as agricultural educational centres for small peasant holdings. The organization of an institution for providing cheap credits for peasants. The organization of agricultural education. The providing of villages with pastureland and forests for the collective use of the peasantry.

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www.dacoromanica.ro Abrogation of the law of agricultural agreement. Abolition of payment in kind. Extension of all labour laws for social protection to agricultural labourers, bearing in mind thespecialconditions which are applicable to agriculture.

UNITARY SOCIALIST PARTY OF ROUMANIA PRESIDENT : DR. L. GHELERTER. The Unitary Socialist Party was formed in July 1928. Its original title was Socialist Party of the Workers. In Decem- ber 1 93 1this name was changed to The Independent Socia- list Party while since August 1933 it has borne its present name, as better suited to its idiology and objects. The Unitary Socialist Party, in Roumanian,Partidul So- cialist Unitar- (P. S. U.) arose from the need of organization and affirmation of the working class in Roumania, to defend the interests of this class, under the leadership of the intransigent and international socialism, and at the same time as a reaction against opportunism- and the fatalism of the Social Democrats as well as against the Deviation.s and Sec- tarianism of the Communists. From the first, numerous and tried militant3 and workers of the Social Democrat and Communist Parties adhered to this new Party whose object it was to regroup the forces of the workers and to carry on a determined class activity. It was also joined by many who had maintained a reserved attitude since the first scission of the workers' movement here in 1921. Proceeding from the reality that in Roumania, all the ob- jective and subjective conditions exist for the forming of a powerful working party, the P. S. U. fights f or the improvement of such political organization of the masses, exploited by the towns and by the villages.

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www.dacoromanica.ro As a class party, the P. S. U. is against all collaboration with parties not based on the class battle. It understands that all claims, rights and liberties of the workers can be conquered only by a large mass action and only by the working classes' own power. Its activity is permanently directed towards the reestablishing and confirming of the socialist unity; a single working party and a single international, for it considers this unity to be an essential condition of the victory of socialism. To the diversionist" and opportunist" formulas destined to hamper socialism by alliances with organizations contrary to its ideology and aims, the P. S. U. opposes, as the first step towards the reestablishment of the workers' unity, the proletarian class block the union of all the workers' parties and organizations to promote their immediate interests and to combat the united forces of all common dangers. The P. S. U. combats all opportunism and all the confu- sions which, tolerated within socialism, have in the past led to the loss of many powerful positions and may lead to fresh disasters. Considering Fascism, and its corollary war, as the immediate danger that threatens the working _masses, the P. S. U. indeavours to realise the united front of proletarian action, to fight against these evils. Although the entire activity of the party ha's been carried on within strictly legal grounds, on basis of the laws in force, the P. S. U. is continually prevented from carrying on its propaganda and from extending its organization. Its publications are prohibited. Its activity 'is continually interfered with. The official paper of the party Proletarul" (The Prole- tarian) which had appeared since 1928, was suspended by the Government in August 1935. Neither are its other publications Viitorul Social" (The Social Future), Informa- torul Proletar" (The Proletarian Messenger) and the Ta-

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www.dacoromanica.ro narul Proletar" (The Young Proletarian) allowed to appear, owing to the enmity of the Liberal Government. The independent labour syndicates, formed by the initiative of the militant unitary socialists, were dissolved in No- vember 1934, and also The General Syndical Commission. The P. S. U. forms part, together with 20 other Marxist parties in the entire world, of the International Bureau for Socialist Unity, the seat of which is at present in London. The Union of Unitary Socialist Youth and the Union of Working Women carry on their activity together with the P. S. U. The Central Management of the Party is formed of Messrs.: Dr. L. Ghelerter, Gh. Cristescu, former deputy, Nic. Stroescu-Ploeqti, Lawyer,tefan Voitech,Zaharia Tanase, M. Radian, D. Ursa-Sibiu, N. lonescu, I. P. Pascu, Juliu Das- cal-Tim4oara, former deputy, V. Boerescu, M. Moraru-Cam- pina, Gh. Plaequ, I. Felea, C. Zet-aru, I. Iliescu-Piatra Neamt, A. Horovitz-Jassy, Ilie Dumitru, Al. Dunareanu-Ploeti, former deputy, I. Duda-Galati, A. Diaconescu-Valcea, D. Iv4- canu, M. Bercovici-Bacau, C. Druga-Covurlui,C. Oancea- ampina. The Secretary of the Party:tefan Voitech. The Programme of the Party is the Following: Gene- ralpoliticaland military amnesty. Humanizing ofthe prison regime and of the special regime for political pri- soners. Abolition of martial law, of the censureship, and of all exceptional laws. Establishing of responsibilities and the punishing of all those guilty of abuses and of the crimes committed against the working class and the public liberties. Abolition of all laws of an anti-labour nature and reestablishment of the freedom of syndicalization and association. Free elections. Abrogation of the present electoral law and of the administrative law; re-establishment of the proportional law and the retiring of the councillors appointed by the

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www.dacoromanica.ro government to the communal and district councils. Freedom of conscience and of faith. The fight against armaments and war; peace with all peoples. Full and complete freedom for the political activity of all political, economic and sportive labourorganizations.Urgent measures to reduce unemployment and for the assistance of the unemployed by the State, the commune and the employers. Cheap, popular and collective buildings, with the assistance of the communes and of the State. Increase of salaries, on a line with the index numbers of dearness; collective contracts. Eight hours working-day, and Sunday's rest; respect for the dignity of the workers; protection of women and apprentices in undertakings. Abolition of corporations; removal of infirmaries and social insurance from the hands of those protected by the governments, complete autonomy of such institutions and their taking over by the freely elected representatives of the workers; increase of assistance for illness, accidents, invalidity and old age; extension of social insurances to commercial employees and to servants. Exemption of taxes on income for those with small means (workmen, tradesmen, small employees and small merchants.) ; lightening of the entire regime of taxation and the supporting of high taxes by capital and by large property. Full civil and political rights for women. Complete autonomy for cooperation;' the State to place at the disposal of the labour and peasant cooperative societies, sufficient credits without interest. Cultural autonomy and free development for the national minorities. A new expropriation, without payment, to meet the need of land of the destitute peasants and the supplying by the State of modern agricultural tools and machinery.

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www.dacoromanica.ro ROUMANIAN SOCIALIST PARTY The Roumanian Socialist Party is a fraction broken off from the Social Democrat Party in February 1933. The rup- ture occurred owing to the fact that the majority of the leaders of the Party deviated from the Socialist tactics as practiced from its foundation in 1910 to 1927 when it formed the Union with the Social Democrat Parties of Transylvania and Bukowina. This fusion led to its transformation from an intransigent Party of the class war, into a party of social harmony and collaboration with the bourgeoisie. The Constitutive Congress of the Socialist Party, held in March 1933, fixed the line of action of the Party in the following points; 1) All the activity of the Party to be concentrated around the single object of the defence of the interests of the labouring masses, and its entire action to support these masses. 2) Those whose wish it is to enter a political career, to be put aside by the forming of leading cadres capable of labour and sacrifice. 3) Action for the unification of the four political labour fractions. 4 ) The fight against fascism and its hitlerist forms (Iron Guard, Christian League etc.). 5) The fight against war by all means suited to the object pursued; and for peace. 6)Collaboration with the Democratic higher classes (bourgeoisie) only in case of a danger threatening the Wor- king Class, Socialism and Democracy from dictatorial Fas- cism. 7) As official fighting organ, the paper Unificarea Socia- lista- appeared, in the columns of which problems interesting the workers of Roumania and of the international have been discussed.

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www.dacoromanica.ro Within 6 months from the constitution of the Socialist Party in Roumania it succeeded in realizing one of the points established at the Congress; the union with the independent Socialist Party, which had broken off in 1927 from the So- cial Democrat Party. After this unification both Parties took the common name of Unitary Socialist Party", but this unification lasted only 2 years, up to 1935, because of the penetration of the Trotzky spirit in the independant fraction, of its sectarian spirit, and of its attitude towards the U. R. S. S.;of the organizing of the Transylvanian Ploughers, with head quarters at Deva, and of the Union of Magyar Workers with head quarters at Cluj; as well as owing to its inactivity in the organizing of the workers and in their fight against the danger of war and of fascism, in which it went so far as to carry on a campaign against the concentration of the workers and democratic forces in the common battle front against Fascism and war. In November 1935, the present Socialist Party was again reconstituted with the points of the congress of 1933, to which were added those imposed by the present political and social circumstances. Thanks to this attitude the Party succeeded in forming the Popular Front with the Block for the Defence of Democrat Liberties", with the Ploughers Front" of Transylvania and with the Union of Magyar Wor- kers" by the agreement closed at Tebea on December 6, 1935. Attached to the Party the Youth's Club" was organized in which the University Youth were enrolled, to carry on the action at the Universities, more especially against the fascist hooliganism and the corporative claims. The Feminine Club" was also formed to carry on the action amongst women, for socialist organization and education.. The radius of action of the Party has extended morel especially in the Old Kingdom and in Bessarabia.

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www.dacoromanica.ro In the leadership of the Party there are elements which guarantee both the socialistic direction and its moral, this by their labour and socialistic militantism in the past covering periods of from 25-145 years. The Party has the unbounded spiritual aid of Gheorghe Bujor, the old fighter, who took part in the Russian Revo- lution of 1917-18; On his return to the country in 1920, he was arrested and condemned to hard labour for life, but set free after 1f4 years of jail. In conclusion; the Socialist Party of Roumanian occupies a necessary place in the labour policy movement in the country; it is called upon to play a great part, both in the fight for the unification, and drawing together of the labour forces for the creation of the popular front, in the fight against fascist hooliganism, in the grouping, organizing and educating of the working masses, and in the formation of conscious cadres for the needs of the daily combats which it is its duty to develop. THE MAGYAR PARTY PRESIDENT: COUNT GEORGES BETHLEN. After the change of dominion the Magyar minority remained for two years in complete political passivity. The cause of this was the unclear situation which was finally solved by the signing of the Peace Treaty of June 4,1920, ratified by the Senate on August 1st, 1920 and on August 26, 1920, by the Chamber of Deputies. By this Peace Treaty the Magyar Minority obtained amongst other rights that of citizenship. On January 9, 1921 the Magyar leaders met to a great number in Cluj and established the need of organizing the Hungarians. The Magyar Union (Magyar Sziivetseg)was chosen as the form of this organization, with the object of

268 www.dacoromanica.ro incorporating Hungarians of all social levels. Another movement had had a different object, that of organizing the Ma- gyars within the political parties. A first step in this direction was made on June 5, 1921 at Hunedoara when the forming of the Magyar People's Party- (Magyar Neppart) was decided on. This formation only included the Hungarians of Calatele. The Magyar Union was formed on July 6, 1921, at Cluj, when this Union took a concrete form. The Presi- dent of the Union was Baron Samuil Josika, the secretary being Carol KO's, the initiater of the movement at Calatele. The Magyar Union was not recognized by the Roumanian Government, a fact which determined the Magyar People's Party" to hold on January 15, 1922 at Cluj, a large general meeting to give this local formation a general character. In response to this action the National Magyar Party- (Ma.- gyar Nemzeti Part) was formed on February 12, 1922 at Cluj, the Unitarian Bishop Ferencz Jozsef being elected as Pre- sident and Dr. Andrei Szekely as secretary. In October 1922 the Magyar Union was definitely dissolved by the Roumanian Government. At that moment the two political parties existed which on December 22, 1922 fusioned to form the Magyar Party- with Baron Samoil JO- sika as President, Dr. Augustin Haller as administrative vicepresident and Dr. Stefan Nalaczy as secretary. In the meantime the Magyar minority had participated in the elections for the Chamber of Deputies, and the Senate. There were 38 candidates of which 34 were rejected. Of the four left only Dr. Gheorghe Bernady, former Mayor of the town Targu-Mure§ was elected and later, due to a resignation, Jo- sif Sandor entered the Chamber of Deputies for the town Sfantul Gheorghe and Dr. Tiberiu Zima for Arad. For the Senate only the Archpriest Dr. Stefan Pal was elected for Odorhei, and Dr. Adalbert Fiiliip obtained the mandate for Timi§oara by a local electoral cartel. Baron Samoil Josika

269 www.dacoromanica.ro was elected in the district of Ciuc only at the By elections. On June 3, 1923 Baron Samoil Josika died and was replaced in the presidential chair by Stefan Ugron, former ambassador. The General Meeting of Brwv ratified this election on De- cember 14, 1924 and elected as vicepresidents Messrs. Josif SAndor, Dr. Emil Grandpierre, Count Dr. Gheorghe Beth len and Dr. Elemer Jakabffy. From 1922 to 1926 the Magyar Party carried on a fight of defence chiefly conducted by Josef Sindor, who made a number of important speeches in the Chamber of Deputies. Outside of Parliament the action of the Magyar Party developed around the question of the schools, and on May 22, 1925 an extra-ordinary general meeting was held at Targu- Mures. As the demands forwarded to the Government in regard to the question of the schools was not favourably received, the Magyar Church Authorities forwarded a complaint to the League of Nations. Under these circumstances it was not astonishing that the leaders of the Magyar Party should have accepted the offer of the People's Party under the leadership of General Averescu in consequence of which a political and electoral pact was closed on October 23,1923, know as the Pact of Ciucea-, although actually formed at Bucharest at the residence of Professor P. Negulescu. The text of the Ciucea Pact which owes this name to the fact that the first negotiations took place in the Castle of Ciucea the residence of Mr. Octavian Goga has never been officially published up to the present. But from various publication which have never been denied by any-one, it is known that it contains an introductary part and 8 Chapters. Point 10) of the Introduction establishes reciprocal, political obligations, and the 8 Chapters contain the claims made by the Magyar Party in the various branches of public life, the People's Party promising to fulfil these demands should they come into power. However, the Ciucea Pace was denoun-

270 www.dacoromanica.ro ced on February 1st, 1926 by the Magyar Party. The reasons of this denouncement were not published. When in May 1926, General Averescu formed the Government, a new political understanding was closed. Consequently the Magyar Party took part in the general elections of May 26, on the common list with the People's Party. The electoral pact assured to the Magyar Party 28 mandates of which 15 in the Chamber of Deputies and 13 in the Senate, but on condition that Roumanians should figure on the electoral lists deposited in the Szekler Districts and shOuld head the lists in two such districts. But the People's Party altered the pact, and instead of 28, only 26 Magyars entered Parliament. Since General Ave- rescu did not keep the political conditions of the pact either, the Magyar Party closed an electoral pact with the German Minority for the general elections of July 1927. This fact was not satisfactory to the Magyar Party, which obtained only 10 mandates and was obliged to cede two to the Germans, one at Arad and the other at Tarnava-Mica*, so that only 8 Deputy-seats and a single mandate for the Senate were left to it in Ciuc. The unfavourable result of the pact with the Germans caused the Magyar Party not to form more electoral pacts, and at the general elections of December 1928 carried out by the Maniu Gouvernment, the Party obtained 18 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 6 in the Senate. The Maniu Gouvernment made several improvements for the Magyar Minority. The taxes on Magyar theatres were reduced from 26% to 13%, pensions were granted even to the Magyar officials who had not taken the oathin 1918 and the Magyar schools were granted a subvention of 10.5 million Lei. This Government drew up a bill of administrative reform, the object of which was originally to re-organize the administration in accordance with the principles of decentralization and local autonomy. As the original bill suffered a

271 www.dacoromanica.ro number of amendments and finally contained a number of restrictions detrimental to the above principles the Magyar Party combatted the Law which came into force on August 3, 1929. The Party considered that the greatest omission was that the right to use the minority languages was not inserted, as it should have been. The Government announced their determination to regulate this question by a separate Law. The demands of the Magyar Party, that it be settled by the original Law, were justified by the fact that the Government never presented this bill. In the opinion of the Magyar Party, the Maniu Government either would not, for reasons of principle, or had not enough power, to settle this question which so closely interested almost 5 million persons, belonging to the various Minority nations. Even if the minorities lived, under the first Maniu Govern- ment in an easier political atmosphere, no essential change was brought about by this administration. Under the Jorga Government this relatively favourable atmosphere was maintained and Professor Jorga was cuided in his policy as regards the schools by higher principles. The good effect of this policy was felt by the minority schools. In 1933, when the National Peasants' Party came into power again, the question of a general regulation in this regard, was not even raised. In November 1933 the National Liberal Party came into power, and the new Prime-Minister Mr. I. G. Duca, issued a manifesto to the country in which one sentence mentions the minorities and promises equality in the eyes of the law and a conciliatory treatment. After the odious assassination of the Prime-Minister I. G. Duca, a narrow nationalistic -current, unfavourable to the minorities set in. A powerful impulse was given to this movement by the fact that the President of the National Peasants' Party, Mr. Alex. Vaida-Voevod left that party, and that the new political organization, openly demanded only proportional participation for the minorities in 272 www.dacoromanica.ro all domains, more especially in the economic domain; but this numerus proportionalis" had the object of completely shutting out the minorities both from private busines13 and from the public careers. This chauvin" tendency had a very unfavourable effect on the Minorities. Private companies were afraid to engage members of the minorities. In 1934 the Government ordered a fresh examination of all public officials still in service, in their knowledge of Roumanian, without taking into consideration the fact that only such employees had remained in service, who in recent years had succeeded in the examinations held. In this examination a great many minority officials fell, and were immediately dismissed. In December the Magyar Party addressed a demand to the Chamber of Deputies, the Senate and the Government, for an enquiry-in which representatives of all parties should participate, into the minrity question. The proposal was not accepted and the Government passed over this matter with a short statement. The Liberal Party also drew up a bill for general administrative reform, the numerous provisions of which were considered unfavourable by the Magyar Party. The most serious of these provisions was that only persons able to read and write Roumanian were to be elected to the Communal Councils and that any Communal Council in which a language other than Roumanian was spoken should be dissolved. The first part of this provision would have obliged the electoral masses to undergo an examination in the Roumanian language, and the second part would have constituted a dangerous weapon in the hands of any authority desiring to dissolve a Council. The Magyar Party by great efforts, succeeded in obtaining an amendment of the initial bill. This fact is characteristic. The Magyar Party sees itself obliged to represent the Ma- gyar Minority in a more and more unfavourable atmosphere.

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www.dacoromanica.ro THE MAGYAR PEASANTS PARTY In 1923 the political organizations of the Magyar minorities in Roumana merged into a single political party under the name of The Magyar Party". From 1924 onwards, however, many attempts were made to create a democratic political formation for the Magyar population in the Ardeal in order that it should provide a concrete disapproval of the official party and should also comprise representation of the democratic elements. Not one of these movements was able to exist for long with the exception of the Magyar Peasant Party which, in the1 932/33 parliament, had 3 representatives. This party came into existence in 1933 when the Ma- gyar Economic Block, founded in 1931, was transformed into a political party with the title Magyar Peasant Party" ard whith Bardos Petre the former Senator and landed proprietor of Vlaha, in the district of Cluj, as its president, and Dr. Reti Imre the former deputy and journalist of 0- dorheiu as its active president. It has a district organization in every district in which Magyars reside in big numbers, and the headquartiers of the party are in Odoreiu, the newspaper A Nep (The People) being its official organ. The conitituion of the party is directed to a wide support of the Magyar masses, and of agricultural workers in the first place, to which end it advocates intense economic activity through the cooperative societies; sincere collaboration with the dominant nation and with the other ethnic minorities of Roumania, economic and cultural education for the villages in the democratic spirit which provides the foundation for the existence of the whole party, and, finally, the formation of a Magyar national council of Roumania which should unite all Magyar forces, independent of party, in a national work which should consist or organizing and sup-

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www.dacoromanica.ro porting the cultural and economic life of the Magyar people in Roumania. Included in the points of the programme is joint working and cooperation for the realization of the peasant state, the introduction of one single tax according to the value of land holdings, the relieving of all disabilities of the peasant class and the claims of the Magyar minorities, which are: the use of their own language in public life, assistance for confessional educaticn. liberty for work and education, cultural independence and admission of the Magyar element into public offices and functions.

UNION OF MAGYAR PEASANTS AND WORKERS OF ROUMANIA The party, of the Union of Magyar Peasants and Wor- kers of Roumania (Magyar Dolgozok SzEovetsge), known by the abbreviation of Madosz", came into being as an oppo- sitional group of the Magyar Party. This group was formed in the Spring of the year 1933, of democratic elements from among the workers, agriculturists, tradesmen and intellectuals, who did not approve of the tactical methods and of the political position of the Magyar Party. The Representa- tives of this group met in April 1933 at Cluj, and held several sittings, the decisions- taken being sent to the Exe- cutive Committee of the Magyar Party. The Group whose formation was due to the action of the most active members of the Magyar Party, begun within that Party demanded the calling of a general congress of the Party. On the occasion of the General Meeting held at Targu-Mure, the members of the group were prevented from developping all their program, regrettable scenes took place, the result of which was the withdrawal of the group from the Party.

275 www.dacoromanica.ro In December 1933, The Opposition in the Magyar Party" deposited on the occasion of the general elections, separate opposition lists,their wish however being still at this moment to organize the democratic Magyar masses, within the framework of the Magyar Party. They founded three, papers, two at Cluj and one at Targu-Mure§. In the Summer of 1934, the Delegates of the Opposition met atTargu- M,Urel and seeing that their action was impossible within the Magyar Party, decided to form a new Party under the name of The Union of Magyar Peasant& and Workers of Rou- mania" (Madosz"). The Conference of Targu-MureT, drew up the programme of the Party, which fights, with the active support of the Magyar producing classes, for the democratic rights of the Magyar Minorities, in the economic, politic and cultural field. The Madosz programme demands the abolition of the examinations of language, the re-engagement of theofficials and workers who have been dismissed, the cancelling of arrears in taxes and imposts, as well as of the fines inflic- ted owing to the failure to pay such taxes; complete autonomy for community of goods, for the masses who are in want, as well as land for those who have none, and communal pasture grounds. In the cultural domain, the opening of Magyar schools and' their assistance by the State, the creation of a Magyar Section at the University of Cluj, exemption from taxes for poor students, and the right to use the Magyar language before the local authorities in the territories inhabited by Magyars. In the politicaldomain, equal political rights, abolition of exceptional measures completely free elections, freedom of organizations, of meetings and of the press. The Party demands the right of free option for the Magyar Minorities, and Roumanian Citizenship for all who have lived since 1921 on the territory of the country. As regards foreign policy, the Party fights for the

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www.dacoromanica.ro maintenance of the Peace Treaties and for the independence of Roumania, against revisionist and warlike States. It fights for a confederation of the Peoples of the Basin of the Da- nube, to avoid war and to ensure peace. It demands the extension of alliances with those Peoples which sincerely desire peace. To attain the object pursued, the Madosz Party desires collaboration with the Roumanian Democratic Parties. The first allies in this direction were found among the Plou- ghers Front" of Hunedqara. On Nov. 3, 1935, the two Par- ties formed a united action within the framework ofthe Popular Anti-Fascist Front. Within this unity, the two Par- ties engage to carry on the common fight against Fascism and to defend the rights of the Minorities,it being established that they will fight for the rights of the Peoples .of Roumania to acquire culture in their maternal language, such culture to be paid for by the State, the interests of the Confessional Minority Schools, to be also protected. It is on this basis that the Madosz" has formed,together with the Ploughers Front, an agreement with the Demo- cratic Block for the Defence of the Rights of Liberty" and with the Independent Socialist Party". It has proposed the collaboration of the National Peasants Party, the Radical Peasants Party and the Social Democrat Party, to enlarge the Popular Anti-Fascist Front. On basis of this programme, the Madosz has founded local organizations inthe Magyar territories, and endeavours everywhere to draw the Democratic Parties nearer to each other, and to the Magyar Party and the Magyar Peasants Party.

277 www.dacoromanica.ro THE GERMAN PARTY IN ROUMANIA The new frontiers fixed by the Peace Treaty have placed the German People in new Roumania in a completely altered situation. The branches of the German race now united in the Roumanian State Union formerly belonged to four different States: the Transylvanian Saxons and the Swabians of the Banate to Hungary, the Bukowina Germans to Austria, and the Bessarabia Germans to Russia. The Germans of the Do- brogea, of Bucharest and of the Roumanian Petroleum Re- gions to Roumania. When all these different branches of the German race with differing historical pasts and traditions of social and national life, found themselves joined in the Rou- manian Unitary State, the wish arose among those of the German communities which up to that moment had not enjoyed a thoroughly national organization, to create for them- %elves in association with the firmly established National and Church Organization of the Transylvanian Saxons a new basis for their national life and their activity as citizens of the State. The years of the turning point in history of 1918-1919, were everywhere filled with the thought of the uniting of national communities which, by their nature, belong to each other, and of their right to national freedom and equal citizenship. Thus, as long ago as the Spring of 1919, a German congress was held at Sibiu (Hermannstadt) where the representatives of the Transylvanian and Bukowina Germans together with those of the Old Kingdom decided the founding of a Party of the Germans in Roumania. This German Party was immediately afterwards joined by the Germans of Bessara- bia and by those Swabians of the Banate, who were united in the People's Party of the Banatian Germans" (Banater Deutsche Volkspartei), while the majority of the Banate Swa-

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www.dacoromanica.ro bians who belonged to the Autonomous Swabian Party" at first remained apart. In the first Parliament of Great Roumania in the Autum of 19 19, the German minority obtained 1 3 seats in the Cham- ber of deputies and 6 in the Senate, all four German groups, the Transylvanians, the Banatians, the Bukowinians and the Bessarabians being represented in this Parliamentary fraction of the Germans of Roumania. However, while the Ger- man Party, even after its final formation and after the carrying out of the Parliamentary elections continued to be a loose blanket- organization, within which each German settlements group kept its complete independence and decided freely both on the questions of their internal organization and on their political attitude, the German representatives in the Chamber and in the Senate united in this first Parliament to form a unitary German fraction. In this close union of their German members of Parlia- ment, the uniformity of the attitude of the Germans was assured and the corresponding distribution of forces ofthe Parliamentary action in the Chamber and in the Senate could be carried through. This systematic parliamentary work, in association with the confidence shown to the political direction of the German Party and its political programme, very soon, by all the inflientual Roumanian Parties, soon assured to the German Party a far greater influence over the progress of the parliamentary debates and decisions than could have been obtained on basis of its numerical representation in the Roumanian Legislative Bodies. The political programme of the German Party continueld in its main points the traditions of the policy followed by the Transylvanian Saxons in the State Union of the old Hun- garian Kingdom. This policy was built up on two chief leading principles: The declaration of full loyalty as citizens, in association with the national acknowledgement of their

279 www.dacoromanica.ro German origin and with the insistance on those rights which must be granted to a national and cultural community in a legal State, in the administrative, religious, educational and economic domains, and in regard to social and charitable organization. The leadership of the German Party passed from Rudolf Brandsch to the then still very young speaker and fighter of the German community, Dr. Hans Otto Roth, in 1922. This change of leaders took place when, after the Government of Al. Vaida Voevod and General Averescu, the Liberal Party under the leadership of Ion I. C. Bratianu once more came into power and formed the Government of the country. The first duty of the Bratianu Government was to create the new State Ideology and the new Constitution of Great Roumania as formed by the Peace Treaty, Through the Con- stitution and the great legislative reforms the rights of the Minorities of Roumania and therefore also of the German Communities were to be legally and lastingly recognized and fixed. There were two chief problems in the foreground of the interests of the German Minority, relative to this new settling of the Roumanian State policy. The first of these problems was decided on when the Constitution was drawn up. It consisted in the recognition of the rights of the German Minority as a collectivity, which had then to be assured in the same way as provided in the Decision of Alba lulia ,and partly also in the Peace Treaty. for the protection of all national minorities. The second problem was in regard to the assuring of the autonomous rights in the domain of their cult and the teaching of their faith, which in te former Hungarian Kingdom, was granted to the Evangelical Church of the Saxons in Transylvania. The demands of the Germans, formulated at that time, were certainlyfulfilled only to a small extent,however

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www.dacoromanica.ro enough ground was granted to enable them to continue their existence here as an unbroken national community. These bases of the relations between the German Party and the Roumanian State Policy, remained virtually unaltered up to the advent, in November 1933 of the present Government; but since the beginning of the present Admi- nistration, the Representatives of the German Party have always f ound themselves in opposition to the contents of all bills brought in, difficult issues are continually arising between the Roumanian State policy and the interests of the German Minority. It would appear that the most severe test of the strength of the relations existing up to the present between the Rou- manian State and the Roumanian Minority were to be made now that the Thtarescu Government is in power. Under the influence of the nationalistic wave, which is passing over the national policy of all European States, a policy of intolerance has arisen towards the Germans of Roumania, which is in contradiction to the organic development of the first 15 years of organized Roumanian citizenship of the German National Groups in the Kingdom of Roumania. At the same time a change has been going on within the German community in Roumania itself, which has certainly not been without influence on the situatian of the Parlia- mentary Representation of these Germans towards the Rou- manian State. The German Groups of Roumania have since Oct. 22, adopted a new programme which instead of the organization on general lines only, has united the German Mi- nority in a centralistic and authoritative organization. Nevertheless, the first year after the coming into force of this new programme, already proved that on the side of that Minority, no change in the basis of the previous attitude towards the policy of the Roumanian State was intended. The last Parliamentary discussions, in the Winter of 1935, sho-

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www.dacoromanica.ro wed clearly that in spite of the changes within the German organization, the same lines of conduct were to be kept to, in the relations between the Germans and the Roumanians. The German Party of Roumanian will be true to its tradition in continuing to seek with all their power the synthesis between a loyal attitude to the State and unshaken faith towards their German origin and inherited national rights.

PEOPLE'S PARTY OF THE GERMANS IN ROUMANIA The People's Party of the Germans in Roumania is spread all over the territory inhabited by Germans. It was founded in May 1 935, at a great popular congress held at Billed in the Banate, at which more than 6.000 persons were present. The President of the Party is Dr. Alfred Bonfert and the Vice-Presidents the deputy Hans Beller and Dr. Wal- demar Gust. The programme of the People's Party of the Germans in Roumania is worded as follows:

1.Wc stand with all our force in unshakable faith to our home-country, to the Roumanian State and to its King, to whom we. owe fealty and to whom we are bound for good and for evil fortune. 2. On basis of our clear attitude to the State we demand that the rights assured to us in accordance with the constitution be respected, i. e. complete equality of rights with the Roumanian people, and cultural autonomy. 3. We stand and fall with our bond with the German people and with the German spirit and cultural community, which we represent in our home country and which we wish to cultivate. 5. We acknowledge the community of all Germans in

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www.dacoromanica.ro Roumania. Our main object is the practical realization of the German national community in Roumania. Hence arises for us the duty to grant equal consideration to each compatriot who fulfils his duty, and to assist him in word and deed irrespective of his social standing. 6. We maintain the standpoint of positive Christianity. In view of the great significance of religious bonds and of the deep roots struck by religious belief for the preservation of the community, the People's Party of the Germans asks of all its members the honouring of every honest faith. 7. The People's Party of the Germans asks of each Ger- man that he should lead a clean life, publicly and privately. Only he who upholds his personal honour and that of his family, can honourably represent our community. 8. We demand renunciation of all capitalistic excrecences and the complete acceptation of the principle: social good must go before personal interest. 9. On basis of this principle we obligate ourselves in honour and conscience, and stake our own persons for this object, to build up a German national community in Roumania, to cling to it and to uphold it towards all, this being our only guidance line.

THE UNION OF ROUMANIAN JEWS PRESIDENT: DR. WILLY FILDERMAN. The Union of Roumanian Jews- (Uniunea Evreilor Ro- mani) is the continuation of the organization of native Jews created in 1909 under the name of Union of the Jews of the Country- (Uniunea Evreilor Pamanteni). The object of this organization was specified in the General Meeting of November 27, 1909, when the organization was created, in the first place, by the creation of a representation. This is the text of the resolution:

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www.dacoromanica.ro The General Meeting of the Jews of the Country decides the creation of a representation of the native Jews, which until their right to the quality of citizens shall be recognised, will fight to overcome the injustice done them owing to the confusion made in all legislation and on every occasion, between Jews and foreigners. Until the creation of this representation, the cause of the Roumanian Jews had been defended by various organizations, which did not last long, such as The Isrealite Union, the Association of Jewish Reserves, the B'nei Brith Order etc. Their activity could not progress, either because of the danger which threatened their leaders, of being expulsed, or because their object was not only the fight for the emancipation of the Jews. The Union of the Jews of the Country was able to be created and maintained thanks to the fact that all its leaders were chosen from among prominent Jews who had obtained Roumanian citizenshiy by vote of Parliament at different dates. Thus the following were members of the Central Committee of the Union of Jews of the Country, when it was first formed: Dr. Ad. Stern, I. B. Brociner, M. Caster, lawyer, Dr. Erdreich, S. Ha !fon, I. Husar, I. Sterian, and Jacques Catz, engineer. As soon it was formed the U. E. P. addressed an appeal to the country and forwarded a memorandum to His Ma- jesty, King Carol I, the Legislative Bodies and the Govern- ment. By them, the Jews asked for political and civil rights equal to those of other Roumanians. They recalled that this political freedom had been promised to the Jews, both in Moldavia and Wallachia as long ago as 1848, when the Go- vernments of both the Roumanian Principalities inscribed the emancipation of the Jews in their programs. Soon after the issuing of this appeal and memorandum, the U. E. P. edited an historical work entitled The question of the Roumanian Jews-, containing documents proving that

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www.dacoromanica.ro the settlement of Jews in the Roumanian lands dated from centuries ago. After the Balkan War, the U. E. P. intensified its activity, since not even the citizenship of those Jews who had taken part in the Bulgarian Campaign had been obtained. The Rou- rnanian Government had promised this when the army was mobilized, but the measure had not been realized. The outbreak of the World War threw all questions of an internal order into the background, and thus the cauze of the Jews also, suffered owing to Rournania's entry into the War. The U. E. P. issued patriotic manifestos to the Jews asking them to do their duty towards the country. All the Roumanian Sta- tesmen in turn assured them that after the realization of Great Roumania, the emancipation of Roumanian Jews should be completely carried out. The Peace Treaties and the Minorities Treaty stipulated equal citizenship for all inhabitants of the country who were not subjects of other States. To obtain the insertion in the Constitution of the country, of equal citizenship, the Union of the Jews of the Country took an active part in establishing the norms of emancipation. The organization then became the Union of Roumanian Jews-, Dr. W. Filderman, being elected as President. The mission undertaken by it was to fight for the consolidation of the rights obtained and for the establishing of such rights by actual facts. It assumed the duty of seeing that the Jews were given the possibility of participating in all manifestations of public life, in all the Insti- tutions of the Country: in Parliament, in the Communal and District Councils, in the Army, in the Law Courts, in the Ad- ministrations and in the Schools etc. The Union explained to the Jews, that by the resolving of the Jewish question" must be understood the realization of a state of affairs by which all difference of treatment would be done away with, on the part of the authorities in legislation and in every day life.

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www.dacoromanica.ro At the same time the U. E. R. proposed to fight for the auto- emancipation of the Jewish masses, their civic education and the creation of an increasingly close bond between the Jews of the New Provinces and those of the Old Kinkdom. At the voting of the Constitution in 1923, the U. E. R. carried on the fight, for the establishing of this emancipation, in an article which, besides the principle formulated, should recognise all the decree laws relative to the granting of citizenship to the Jews, issued after the War while the Treaties were being drawn up. The U. E. R. then addressed a Memo- randum to the Government asking that citizenship be granted ipso fcto to all Jews born in the country and who were not subjects of any foreign State. After the voting of the Constitution the U. E. R. continued the fight for the realization of equal citizenship in the domain of education and of religion. It obtained State recognition of the Jewish Schools and Communities. At the same time it obtained the representation of the mozaic cult in the Senate of the Country by the Head Rabbin of the Community of the Capital of the Country. The subsidizing of the mozaic cult was further granted by the entering in the Budget of the Country, of the sum of Lei 10.000.000 for this purpose and the assurance was giventhatfuture Budgets should provide a larger sum. In the domain of the internal Jewish life, the U. E. R. directed theconstitutionof the Union of Communities" and laid the basis of the Institute of Professional Direction. To unify the organization of Jews all over the country, the U. E. F. R. founded section in several localities of Transyl- vanai, Bukowina and Bessarabia. In June 1929. the first congress of the U. E. R. was held, delegates of the New Pro- vinces participating. Until this congress only delegates of the Old Kingdom had taken part in the Meetings of the Union.

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www.dacoromanica.ro In the Congress of1 929 the statutes of the organization were modified. The object of the U. E. R. was specified as follows: a) Defence of the individual and collective rights of the Jewish population in Roumania, based on the Constitution, the Laws of the Country and the Treaties. b) Claiming of all individual and collective rights and the promoting of all religious cultural, social, economic and political interests of the Jewish population of Roumania. c) Effective realization of equal citizenship in all domains of social and publice life. For the realization of this program, the U. E. R. inter- vened with all the succeeding Governments. It has participated in all Parliamentary and Communal elections, presenting candidates on the lists of the Roumanian political parties with which it has closed electoral agreements. In all such electoral agreements the U. E. R. has laid particular stress on the claims provided in the program, rather than on the question of the candidates which has always been given only secondary importance. The candidatures have always been only the outward manifestation of the understandings based on principle and the object of which was the consolidation of the equal rights of citizenship of the Rou- manian Jews. The representatives of the Jews in the Par- liament of the Country and in the Communal Councils were charged with the task of seeing to the actual fact of emancipation, after the promulgation of the emancipation laws. Before 1927 the U. E. R. closed agreements with the De- mocratic Party of Tache Ionescu and later with the Peasants Party. In 1927 it closed the first electoral agreement with the National Liberal Party under the leadership of lonel Bra"- tianu. In 1932 as it could not close any electoral agreement with any of the Roumanian political parties and as it was against the presenting of a separate Jewish List, the U. E. R.

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www.dacoromanica.ro took the initiative of the forming of an Economic Block in which many economic and professional organizations took part. With this block the U. E. R. closed an electoral agreement whose candidates stood all over the country. Since then the U. E. B. has only participated in Communal elections, and has succeeded in sending to many Communal Councils of the Country, more especially in the Old Kingdom active elements with great experience in administrative matters. The U. E. R. has endeavoured to make itself known as an organization of defence of a temporay cha;acter. It exists because of the present situation of the Jews, which it hopes will be put an end to as soon as possible. In the eyes of its leaders, the supreme object is the effectiverealization of equal citizenship for the Jews. Once this is realized, the organization will have no further object. The wish of the U. E. R. has therefore always been, not to be considered as a political party, the more so as in questions of a general political order, it does no insist on any idiology or any program for its members, nor does it oppose the adherence of the Jews to the different political parties of the ccuntry. It only assumes the defence and the consolidation of the equal rights of citizenship of the Jews.

THE JEWISH PARTY OF ROUMANIA At the end of the world war the Jewish people of Central and Eastern Europe also, awoke to the idea of a national rebirth. It was however, a very long way before the Jews of Great Roumania numbering almost 1.000.000 souls, succeeded in finding their political road. The Roumanian Jews are composed of four different branches of the race, coming from different countries with completely varying historical pasts and social and cultural customs. The Jews of the Old Kingdom were up to the war al-

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www.dacoromanica.ro most completely shut out from the rights of citizen, and carried on the fight for the recognition of their individual civic emancipation. A minority movement of a national character could not, of course, develop under these circumstances. In Bessarabia the situation of the Jews was very similar although in consequence of the settling of masses of Jews in that country, a more intensive national life existed, the idea of a minority policy not being altogether unknown. The Transylvanian Jews grew up under Hungarian culture and lived through a period of assimilation of 70 years, through which their national consciousness suffered considerably. From the point of view of the minority policy, the Jews of Bucovina were the best educated. These 150.000 Bukovinian Jews could, because of their peculiar legal situation take an active part even before the war, in the political life of Bukowina as an organized national minority, and for many years sent Jewish deputies to the Parliament at Vienna as well as to the local Assembly. To bring this very varied culture of the Jews of different countries to a common denominator was extremely difficult and could only be carried out gradually. In consequence of which the inclusion of the Jewish minority in the political life of the country, took a considerable time. To begin with, organizations were formed in Bukowina and in Transylvania, by which the object of politically educating the Jewish mi norities was assumed. In Transylvania the Siebenbuergische Juedische Nationalverband"(ErdelyiZsidO Nemzeti Szö- vetség) was created as long ago as 1918, and has had great influence on the Jewish minorities in the otherterritories. The Jewish political thoughts were, in the other provinces personified and propagated by the Zionistorganizations. which here and there arose as the political representatives of the Jews. It was however, clear from the first moment that

289 www.dacoromanica.ro the Zionist organizations were not suitable for the development of an internal activity and that special political organizations must be created for this purpose. Thus arose in Transylvania, in 1926, the Jewish Election Block and in Bukowina, the Jewish Party while in the Old Kingdom the National Jewish Party was created in 1929 under the leadership of the late Dr. Radu Bauberger. The endeavour of these organizations was, whenever the possibility of this arose, to connect the Jews also organically in the political life of the country, and local succes of varying importance was obtained. Thus, in Buowina, Dr. Mayer Ebner whose programme was Jewish, was elected as senator in 1926. However a thoroughly vigorous political action could not be thought of, until a unitary political organization extending all over the country had been created. On the occasion of the 1928 elections, the various Jewish organizations, by means of an electioneering cartel, succeeded in bringing four deputies into Parliament. From Transyl- vania, Dr. Theodor Fischer and Dr. Josef Fischer, from Bu- kowina, Dr. Mayer Ebner and from Bessarabia Dr. Michel Landau. These deputies in, 1928 founded the Jewish Par- liamentary Club, which developed a lively activity during the Parliamentary Session and had good results to show. It is this Club also, that prepared Jewish public opinion for the forming in Roumania of the Jewish Party of the Roumanian State". This Party was called into being on May 4, 1931, the Jews of all four territories forming part of it. Dr. Theo- dor Fischer was elected President. Shortly after its formation the Party had to stand the test of the General Elections, held in June 1931 by the Jorga Government. It succeeded on this its first appearance, in obtaining 50.000 votes on an independent list, by which the Jews were enabled to send 5 deputies to Parliament. Those elected were Dr. Mayer Ebner, Dr. Theodor Fischer, Dr. Josef Fischer, Dr. Max Dia-

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www.dacoromanica.ro mant and Manfred Reifer. On basis of an agreement, Dr. Mayer Ebner ceded his mandate to Dr. Samy Singer and Dr. Theodor Fischer, his, to Michel Landau, so that each part of the territory might be represented. During this first Session, the Party carried on a lively action more especially in regard to the protection of the Jewish right of citizenship and to the strengthening of the Jewish cult. After the resignation of the Jorga Government, the Party once more stood with independent lists, and obtained almost 70.000 votes, in consequence of which the following members entered Parliament: Dr. Mayer Ebner, M4u Weismann, Dr. Ernest Marton, Dr. Josef Fischer, and Michel Landau. The Jewish Parliamentary Club, supported by its Secretary, Dr. S. I. Stern, was able, both in Parliament and outside of it, to develop a brisk activity, more especially in the domain of Jewish education, and the bringing up of the Jewish masses, and on the question of the Jewish Cult. The Party suffered a great loss, about this time, in the death of the Vice-President of the entire Organization, and President of that of the Old Kingdom, Dr. I. R. Bauberger. Because of interpositions, the Party was not able in the elections of 1933, to obtain the required 2%, so that the Roumanian Jews are without representation in the present Parliament. It is however still carrying on its activity and continue to intervene with the Authorities for theprotec- tion of the Jewish masses. The growing difficulties of the situation moved the Leaders of the Jewish Party to take an initiation for the complete unification of the Roumanian Je- wish Community. The result of this action was the constituting, in the Spring of 1936, of the Central Council of the Jews of Roumania (Consiliul Central al Evreilor din Roma- nia), which is the supreme representative of the Roumanian Jews.

291 www.dacoromanica.ro Programme of the Jewish Party of Roumania: The existence of the Jewish population of Roumania, both as regards the political rights of the individual as a citizen and as regards its collective ethnical being, as an integral part of the Jewish people, is affirmed by the organization called The Jewish Party of Roumania". The Policy of this organizations is determined by the conviction that the Jewish population of Roumania is indes- tructibly bound to the national entity of the Jewish people. As the foundation of this policy stands the idea that in the soul of any citizen of Roumania, and therefore in the soul of the citizen of Jewish origin, there can be a harmonious co-existence of feelings of patriotism and sincere affec- tion f or the Roumanian State, and the feeling of fidelity to ties with the ethnic collectivity of which it is a part. The Jewish Party regards the Roumanian State as a higher collective organism which unites its citizens without any consideration as to ethnic origin, in order to fulfil its mission of bringing about the highest possible level of human civilization within its borders. It is naturally the embodiment of the aspirations of the Roumanian nation, whose genius has created it. This does not, however, prevent it in the exercise of its powers from manifesting itself as a factor above the ethnic groups which it embraces. The guiding principles of the Jewish Party are the following: a) Spiritual unity with the Roumanian nation as regards devotion to the Throne, love of Country and belief in the idea of the State. b) Firm and constant action to bring about the provisions of the Constitution as regards the equality of rights of all citizens without consideration as to their ethnic origin, both as regards treatment by the organs of public authority and as regards general conditions of life.

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www.dacoromanica.ro c) The constant pursuit of the ideal of collective emancipation of ethnic minorities in Roumania and, together with them, of the Jewish ethnic minorities, bringing about the creation and support by the Roumanian State of juridical, moral and material foundations on which the normal life of these groups of people may develop without any hindrance whatsoever. d) Unswerving belief in sincere and unadulterated democracy. e) The preservation of perfect objectivity in the appreciation of the importance of all factors in production, and of all social classes in the solution of problems concerning State intervention in the economic life of the country. In accordance with the principles set out above the Jewish Party is endeavouring to bring about the following improvements: 1. A reform of the law of 24th February1 924 for acquiring and regarding the loss of Roumanian nationality, by which everything appertaining to the question connected with Roumanian citizenship should be regulated in the spirit of true democracy and in accordance with the provisions of the agreement concluded between Roumania and her Alies atParis on the 9th December 1919, which agreement was ratified by the law published on the 20th Sep- tember1 92 0. 2. A reform of the electoral laws by which on the one hand there should be assured to every political group which amounts to 1 % of the total of votes cast in the whole country a proportional quota of mandates both in the elections for the Chamber of Deputies as well as in the elections for other representative bodies, and on the other hand to guarantee the effective liberty and legality of elections by the institution of a perfect system of electoral jurisdiction. 3. The completion of the laws for the protection of consti-

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www.dacoromanica.ro tutional order with provisions embracingpreventiveand punitive measures in respect of any movement or political action directed against constitutional principles regarding the. equality of rights and of duties of citizens, irrespective of their ethnical origin. 4. The exercise of public functions shall be so carried out as to guarantee the honest and sincere application of laws and legal regulations in respect of everybody, and to exclude the possibility of anybody suffering any hindrance or limitation of the rights to which they are entitled for the sole reason that they are Jews, and the fact of their belonging to te ethnical Jewish group shall not constitute any obstacle in the way of their occupying any public function whatsoever. 5. The Jewish Party demands that in the State central administrative services, in local administrations,in public education, in law and in the army, Jews should be accepted on the basis of their qualifications. 6. Modification of the law concerning religious observa- tions as concerns its dispositions regarding the Mosaic cult, in such manner as to make it possible for that cult to or- ganise itself in accordance with the wishes of the majority of its believers in the country, and on a purely autonomous basis. 7. Placing of the Mosaic cult on a footing of equality with all other cults as regards moral and material support by the State. 8. Modification of the law making Sunday a day of rest in such manner that the followers of the Mosaic cult who do not work on Saturdays may be at liberty to carry on their occupations on Sundays. 9. Re-establishment of complete liberty of education by the removal of all those regulations which prevent parents from making the choice which they consider most suitable

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www.dacoromanica.ro as concerns the school where their children shall be taught. 10. The Jewish Party asks that the State in its policy of social protection shall take into account the special needs of the Jewish population arising out of its distinctive structure. 11. The preparation of laws and regulations for the set- ting in order of the juridical situation of all ethnic minorities in Roumania which shall give effect to the principle of collective freedom. 12. The Jewish Party asks that pending legislation con- ferring cultural autonomy on ethnical Jewish groups,the State should subsidise Jewish private education in accordance with the number of pupils being instructed in the schools in question, and also found and maintain a Jewish school for teachers, later to be employed in Jewish private educational establishments. 13. An administrative reform by which on the one hand the principle of decentralization shall be effectively applied and, on the other hand, account should be taken when creating administrative organisations of the local interest of the Jewish population, in order to avoid paralysing its development by mergingit into the rural masses. 14. The Jewish Party asks for systematic action by the Government for the re-establishment o fcredit in the interior of the country and the combating of unemployment, as well as the courageous solution by organic reforms of the main problems of the day of an economic and financial order, giving equal consideration to the interest of all productive elements in the economic life of the country. 15. The Jewish Party seeks to set aside various social- economic anomalies of Jewish society and the solution of these specific problems, more especially as concerns its numerous social strata.

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www.dacoromanica.ro 1 6. Wherever energetic action has to be taken in the interests of progress the Jewish Party must always be in the forefront. Peace, work and progress these are the words inscribed on the standard of the Jewish Party.

THE CENTRAL COUNCIL OF ROUMANIAN JEWS The increase of the antisemitic current in the country and the creation of a political party with an antisemitic program, but more especially the passiveness of the Government and of the Authorities in face of the antisemitic propaganda and excesses, have caused the U. E. R. to direct the creation of a unitary front of the Jews of Roumania. Fur this purpose the Central Council of Roumanian Jews- has been formed. Its object is the defence of all rights and liberties of a general character of the Jews who are Roumanian citizens or subjects, within the framework of the Constitution and of the Laws of the Country. The Council is formed of representatives of the Union of Roumanian Jews, of the Jewish Party and of the representative of the Mozaic cult in the Senate of the Country. The collaboration of both organizations in the Central Council is based on the principle of perfect parity. They will however, continue their activity as regards organization and propaganda apart and will be able to intervene with the authorities in any question which does not engage the general interests or principles, separately from each other. In all general questions and in such as regard principles, the Central Council alone will intervene. The Central Council of the Jews of Roumania is directed by a presidential committee formed by the P-esident of the two component organizations and by the representative of the Mozaic cult in the Senate of the Country. The Presi-

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www.dacoromanica.ro dent of this Committee is Dr. W. Filderman, who exercises the attributions of executive President. The agreement which led to the creation of the Central Council was signed on January 29, 1936, by Messrs.: Dr. W. Filderman, Horia Carp, Kiva Ornstein and M. Zelter-Sa'A- teanu, on the part of the Union of Roumanian Jews and by Dr. Th. Fischer, M. Weissman, Dr. Singer, Mizrachi and M. Benvenisti on the part or the Jewish Party. The Agreement was also signed by the Head-Rabbin Dr. I. Niemirower, as representative of the Mozaic Cult. After its creation, the Central Council published a communique, from which we will cite the following: Having ascertained that numerous organizations and papers carryon, openly or in a disguised manner, the introduction of the racial regime in Roumania, with the tendency to drive the Jews out of the Country, and up to that moment, to con- fiscate their property, under the form of an expropriation applied exclusively to the Jews, to ravish their right to work by the classification of the Jews, who are Roumanian citizens or subjects, in the same category as the citizens or subjects of foreign States, living in Roumania; and in general to expose them to be considerend as Pariahs" not only as compared to the Roumanian people but as compared toother Christian Minorities, we conclude that the situation of the Jews must be considered exceptionally grave andconse- quently, passing over any idiological differences, both organizations decide: That a unitary representation be constituted, called the Central Council of Jews in Roumania, charged with the defence of all the rights and liberties of a general character, of the Jews who are Roumanian citizens or subjects, within the framework of the Constitution and of the Laws of the Country.

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www.dacoromanica.ro The Central Council then issued two appeals: one to the Roumanian people and one to the Jews. The appeal to the Roumanians recalled that the Jews had for centuries lived together with the Christian Rournanians on the land of Roumania and that differences of interest, of aims, and of ideals had never arisen between them. Irk times of peace they had enjoyed equally, the fruits of their common labor, and in times of war they had bled together on the battle fields. For some years, however, the Jews had been the mark of a campaign of hatred and calumny, those who sow such hatred being organized in parties by which all the evils suffered by the country, were thrown upon the Jews. The appeal terminated as follows: Roumanian fellow-citizens, we appeal to your conscience in these difficult hours, in which we are made to suffer more injustice than ever before. We appeal to your spirit of equity and to the Roumanian tradition of harmony of all inhabitants of the country. We appeal to your wisdom, to reject what is invented against us and to refuse to listen to those who sow enmity. To re-establish fraternity that we may be united in our efforts towards the general progress. We shall thus serve the lasting interests of Roumania e nd guarantee the defence of her frontiers". The appeal of the Central Council to the Jews drew the attention of the latter to the dangers which threatened them. It stated that the very right to life, of the Jews was contested in Roumania and continued thus: Under the impulsion of certain occult foreIgn forces, who are the country's enemies and ours, and who work with material means exceeding all imagination, organizations have been formed on a military basis with purely hitlerist programs. It is asked that we be driven out from the public enterprises

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www.dacoromanica.ro and from the other posts held by us; We are in danger of being shut out even from private companies and from the right to exercise liberal professions. Until our property can be confiscated and we can be driven out of the country, everything is done to increase the unbridled excitement, against us; the desire to obtain power, for the purpose of putting into practice the ravishing of our rights and our reduction to a state of slavery, as provided in their program being violently proclaimed". The appeal terminates as follows: To-day it is a question of life and death for all of us. It is our duty to make a common effort to save our rights. To bring our endeavours to a successful end, we call upon you to rally round us and without hesitation to carry out in a disciplined manner the work commenced. Follow us, with unshaken faith towards the Throne and the Country, with the consciousness of having fulfilled all I,ur obligations as citizens, towards a clearer and happier future". The Central Committee further caused a Memorandum to be handed to the Sovereign and to the Government, showing the injustice of the attacks against the Jews and the indifference of the authorities in view of the repeated aggres- sions committed against them in many regionsofthe country. When the Government attempted to withdraw the subsidies granted to the Mozaic cult, the Central Council carried on a difficult fight to avoid this illegality and obtained, at the last moment, that the subventions in question be entered in the Budget of the current year. At the same time the Central Council set on foot a well supported action to en- lighten Roumanian public opinion in regard to all the accu- sations published by the antisemitic press against the Jawish

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www.dacoromanica.ro population. In the same order of ideas it addressed all the leaders of parties, drawing their attention to the truth regal-. ding the situation of the Jews in the country. The fight undertaken by the Central Council isstill in development. The Council continues to act against the movement of the antisemitic groups and to counterbalance the intensive propaganda carried on by them against the Jews all over the country.

UKRAINIAN PARTY OF ROUMANIA Among the ethnical minorities living within the frontiers of Roumania the Ukrainians, as number, hold the second place. They number in all 900.000 inhabitants, spread over the provinces united to Roumania in 1918, as follows: in Bessa- rabia 585.000 Ukrainians, divided between the districts of Hotin, 54%, Cetatea Alba 32%, Ismail 20%, Soroca 1 6% and Balti 11%; In Bukowina 300.000 Ukrainians, divided between the districts of Czernowitz, 92%, Storojinetz, 76%, and Radauti 1 5 %, and in Transylvania 1 5.000 Ukrainians in the Northern part of the District of Maramure§. The historical circumstances that enclosed, in 1918, populations of nationalities other than the Roumanian in compact masses within her frontiers, to live there with their Rou- manian co-inhabitants, naturally provoked the need of creating the political organizations necessary to represent such populations in the political life of the country. Thus arose, similarly to other minority parties, the Ukrainian Party of Roumania, whose seat is at Czernowitz. Based on the Treaty for the Protection of the Minorities, of 1919, ratified by the Roumanian State, as well as on the rights inserted in the Constitution of the Country and its fundamental laws, the Leaders of the Ukrainian Party of Rou-

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www.dacoromanica.ro mania have considered it their mission to support the rights of the Ukrainian Minority, guaranteed by the above mentioned international treaty, as well as by the laws of the State, of a cultural, social and political nature, and to see that the rights provided by such laws, should not be impaired. The Party fulfils this national mission in accordance with the democratic principles inherent to and innate in the large masses of the peasantry that form the immense majority of the Ukrainians in Roumania. The Party has built up its organization on this democratic principle, and is consequently a direct emanation and a true expression of its People. It is in the nature of things that the organization of this Party should have developed, in regard to its possibility of action differently in each province, according to the way in which that province had developed its national and political life up to the moment of its union with the Roumanian State. Thus, in Bukowina, even before the War, all the co-inhabiting nations enjoyed a milder regime than that of Basa- rabia and Transylvania, where as is well known, all possibility of national development was crushed. The fact that the Ukrainian Party was able to create a lasting oiganization, systematically constituted, in the Buko- winean centres, with a structure worked out beginning from the villages, with their circuits", and going on to the district and the provinces by which the leader of the party was elected democratically, and re-elected in the same way every year, is to be explained by what we have said above. In the Ukrainian centres of Basarabia and Maramures, the organizations of the Party have not yet reached this degree of systematic form, but are in continual development from the structural point of view. As to the programme of the Party, the following fields of activity are provided: the cultural, political, economic and so-

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www.dacoromanica.ro cial fields. The object of the political activity is to defend the political rights guaranteed by the laws of the country and by the international treaties, both for the People collectively, and for individual, co-nationals, whenever there is a danger that such rights may be impaired. Regarding problems of an economic and social order, bearing in mind that the majority of the Ukrainians of Rouma- nia belong to the peasant class, these problems are in great part identical to those of the Roumanians, the majority of which also belong to the peasantry. Consequently the progressive solutions applied or preconized by the Roumanian Parties have been and are often adhered to by the Ukrainian Party, and in such cases it has joined these Parties in their political fight. When, on the other hand, in such domains, attempts are made, or provisions introduced likely to place the Ukrai- nian Minority Population in a position of inferiority and even to prevent their economic and social development, as was the case with the Law for the Distribution of Land to the Peasants (Legea de Improprietkire) the Colonization Law, the Co-operatives Law" and certain provisions of the Trades Law and others, the Party, finding such measures in complete contradiction to the equality of rights guaranteed by the Constitution for all inhabitants of the country, consider it their duty to draw the attention of the conpetent Authori- ties to such injustice . The main branch of activity of the Ukrainian Party, ever since it was constituted has been however and is still, to fight for the maintenance of the cultural patrimony of the Ukrai- nian Minority, owned by that Minority at the moment of the union of the provinces inhabited by them, with the Rouma- nian State. In this regard we must point out that the Ukrainians of Bukowina had in 1918, the following school in which all sub-

302 www.dacoromanica.ro jects were taught in the Ukrainian language:199 primary schiils with 800 teachers, 4 classical lyceums: at Czernowitz, Cotmani, Vijnita and Siret; one modern gymnasium at Vas- c'auti, two normal schools at Czernowitz, of which one a pri, vate school, three professinal schools i. e., the School of Agri- culture at Cotmani, the School of Arts and Trades at Vij- - - nita and the School of Plaiting and Basket-Making at Storo- jinet, and finally, at the University of Czernowitz, there were 6 Ukrainian Chairs, among which, one of the Ukrainian Lan- guage and Literature. In Bessarabia, in the regions inhabited by Ukrainians, all subjects were taught in the primary schools in Ukrainian. All these have now been abolished. In exchange, the Law of Primary Education provides that teaching in communes inhabited by Minorities shall be in the mother tongue of the children, but the Ukrainians have been disconsidered, and have now no school in which the general programme is taught in Ukrainian, and what is more, no single school in which the Ukrainian Language is taught as subject. Consequently the Ukrainian Party, by their Parliamentary Representatives and their Delegates, make every effort to win again, the Cultural Patrimony owned by them in the year 1918, and continually approach the Authorities on this question, for that patrimony was acquired after a long struggle carried on against the Government at Vienna, almost continually at the same time as that of, and also together with, the Roumanian People of Bukowina, and it constitutes that minimum of cultural possession without which an ethnical national collectivity in the XXth century, cannot continue its own individual cultural life.

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www.dacoromanica.ro THE UCRANIAN PEASANT PARTY OF BUKOWINA

UKRANSKA HLIBOROBSKA PARTIA.

The Ucranian Minority of Roumanian formed chiefly of peasant agriculturists, is passing through a rather severe crisis. To remedy the difficult situation of the Ucranians, the Ucranian Peasant Party, of a national democratic colour, was created in the year 1931, under the leadership of Cons- tantin Cracalia, who had been a deputy in several Govern- ments. The Party formed by the initiative of this leader, by whom its ideology is always fixed, has the object of directing this minority by means of the paper Adevarul Taranesc" in the first place by national democratic channels, toward its real aim, which is to establish the obligations of the Ucranians, but also to obtain the rights guaranteed to them by the Constitution. The duty of each member of the Party is to fight by speech or writing against the demagogues and others who undermine peace. The conviction exists in this party, and is firmly upheld, that loyal citizens of Roumania, to whom the Consti- tution guarantees the right of cultural and political development, have the possibility of attaining their object by a keen, but open fight. To the above must be added, as a main point of the program, a stubborn combat against Communism and those who uphold its harmful, antinational tenets, which are obnoxious to the Ucranian Minority for well founded reasons. The fruits of the above desiderata and of the sincere fight against many evils have already been seen, in spite of the short time that has passed since the party was formed.

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www.dacoromanica.ro Understanding the moderate and healthy policy of this party, to which all exaggerations and extremes are foreign, citizens of all social classes, and more especially peasants, have not hesitated to enrol themselves under its flag and to give it all their support. The first chapter of the programme having been realised, the Party is now looking forward to the moment when its sincere collaboration will be sufficiently appreciated for it to be granted those rights which are no more than it is entitled to expect, on basis of the fundamental pact of the Constitution of Roumania.

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www.dacoromanica.ro ROUMANIA'S FOREIGN POLICY

The foreign policy of Roumania as both King Carol in the interviews granted by him, and Mr. Titulescu, the leader of the foreign policy of the country have often declared is profoundly pacifistic. This policy rests in the first place on the League of Nations, in the second place on the Little Entente and on the Balkanic Pact, and in the third place on the alliance with France and the non-aggression pacts with different countries, pacts which are all without exception registered at the League of Nations. The League of Nations is considered in Roumania as a guarantee of order and peace. By it the validity of the Trea- ties are morally guaranteed, while the Little Entente, the Bal- kan Pact and the Alliance with France positively assure the inviolability of the frontiers. The external policy of Roumania was influenced before the war by the desire to realize national unity, the dream of union with all the Rournanians outside of Roumania's fron tiers. In this policy Roumanian was always supported more especially by France, with whom a very close cultural bond also existed, relations which are still maintained. The external policy of Roumania has not changed during the twenty years since the War, and all the efforts made on different parts to alter this policy completely failed. France, together with the Little Entente and the Balkan Entente, are to-day

309 www.dacoromanica.ro the guardians of the inviolability of the Treaties. The entire policy of Roumania is dominated by this Leit-Motiv". If of late, voices have been heard endeavouring to force Rouma- nia into another direction, their effect has been destroyed by the repeated declarations of Carol II and of his Minister for Foreign Affairs, Titulescu, who for more than a decade has effectively carried out this policy, and in whom the Wes- tern States see the guarantee of peace not only for Rouma- nia but also for Oriental Europe. The Little Entente, the second important factor of Rou- manian's Foreign Policy, is based on the idea of Take lonescu, who exposed the plan of a close collaboration between the thre Succession States, which was begun in the Autumn of 1918, and of which President Mlassaryk said that it would be a question easily resolved. This collaboration was already very close at the time of the peace negotiations. The first common manifestation was produced in Feb. 1920, on the occasion of the peace negotiations of Trianon, when a corn- mom memorandum was signed by the Representatives of the three Succession States. This alliance of the three States was baptised by a Budapest paper maliciously, in an article which appeared on Feb. 21, 1920, the Little Entente". The name became popular, and shortly afterwards, Mr. Bene§ was the first to make use of it in a speech. The negotiations for the closing of the respective Conventions were initiated by Mr. Bene ,and on Feb. 12, 1920, the Jugoslavian Govern- ment sent to Prague, the text of the Convention. In June 1920 when in the Averescu Government, Take lonescu held the Portofolio for Foreign Affairs, the Roumanian Govern- ment, showed itself disposed to open negotiations on the proposal of Mr. Bene. Take lonescu advised the union of the three States in this way; Jugoslavia and Czechoslovakia first to close a treaty, and then Roumania a second treaty with these two States. On August 14, 1920, Mr. Benesig-

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www.dacoromanica.ro ned a defensive convention at Belgrade with Mr. Nintchitch. On August 17, 1920, Mr. Bene came to Bucharest and began negotiations with Take lonescu who wished to include Poland in these negotiations, which was considered inoppor- tune by Czechoslovakia, who in this question had not common interests with Roumania, whereas in the Magyar question which was at the origin of the forming of the Little En- tente, these two States had agreed; the convention was not formally closed, nevertheless the Little Entente may be considered to have been definitely formed. Roumania was represented at the peace negotiations first by lonel Bratianu, then Prime Minister of the country, assisted by Victor Antonescu, Roumanian Minister at Paris, General Coanda, N. lVliqu, Rou- manian Minister at London and Dr. Al. Vaida Voevod, head of the Transylvanian Delegation. Because of the failure of the Allies to respect the Treaty of 1916 relative to the Ba- nate, a serious conflict arose between Bratianu and the Su- preme Council, which led to the withdrawal of our first delegate to the Peace Conference. After Bratianu, the leadership of the Roumanian Delegation was taken over by Dr. Vaida Voevod who had in the meantime become Prime Minister. He returned to the Conference where a solution was found for the dividing of the Banate. On Mardi 3, 1920, The Supreme Council recognized the union of Basarabia with Roumania. Also on March 3, 1920, Mr. Vaida, at London, was handed a radiogram sent from Moscow on eFbruary 24th by which Cicerin, the Commis- saire of the People for Foreign Affairs offered peace to Roumania. The text of the telegram was worded as followes: The military operations, crowned with success, of the two Soviet Republics Russia and Ukrainia make it urgently necessary for Russia and Roumania toestablish between themselves peaceful relations and intercourse useful and beneficial to both parties.

311 www.dacoromanica.ro The Russian Soviet Government is of the opinion that all the differences between the two countries can be settled by way of peaceful negotiations and that all territorial questions can be resolved in an amicable manner. The Commissaire of the People for Foreign Affairs therefore addresses to the Roumanian Government, a formal proposal to open peace negotiations, asking that the place of meeting, and the time for such meeting between the representatives of the two Sta- tes, be indicated. Moscow, February 24, 1920 Commissaire of the People for Foreign Affairs CICERIN No. 1470".

On basis of this telegram Mr. Vaida decided both from the political and from the economic point of view, that peace negotiationsshould be opened, and answerd Cicerinas follows: I have to-day, March 3, received your telegram sent from Moscow under No. 1470 of Febr. 25th 5.12 a. m. and addressed to me at Carnarvon for London. Roumania has achieved her national unity thanks to the spirit of discipline and of sacrifice of the Roumanian .army and of the entire Rou- manian people. This Union forms an article in the new Constitution of the country, by the unanimous vote of the Legislative Bodies elected by secret universal suffrage. Roumania desires to be able to build in peace and having friendly relations with all her neighbours, the foundations of her future economic and political development, on basis of her demcratic institutions. In view of the events, and of the battles in Russia, Rouma- nia has observed and will observe, the attitude of abstention from interference in theinternal affairs of a neighbouring country. Your proposal to open negotiations to settle ami-

312 www.dacoromanica.ro cably, the relations between both Peoples, and to institute between them pacifical relations, and useful and beneficial intercourse for both Parties, corresponds to the intentions of the Roumanian people. Cnsequently,as President ofthe Council of Ministers and as Roumanian Minister for Foreign Affairs, I accept your formal proposal for the opening of peace negotiations. To be able to make a proposal relative to the locality in which the representatives of both States could meet, I shall at once get into touch with the Govern. ments of the respective countries, asking for their agreement and hospitality, and shall inform you of the results. As regards the date of the meeting of our representatives, I shall allow myself to make you a proposal in this regard as soon as r saall have an answer from Bucharest. London, March 3, 1920.

President of the Council of Ministers and Minister for Foreign Affairs of Roumania ALEX. VAIDA VOEVOD No. 447".

Mr. Vaida addressed demands to the various foreign governments, for permission for the negotiations with Russia to be carried on within their territory, but only Italy and Poland would allow this, so that Warsaw was chosen as the scene of the future negotiations. The members of the Bu- charest Government sent to Warsaw as delegates, two deputies of Basarabia, Messrs. Valutia and Bodnarescu as well as an officer of high rank, but without giving them any instructions. At the same time the Balkan States held a common conference for the fixing of the conditions on basis of which peace negotiations might be opened with the So- viets. Without the knowledge of the Prime Minister, Vaida Voevod, Mr. Florescu, was delegated to this conference by

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www.dacoromanica.ro the Roumanian Government. His participation was only ad referendum" but nevertheless had as consequence that Russia was offended.Cicerin proposed as the place of meeting Charkow, in Russia, refusing Warsaw in consequence of the strained relations with Poland. Mr. Vaida was not able to close peace with Russia, because on March 15,1 920, he was informed at London that his Government had resigned. In the meantime the negotiations for the forming of the Little Entente had been carried on by Take lonescu as Mi nister for Foreign Affairs in the Vaida Government, as Prime Minister, and later as Minister for Foreign Affairs in the Ave- rescu Cabinet. We have already mentioned the visit of Mr. Bene to Bucharest on Aug. 17-19, 1920. In October 1920 Take lonescu together with Mr. Titulescu visited Rome, Pa- ris and London, to expose the general policy of the Little Entente. Towards the end of October, Take lonescu arrived at Prague where he signed, on October 30,1 920, a memorandum confirming the Agreement of Bucharest. From Prague, Take lonescu went to Warsaw, where he pleaded for an-understanding between Poland and Czechoslovakia. At Warsaw he discussed the question of the Little Entente in which Poland had no interest, and of an understanding between Poland and Rournania in regard to Russia. These negotiations were the basis of the defensive treaty between Roumania and Poland closed on March 4, 1931. The first common action of the Little Entente took place in March 1921, on the occasion of the return of King Char- les IV of Hungary. On this occasion the Succession States took common steps in approaching bqth Hungary and the Western Powers. On April 23,1 9 2 1,the Treaty between Czechoslovakia and Roumania was signed at Bucharest, on bases identifical to those of the Czechoslovak-Jugoslav treaty. Convention of defensive alliance between the Kingdom of

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www.dacoromanica.ro Roumania and the Czechoslovakian Republic, signed at Bu- charest, April 23, 192 1. Firmly resolved to maintain the peace obtained by so many sacrifices, and provided for by the Covenant of the League of Nations, as well as the situation created by tne Treaty concluded at Trianon on June 4, 1920, between the Allied and Associated Powers on the one hand and Hun - gary on the other, the President of the Czechoslovakian Re- public and His Majesty the King of Roumania have agreed to conclude a defensive Convention. For this purpose they have nominated as their Plenipo tentiary Delegates: For the President of the Czechoslovakian Republic: M. Fer- dinand Veverka, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipo- tentiary of the Czechoslovakian Rebublic at Bucharest; For His Majesty the King of Roumania: Mr. Take Ionescu, His Minister of State for Foreign Affairs; Who having exchanged their full powers and found them to be in good and due form, have agreed as follows: Article1. In case of an unprovoked attack on the part of Hungary against one of the High Contracting Parties, the other Party agrees to assist in the defence of the Party attacked, in the manner laid down by the arrangement provided for in Article 2 of the present Convention. Article 2. The competent Technical Authorities of the Czechoslovakian Republic and Roumania shall decide by mutual agreement and in a Military Convention to be concluded, upon the provisions necessary for the execution of the present Convention. Article 3. Neither of the High Contracting Parties shall conclude an alliance with a third Power without preliminary notice to the other, Article 4. For the purpose of coordinating their efforts to maintain peace, the two Governments undertake to consult

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www.dacoromanica.ro together on questions of foreign policy concerning their rela tions with Hungary. Article 5. The present Convention shall be valid for two years from the date of the exchange of ratifications. On the expiration of this period, each of the Contracting Parties shall have the option of denouncing the present Convention. it shall, however, remain in force for six months after the date of denunciation. Article 6. The present Convention shall be communicated to the League of Nations (Covenant of the League of Na tions). Article 7. The preesnt Convention shall be ratified, and the ratifications shall be exchanged at Bucharest as soon as passible. In witness whereof, the Plenipotentiaries named have sig. ned the present Convention and have affixed theirseals thereto. Done at Bucharest, in duplicate, April 23, 1921. (Signed) Dr. Ferdinand Veverka. (Signed) Take lonescu.

_On June 5, 1921, Take lonescu visited Belgrade and on June 7th the Convention with Jugoslavia was also signed. With the signing of this treaty the formal and juridical bases of the Little Entente were established The economia conference at Roma which began on April 6th and ended on June 15, 1921, and in which Austria, Czechoslovakia, Italy, Poland, Roumania andJugoslavia participated and from which Hungary withdrew in the middle of the month of May, had as object the economic restoration of Central Europe. Many economic and even political questions were settled during this conference. On June 2, 1921, a military convention was closed between Czechoslovakia and Roumania. On October 21, 1921, King Charles IV of Hungary retur-

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www.dacoromanica.ro ned to that country and the Little Entente sent from Prague on October 23-rod, a letter addressed to the Great Entente, and on the following day another letter to the Conference of Ambassadors worded as follows: The Roumanian, Yugoslav and Czechoslovakian Govern- ments consider the events occurring at present in Hungary to be a consequence of the events in the Burgenland. They see in these events an assault on the Peace Treaties, which these Governments themselves have executed loyally, trying in that way to keep the peace in Central Europe. They feel themselves to be menaced not only by the return of Charles, but also by the attitude of the Hungarian Government, which has favoured and defended openly the happenings in the Bur- genland. Their Governments are convinced that the peace of Europa requires that all measures, even the most energetic measures, should be taken for the final liquidation of the Habsburg question and the execution of the Peace Treaties. They hope for the suport of the Allies, especially in all matters relating to the strict application of the Peace Treaties The Roumanian, Yugoslav and Czechoslovakian Governments while thus informing the Allied Powers of their point of view, assure them that they will take all measures necessary for a rapid and definitive settlement of the said questions in order that peace may be finally re-established in Central Eu- rope, as they are convinced that any solution that did not bring about a definitive settlement would have the greatest danger for Europe". The steps taken by the Little Entente, the first common manifestation of the new organ, was successful. The ques . tion of the Habsburgs was finaly settled. A very important event was the closing of the Treaty of Lany on Dec. 16, 1921 between Czechoslovakia and Aus- tria. The basis of this treaty was the recognition of the Peace Treaties. Mr. Bene declared that thiat if this treaty did not

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www.dacoromanica.ro make of Austria a member of the LittleEntente,it nevertheless meant an agreement between the policy of Aus- tria and that of the Little Entente. Roumania was well dis posed towards Austria. In an interview published in the Neue Freie Presse, Vienna, Take lonescu, referring to Austria's relations with the Little Entente, said that he had given instructions to the Rouma- nian representatives, who at that moment were discussing economic questions at Vienna, not to regard Austria as an enemy State, but on the contrary to accord to her all the advantages that Roumania aff orded to the States of the Little En- tente. He added that he would be delighter if Austria would join the organization; her adhesion to it was to take the only course which would benefit her international relations; this was the view of Roumania, nor would she alter it unless Austria manifested the desire to unite with Germany. The efforts made by Take lonescu to improve the Czecho- slovakian-Polish relations were als successful and the convention between these two States was signed on Nov. 6. 1921. On February 20, 1922, on the occasion of the marriage of King Alexander of Jugoslavia and Princess Maria of Rou- mania, Pashitch and Nintchitch arrived from Belgrade together with Mr. Veverka, Minister of Czechoslovakia as representative of Mr. Benes, and Skrzynski, Minister of Po- land at Bucharest, as representative of the Minister Skir- munt, who had many inierviews with the new President of the Roumanian Government, lonel Br5tianu and with the successor of Take lonescu, I. G. Duca. The subject of their discussion was the establishing of an agreement relative to the conference which was to be held at Genoa between April 10 and Mary 19, 1922, to consider the methods for the reestablishing of order, prosperity, credit free exchange, transports and other economic questions. An understanding was

318 www.dacoromanica.ro come to, and it was agreed that a conference of experts of the Little Entente and of Poland should be held at Belgrade. On the occasion of the meeting in Bucharest the question of the Banate and of the Roumanian-Jugoslavian military convention, were also resolved, the latter which had been closed on Janary 34, 1922, being ratified. The conference of Experts was held at Belgrad between the 9th and the 12th of March and its result was a common action of Poland and of the Little ntente. At the conference at Genoa the representatives of the four States held daily conferences on the line of conduct to be followed by these four States. At the conference, the block of the four States gave excellent results and was recognized as an exceptionally solid organization. At this conference lonel Bratianu in the name of the four States declared that the Treaty between the Soviets and Germany was a threat to the peace of Europe and that consequently the Great and the Little Entente should work together. Lloyd George stated that from then onward there should be a close collaboration between the two Ententes. From August 27 to August 28, 1933, the Little Entente held a conference at Prague in which I. G. Duca, Nintchich and Bene participated as well as the Polish Minister in Cze- choslovakia, Mr. Pi lz. This was the first of the regular periodical conferences of the Little Entente. An understanding was come to on that occasion between Poland and the little Entente relative to uniform political actions and to a number of questions regarding Central Eu- rope. In the Autumn of 1922, Stambolinski, Prime Minister of Bulgaria, visited Bucharest where he had an interview with lonel Bratianu afterwards leaving for Belgrade to establish a closer understanding between Servia and Bulgaria. In 1922, the Little Entente was able to strengthen its position.

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www.dacoromanica.ro Towards the end of 1922, certain frontier incidents occurred between Hungary and Roumania. On January 13, 1923, these incidents led to a common step taken by the Great and the Little Entente. On May 7, 1922, the Roumanian-Czechoslovakian Treaty of Alliance was prolonged without any amendment, for a further 3 years, -with the following protocol. In view of the fact that the effects of the Agreement of Defensive Alliance concluded on April 23, 1921, have proved to be of benefit to the cause of peace, and as therefore a continuation of this Agreement is regarded as necessary, the undersigned Plenipotentiaries, furnished with full authority from the President of the Czechoslovakian Republic and His Majesty the King of Roumania respectively, have agreed in good and proper form as follows: The Agreement of Defensive Alliance, concluded on April 23, 1921, shall remain in force for another three years from the date on wich the ratifications of this Protocol are exchanged. After this period has elapsed, it will be possible to denounce it in accordance with the concluding stipulations of its Fifth Ar- ticle. The validity of the Military Agreement arr;ved at on the basis of the Second Article of this Agreement is also pro. longed for the same period. This Protocol will be communicated to the League of Nations". A month later the convention was ratified by both parties. In the same way on July 7, 1923, with a teat almost identical to that of the Roumanian-Czechoslovak protocol, the Roumanian-Jugoslav treaty was also prolonged for 3 years. The Little Entente Conference lasted from July 27 to July 30th, at Sinaia; those present were: lonel Bratianu,I. G. Duca, Nitchitch and Bene.s. Poland did not take part, thus demonstrating that she did not intend to enter the Little En tente, but sent her former Minister at Prague, Pi lz, as ob-

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www.dacoromanica.ro Mr. NICOLAE TITULESCU

www.dacoromanica.ro server-. The conference examined Hungary's demand addressed to the League of Nations for a loan and the decision of the conference in this regard was exposed by Duca as follows: Roumania, as well as Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia, never showed any hostility to the idea of a Hungarian loan, but all three Powers asked for serious guarantees to be given to them that a Hungarian loan would not be used in Buda- pest against us, either by increasing their armaments or for financing irredentist propaganda'. The loan was granted and the protocol was signed, amongst others, by Roumania. The conference also discussed the new situation which had arisen in Bulgaria through te overturning of the Stambolinski government, and deci. ded to adopt an expectant attitude. On January 10-12th 1924, the Little Entente held the usual conference at Belgrade, with the same participants as at the last two conferences. On March 1924, a conference was held at Vienna between Roumania and Russia for the settlement of all questions, On April 2nd the discussions were interrupted, owing to the fact that Russia refused to accept formal recognition of the union of Bessarabia with Roumania. On the other hand Fran - ce ratified the treaty relative to Bessarabia. The only ones who had not yet ratified it were therefore Italy and Japan.

On July 11 th and 12th, 1924, Duca, Nintchitch and Be nes met at Prague. Many circles were speaking of an eventual dissolution of the Little Entente because of various divergencies which had arisen in the policies of the States composing it,(the Russian question, etc.). The conference was however held in the spirit of the most perfect cordiality and Nintchitch stated that Jugoslavia had closed with Rouma- nia a number of important agreements amongst others one relative to the delimiting of the frontiers in the Banate. Duca

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www.dacoromanica.ro declared that the Russian guestion regarded only Rouma- nia; Roumania had no theoretical objections against the recognition of the Soviets, but until the Soviets should have recognized the present frontiers of Roumania, a recognition of the Soviets by Roumania was impossible. On. April 16, 1924, Roumania closed a juridical convention with Hungary with which State the question of the war debt was settled. On August 28, 1924, Duca on his way to Geneva, stopped at Ljubljana where for the first time he got into personal touch with the new Minister for Foreign Affairs of Jugosla- via, Mr. Marinkovich who continued in every way the policy of Nintchich. The year 1925 brought the Locarno Pact. From May 9 to 11 th, 1925, the Little Entente Conference was held at Bucharest. Before the opening of the proceedings, Duca stated that the Conference would discus4 neither the recognition of the Soviets nor the question of the adherence of Po. land and of Greece to the Little Entente. The Ministers of the Little Entente met on September 7th, 1925 at Geneva on the occasion of the Session of the Lea- gue of Nations where once more a unity of views in all questions relative to the great international political matters was ascertained. On November 5, 1925, Duca made an important speech in the Senate on questions of foreign policy in which he once more stated that Roumania was at any moment ready to resume diplomatic relations with Russia but only on condition that the Soviet should recognize the present frontiers of the country; and further, that Roumania was even disposed to close with Soviet Russia a permanent treaty of non- agression, an offer which was repreated to the League of Nations. Duca's offer received no answer from the Soviets. The next conference of the Little Entente was held at Ti-

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www.dacoromanica.ro rnisoara, since the Jugoslavian Minister for Foreign Affairs had not sufficient time at his disposal for a longer journey, and the conference was necessary seeing that the League of Nations had called a sitting for March 1926 and the Little Entente had to fix a common attitude to be adopted at that conference. Under the influence of the Locarno Pact, the idea of a Balkan Pact was taken up, Nintchich having spoken of it, and having pointed out that certain litigious questiOns between Greece and Bulgaria would first have to be clarified and settled. Mr. Duca spoke in the same sense. On March 26, 1926, the Treaty of Guarantee between Po- land and Roumania was signed at Bucharest. Since the Con- vention of Defensive Alliance was to expire on April 3, 1926, the two States agreed to close a new treaty for 5 years. The treaty was based on the Covenant of the League of Nations and on its essential paragraphs worded as follows: In the event of Poland or Roumania, contrary to the undertakings imposed by Articles XII, XIII and XIV of the Covenant of the League of Nations, being attacked without provocation, Poland and reciprocally Roumania, actingin application of article XVI of the Covenant of the League of Nations undertake immediately to lend each other aid and assistance. In the event of the Council of the League of Na tions, when dealing with a question brought before it in accordance with the provisions of the Covenant of the League of Nations, being unable to securethe acceptance of its report by all its members other than the Representatives of the parties to the dispute, and in the event of Poland or Roumania being attacked without provocation, Poland or reciprocally Roumania, acting in application of Article XV, paragraph 7, of the Covenant of the League of Nations, will immediately lend each other aid and assistance. Should a dispute of the kind provided f or in Article XVII of the Co- venant of the League of Nations arise, and Poland or Rou-

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www.dacoromanica.ro mania be attacked without provocation, Poland and reciprocally Roumania undertake immediately to lend each other aid and assistance. The details of application of the above provisions shall be settled by technical agreements-. If, in spite of their efforts to maintain peace, the two States are compelled to enter on a defensive war under the terms of the foregoing article and of the First Article (Poland and Roumania undertake to respect and preserve against external aggression the territorial integrity and existing political independence of each other) of this treaty, each undertakes not to negotiate or conclude an armistice or peace wihout the participation of the other State". The ratification of the convention was effected later, on February 9, 1927, and it was registered by the League of Nations on March 7, 1927. On the day following the signing of the treaty with Po.. land, the Bratianu government resigned, and in the new government of General Averescu, Mr. Ion Mitilineu was Mi- nister for Foreign Affairs. The change of government brought about a partial change in the foreign policy of the country, since General Averescu, whose Italophil sentiments were known, inaugurated a pro-Italian movement. Negotiations were opened with a view to the closing of a treaty of friendship and a new arbitration agreement. On June 10, 1926, Roumania closed at Paris, a Treaty of Friendship with France providing almost the same stipulations as those of the Treaties of France with Czechoslava- kia and Poland. The Treaty had an additional protocol providing the maintaining of the statu quo" and confirming the declarations made at Genoa on May 17, 1922 by Ion Bratianu in which the Prime Minister had said: Roumania is prepared to extend this undertaking to all her neighbours. Roumania interpreted the said undertaking as prohibiting her from making an atfack on Russia with her re-

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www.dacoromanica.ro gular f orces and similary from allowing regular troops to be trained on her territory for purposes of an attack on Russia". There was also an Arbitration Agreement attached to the Treaty. It was ratified only on November 8, 1926 and registered at the League of Nations 2 months later. Certain circles affirmed that the publication of the Treaty was postponed because Averescu did not wish to offend Italian suscep- tibilities. General Averescu succeeded in obtaining a loan from Italy and placed an order there of considerable importance, for the delivery amongst other things, of a sub- marine for the Roumanian fleet. On June 13, 1926, before the sitting of the Little Entente at Bucharest, the Convention were signed between Rouma- nia and Czechoslovakia and Roumania and Jugoslavia, which have expired this year. The conference of the Little Entente was held on June 17 and 18th, 1926 at Bled in Jugoslavia. On September 16, 1926, Roumania was elected for three years to the Council of the League of Nations. In September General Averescu visited Rome and on Sep- tember 16th signed a Pact of Friendship and Cordial Colla- boration between Italy and Roumania. The first three articles are worded thus: Art.1. The High Contracting Parties undertake reciprocally to lend each other their mutual support and cordial cooperation for the maintenance of international order and to ensure respect for and the execution of the undertakings contained in the treaties to wich they are signatories". Art. 2. In the event of international complications and if they are agreed that their common interests are or may be endangered the High Contracting Parties undertake to confer with one another on the joint measures to be taken to saveguard their interests". Art. 3. Should the security or interests of one of the High Contracting Parties be threatened as a result of violent incur-

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www.dacoromanica.ro sions from without, the other Party undertakes by means of its friendly support to lend the said Party its political and diplomatic assistance, with a view to removing the external cause of such threats'''. Article 4 spoke of the procedure of conciliation or arbitration. The treaty was valid for 5 years. At the same time it was established that a special commission should study the possibility of closer economic collaboration. The ratification was made on July 18, 1927 and was deposited with the Lea- gue of Nations on November 1st. In regard to the question of Bessarabia an exchange of letters took place in which Mus- solini promised the ratification of the Bessarabian treaty as soon as circumstances should allow it. This ratification was effected on March 8, 1927, Roumania thus obtaining the majority of signatures of the great powers. In 1927, the debates on the question of the Optants was commenced before the Assembly of the League of Nations. On May 13',14, and 15th, 1927, the conference of the Little Entente was held at Jachymov. Roumania was represented by Mr. Mitilineu. The Italian-Roumanian Treaty was the centre of interest, the more so that the Hungarian-ltalian approach had made considerable progress. The dissolving of the Little Entente was again expected but the very first word of the Minister Mitilineu showed that the agreement was by no means shaken. In regard to the relations between Rouma- nia and the other States, Mitilineu made the following statement. The friendship of Italy is greatly esteemed by Rouma- nia, as was again manifested recently by the ratification of the Bessarabian Protocol. The relations of Roumania to Ger- many are sound, and after certain questions have been settled, no reason will remain why Roumania should not come into even closer touch with her. The relations of the Little En- tente States to Poland are of the best and are characterized

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www.dacoromanica.ro by the alliance of Poland with Roumania. Relations with Aus- tria are good. As regards relations between Roumania and Austria, I may say that our last Government entered into negotiations with that country for an arbitration agreement. I hope they will soon be concluded and the agreement signed. We can apparently place on record a real improvement in the relations of Yugoslavia and Roumania on the one hand and Bulgaria on the other. There has been scarcely a single frontier incident throughout the year. As regards the Soviets, no change has occurred in our views". During May 1 4 the three Ministers, were received at Karlsbad by the Queen of Yugoslavia, who was taking a cure there. In June 1927, the League of Nations went thoroughly into the question of the Optants, those agricultural land-owners of Transylvania who had opted for Hungary. The main question was whether the Mixed Arbitral Tribunal was competent to decide on the question. The matter was postponed for Sep- tember and the Parties were recommended to re-examine the question. King Ferdinand died on July 1, 1927. And, in the new lonel Bratianu government, Titulescu who up to that moment had been Roumanian Minister at London and first delegate at the League of Nations, accepted the Portfolio for Foreign Affairs. In a statement made on July llth Mr. Titu- lescu said amongst other things: Roumania's foreign policy expressed the agreement which existed between her interests and those of Europe as a whole, and every act of that policy was to be interpreted, whether in the past or the future, from that point of view. ROumania earnestly desired peace. Roumania had supported with all her energies that Magna Charta which Europe had secured for herself in the Peace Treaties. Roumania had contributed to the solidarity of Europe not merely by words, but by deeds. The line of Roumania's foreign policy was clear: it

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www.dacoromanica.ro was to extend and where possible strengthen good relations with all countries without exception; to maintain the mutual bonds uniting the country with the Little Entente and Po- land; and to collaborate closely with the three great friendly Powers, France Italy and England. Friendship with France had recently been freshly sealed by a treaty and the same was the case with respect to Italy. He would use all the experience which more than five years'stay as Roumanian Mi- nister in London had given him to make friendship with Great Britain more and more profound. As external affairs depended largely on internal policy, the new Government intended to carry out a programme which might be described briefly as the consolidation of the Roumanian State. In September the question of the Hungarian Optants came before the Council. This question was constantly on the order of the day even in 1922. About this problem, Mr. Ma- chray writes: In August, 1922, the Hungarian Government had re- quested the Ambassadors Conference to deal with the mat- tier, but was told to take it before the League. In March, 1923, that Government asked the League to declare that the Roumanian agrarian laws were contrary to the Treaty and that the land belonging to the optants should be restored to them, with compensation. In the following May representatives of the Roumanian and Hungarian Governments met in Brussels, under the presidency of Adatchi,the League Council representative of Japan, and signed an agreement, under the terms of which it was admitted that the Treaty of Trianon did not preclude the expropriation of the property of optants for reasons of public welfare, including the social requirements of agrarian reform". In December, 1926, the optants brought their claims before the Roumano-Hun- garian Mixed Arbitral Tribunal, with its jurisdiction strictly limited to the liquidation of ex-enemy property. The optants

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www.dacoromanica.ro now pleaded that the expropriations were war liquidation. The Roumanian Government raised the question of the competence of the Tribunal. The reform not only deprived Hun- garians of their lands, but also many Roumanian ecclesiasti- cal and other institutions, such as the Uniate Church, the Aca- demy, and the hospitals of Bucharest. The agrarian reform was not a measure of war liquidation. Nevertheless, the Mi- xed Arbitral Tribunal, by a majority of two to one, declared it self competent. Thereupon Roumania withdrew her representative from the Tribunal ,so far as the agrarian matter was concerned. Hungary next asked the Council of the Lea- gue to appoint an arbitrator to replace the Roumanian. In June, 1927, at Geneva, as in the preceding May at London, i,arious meetings took place under League auspices between the interested parties with a view to a settlement, but were unsuccessful. On September 17, 1927, the Committee of the Council of the League which was dealing with the contro- versy made a unanimous report, Chamberlain being its spokesman. The report defined two principles which the acceptance of the Treaty of Trianon made obligatory for Rouma- niF and Hungary: (1) The provisions of the Peace Settle- ment effected after the War of 1914-1918. do not exclude the application to Hungarian nationals, including those who have opted for Hungarian nationality, of a general scheme of agrarian reform; (2) There must be no inequality between Roumanian and Hungarians, either in the terms of the Agrarian Law or in the way in which it is enforced. The case argued with skill and feeling, Titulescu appearing for Rou- mania and Apponyi for Hungary, on September 19. On the previous day Benesh had submitted a Memorandum to the Council dealing with the question". In his speech Titulescu pointed out that once a breach was made in the right of a State to carry out its own reforms without interference, the result would be that many cases of

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www.dacoromanica.ro claim for alteration in allotment of land would be brought forward in Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Poland and other Sta- tes. The consequence of admitting the right of the Tribunal to adjudicate on questions arising out of the reforms would be that Hungarians in Transylvania would be able to obtain relief where Roumanians, who had no right of appeal to it, could not do so. Apponyis chief point being that the Coun- cil in its findings was acting on the advice of jurists who did not constitute a court of justice, but were merely legal experts attached to six of the Delegations then in Geneva and did not form a statutory body; he said he throught he could find six other jurists who would give an opposite opinion. Chamberlain remarked that the Council was both a court of law and a court of equity, and was bound to weight the most general considerations. He said that the Hungarian Govern- ment had made no concessions from firstto last, and he exhorted it to accept the report. Apponyi, however, would not agree to this. In the end the Council adopted a resolution that the two parties should not be called on to accept at once its findings, but should have till the ensuing Decem- ber meeting to consider them". It was also at Geneva that the Little Entente held a first conference after the death of King Ferdinand, on September 2 and 3rd, 1927. Mr. Titulescu explained Roumania's situation since the death of the King and spoke of the action of Lord Rothermere. In December the Council of the League of Nations did not attend to the question of the Optants for the reason that Mr. Titulescu was ill;;it was therefore postponed for March 1927. The death on November 25, 1927, of lonel Bratianu and the coming into power of the-new Vintila Bratianu Go- vernment had no influence on theforeign policy ofthe country. At the beginning of 1928, Titulescu began a series of vi-

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www.dacoromanica.ro sits abroad and on January 24th arrived at Rome where the next day he had an interview with Mussolini. Rumours about the truth was that apart from the general question of the international situation, Titulescu was charged with the negotiations of a commercial convention with Italy. In his statement he said that there was no divergence between Italy and Rournania and that collaboration between the two countries could not be against the interests of the Little Entente. On February 2, 1928. Mr. Titulescu arrived at Paris where he had conversations with Poincare, Briand and the other official personalities. There too he repeated that Roumania wished for collaboration with Italy,France and England. To strengthen the statements of Titulescu, Duca, the Minister for Foreign Affairs in the new government said that the little Entente was a vital necessity for Roumania, and that Roumania would remain faithful to the foreign policy pursued up to that moment. On March 4, 1928, the Little Entente held a conference at Geneva, at which Titulescu informed his colleagues of his conversations at Rome and Paris. The Council of the League of Nations met in March and the question of the Optants was on the order of the day. About this phase of the problem Mr. Machray writes: Prior to the meeting, Roumania had send a Note to Hun- gary suggesting that the Hungarian Government should undertake to compensate landowners of Magyar Nationality out of the amount due to Roumania by Hungary for reparations. ibis proposal was not well received in Hungary. The Coun- cil devoted nearly the whole of March 8 and 9 to a discussion of the subject in all its aspects. As before, Apponyi and Titulescu argued the case for their respective countries. Ap- ponyi now stressed the legal point that the findings of the Council overruled a decision of the Mixed Arbitral Tribunal. The Hungarian Government was willing to submit the point

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www.dacoromanica.ro to the Court at the Hague, but to this Titulescu refused to agree. On March 9 Chamberlain, rapporteur in this matter, opened the proceedings with a fresh proposal that the Mixed Arbitral Tribunal should be reconstituted by the return to it of the Roumanian representative, and by the addition of two new arbiters chosen from neutral States. Briand and Stresemann spoke in support of Chamberlain's proposal. Apponyi accepted it unconditionally, but Titulescu did so with reservations; finally, he was prevailed on to withdraw his refusal, and he promised to consider the matter in con- junction with his Government. The decision of the Council was a recommandation to Roumnia and Hungary to agree to the appointment of two arbiters from neutral countries, and to Roumania to return the Roumanian arbiter to the Mixed Tribunal, but this was prefaced by a statement that the Council had not mdified its points of view as expressed in its previous findings. The news of this decision excited the greatest surprise in Roumania. In the Roumanian Parliament Bratianu said that Roumania had considered this question as settled, and was dismayed to final that the present decision of the Council of the League contradicted that of September last. The Chamber unanimously approved the attitude of Ti- tulescu. On June 8, 1928, the optants question came before the Council once more, and a resolution was unanimously adopted saying that while the Council deeply regretted that Rou- mania and Hungary had failed to reach agreement the con- troversy ought to be settled by the States themselves. On Au- gust 29, Roumania addressed a Note to Hungary suggesting the appointment of delegates to begin direct negotiations, but on September 7 Hungary replied that she would not do this; she preferred to apply again to the Council of the League'. On June 20th and 21st, 1918, Marinkovitch, Bene§ and Titulescu under the Presidency of Vintila Bratianu held the

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www.dacoromanica.ro conference of the Little Entente which had not been held for one year. A week previously Titulescu had visited Belgrade f or the purpose, it appears, of assisting Marinkovitch to improve the relations between Italy and Jugoslavia. Titulescu resigned on July 30th and Argetoianu represented Roumania at the Sitting of the League of Nations held in September. On November 1 1, 1928, the new Maniu government entered on its functions with Mironescu as Minister for Foreiga Affairs, Titulescu maintaining only his post as Minister Ple- nipotentiary at London, and First Delegate to the League of Nations. In Feb. 1929, Roumania signed the Litwinov Protocal, by which the Kellog Pact was made immediately operative between Roumania and the Soviets. The Pact was signed together with the Baltic States and Poland. The signing took place at Moscow, where Roumania was represented by the Minister at Warsaw, Mr. C. Davilla. Before proceeding to the signing, Litwinov affirmed that grave and important litigious questions still remained open. Between Feb. 19 and 20, the Delegates of the Little Entente held a conference at Bucha- rest to discuss the manner of developing economic relations, a provisional plan being actually settled on in this regard. On the question of the optants no agreement was reached by the end of May but the conference held between the delegates of Roumania and of Hungary at San Remo and at Vienna registered some progress. In April Mironescu had visited Paris and London and in the same month a conference had been held at Belgrade between Roumania and Jugoslavia to settle several juridical and economic questions. The question of the minorities was brought on March 6, 1929 before the League of Nations, where Titulescu supported the argument of the Little Entente. The same question was discussed at the Little Entente conference of May 20

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www.dacoromanica.ro 22 at Belgrade, where under the dictatorship of King Alexan- der, Kumanidi was Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Coun- try. Before the opening of the conference King Alexander received Benes and Mironescu in audience together with Ku- manidi. The conference decided on a common policy in regard to the minorities question which was to be debated on at the seat of the Council of the League at Madrid. On May 21, 1929, the three Ministers signed a treaty of conciliation and arbitration recommended by the League of Nations. Then too the treaties which were the basis of the Little Entente were re-established and completed by the decision that they should be renewed autmatically everyfive years. In regard to the recognition of Russia, the three Fo- reign Ministers renewed the decision taken previously that this question should regard each State apart. The works of the economic experts were ratified and an agreement was closed f or intellectual collaboration. At the close of the conference, Mironescu made a statement in which he said amongst other things: We are united in defending and guaranteeing the Peace Treaties, whose inviolability is the only means of maintaining and assuring the peace of the world. To attempt to touch them would incur the risk of provoking a fresh and terrible cataclysm which would overwhelm the world with the most frightful consequences to those who had provoked it-. A treaty of commerce was closed between Roumania and Poland at Warsaw on June 23, 1930, to replace that of 1921. The most characteristic point of this treaty is the introduction of the principle of the most favoured nation, limited to certain fixed products. This principle is an innovation in international commercial law. An agrarian conference was held at Warsaw during the month of August, representatives of Poland, Roumania, Cze. choslovakia, Jugoslavia and other Balkan States attending

334 www.dacoromanica.ro At the end of 1930, news was spread according to whiclt Moscow had proposed to the Poles a pact of perpetual neutrality and non-agression, each State obligating itself not to participate in alliances directed against one of these States, this agreement to be completed by a commercial convention. Roumanian public opinion saw in this offer of the So- viets a manoeuvre intended to prevent the renewal of the Polish-Roumanian treaty. At Bucharest political circles belie- ved that Russia was continuing the old Czarist policy directed towards Constantinople. Poland answered Russia that she was disposed to sign an agreement of this kind but only if all countries boundering on Russia would do the same. Mr. Zaleski, Polish Foreign Minister, immediately informed Mr. Mironescu of the Soviets' proposal and to show the real situation, the Polish-Roumanian Treaty of Alliance was renewed on January 15, 1931 at Geneva, repeating almost entirely the treaty of May 26, 1926. From November 10-12, 1930, a common conference was held at Belgrade of the export institutions of Roumania, Bul- garia, Poland, Jugoslavia and Hungary to discover a rational method for the sale of cereals. Very important decisions were taken but the effective collaboration which was to have begun in July 1, 1931, has never been effectively realized. At the end of January 1931, the agricultural States formulated their demands at Geneva, their spokesman being Mr. Titulescu. He pleaded f or the lightening of the situation of these States by the purchase of cereals and the creating of an agricultural credit. Mr. Titulescu's proposals were accepted and it was decided to convene for February, a corn- mission to study the manner of purchasing the stocks remaining from1 930, and to make proposals in March at the conference of Rome. An Inter-European Commission was appointed to create the agricultural credit. The Western States participated in this work as well as four of the agricultural

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www.dacoromanica.ro States, among which, Roumania. According to the plans a banking institute was to have been formed at the beginning of June. The Paris conference held in February and the conference of Rome held in March 1931, gave no practical results. On April 26-30, 1931, the conference of tile Little En- tente of the Press was held at Bucharest. The lorga Government whose Minister of Finance, Mr. Argetoianu had extensive relations with the German capi- talists offered hospitality to Mr. Guttmann, Director of the Drestner Bank. At the same time a German delegation left for Bucharest to discuss a commercial agreement but as during these days, between May 3-6, the Little Entente was holding its sitting in Bucharest, the delegation was retained at Czernowitz. In France this caused some enervation and there was talk of the renewing of the Middle-European" plans with the participation of Jugoslavia and Roumania. Prince Ghica, Minis- ter for Foreign Affairs made quieting statements to the French Press, and Mr. lorga, as Prime-Minister did the same. On May 8th, King Carol granted an interview to the Paper Le Journal", in which he affirmed the will of Roumania to remain faithful to her friendships and alliances, just as faithful in the future as she had been in the past. The French must have entire confidence in the unswerving friendship of Rou- mania". On May 5, 1931 King Carol met with King. Ale- xander of Jugoslavia, this meeting taking place at the same time as the conference of the Little Entente In September 1931, Mr. Titulescu with the help of France and England was elected f or the second times as President of the Assembly of the League of Nations an unprecedented honour. On December 6, 1932, King Carol was shooting at Timi- para where he met Count Bethlen. This meeting caused a

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www.dacoromanica.ro Mr. SAVELRADULESCU www.dacoromanica.ro

Mr. SAVEL RADULESCU great sensation, and political significance was attributed to it more especially because Prince Nicholas had paid a visit to the Regent Horty a few months previously. No practical result of this meeting has been established up to the present. Towards the end of December Argetoianu undertook a journey of study in the west and was received very cordially in Italy where he discussed various economic questions, but public opinion was annoyed by the fact that Count Beth len was at Rome at the same time to discuss question of foreign policy with Mussolini. The French Press more especially criticized this occurrence. Argetoianu also went to Paris, where he made calming declarations, stating that Roumania's fidelity to her friends and allies was, and would remain unchanged. Identical statements were made at Paris by Prince Ghica who had visited Prague and Warsow. Gheorghe Br'atianu who was also at Paris spoke in the same sense. The discussions for the closing of a non-agression pact between Roumania and the Soviets advanced withgreat difficulty. The Roumanian Government renounced the clause inserted in the first draft of the pact in regard to the Polish- Sovietic agreement which had stipulated that non-agression pacts should be at the same time closed collectively between all the States bordering on Russia, from the Baltic to the Black Sea. This error of the Government's was attacked by the opposition who saw in it the loss of an occasion to close an advantageous pact with the Soviets without lessening the position gained by the Litwinov protocol of February 1929 by which the Briand-Kellog pact became operative beforehand between Russia and Roumania. The manner in which these negotiations were carried on was lately severely criticized by Titulescu in a speech made at the Senate. On Novem- ber 26, 1931, the Roumanian Government received the assurance of the French Government that should the kouma- nian-Soviets negotiations not reach a result, the French en- gagements towards Roumania would remain unchanged. Af- 22 337 www.dacoromanica.ro ter this declaration and on invitation of the Soviets, the government on January 5, 1932, began direct negotiations with Russia at Riga. It was known at Bucharest that the Soviets had made this offer because France and Poland had declared that they would not negotiate without Roumania. Warsaw was the intermediary and the visit of Mr. Ghica between January 8-1 0,1 932, was in direct relation to the Riga dis- succions. The most difficult question was the recognition of the union of Bessarabia. The Riga negotiations were opened by Mihail Sturdza, Roumanian charge d'affaires in that town and by Mr. Stomonjakof. In the meantime, on January 25, 1932, the Polish-Soviet pact was initialled and within a few days Russia had established pacts with all the bordering Sta- tes, excepting Roumania. The Foreign Minister, Mr. Ghica made the following statement on the Roumanian Soviet negotiations; Under the Mironescu government, Warsaw discussed with Moscow the question of the non-agression pact. It was intended that this pact should extend to Roumania. For this purpose Poland asked for a statement from us. In collaboration with the Great General staff and with the Ju- ridical Council of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs a draft was drawn up and forwarded to Warsaw as a first project. An exchange of remarks and suggestions followed. During the summer the Quasi d'Orsay informed Roumania and Po- land that negotiations were in progress between the Secre- tary General Berthelot and the Ambassador Dovgalevschi with a view to the closing of a non-agression pact. Later continuation of communication kept the two governments informed of these negotiations until the text was initialled. Pa- ris and Warsaw affirmed that the fate of these pacts and drafts depended on that which might eventually be closed between Moscow and Roumania. The Soviets in the meantime had expressed the wish for direct negotiations with Rou- mania without the intermediary of Poland. It was decided

338 www.dacoromanica.ro that the negotiations should be carried on at Riga. The Infor- mation received from us by our Allies showed that the question of Bessarabia would be put aside. On basis of the instructions of Dec. 3 1st approved by the Council of Ministers, our Charge d'Affaires got into touch at Riga with Mr. Stomon- jakof to whom he handed the draft of our pact containing 7 articles. The inviolability of our territory was expressed in these terms: the territory over which each of the contracting parties exercises its sovereignty". Art. 6, confirmed that the coming into force of the pact depended on the Polish, French, Latvian, Esthonian and Finnish pacts". At the second interview the Russian delegate presented a counter-draft which from every point of view was inacceptible, since instead of putting aside the Bessarabian question the Russian delegate proclaimed it open". In February, the Ministry for Foreign Affairs issued the following communique relative to the action of the Soviets which it had been thought in Bucharest tended towards the isolation of Roumania. In view of the rumours spread concerning the negotiations with the Soviets,itis brought to the general knowledge that Roumania is acting in common with her Allies, France and Poland, whose attitude deserves our gratitude". And Mr. lorga at the Chamber of Deputies made a similar statement. The negotiations with Germany were terminated and Mr. Argetoianu stated that the agreement was closed ,with the approval of France and contained no secret passage enga- ging the Roumanian government to place orders in Germany. On March 2nd, Marshal Pilsudski passed through Rouma- nia and had an interview with Mr. lorga. But a little later, Germany made known at Bucharest that she would apply a commercial convention from March 2 Oth, by which the Po- les were profoundly displeased, since they saw in the Rou- manian oats and maize a competition favoured by Germany.

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www.dacoromanica.ro They spoke openly of the affecting of Poland's interests, who at that moment was offering her services at Geneva f or the resumption of the Roumanian-Sovietic discussions. At the beginning of 1932 a movement was set on foot in Soviet Russia against the Roumanian peasants and there were several incidents on the Dniestr which were vehemently criticized by Mr. lorga amongst others. The question was also debated at the International Union of Associations for the League of Nations. The Roumanian delegate asking that the President of the Union should intervene with the League of Nations. On March 12th, Prince Ghica made an expose in which he spoke of the cordial and solidary relations of the Little Entente as well as ot the excellent relations between France and Roumania. Mr. Argetoianu also made a statement on April 1st which caused satisfaction in France. The lorga Go- vernment resigned and was replaced by the Vaida government with Mr. Gafencu as Foreign Undersecretary of State. Roumania, under the Vaida Government engaged direct negotiatins through Mr. adere, Roumanian Minister to War- saw, at Evian, who had previously met Litwinoff at the station of Bialistok, but they were interrrupted in consequence of the resignation of Mr. Titulescu from his post of Rouma- nian Minister at London, and as First Delegate of the Lea- gue of Nations because of the manner in which these negotiations had been opened. (Interview of Mr. Titulescu at London, 2nd Dec. 1932). Mr. Titulescu having been offered the Ministry for Foreign Affairs in the new Maniu Cabinet constituted on Oct. 17th a different formula was proposed for the accepting of the non-aggression pact. The Polish Foreign Minister, Mr. Zaleski resigned in No- vember and Colonel Beck, Underescretary of State f or Fo- reign Affairs was appointed in his place. On February 6,1944, the pact for the organization of the Little Entente was signed at Geneva by Titulescu, Benes

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www.dacoromanica.ro and Jeftitch. It presented a new type of alliance and decided the statutory creation of a permanent council of the Little Entente, of which the foreign Ministers of the three countries should form part and which should be the directing organ of their common policy. Decisions were to be taken unanimously. Apart from its regular activity the Council meets three times a year, either at Geneva or in one of the three countries, being presided in turn f or one year by one of the Foreign Ministers. The Council is assisted by a Per- manent Secretariat which functions attached to the President, annually, in the capital of residence and has also a section established at Geneva. The Permanent Council is assisted by an Economic Council which attends to the common economic interests of the three States both in their mutual relation and in their relations towards third parties. Any political treaty, unilateral act or economic agreement implying a change in the political situation of one of the three signatory States towards the others or which may present a common interest, requires the unanimous consent of the Permanent Council. By this measure the Little Entente has become a unitary force, a power extending over more than 600.000 sq. km. and with a population of almost 50.000.000 men. In April, after the signing of the pact between France, En- gland, Italy and Germany, Mr. Titulescu was charged by the Little Entente to get into touch with the Western Govern- ments. The Little Entente" he said had never intended to oppose an agreement between the four great Powers, but at the same time did not understand that any decision should be discussed outside of the League of Nations when they were directly interested". In consequence of Mr. Titulescu's diplomatic action at Paris and London, Roumania and her allies were given guarantees against revision and the pact do-

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www.dacoromanica.ro sed in June has a new form by which the interests of Rou- mania are not threatened. The Little Entente met between July 1-3, for the obligatory annual conference at Prague. On this occasion an economic council was formed, a common organ, but composed of three national sections. There are five delegates, one each for: the general economic policy, agricultural questions, industrial questions and questions connected with finance and communications. The Economic Council meets at least four times yearly. The decisions of the Economic Council are presented in the form of proposals to the Permanent Council. A new conference was held on September 24-27th at Sinaia, which in the first place attended to economic and juridical questions as well as to a number of administrative questions. On the same occasion, Roumania exchanged with Jugoslavia the 19 conventions, agreements and protocols closed at Belgrade, by which the greater part of the litigation between the two States was settled. On the same day, King Carol ratified the conventions closed on June 3 and 4th with the Soviets. Thanks to these two non-aggression pacts, closed inconsequence of Mr. Titu- lescu negotiations at Geneva and London, the convention de- fining aggression being of the greatest importance, Rouma- nia has to-day with Soviet Russia a real system of pacts. For Roumania, the convention of July 4th which defines aggression and its categories, comprehensively and precisely, also contains the definition of the territory to which such aggression rela,.es, which according to the Politis report of May 24th accepteq.1 by both parties, is the territory now held by the signatory States. This is very important because it is an actual recognition of Roumania's sovereignty over Bessarabia. During the course of the year, Mr. Titulescu paid a visit to Warsaw where he had conversations with Colonel Beck and on which occasion he discussed the resuming of normal

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www.dacoromanica.ro relations between Roumania and the Soviets. In the same year Mr. Titulescu paid a visit to Sofia and discussed with Mr. Mushanoff the question of a meeting between the two Sovereigns. The interview between King Carol and King Bo- ris took place on the Danube between Giurgiu and Rusciuk and lasted several hours. A consequence of this interview was the interview of King Alexander with King Boris at Euxi. nograd. On October 17, 1933, a pact of Friendships between Rou- mania and Turkey was signed at Ankara by Titulescu and Rustu Aras, providing amongst other things that the two States should assist each other in their foreign policy action, and Turkey accepted f or the first time to grant more than strict neutrality to the State with which she had closed a Treaty of friendship, should it be attacked by a third party. The Treaty of Ankara does not only condem the agression of o third State on one of the two signatory States, but also condemns any agressive understanding directed by any State against Roumania or Turkey. Mr. Titulescu's last journey of the year was to Greece. On the occasion of this journey, he terminated his series of conversations undertaken with a view to the closing of the Bal- kan pact. The year 1933 was one of the richest in external political events, and proved Roumania's interest in assuring herself both towards the West and in the Balkans. The year 1934 opened with the preparation for the Bal- kan Pact. Conference of the Little Entente at Zagreb, on Ja- nuary 22nd audience of Mr. Titulescu with King Alexander and arrival of the Bulgarian Sovereigns at Bucharest, an interview of Mr. Titulescu with the Bulgarian Prime Minister Mushanof f al in connection with the closing of this pact. Rou- mania would have seen with pleasure, Bulgaria's adhesion to the pact in question but her efforts were not successful and on February 5the, Jeftitch, Titulescu and Rustu-Arras initialled at

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www.dacoromanica.ro Belgrade, the pact, which at the close of the visit of the three Foreign Ministers to Athens, was signed there on Fe- bruary 9th, only by Roumania, Jugoslavia, Turkey and Gree- ce. This multilateral pact leaves the door open for the entry of Bulgaria. A very lively activity was developed between the Foreign Ministers of Jugoslavia, Turkey and Roumania, which was manifested in their various visits and interviews. At the same time however, a coolness in the Roumanian Polish relations set in, which was not improved even by the short visit to Bucharest of Colonel Beck on May 1 Oth, nor by that of the Polish journalists on May 30th. A very signi- ficant fact, no less important than the Balkan Pact was the closing on June 10,1 934, of the Roumanian-Russian agreement re-establishing normal relations between Roumania and Russia. If the accepting and bringing into force of the Kellog Pact between Roumania and Russia was the first step in the direction of a normalizing of the relations between the two countries, the Pact of June 10th meant the crowning of the eff orts made in this direction. On November 29th, the first representative of the Soviets at Bucharest arrived, followed on December 3rd by the Minister Ostrowsky, while on De- cembr 6th, the Roumanian Minister Ciuntu left for Moscow. The year 1934 can be considered as a year of consolidation and the assurance of peace in Oriental Europe. On January1 935, the Little Entente held a conference at Lubljana and in January 25th declared itself categorically against the restoration of the Hapsburgs, which was streng- thened on July 5th by an official declaration made by Mr. Titulescu, in this sense. The assassination of King Alexander at the end of 1934 and the appointing of a Regency in Ju- goslavia made necessary a personal contact between the First Regent Paul and King Carol II. The meeting of the two Heads of States at Sinaia on July 13, 1935, and the conference of the Little Entente on August 30th at Bled showed that no

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www.dacoromanica.ro change had occurred in the policy of the Little Entente owing to the assassination of King Alexander. In the question of the sanctions to be applied against Italy,it also remained united in its views and by accepting the decision of the Lea- gue of Nations once more showed that the basis of its foreign policy was the League of Nations. All rumours which were circulated more especially after the entering into function of the Jugoslav Regency, and which spoke of a weakening of the Little Entente, were categorically denied by the visit of the Prince Regent Paul and of the President of the Czecho- slovak Republic, Benesh, to Bucharest in June 1936, where King Carol II, the Prince Regent Paul and President Benesh agreed on a common action", a decision fortified by the conversations between the Heads of the General Staffs of the three Little Entente countries. This decision of the Little Entente was a warning to those who desire the restoration of the Hapsburg in Central Europe. The foreign policy of Roumania during the last two decades has been characterized by the strengthening of security, by the closing of various Pacts as well as by the assuring of the inviolability of the Peace Treaties and of the frontiers of Great Rournania. This clear line was maintained by Mr. Ti- tulescu who during this period has been a decisive factor in the foreign policy of Roumania. The maintaining and strenghtening of the Little Entente and of the Balkan Pact and the resuming of normal relations with Russia are the essential points of this policy, and personal successes of Mr. Titulescu's. All these actions had, as final object, the maintaining of peace and Mr. Titulescu was right when he declared in June 1936 that in this part of Europe, war will not break out. The pacification of the Balkans is a great merit of the Roumanian policy and of its leader Mr. N. Titulescu.

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www.dacoromanica.ro THE ROUMANIAN POLITICAL PRESS

www.dacoromanica.ro NIV.RSI1LCM DIM 11111.1. frIll DOI WM. 111V2.1/14.4, TRIGIIFICE D 111..0111111 1713:1AC1IA SI AOMINISTRATIA...... '..BUCURESTE STR. BREZOIANU No. 23.23 .33.133.....

The birth of the paper Universul is indissolubly bound to the name and personality of the indefatigable editor and generous animator, Luigi Cazzavillan. Although of Italian origin, Cazzavillan may well be claimed by the Roumanian press as one of their own for the double reason: that they are of the same ethnical source as that of the Eternal City, and that by his cultural activity which for 2 decades was interwoven with the very destiny of the Roumanian press, whose leader he became soon after the apparition of the Universul", he may well be said to have earned the title of Roumanian". Cazzavillan began his activity as an editor here by issuing in 1881, the paper Politico-literar Septemenal", which also bore the title of Fraternitatea Italo-Romana" and was printed in the languages of the two sister countries. The next year its name was changed to that of Frkia Romano-Italia- na", and in 1884 it was replaced by the paper Necesarul", in which the Italian text was abolished. The issue of the Necesarul" which continued to be printed even after the apparition of the Universul" in 1884, soon reached the figure of 5000 numbers daily, almost twice the figure of the usual issue of the papers of those days.

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www.dacoromanica.ro Another publication that became very popular was the Ziarul Ilustrat al alkorilor ci IntAmplkilor pe Uscat ci pe Mare" (The Illustrated Paper of Travelling and of Occur- encies on Land and Water) modelled on the popular Pari- sian review Journal des Voyages". The success of these periodicals as well as the fact that he owned printing works, allowed Luigi Cazzavillan to edit, in 1884, a popular illustrated paper. The political attitude of this publication was to be quite impartial, independent, subject to no imperative but that of the supreme national good. The name of Universul" chosen after much thought, corresponded perfectly to the character of the paper which was that of a encyclopaedical bulletin of universal information. The first number of the Uni- versul" which appeared together with the Necesarul" bore the date of Monday, August 20, 1884 and was printed in octavo on a small platen handpress of the Augsburg type. To the right and to the left of the title were two vignettes: the statue of Mihai Viteazul (Michael the brave) and a do- robant" (a Roumanian Infantry soldier), and a statue of Stefan cel Mare (Stephen the Great) with the following device: Dreptate pentru toti ci toti pentru dreptate" (Justice for all and all for justice). The Universul" from the very first had an issue of 5000 numbers, the greatest known in Bucharest, the price being 5 Banis in the Capital and 10 Banis in the Provinces, and the yearly subscription 22 and 24 Lei respectively. Within the same half day the provincial edition of the Universul that appeared in Bucharest at 7 a. m. was sent by train to all the towns of the country. The political doctrine of the paper, was at once fixed: Liberalism in the largest sense of the word but without for this reason abdicating the line of conduct adopted from

250 www.dacoromanica.ro the beginning and followed up to the present, that of an impartial attitude both in regard to polemics and to the severely controlled information given. But in the conception of the founder of the Universul, as well as in that of its present director, Mr. Stelian Popescu, the press cannot be simply a spectator or an informative agent, but must on the contrary be an active force capable of exercising a control, of combatting evils and preventing them, must in fact be a reliable guide of public opinion. As regards its economic policy, the Universul has pronounced in favour of the exploitation of our wealth, by means of constructive work, the union of all productive forces and the manifestation of private initiative with the least possible State intervention in private affairs. In national politics the Universul has since its apparition, been an authentic supporter of the cause of the Roumanians beyond the Carpathians and beyond the Danube, having pu- Wished as long ago as 1884 a numerous series of articles under the heading Transcarpathian Roumania". During the first year of its issue, the contents of the paper was distributed as follows: on page one, the leading article, correspondence from one of the European capitals, and from Transcarpathian Roumania"; in the middle of the page an illustration and an article on current affairs. The remaining pages contained various columns of information, daily events, a serial story and so on. The following year the first almanac of the paper appeared with the title Universal Calendar for 1885". When the circulation of the paper had exceeded the figure of 6000 numbers daily, the need of a technical re-organization was felt, and for this purpose a new platen press was purchased and mechanical power introduced. In 1890, the circulation increasing to 8000 issues, the pla-

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www.dacoromanica.ro ten printing machines became insufficient and the first revolving type cylinder press ever seen in Roumania was ordered from the well known French firm H. Marinoni, Paris. The form of the newspaper was later enlarged, and the circulation rapidly rose to 12.000 issues, so that within 4 years the first revolving type machine could no longer cover the continually increasing requirements, and a second had to be ordered in 1894, from the firm Koenig and Co Bauer of Bavaria. In 1899, the size of the Universul was once more increased and reorganized, and it now resembled the great Euro- pean dailies, with numerous articles on internal question, foreign news, and correspondence sent by special correspondents at Rome andParis, who telegraphed allimportant news, as well as that received from correspondents in the country. After 1900, particular attention being given to foreign events, the Universul no longer coitented itself with the service of the Agentia RomanV bwhich summaries of the reports of the foreign agencies, were sent but organized a telegraphic agency of its own, abroad, and later a telephonic service with Budapest. Since then, the Universul has entered a sphere in which the need of reading the Roumanian press had not previously been felt: the diplomatic world of the Legations. The telegrams appearing in the morning were translated and sent to the respective Ministries. After the outbreak of the European War, the Universe' set on foot a campaign for the National Awakening, for the purpose of realizing the Roumanian ideal, and energetically combatted those who proposed the entry of Roumania into the War on the side of the Central Powers. The paper was for some time under the direction of Ge- neral Gr. Ciliniceanu, af ter which it passed to that of Mr.

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www.dacoromanica.ro Stelian Popescu, with Mr. Virgil D'Arascu, as administrator. During the War, Mr. Stelian Popescu fought as officer on the front,the paper being managed by Mr. V. D'a- rascu. After the cessation of hostilities, the Universul reappeared in the capital of Great Roumania. Mr. Stelian Popescu, its director, understood that to meet the requirements of the time and the superior interests of the Roumanian race, a definite doctrine and a unitary and firm aim must be adopted. The paper's doctrine has been ever since: Nationalism", in agreement with the principles and ideas at the basis of contemporary civilization. By the vigorous and well documented campaigns, carried on by it during the last 15 years, it has combatted doctrinary and revolutionary communism, the ex- travagances of demagogic policy, the Magyar and Bulgarian irridentist propaganda, the imperialistic and annexationist policy of the Russian Sowiets in the question of Bessarabia, and the revisionist plans of the conquered powers. In 1932, Mr. Stelian Popescu took the initiative in organizing certain series of national meetings in the Capital and in all the towns of the New Provinces and of the Old King- dom, to support the idea of the respecting of the Peace Treaties against those who dared to contest our imprescrip- tible right to the territories which are ours in virtue of the principle of nationalities, and of the free choice of their inhabitants. This national campaign rallied all conscious Roun-ianians, and the Revisionist League was formed, which has had so great an echo both in the country and beyond the frontiers.

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The Adeverul was founded in 1888 by A. V. Beldiman, descendant of a boyar family, which has played an important part in the cultural and literary life of the country. Beldiman, who was the last prefect of Prince Cuza, remained faithful to his memory and through the Adeverul- carried on an antidynastic campaign. At the same time however the Adeverur from the first day, fought valiantly for the modernizing' of the country, and in the first place for the respecting of laws. For one of the greatest misfortunes of the country was then and is to some extent even to-day the discrepancy between the legal situation which is, in general most satisfactory, and the real state of affairs, full of shortcomings. The popularity of the Adeverur was at once immense. In 1895, Beldiman associated in his work, Constantin Mille, the well known political fighter, and in 1898 on the death of Beldiman, Mille followed him as director of the paper. The new editor, while maintaining the republican principle in the ideology of the paper, really abandoned the republican campaign as untimely, and on the other hand greatly developed the fight for democratic reforms. He carried on a day to day fight against administrative abuses, for the distribution of land among the peasants, for the universal vote, for the naturalizing of the native Jews, for social legislation, for the extending of culture among the lower classes, for the democracizine of the military service etc. The greater part of these reforms were actually realized,

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www.dacoromanica.ro and this success is due in a large proportion to the combats of the Adeverul". At outbreak of the World War, the Adeverul" pronounced from the first moment for the Triple Entente, and then for two years incessantly demanded the entrance of Rouma- nia into the War on the side of 'the Entente Powers, for the purpose of realizing the old dream of uniting all the Rouma- nian territories to the mother country. On Aug. 15, 1916, Roumania entered the War, and after the cessation of hostilities, obtained the provinces subject to Austria and Hungary as well as bessarabia which was under Tzarist Russia. In 1919, Constantin Mille retired from the direction of the paper which passed to its present administration. The Adeverul" still continues its traditions.It appears every afternoon and is the most important political paper of the country. As a paper of the left, the adeverul still fight to-day for demcrary Roumania has been left behind owing to historical vicissitudes, and must catch up with the democracy of the West. The Adeverul therefore fights against any fascist tendency and demands for everyone the right to express his opinions; and the respecting of the laws for all. Since the creation of Great Roumania, one more problem has been added to those formerly existing in the country: that of the Ethnical Minorities. In its internal policy the Adeverul" insists with all its force on equal rights and good harmony between the Majority and the Minorities. In its external policy, the Adeverul is for general peace, for the inviolability of the Treaties and for the League of Nations, and, to realize these desiderata, for the closest possible collaboration with France and England.

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The Dimineata" was created in 1904, being at first a morning edition of the Adeverul. Later it became an independent paper, and in consequence of the great efforts made, it is to-day the paper with the greatest circulation in the country, appearing daily with from 1 6to 24 pages, of which the first and the last are coloured. It has all the columns and the entire organization of the great modern popular papers. The ideology of the paper is the same as that of the Ade- verul. It is a democratic paper, which assumes the defence of public liberties, at the same time paying particular attention to the economic interests of the country. Various publications appear as annexes to the Adeverul and the Dimineata: Adeverul Literari Artistic-, a weekly review of the entire literary and artistic movement of the country. It enjoys the collaboration of the most distinguished Roumanian men of letters. Dimineata Copiilor"the bestillustratedreview for children and young people and the only review here, printed by photogravure. Cuvântul Liber" an advanced weekly political review. Realitatea llustrafa" a weekly 'review, printed under exceptionally good conditions by intaglio, which appears every Wednesday with a rich contents of present happenings, illustrated in colours. Radio- the only review of this specialty in the country, Magazine' a monthly publication in the style of similar publications abroad.

356 www.dacoromanica.ro The Curentul" which began as a daily paper of 6 pages and is to-day a daily with 12 pages, was created on January 10, 1928 by its present director and owner, Pamfil *eicaru, who at that moment had completed the 12th year of his career as political journalist. From the beginning, the paper solicited the youthful energies and enthusiasms of the race, placing as a laconic programme on the frontispiece of the first number, this eloquent profession of faith of the editorial staff: None of us has completed his 40th year. Of a nationalistic tendency, the Curentur was and continues to be a firmly antidemocratic paper, maintaining both in the international and the internal domain a permanently reserved attitude in regard to all enthusiasm about liberty, equality or humanitarianism. With this nationalism, continually controlled by empirism and realism to avoid falling into excesses of chauvinism and antisemitism, equally far from the intolerance of the extreme right and from the indulgent moderation of Club partisans, the Curentul has always taken an aggressive and combattive attitude when the essential interests of the nation have been endangered. With this central doctrine as principle and substratum, the Curentul is in the Roumanian press: The monarchical paper, continually legitimating and illus- trating in its comments on successive events, the benefits of

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www.dacoromanica.ro the monarchic principle an of the Dynasty by which th- na- tional Union has ben realized. The antiregionalist paper, pleading for the stimulating of provincial energies and the respecting of regional originaL - ties, but vellemently combatting all particularism and the au- tonomist principles of separatist politicians. Thanks to its constant accent on Roumanian Fraternity, based purely on the care for superior ethnical interests, the Curentul has succeeded in creating in Transylvania, the most imposing mass of readers, being more especially read in the intellectual and University centres of the new provinces. The antidemocratic paper fighting against the secterianism and egoism of the traditional politicalparties,combatting Marxism and Communism, denouncing the dismal results of electoral demagogy and the deplorable consequences of the sovereignty of the people", with votes obtained by extra- vagant promises and by the stimulant of propaganda. By this attitude the Curentul succeeded in its tenacious campaign to obtain the invalidation of the Communist deputies, elected to Parliament in 1931. The Nationalist paper fighting for the defence of Rouma- nian labour, for the suppression of minority arrogance for ethnical prohibition (prevention of the immigration of foreign profiteerers) ;in this direction the paper made a great sensation by the results published and also by the manner in which the Roumanian Plebiscite was carried out by the paper in 1929, thousands and thousands of answers being received, in which the Government was adjured to intervene to save the majority nation. In f oreign politics, under the influence of the same continual preoccupation for the national interest, the Curentul has always supported the policy hostile to revision; in its care for the integrity of the present territorial frontiers, the paper re-

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www.dacoromanica.ro pudiates all fragile guarantees offered by international pacts, conferences and synods, perseveringly ridiculizing the fan- tastic decisions and feable initiatives of the League of Na- tions. With a mediterranian culture and classical ideas of discipline, the foreign sympathies of the paper have been given to France (insofar as the republican regime have not interfered with this) and more especially to Italy, whose Abyssi- nian campaign has found in the pages of the Curentul an enthusiastic and admiring support, with prognostics of victory, so promptly fulfilled. Militating in favour of hierarchy, order, discipline and a single command, the Curentul is the paper of firm vindi- cation of the uniform: the campaigns carried on by it for the arming of the nation, for the exalting of the military spirit and for the strengthening of the Army are memorable.

REIGPAMEN,l 1 val VitiorulZDACTIA ../1111151.7.Irimi VVVVVV rTh...::::F.71----rrE.7=-7-.7 I2 let I - 06 "."' The paper Viitorul appeared on 5/18 November, 1907 under the direction of Mr. I. G. Duca and as the property of the office of the National Liberal Party. As official organ of that Party, the Viitorur was more especially a paper of an informative nature. It brought into the Roumanian press a new current, giving to its information and reports on passing events, a note differing from that of the press of these days.

359 www.dacoromanica.ro The illustrations accompanying the Viitorul- news reports, were greatly appreciated by its readers. Shortly after its apparition, Al. Mavrodi, a man with a profound knowledge of the press and an energetic leader of journalism, was made the Director of the Viitorul". Under the Management of this distinguished editor the Viitorul" had the most glorious ascension, more especially during the World War, when it appeared in two daily editions and when its patriotic attitude was a spiritual preparation for the Rou- manian People called upon to take part in the war for the freeing of the provinces under foreign dominion. After an interruption of two years during the foreign occupation, the Viitorul" resumed its activity with still greater enthusiasm, to help in the building up of Roumania and in the strengthening of the spiritual bonds between allthe inhabitants of the United Provinces. The Viitorul" fought together with the National Liberal Party in support of all legislation brought in after the War for the Consolidation of Great Roumania. Since1 930 the Management of the Viitorul" has been in the hands of Mr. N. Maxim, an old and proved journalist; among the principal members of his editorial staff, we may mention Grigore Tauqan, Aurel Marcu, Al. Sandulescu, R. Culianu, A. Savela, etc. Of late years the Viitorul has taken a still greater development, appearing daily in 6 pages, richly illustrated, and printed in peculiarly advantageous technical conditions. The installations of the Viitorul" are of the most recent type with linotype selting up machines, revolving type cylinder presses stereotyping apparatus etc. The editorial and administrative offices are installed in a new and elegant building owned by the office of the Natio- nal Liberal Party in Str. R. Poincare 1 7, Bucharest.

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The L'Independance Roumaine" one of the oldest papers of Roumania, founded in 1875 by Frederic Dame, French Professor and man of letters, as an independent paper, passed shortly afterwards into the ownership of the Conserva- tive Party, and next into that of the National Liberals, under whose direction it played a preponderant part in the pre-war political fights. In 1914, when the World War broke out, L'Indepen- dance Roumaine" was under the direction of Jean Procopiu, the most intimate friend of Ion I. C. Bratianu After the death of Jean Procopiu, which occurred during the war, Mr. George Corbescu, former mayor of the Capital succeeded him as director of the paper. Since 1924, Dr. Asra Berkowitz is thedirector ofthe L'Independance Roumaine", his editorial staff being Mesrrs: Sebastien Serbescu, deputy, Gregoire Caracostea, Edmond Guerive, Henri Durand, George Nenisor and Miss Rose Chaies. The L'Independance Roumaine" devotes itself almost exclusively to the question of foreing politics, its mission being to expose the Roumanian point of view for the information of foreign circles.

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www.dacoromanica.ro MAL The paper ,Na4a Red'', (Our Opinion-) the largest and most read Roumanian paper in the Russian language, was founded in Bucharest in 1 922, its object being the defence of the interests of Bessarabia and of its inhabitants. For this purpose the paper has carried on many vigorous campaigns which have drawn the attention of official circles to the needs of Bessarabia, numerous injustices having thus been prevented, and the Government kept from committing mistakes in that Province. Thanks to its spirit of impartiality and its prompt and exact information, the paper Naqa Recr has rapidly penetrated among the large masses of the population, its circulation being in continual increase, and the number of approx 24.000 issues having already been reached. The Na§a Recr, understanding its object as an impartial and informative Bessarabian paper, has organized its correspondence service in all the large and small centres of Bes- sarabia, having 72 special correspondents to-day in Bessara- bia alone. It is the only paper in Roumania which has its own correspondents in all the Capitals of Europe and in several centres of America. The most important journalists, publicists and writers collaborate in the Na4a Recr. The Editorial Staff is composed of Messrs: Petre Contevici (former director of the Russian telegraphic agency of Petrograd PTA", and former regional director for Bessarabia of the official agency Rador) H. Block (formerly one of the editors of the Prager Press) and L. Biceai (one of the editors of the Adev5xur and Di- mineata").

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www.dacoromanica.ro eoment Journal de Buca rest Quotidien Ifiustres d'Informotiorz Politiques, Econorniques et Sociales

The paper Le Moment" an independent daily, has appeared since 1933. During the years 1933 and 1934, Le Mo- ment" was edited at Geneva by the Societe Anonyme, Le Moment", the only director of which was Mr. A. Hefter. This corporation had its own printingand photogravure works, thanks to which the paper had a rapid success in French Switzerland, where its issue amounted to approximately 40.000 numbers. Le Moment" wrote chiefly on internationalproblems and its whole activity was devoted to the support of the Lea- gue of Nations by bringing into public discussion all the great subjects debated on at Geneva. In the first place Le Moment" endeavoured to make known the tendences, the interests and the grievances of the Central European Countries, and more especially of Rouma- nia. For this purpose it published the political and economic programme of the Little Entente and of the Balkanic En- tente, laying stress on the principles by which thd organization of the regional pacts was inspired. Basing its arguments on the need of defending the Treaties and the political system of collective security, Le Moment" subjected daily to an impartial and detailed criticism, all the actions and ma- noeuvres of certain countries, the object of which was to undermine the foundation and to compromise the authority of the Geneva institution and of the Covenant. When the sanguinary troubles broke out in Vienna in 1934, and the

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www.dacoromanica.ro tried to crush all the attempts of the former Vienna leaders, the Social Democrat Party, Le Moment" took a very clear attitude against the Chancellor Dolfuss, accusing him of playing into the hands without intending to do so of the Third Reich. During those tragic days at Vienna, Le Moment" was considered by the Federal Authorities at Ber- ne, to have acted contrarily to the interests of Switzerland, in the sense of article 65 of the Swiss Constitution relative to provocation of war between Switzerland and a neighbouring country, by the Press". The reason for this was an article published in that paper and signed by Mr. Alfred Hef- ter. The Federal Council decreed the expulsion of Mr. Hef- ter and Le Moment" was obliged to suspend its activity at Geneva and to transport its installationsto Bucharest, The Direction of the paper is the same as formerly and its attitude towards international problems has not changed. By reflecting the basic principles of the Little Entente, and while insisting upon the need of collective security, endeavouring in every way to develop the defence of that pact and its own forces to the utmost, and by defending the Peace Treaties and the frontiers fixed by them Le Mo- ment" has made itself known, among the papers of information, analysis and criticism, as an organ whose growing authority must command the attention of all Central Euro- pean readers who desire to be well guided in regard to international politics. The collaboraters of this paper, who are the most distinguished writers of France, England and Central Europe, constitute a guarantee of impartiality. Roumanian writers and journalists of the first rank collaborate in this daily, which as regards its form, its information and moderation enjoys a prestige never yet attained by the international press of Roumania.

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The National Roumanian Party of Transylvania, on its fusion with the democratic elements of the Old Kingdom, caused to appear, in October 1924, an official paper of the Party under the name of Romania". The paper had as director, Mr. Sever Bocu, and as Staff: Vasile Savel, Dr. V. Cornea, Vasile Candiano and I.Li- vianu. In 1926 after the fusion of the National Roumanian Party with the National Peasants Party of the Old Kingdom, the paper Romania" continued to be the official organ of the new party up to Oct. 1927, when the name of the paper was changed to that of Dreptatea", its direction being taken over by Mr. Virgil Madgearu, secretary general of the Party. The editorial staff of the new official paper, was at first composed as follows: Vasile Savel,I. Vinea, Sergiu Dan, Tudor /5oimaru, Victor Rodan, M. Sevastos, I. Livianu, H. Blazian, Romulus Dianu and D'Arg. In Nov. 1928, when the Party came into power, Mr. Vir- gil Madgearu on becoming Minister in the National Peasants Government, entrusted the direction of the paper to George tefanescu, who kept the same editorial Staff to which he added the following persons: I. Visoianu, L. Geller, M. Stro- mingher, I. B. Florian, I. Carjan, Dr. Manoliu, Vasiliu Langa amd I. Rudich. In 1930, when Mt. ,5tefanescu retired, the direction of the paper was entrusted to Mr. Petre Cioraneanu, who engaged a new Staff composed of: C. Congopol, I. Brunea, Liviu Ar- temie and Pavel Pavel.

365 www.dacoromanica.ro Petre Cioraneanu died in 1932, and C. Gongopol, the oldest of the subeditors was made director. In March 1934, the paper was re-organized on which occasion certain changes were made in the editorial staff, the direction being entrusted to Professor Mihail Ralea, former vice-president of the Chamber, who composed his Staff as follows:First Editor,Demostene Botez,Secretary of the Office, Tudor oimaru and I. Brunea, the other editors being, F. Pandrea, Octav Livezeanu, N. Tatu, I. Dobridor, I. Vi- soianu, L. Geller, I. Rudich and I. Livianu. During the entire period from 1927 to 1934, the paper was administered by the late Eugen Briff and the late H. F. Valentin, and after the re-organization of 1934, by Octav Udrea, former deputy and questor of the Chamber of De- puties.

Panwren No. ma' eww...al. ems. awl 4.1 atainaCAnMAI MI6 . V10 *a IL" Ow AMMO= C0.11.13.1.11 ocau...fr2 40.am.. 14000.0KOS un . n 0100.0 CZPICR I).* I Let! EXEMPLARUt tlIOGRAF..uni 00110 I/04101le0.1..01 M. al .^. The paper Miscarea (The Movement) was founded in Sept. 14, 1909, at Jassy, by a group of youthful enthusiasts, headed by Gheorghe Marzescu, who, understanding the part to be played by the National Liberal Party, and that the evolution of events made necessary the renewal of conceptions endeavoured by writing, to propagate this truth. In the columns of the first issue, Gh. MArzescu fixed the belief of those who had rallied round the Miscarea",inthese words: The paper Miscarea is, and will never be anything else than, a National Liberal Organ. It assumes the threefold duty of spreading liberal and democratic ideas, of strengthening and developping the National Liberal Party and of con-

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www.dacoromanica.ro centrating the forces of democracy around the reformed programme of the Party. The Mpvement" means neither revolt" nor agitation". Movement" is the expression that tf;e history of the political parties opposes to that of resistance"; it is the expression proper to the Liberal Party, and to all Parties of progress, which keep up with evolution and determine the domain of their activity according to the economic, political, intellectual and moral needs of a Peo- ple". This was, from the beginning, the belief served by the Miscarea". What the paper has meant to the National Liberal Party, and how important have been the services rendered by it, is proved by the confrontation of its columns with the evolution of the guiding principles of the Party. An even more important rale fell to the Miscarea" during the War, when it ceaselessly diffused the belief in our final victory. The war collection of the paper are seen to vibrate with the conviction of this conquest, and of the historic justice of the Roumanian cause. But when the Marghi- loman Administration came into power, theMiscarea lived through times of extreme oppression. For months, the paper appeared with whole columns blank. We must not pass on to the activity of the Miscarea" of late years, at Bucharest, without mentioning certain publications connected with it, Thus on Sep.10,1918, the publication of a weekly edition was begun, which appeared under the name of: Miscarea" National Liberal Paper, popular edition, Iasi. On April 15, 1920, the same publication re-appeared with its title slightly changed, it ceased appearing on Jan. 19, 1930. After the events of June 1930, the Miscarea" moved to the Capital. Until its daily appearance could be organized, it was issued weekly under the title of: The Liberal Move-

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www.dacoromanica.ro ment, Weekly Bulletin of Prapaganda and Information", the first number bearing the date of Aug. 21, 1930. The action of the paper after its removal to Bucharest, and the manner in which it did its duty in the Capital, are well described by the words of the President of the Natio- nal Liberal Party, George Bratianu, published in its issue of Nov. 21, 1931: A year has passed since the Miscarea", mobilized for the fight of the renewal of liberal ideas, began appearing in the Capital of the country. A year of hard fighting, of heavy sacrifice, but of determined affirmation and of continual victory. As flag of a firm political creed, our paper continues to fulfil its vocation. Formely, at Iasi it daily spread the thoughts and words of the creators of Great Roumania, it stood unhesitatingly and unceasingly in the service of the idea, of National Unity. Now, at Bucharest, fighting with determination against superannuated Governmental decisions and political formations, it is this same paper that supports and ur- ges on the impetus of the generation which, twenty years after their return from the front, have once more to face, this time on the field of the responsibilities and creations of peace, the judgment of the country and of the centuries. To-day as yesterday, The Movement" remains faithful to the creed of a tradition glorious in its dignity and its devoted action". These words have been the- daily guide of the Misca- rea", in the fight carried on by it. The Miscarea" has remained unshaken at its post of res- ponsibily, as incumbent on it,in these inauspicious times. The Director is: Const. Hentzescu, and the First Editor: Alexander lordan. Sub-Editors: Ovidiu Constantinescu. lancu Georgescu, Grigore Rosu and Mircea Timing.

368 www.dacoromanica.ro Tara"W FedItofl Noastra Ot.vI. o Ooze 4 mimmiEirest.r_r -7MINZINIME181111111MIM! STD* GT1 T1 Mt ;41 1? Organ al partidului National-Cre_stin 8 . anus^ -sccuicasterma, Tara Noastra" appeared in 1922, at Cluj, as a political weekly review under the direction of Mr. Octavian Goga, with Mr. Alexandru Hodos, the present Director of the review, as Editor. The title of the paper was not new. As secretary general of the Society Astra'. Mr. Octavian Goga had used it symbolically in 1907, while Transylvania was under the Magyar dominion, to give a determined meaning to a modest publication for the popularization of national culture, which was edited by the Transylvanian Association for the Literature and Culture of the Roumanian People.' at Sibiu. During ten years, the review Tara Noastra fought with rare vigour against the regionalistic tendencies of the Tran- sylvanian National Party, under the leadership of Mr. Juliu Maniu, contributing surpassingly towards the spiritual and cultural completion of the political union of 1918. About it were grouped the most eminent writers and publishers of the Province, amongst others, the Academician, VasileGoldis, former Minister; the Academician and University Professor, G. Bogdan-Duica; the Academician and University Profes- sor Silviu Dragomir; the Prose Writer Ion Gorun; the Uni- versity Professor Octavian Prie; the Novel Writers Eugen Goga and I. Agarbiceanu; the Writer and Professor Al. Cuza; Dr. Petre Nemoianu; Professor Gh. Tulbure; the Archipriest Elie Daianu; the Journalist V. P. Râmniceanu; the Econo- mist Dr. Ion Jacob; the Financier Vasile Osvada; the Poet Ecaterina Pitis; the present Bishop of Cluj, the Right Reve- rend Nicolae Colan; ;the Poet Teodor Muresanu; to whom

24 369 www.dacoromanica.ro most be added a number of writers and publishist who gathered around them, from among those of the first rank in the old Kingdom of Roumania. In April 1932,Tara Noastra' began to appear as a daily at Bucharest, supporting the policy of a nationalistic tendency of the National Agrarian Party, formed by Mr. Octavian Goga. After the fusion of this Party with the National Chris- tian League of Defence, under the presidency of Mr. A. C. Cuza, which took place on July 14, 1935 Tara NoastrV was declared the central official paper of the National Chris- tian Party formed by this fusion, a party thoroughly nationalistic and antisemitic in its tendency. In its new form, the title of the paper appears framed by the symbolic sign of the swastika, which by its historic age, confirms the ancient Arian origin of the Roumanian People in these parts. The paper appears at 3 p. m. as a political daily, under the management of Messrs: Alexandru Hodos. Director, D. I. Cucu, Editor in Chief, C. Fundo, Secretary of the Editorial Office, C. Stan, Editor for Foreign Politics, S. M. Ivanov, Managing Editor, I. P. Prundeni, Editor for Internal Politics, Bucur Cincu, Cultural Editor.

Anal 11E110. I. 2 .Pest&2 LIMExempla rui 11== 1ill* Nawil,12 Us.OW* wominsainarIndreplarea {Ai MIT% P.1.09LOIRIP0171.1. I Norma 0,1:11:1!, ow>:. WI ,12.4 T. ae=aoS. 61.2111.11.17;"; $$$$$$ =1;41 The Indreptarea" came into being in 1918 as official organ of the People's League formed at that time at Iasi by General Averescu. Consequently as soon as the League was transformed into

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www.dacoromanica.ro the People's Party, the Indreptarea" became the official paper of the new Party presided over by the General, and was removed, together with its printing works, to Bucharest. It is through the Indreptarea", that Marshal Averescu, Pro- fessor P. Negulescu, Professor Trancu Iai, Const. Meissner, Professor Al. Oteteleseanu, Professor Anibal Teodorescu, the Brothers Cezar and P. G. Papacostea, Dr. Gr. Odobescu, erban Oteteleseanu Duiliu Zamfirescu, General Coanda, Ze- letin, and the other leaders of Roumanian political life grouped around the Hero of Marasti, have spoken to the country. Their contributions to the columns of the Indreptarea", for the clarifying of the great political problems on which the establishing of an effective constitutional regime depends, have been of exceeding importance, and have marked one of the most interesting periods of the political and constitutional fights of the country. It is through the Indreptares that Marshal Averescu and his friends issued the motto-Pro- gramme: We want a real, not a fictivg constitutional life; we demand the sincere application of the fundamental pact and by this, it is our intention to free the country from all political party tyranny". The campaigns of the Indreptarea" have from this point of view, been among the most energetic and have found the largest echo among the masses of the population: they may be considered as the genesis of file great action for the enlightening of the masses called upon in that year 1918, to take part in public life by tfie introduction of universal suffrage. The Indreptarea" has uninterruptedly maintained its rale of a high and dignified tribunal for the impartial examination of political problems, with in the framework of the general interests of the new country, which it has always understood how to discuss with a particularly large view of the present and a comprehensive outlook over future prospects. To this must be added judicious and well supported econo-

371 www.dacoromanica.ro mic, financial and social columns, in which the great problems of the new Roumanian production the crisis,its consequencies and its cure are examined impartially and with a passion for improvment. In expressing the doctrine of its Party and of its Party's Leader, the Indreptarea- has been a permanent factor of equilibrium and harmony, by its examination and solving of all problems of the life of the State, and by its repudiation of all extremes, since it believes that only by a middle way, foreign to all exaggera- tion and forcing of realities and of political economic solutions and phenomena, can the country be assured development and prosperity, leading to the post of command due to Roumania in this part of the Continent. By adopting an attitude of extreme urbanity it is written in a style so moderate and serious as to have often won the acknowledgement of its adversaries by condemning personal polemics and by combatting exclusively in the domain of ideas, Marshal Averescu's Indreptarea" has succeeded in maintaining a form and a contents, worthy of its great founder. The Indreptarea.` was managed up to1928,by A. A. Bardescu, a writer of incontestable value, and since then and up to the present, it has been under the direction of Mr. Alex. Kiriacescu, who was for long a senator, and is a precious contributor towards political writings: he is the founder of the Journalists Syndicate. From1928to1930, Mr.Kiria- cescu had as co-director, Mr. M. Vla'descu, who, like A. A. Bardescu, too early left this world. The office of editor and the conomic financial reporting have been in the hands of Mr. B. Diamand-Mentor since1928.Messrs. Boranescu and Lahovary and Mrs. Felicia Vasiliu are the political, and literary reporters.

372 www.dacoromanica.ro no, - E3 PAGINI 2 LEI kV% xiPhMANTIL NOSTRU 1,[ear,(11 ()retract! Urrianri Avow. sub presedintio &fur C Argetoianu un

The paper Parnantul Nostru", is the official organ of the Agrarian Party", of which Mr. C. Argetoianu, who has repeatedly been Minister of Finance ,of the Interior. of Jus- tice, of Agriculture and of Foreign Affairs, is the leader. The paper was created on Oct. 21, 1932. The Director of the paper is Mr. Barbu Solacolu, who has long been a publicist and who is a Doctor of Law and of Economic Science of the University of Berlin, and one of the militant members of the Agrarian Union. All the collaborators in the paper are leading members of the Party under the Leadership of Mr. C. Argetoianu, and more especially Mssrs. N. Ottescu, Al. Radian, Vladimir Cristi, C. Tataru, former Ministers, Professor Em. Antonescu, C. Stoeanovici, Traian Alexandrescu, former Head of the Bar of Ilfov, General M. Racovita, Dr. Aurel Millea, deputy, Dr. Ion Popa, deputy, C. Radovici, former prefect, Dan Hiottu, former prefect, N. G. Vrabiescu, former deputy etc. The permanent editorial staff of the paper are Mssrs. Gh. Banescu, Dr. of Law of the Paris Faculty, former first secretary of Legation, L. Rosianu, S. Rivianu, Paul Dantel. The General Manager of the paper is Mr. Gh. Ungureanu, Vice-President of the Administrative Association of the Rou- manian Press. The paper Pamântul Nostru" popularizes the programme of the Agrarian Party" and the guiding lines of the Party of which it is the only official paper.

373 www.dacoromanica.ro No. 20D CM111,11:1-71MaIMIMIMMIIIILSIN

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The paper Epoca", in the year 1923, completed 50 years from its foundation. It is the official paper of the Conserva- tive Party, and is under the direction of Grigore Filipescu, son of the Great Nicolae Filipescu, by whom it was founded. Because of the eminent personality of its founder, and the important position held by its present director, the Epoca, never a paper of large circulation, has always been carefully read and commented on by all political circles. When Nico- lae Filipescu founded the paper, he took as motto the following words: To you ,dear Country, I dedicate my power of work and my power of love". (Tie, scumpa tara, puterea mea de munci puterea mea de iubire). The Epoca was managed up to 1916 by its founder, by whom neither work nor fortune were spared to keep it going. After the death of Nicolae Filipescu ,the Epoca ceased appearing, until revived by his son, its present director, Grigore Filipescu ,after the War. Many difficulties however obliged the Epoca tp appear only intermittently, and as it could. The campaigns carried on by the Epoca in the years 1926 to 1930 are memorable for their violence. They :ed to numerous conflicts with the Authorities, but greatly contributed towards the maintaining of an atmosphere. When Filipescu founded the Vlad Tepe* League", (League of Vlad the Im- paler), the regular apparition of the paper was resumed, and on March 19, 1932, when the Conservative Party was once more formed, it became the official paper of that Party, and has appeared regularly ever since. The former Minister C. Xeni, gave an excellent definition of the paper: the Epoca has run like a red thread through our entire political life ne-

274 www.dacoromanica.ro ver losing its own particularcharacteristic...the Epoca... has always remained itself, lively and passionate, always battling against hypocrisy and dishonesty, always moved by national ideals and by watch words of political honour; now beaten by the winds ,now triumphant, and then again withdrawn for some years, but always born again from its own ashes, like the bird of mythology-

!C7.1 M,.Ii 04. a Tv. mions. NEAMUL *OMANESC WARM rmaiDumntIATIONAUMDIDIOCRAT ACrIAet.1.13rAIllAr, 13v.isloil 14 real 1444. C MOM' ICCICC,111,1,11.1 o Stmdo CREZO:AN'J No.2J5.(oul) 12 L,s1 o Pe. or. " I W.GsonaaCco ==earo. e Meg `t N. !CONGA El:AZ.1E71 ma. lee... yes n_s_,F wp lan me.cd.=.momoloagoa.....ma, -seeDrolll.....".

The paper Neamul RomAnesc" (The Roumanian Race) the official paper of the National Democrat Party was founded by the great Scholar, and Leader of Roumanian life, Professor Nicolae Jorga, in the year 1906. The Neamul Ro- mânese may be considered as the paper that expresses the personal views and thoughts of Professor Jorga.Although with little of the apperance of the usual daily paper it has great meaning, because of the articles of Jorga which it pu- blishes. Hardly one of its issues, in the 30 years since its foundation, has appeared without one of these articles, which are reproduced and commented on by the greater part of the Roumanian quotidians. Not being a paper of large circulation, the Neamul Românese is content with this role played by it. During the 30 years of its life, there have been times when it was obliged to appear as a weekly only, and even to cease appearing temporarily, but it has never changed its policy and has remained a great leader, with undeniable influence over all branches of Roumanian life.

375 www.dacoromanica.ro AmylMCI NO. 3 PagIal 8u

I72el see.k *MOM Irks falrullottful or.I,L., liQOACTIASiAL/WM.1,1ln Abourneate exemple,.I II ItleIn 111.9 I WICgl P1 310 1111: II 219 I la:bs, EIIISlI Ii - rit. um. SI. . ,

The origin of the working men's Press in Roumania is to be sought in Paris where in the year 1883 the first Rouma- nian socialist paper Dacia Viitoare" edited by students appeared. In Roumania appeared in 1892 Munca" a weekly paper and in 1894 Lumea Noua" a daily paper. This paper however ceased to appear after a time. In 1902 appeared Ro- mania Muncitoare a weekly paper written chiefly by workmen. In 1914 appeared Lupta" a daily paper which in 1918 had its heading changed into Socialismur. Afterwords appeared Lumea Noua" a weekly paper. In 1928 appeared Socialismur, a weekly which in 1933 had to change its heading and has continued to appear with the actual heading Lumea Noua". This paper represents the interest of the working class and propagates socialism on political principles aiming at a regeneration of economic and social conditions. As stated above both the appearence and the heading of the paper being the organ of the social-democratic party in Roumania have had to undergo innumerable changes in the course of time. This is chiefly owing to the troubles and difficulties of the workers movement in consequence of the continuous and innumerable political and governmental persecutions.

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www.dacoromanica.ro ELUIREA WE(' iRDEKEIlr VE Do .SZOCIALDEMOKRATA ,HETO. A

The official paper of the Social Democrat Party in Rou- mania, the Forward" which appears in the Hungarian language, looks back on a precious past, and on a present dis- turbed by many combats. Its first number appeared in July, 1903 at Cluj, with the titleTransylvanian Worker",(Erdelyi Munkas),asa weekly paper. At that time the Hungarian Feudalism was in its best time of power, when there appeared on the horizont its political adversary; the Social Democrat Workers Class, whose interests were voiced by the Transylvanian Worker". Besi- des the teaching of Social Democrat ideas, the purpose of that paper was to attack energetically the strong castle of Feudalism, the district and town administrations, which, on basis of inherited rights or by mutual assistance, were those institutions, by which the Hungarian Gentry, either wishing to play a part, or because they were materially ruined, had succeeded in obtaining their positions. The warlike spirit of the Transylvanian Worker" alar- med the, up to that moment, inviolable domain of the Gen- try and the persecution of the paper began. But at the same time the paper was backed by the enthusiastic camp of the workers who had gained their consciousness, and who helped the paper to overcome the difficulties, created, and the penalties imposed which consisted of fines and even imprisonment of the journalists. The Transylvanian Worker"

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www.dacoromanica.ro combatted the reactionary spirit in Hungarian public life, but at last it could not stand the fight and ceased appearing on February 1,1908. In 1918 it appeared again at a time, when public life needed such a factor to make the public conscious of the new social spirit, developping out of the World War, and to act as a compase in those troubled times. The workers and the working middle classes, were of the same ideas and very soon it became the most read paper in Transylvania and in the Banate. After the change of empire it was the first paper which said that the Hungarians living in that territory must take note of the historical facts, that they must adjust themselves to the new State, that they must gain its confidence and that they must protect it, in order to be able, as a minority, to develop and to maintain their economic and cultural situation, and their needs of life. The enormous growtli of the workers movement made it possible that the paper should appear daily, in 1920. At that time it also changed its name and appeared under the title Combat- (Kiizdelem). When the social Democrat institutions forthe workers were installed in the capital, and in order to centralize the direction of its ideas and its influence, the paper moved into the capital of our country, where it appears with the title Elöre (Forward).

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www.dacoromanica.ro KELETIUMG; A**;'rt.7 -,4*6742" t4ez 1 L IMO mamma. ORSZIGON MAGYMIPAW.11 LAP. ammo..Oa my.. CY. Nay... %ft y Yea ftlaj 7 WY L. No..L NY.14.. ell WAYSt Own a, 13.. ft ay...47.ft 0. XIX. EVFOLYAM. - 1111.BEASI ftft.ftera us.mt. a MY.wal WY. aft. aft toaweotfeeAt Malats 7.1.11...... 1.11. 1113.Maearel.tiVed-lf ,A1 -f Miliall011.11111111111 The paper Keleti Ujsag- is the official paper of the Ma- gyar Party of Roumania. Immediat after the union of Tran- sylvania with the Old Kingdom, the need was felt in Tran- sylvania of a new Magyar paper, to take into account the changed situation and to be a special paper written in the Magyar language for Transylvania. It is thus that 19 years ago -the paper Keleti Ujság". came into being.It was at first an independent paper founded by a group of important Magyar journalists, some of them former Transylvanian writers, and others democratic journalists from Hungary. A group of capitaligts financed the pape.x, the editorial staff of which was formed of the best representatives of Magyar thought and literature. The Keleti Ujsie rapidly became a democratic and progressist paper, but remained independent. Its influence and its circulation were considerable. Its criticism which often attacked the Magyar policy itself, proved its independence. The large circulation of the paper assured it relative independence from the material point, of view also. The Magyar Party which up to that moment had no great official paper, felt the need of having an important organ of its own, which it could control directly. It consequently purchased the Keleti Ujság" from the group who owned it and converted it into the official paper of the Party. From a literary and informative paper, it thus developed into a paper the chief business of which is political. The responsible editor is Mr. Endre Szász, whose editorial staff is composed of some eminent Hungarian journalists.

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www.dacoromanica.ro oodictroirch-,beitti.0542,

L11771912 010Ta.J. fra art Oa =MAT ONTO ialarrneituA.Ivez;zitung bac, Zeutrel)tran f thvirti 110a, .....tana.le: S.a.ervi-Artlirre.014al6n.lirramr: 1.111. I. It 0.11atST,1,e14.ehmt....eau. fa nit).Cana. ceu.1114.0Osaa WM) Wan 7474.6 pia114, t..1111.1+ Mo.... 7.2s imTaaa Mk Pam ta sae J Ca,an owlltr0a. .1: at tau"! IL 24

Among the German papers of Roumania, the Siebenbiir- gisch-Deutsches Tageblatt- certainly hold the front rank, both by its publicistic importance and its circulation all over the parts of Roumania inhabited by Germans, and in the political, cultural and economic circles of the governing Rouma- nian people the S. D. T. was founded in 1874, when the Transylvanian Saxons, then under Hungarian dominion, were undergoing the fierce struggle against the denationalizing tendencies of the Hungarian State. To protect the rights of its People, to assure to the German Culture and to the Evange- lical Belief of the Saxons, a free personal life, that was the mission assumed by the paper. It was a task that could only be fulfilled by uninterrupted battling. The paper of the Hun- garian Government, the Pester Lloyd" wrote on the appearance of the S. D. T.: We send our greatings to this paper we shall fight against its endeavours with all our power'. The result of the time of struggle of the Transylvanian Sa- xons against the denationalizing policy, was a frank settlement between the Saxon People and the idea of the Hunga- rian State. The basis of the new Saxon policy, led by the S. D. T., was the principle that while defending the national rights of the Saxons, frankly and faithful, collaboration was to be given to the State in the domains of politics, culture and economy. It is on this principle that the attitude of the paper is ba-

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www.dacoromanica.ro sed, also since the Saxons have passed to the citizenship of the Roumanian State. It wishes to unite fealty to the Rou- manian State with the defence of the national and cultural rights of the Germans of Roumania, because it sees in this union of faith to the State and national affirmation, the way in which it can best contribute towards the prosperity of the great State community. Besides this, the paper has now within the framework of the Roumanian State, the new task of bringing the other German Groups, of the Banate, Bu- kowina and Bessarabia, into a unitary community with Ger- mans of Transylvania based from the point of view of politics and tradition. To this task, it will devote itself all the force of its publicistic and organizational power. The same careful building up of the cultural and economic fields as in the political shall be attended to. The Transylvanian German Paper, is managed by Direc- tor, Hermann Plattner, who is also in charge of the columns devoted to the Roumanian Internal Policy. To the editorial staff are belonging: Mr. Alfred Hönig, Hans Plattner, losef Bruckner, Viktor Schuller, Hans Kaiss, Dr. Richard Weisskir- cher and Ernst Jekelius.

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The paper Uj Kelet" (The New East) was founded in Dec. 1918, by Dr. Ernst Marton, with a Zionist and Jewish Minority programme. The paper appeared until Aug. 1920 as a weekly, when it was changed to a daily paper. The Edi- torial staff consisted of the best representatives of the Jewish

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www.dacoromanica.ro Hungarian literary journalism, and the following were collaborators: Peter Ujváry and Il les Kaczer, the well known novel writer Nikolaus Farago, Dr. Simon Darvas, Bela Szekely, Ladislaus Sas etc. The paper soon became popular among the Transylvanian Jews and has been the great propagator of the Jewish Mino- rity's policy. In Nov. 1922, at the time of the Students Riots, the Prin- ting Works and the Editorial Offices of the paper were completely destroyed by the rioting students. The Uj Kelet" was obliged to cease appearing for three months, and was printed again only in Feb. 1923. Since then it has appeared uninterruptedly as a daily, with an unaltered programme. The most important members of the staff, besides the Editor in Chief, Dr. Ernest M,arton, are: Franz JAmbor, Emmerich Szabo, Rudolf Kastenr, Ladislaus Salamon, Stefan Barzilag and Ernst Hátszegi. The Uj Kelet" was, as leading organ, the initiator and propagator of the political battles of the Transylvanian and Roumanian Jews, and because of its excellent information service, its consistency and honesty, it is read and appreciated by other than Jewish readers also. The paper is published by the Fraternitas" company.

382 www.dacoromanica.ro ROUMAN IAN POLITICAL BIOGRAPHIES

www.dacoromanica.ro ROUMANIAN DYNASTY The Roumanian dynasty proceeds from the House of Ho- henzollern Sigmaringen. The founder of the house was Fre- deric, Count of Zollern, Burggraf of Nurnberg, 1205-1251; The title of Count of Sigmaringen and Veringen was conferred on the Family in 1534; The lines of Hechingen, Hal- gerloch and Sigmaringen were founded in 1576, that of He- aingen became extinct on September 3, 1869 and that of Halgerloch in 1601; On March 28, 1623, the title of Prince of the Holy Empire (primogenitureship) ; was bestowed on the family they were received in the Electorate of Princes of the Holy Empire on June 30, 1653. The title of Prince was extended to all descendants on July 9, 1692; the Principalty of Hohenzollern Hechingen and Hohenzollern Sigmaringen were ceded to Prussia on December 7, 1849; the rank of Prussian Colonel and the title of Hoheit- being conferred on them (primogenitureship), Charlottenburg, March20, 1850; after the extinction of the line of Hechingen, the Prince ofHohenzollernSigmaringen took the simplified title of Prince of Hohenzollern, September 3, 1869. KING CAROL I The first King of Roumania, was the second son of Prince Karl-Anton. He was born at Sigmaringen on April 20, 1839. Up to the age of 11 years, Prince Carol was educated at home. In 1850, when he was just 11, he was sent to Dres- den where he passed through the lyceum and was given his

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www.dacoromanica.ro military education. In 1856 he travelled in Switzerland and then in northern Italy. Two months after this journey he resumed his military studies, at Dusseldorf. Having been given by the King of Prussia the rank of Lieutenant in the regiment of Artillery of the Guard, he served at Berlin, where in 1859 he assisted at the marriage of his sister to the King of Portugal. In 1869 he left for a longer journey, lasting 6 months, in France, Algeria and Spain to study the military organizations in those countries. One year later he was again invited to Paris, having in the meantime followed theoretical studies" at the University of Bonn. The year 1864 saw the end of the Princes theoretical- sal- dies, he was then called to participate in the war for Schles- wig. Prince Carol of Hohenzollern was decorated by the King of Prussia, by whom he was promoted to the rank of Cap- tain, and by the Emperor of Austria. In 1866 he was on furlough, and living with his family. On February 11, the Roumanian native Prince Alexan- dru Ion Cuza was dethroned and the Royal Lieutenancy together with the leaders of the Country were in search of a foreign Prince a founded a dynasty. The King of Belgium had declined the throne for the count of Flanders. The Ca- binet Council composed of Ion Ghica, Premier, and Minister for Foreign Affairs, Ion Cantacuzino, Minister of Justice, D. Sturdza, Minister of Public Works, Dim. Ghica Minister of the Interior, major Lecca, Minister of war, P. Mavrogheni, Minister of Finance and C. A. Rosetti, Minister of Public Education and of Cults, proposed to the Lieutenancey, composed of N. Golescu, Lascar Catargiu and N. Haralamb, to allow a plebiscite to ascertain whether the people desired to see on the throne as hereditary prince of the United Prin- cipalities, under the name of Carol I, Prince Carol Ludwig of Hohenzollern". The plebiscit was held on April 8/20

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www.dacoromanica.ro 1866. By 685,969 votes against 224, the Crown of the Country was offered to Prince Carol ;the chosen Represen- tatives of the Country confirmed this plebiscit. On April 16/28, 1866 the delegation by whon the Crown was to be offered to the Prince, were appointed in the persons of Ion Bratianu, Manolache Costache, G. B.tirbey, Costaforu, B. Boerescu and Ion Balaceanu. Prince Carol left Prussia secretly, and in Switzerland, obtained a passport, by the help of which he reached Vienna through Salzburg. At Vienna he embarked on the Danube-, On Sunday, May 8/20, 1866, the steamer reached Turnu Severin, and Prince Carol, Ion Bratianu, Baron Verner and Baron Mainfisch landed. At Pitesti the Prince was met by General M. Golescu and Ion Ghica. On May 10/22, 1866, Prince Carol entered Bucharest and drove to the Metropo- litan Church. There he took the oath as proposed by Colo- nel M. Haralamb, former Royal Lieutenant. On May 12/24 the army took the oath of allegiance to the new Prince and the Constitution of the Country having been voted, on June 29, Carol I on the following day took the oath on the Law of Laws". The Great powers confirmed his election on Oc- tober 12/24, 1868. On November 3, 1869, Prince Carol married Princess Eli- sabeth of Wied. During the war of 1877, Prince Carol was in command at Plevna of the Roumanian army, united to that of the emperor of all the Russians, Alexander II. Plevna fell on November 28, 1877; this fall of Plevna and the sur- render of Osman Pasha being the most important moments of the war. Carol I realized the independence of Roumania, officially proclaimed on May 10, 1877. The proclamation of the Rou- manian Kingdom on March 14, 1881, by the Chamber of Deputies and by the Senate, the first presided by C. A. Ro- setti and the second by Dim. Ghica, put an end to internal

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www.dacoromanica.ro agitation. At the Chamber of Deputies, Lahovary spoke after Rosetti, and then Ion Bratianu, in whom Carol I had great confidence. After a Bratianu Government and 3 conservative Governments, the Country was administered for 11 years, up to 1888, by the Bratianu Government. On May 10, 1888, Carol and Elisabeth were crowned. The Crown of King Carol I was cast from the steel of a gun taken of Plevna. The victory in the Balkan war of 1913 crowned the reign of Carol I, the founder of the dynasty and of the Kingdom of Roumania. The only child of King Carol was a daughter, Maria, who died in 1873. According to the Law, Prince Leopold, the Brother of King Carol should have succeeded him on the throne of Roumania. Prince Leopold renounced the throne and the house of Hohenzollern issued a declaration on No- vember 21, 1880, signed by Karl Anton, the Father, and the Prnces Leopold and Frederic, Brothers of King Carol, by which these irrevocably renounced the throne. Prince Wil- helm ,the eldest son of Prince Lopold should then have been declared heir to the throne of Roumania, but he also renounced this right of succession, at Baden on December 20, 1886, and by the Roumanian Royal Decree of March 19, 1989, Prince Ferdinand was declared Crown Prince, who in turn mounted the throne under the name of Ferdinand I.

QUEEN ELIZABETH. Queen Elizabeth was born in 1843, as Princess of Wied. She was married on Nov. 3, 1869, to King Carol I, at that time Prince of the Roumanian Principalities. Queen Elizabeth was very cultivated, she painted and played extremely well and knew some 6 languages. She published in the German Ianguage,various verses and stories,

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www.dacoromanica.ro of a peculiarly delicate charm, under the pseudonym of Car- men Sy Iva. During the War of independence (1877-78), she nursed the wounded brought to the hospitals from the front, and comforted those who were bereaved ,for which reason she was given by the people, the name of Mother of the Woun- ded". She founded and assisted many charitable institutions, such as the Elena Doamna", the Asylum for the Blind called Vatra Luminoas'a'" (the Home of Light), and others, attending to the activity of such foundations with the greatest interest. By the exemple of her life of continual labour, she exercised a most favourable influence over the women of the high classes in Roumania. Queen Elizabeth died in 1915, and was buried at Curtea de Arge, next to King Carol I. KING FERDINAND I. King Ferdinand the first was born on Aug. 24, 1865, in the Castle of Sigmaringen, the Seat of his Family. He was the second son of Prince Leopold Stefan Carl Anton of Hohen- zellern and of Prince Antonia Maria Fernanda of Portugal. He was at first taught at home, by Professor Gröbe ls. The education received from his Mother had a particularly strong influence on the Prince. His lyceum studies were made at Dusseldorf ; he was a pupil of the Military School of Cassel. and officer of the Prussian Guard in 1885. Prince Ferdinand also followed the courses at the Universities of Tubingen and Leipzig, his professors being Wundt, Kupler, Friedberg etc. Prince Ferdinand had been to Roumania twice (1881 and 1886) together with his Father Prince Leopold, on a visit to his Uncle, King Carol. In March 1889, Prince Ferdi- nand was elected as Crown Prince to the throne of Rouma- nia. He accepted the election and promised that all his actions should be inspired by the deepest love of the Country

389 www.dacoromanica.ro which he would endeavour to serve with all his power, taking as his example the great Princes of the past, and the fine legacy left by them". After his proclamation as heir to the throne of Roumania, Prince Ferdinand came to the country in April 1889, where he took up his residence. On Jan. 16, 1893, he married Princess Marie Alexandrina Victoria. King Ferdinand I mounted the throne of Roumania on Oct. 11, 1914, at a very difficult and uncertain time. In 1916, King Ferdinand broke off his relations with his race, and with his German family, to identify himself completely with the National Ideal, and on Aug. 27, he declared war on the Central Powers. On the eve of the most fearful attacks on the front, before the victorious offensive of M5,r4ti ( July 1917) and the final crushing of the enemy at Mar4wi (Aug. 1917) King Fer- dinand, pursuing an old desire of his, promised the peasant- soldiers land and the vote, and the Jassy Parliament confirmed by law, the desire of the Sovereign. King Ferdinand, the creator of Great Roumania, wished to know personally, the newly freed provinces. Together with Queen Marie, he travelled all over Transylvania (May 1919) Bukowina and Bessarabia (May 1920) and later the Banate (1923). During the reign of King Ferdinand, epoch making reforms were realized, among which where: Universal Suffrage and the Distribution of Land to the Peasants. On Oct. 1922, King Ferdinand and Queen Marie were crowned in the new cathedral of Alba Julia. King Ferdinand was appreciated by his great Allies of Western Europe to whom he paid a visit with Queen Marie in AprilMay 1924. In France, Belgium, England and Swit- zerland, he was received with the greatest honours, as he had been in Poland, in June 1923. King Ferdinand died in July 1927, and was buried in the Monastery of Curtea de Argeq, besideshis Uncle King Carol I. 390 www.dacoromanica.ro QUEEN MARIE. Princes Marie-Alexandrina-Victoria, was born on Oct. 3rd 1875, Her Father was Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh (son of Queen Victoria of England) and her Mother, the Grand Du- chess Maria, daughter to Tzar Alexander II of Russia. On Jan. 16, 1893, Princess Marie was married to Prince Ferdinand, Heir to the throne of Roumania, bringing to the country, besides her relationship of such extreme value from the political point of view her spiritual, moral and intellectual gifts of the very highest order, and her radiant beauty. Gifted with remarkable energy and daring, pitiful and ready to offer her services immediately, even at the risk of her own health, she showed these qualities of hers during the War of 1913, in visiting the cholera encampments, and In 1916-17, in Moldavia, when she was continually in the hospitals full of saldiers contaminated by exanthematic typhus. Queen Marie shared all the sorrows of her People during the War, her presence increased, and gave to all,the con- . viction of final victory. In the country and abroad, her activity for the realization of Great Roumania was extraordinary. Queen Marie has a vast culture, a wonderful gift of relating and of convincing. Passionately fond of travelling, she has visited all the great countries of Europe and also North America. She has published many articles in the great Euro- pean reviews, to make Roumania known beyond her frontiers, or as she says: I write to attract the attention of the world to my country which I love with all my heart, and to which I shall always consecrate my thoughts; for the happiness or unhappiness of this country forms the happiness or unhappiness of my own life'. A writher of talent, with a powerful imagination and a beautiful literary style, she has written many works in English and in Roumanian.

391 www.dacoromanica.ro KING CAROL II Prince Carol, son of King Ferdinand (then Crown Prince) and of Princess, later Queen Marie, was born on October 3, old style, 1893. His birth was announced in the Of ficiol Moniteur on October 4th (16th) 1893, by a Manifesto of King Carol I; To-day, by the Grace of God, the Crown Princess, my beloved niece, has given birth to a son who will bear the name of Carol". By this happy event, my dynasty has further been streng- thened and the wish of the Country so often expressed during the last half century has been crowned. A prince born on the territory of Roumania, brought up amongst the Na- tion over whom he will be one day be called to reign, will be the most powerful bond between my dynasty and this dear Country, to which for 27 years I have devoted all my efforts and thoughts. I do not doubt that the joy of my family will be celebrated by the entire Nation. I entrust the newly born Prince with pride to the attachment and devotion of my beloved People". The God Parents of King Carol II were King Carol I and Queen Elisabeth, the Duke and Duchess of Saxe Coburg, the Princess Mother of Hohenzollern, the Great Duchess Xe- nia of Russia, the Prince Leopold and the Princess of Ho- henzollern. He studied under the Direction of Roumanian Professors and later was taught the English, German and French languages. He learned History with Professor Nicolae Jorga and his military education was given to him at Iai. On October 3, 1909, Prince Carol, then 16 years old, was advanced to the rank of Sub-Lieutenant and drafted to the first Battallion of Chasseurs at Craiova. His first Journey abroad was made to Italy on April 16, 1913 in the Com- pany of General Perticari. In 1914 Prince Carol paid a visit

392 www.dacoromanica.ro to Germany and Russia. After the death of King Carol I, on September 27, 1914, on proclamation of Prince Ferdi- nand as King o( Roumania under the name of Ferdinand I, Prince Carol became Heir to the Throne and Senator by right. His first speech was made on November 25, 1914. As Crown Prince he attended to the organization of the Boy Scout Movement. On December 15, 1914 he was made captain, and appointed to the command of Company I of the Second Chasseurs Regiment. During the war Prince Ca- rol served as soldier of the Roumanian army. After the war, in 1920, he undertook a 7 months' journey, visiting Egypt, India, China and Japan. On March 10, 1921, he married Princess Helen of Greece, from which marriage was born Prince Mihai, on October 25, 1921. The marriage was annulled on June 21, 1928. On June 6,1930, Prince Carol, who had lived abroad since January 4, 1926, returned to the Country, and on June 8, 1930, he was proclaimed King of Roumania. He is the Head of the Regiment of the Royal, Guards Mi- hai Viteazul", of the Artillery Guards Regiment, of the Bat- tallion of Mountain Chasseurs, of the first Division of Moun- tain Artillery, of the Air Flotilla of the Guards, of the Se- cond Regiment of Engineers, of the first Battallion of light Infantry, of the first and Second Battallion of Frontier Guards, of the 54th Infantry Regiment of Jugoslavia; honorary Doc- tor of the University of Czernowitz, Grand Master of the Order of Carol I,Bailli and Great Cross of honour of the Sovereign Order of Malta, Knight of the Order of the Black Eagle, of the Annunziata Order, of the St. Andrews Order, of the Legion d'Honneur, etc.

393 www.dacoromanica.ro MEMBERS OF THE ROUMANIAN DINASTY.

Issue of King Carol II. MIHAL Crown-Prince of Roumania, Great-Voevod of Alba lulia (title conferred on H. H. the 8th June 1930). Born at Castel Pelesh, Sinaia, Oct. 25, 1921. Issues of King Ferdinand I. ELISABETA,Charlotte-losefina-Victoria-Alexandra,Prin- cess of Roumania, former Queen of Greece. Born Castel Pe les, Oct. 11, 1894, married to King George of Greece at Bucharest Febr. 27, 1921, divorced 1934. Addr.: Bu- charest, Ca lea Victoriei, or Banloc, Timis district. MARIA, born Jan. 8, 1900, at Gotha, married to King Ale- xander of Yougoslavia June 8, 1922 at Sinaia. Queen Dowager of Yougoslavia. Addr.: Belgrade. NICOLAE, Prince of Roumania, General of Army-Corp, Rear-Admiral, Inspector General of the Army. Born Aug. 18, 1903 at Castel Pe les, Sinaia. Addr. : Bucha- rest, Palais Cotroceni. ILEANA, Archduchess of Hapsburg, born Jan.5,1909, married to Anton, Archduke of Hapsburg, July 26, 1931 at Sinaia. Addr. : Vienna.

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www.dacoromanica.ro KARL ANTON JOSEPHINE ALBERT VICTORIA ALEXANDER II MARIE ALEXANDROWNA Prince of Hohenzollern Princess of Baden Prince of Saxa-Coburg-Gotha Princess of Great Britain Emperor of Russia Princess of I lessen * 7.IX.1811t 2.V1.1885 "2I.X.1813 t 19.V1.1900 * 26.VI11.1819 t 14.X11.1861 and Irland 29.VIII.1818 t I3.X. 1 881 and of the Rhine marr. 21.X.1834 * 24.V. 1 819t 22.1.1901 s8.V111.1824 t3.V1.1880 marr.10.11.1840 marr. 28.IV.1841

ALFRED MARIA ALEXANDROWNA CAROL I ELISABETH LEOPOLD MARIE THERESE Duke of Saxa-Coburg-Gotha King of Roumania Princess of Wied Prince of Hohenzollern Princess of Bourbon-Siciles Great duchesse of Russia Duke of Edinbourg * 5.X.1853t * 20.V1.1839 t 1914 Queen of Roumania * 22.IX.1835 t 8.V1.1905 * 15.1.1867 t 1.111.1909 * 6.V1II. 1 844 t 30.VII.1900 * 29.X11.1834 t 1915 marr. 23.1.1874 marr. 15.XI. 1869 marr. 27.V1.1889

MARIOARA WILHELM FERDINAND I MARIA VICTORIA ALEXANDRA BEATRICE LEOPOLD SALVATOR BLANCHE DE CASTILLE * 1870t 1873 Prince of Hohenzollern King of Roumania Queen of Roumania * 25.XI.1876 * 1.IX.1878 * 20.1\7.1884 Prince of Habsburg-Toscana Princess de Bourbon * 7.111.1864 * 24.VIII.1865 t 20.V11.1927 * 29.X. 1 875 * 1863t 1931 * 1869

marr. 10.1.1893 marr. 24.X. I 889

CAROL II HELENE ELISABETA GEORGE II MARIA ALEXANDER I NICOLAE MIRCEA ILEANA ANTON King of Roumania Princess of GreeceEx-Queen of Greece King of Greece Queen of Yugoslavia. King of Yougoslavia * 1903 * 191271917 *1909 * 1900 *16.X. 1 893 * 1896 * 1894 * 1890 * 1900 * t 9.X.1934 ma rr. 26.VII.1931 marr. 111.1921 marr. 27.11.1921 marr. 8.V1.1922 div. V1.1928 div.1935 PETAR II TOMISLAV ANDREJ MIHA1 STEFAN MARIA ILEANA ALEXANDRA King of Yougoslavia * 1928 * 1929 * 1932 * 1933 Great-Voevod of Alba *6.IX. 1 923 * 1935 Julia * 25.X.1921

www.dacoromanica.ro A

AARONVictor,Greek-Catholic rector of Transylvania" Review archpriest * Aug. 5, 1887, Sibiu, 1928-30. He was elected 1919 Educ.: B. A., Theological Acade- correspondent member of Rou- my. Member: National Peasants manian Academy. First President Party. Senator of Alba 1928- of Journalists Syndicate of Tran- ! 931. Dec.: Officer Roumanian sylvania. Gifted writer with a ve- Star, Reward for Church Work ry richactivity(over 40 pu- class I. Addr.: Sibiu, str. Proto- blished volumes) which in 1927 pop Rusu- 7. received the national prize for AC1U Alexandru, Dr. of Law, la- prose. Member: NationalPea.. wyer, Public Notary. * Sept. 16, sants Party.Deputy1919-20, 1875.Maeriste,SfilajDistrict. 1922-1926. Dec. : Roumanian Educ.: B. A. Faculty of Law, Crown, Officer Ferdinand I. Or- ClujUniversity,Censureeof der. Addr.: Cluj, Str. Andrei Mu- lawyeratBudapest.Dr.of resanu 27. Law. In his youth he took partALBINI V. Iuliu, gold mine owner. in the political campaigns for the * July 27, 1861, Cut, Alba Dis- Roumanian rights, he published trict. Educ.:eightgymnasium articles in Roumanian gazettes. classes. President of Local Na- For ten years he published and tional Council and Mining Corn- sustained the paper Gazeta de missionerof Government 1918. Duminicii". As officer of reserves Member: National Peasants Par- ho took part in the World War. ty; Senator of Alba, 1928. Dec.: Former General Bank Director, Officer Roumanian Crown and he was the leader of various fi- Roumanian Star. Sanitary Merit. nancial and cultural institutes. Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice". Addr: Member: National Peasants Par- Zlatna, Alba District. ty. Chief of Sa laj District Orga-ALBU Apostol, lawyer. * Oct. 17, nization from 1924-34, Prefect 1876, Focsani. Educ.: Bucharest of Salaj District from 1928-31. University; Special financial scho- Deputy in 1919, 1926 and 1931- ol of Bucharest. Former magis- 1932. Senator in1922-25 and trate1900-1925.Presidentof 1926-27. Dec.: Officer Rouma- Tribunal at the Chamber of La- nian Star and Eagle, Signum bour. Member: Roumanian Front Laudis", King Carol Cross, etc. Chief Buzau District Organiza- Addr.: Cluj, Str. Juliu Maniu 2. tion. Prefect of Buzau in 1919-20 Tel. 42. and 1928. Deputy in 1932-33. AGARBICEANU loan, canon, wri- Dec.:Commander Roumanian ter and journalist, * Sept.19, Star, Knight Roumanian Eagle. 1882. Cenad, Educ.: B. A. Buda- Addr.: Buzau, Str.G-ral Ave- pest Faculty of Theology, Lite-/ irescu 29, Tel. 146. rature Faculty. 1907-1917 priest IALBU Vasile, lawyer. * Sept.1, and journalist. 1917-18 he was 1882, lzlaz, Bra'ila District. Educ: aspriestwiththeLegioners Lyceum, BucharestFacultyof Corps of Transylvania. Director Law. As student during the pea- of Paper Patria" 1919-27. Di- sants revolt he collaborated for 395

www.dacoromanica.ro the calming of their spirits. For- Grand Officer Roumanian Star. mer leader of the nationalistic Addr.:Buchareste III,str. Pia labour syndicates. Member: Na- Bratianu 9, Tel. 2-03-70. tional Democratic Party. PrefectALIMANE5TEANU Dumitru, Engi- of Braila in 1931-32. Addr.: Ne- neer of Mines. * 1898, Bucha- delcu-Ghercea, Braila District. rest. Old Political Family. ALESSANDRESCU G. Aurelian, la- Ecole Nationale des Mines of Pa- wyer. * Aug.1,1873, Pitegti. ris. Member: of National Liberal Educ.: Lyceum, Bucharest Facul- Party; Deputy from 1933. Gene- ty of Law. Former Juridical ins- ral Budget Reporter 1935-36 and tructor at Ilfov Tribunal and Pri- 1936-37. Dec.: Commander of Roumanian Crown. Addr.: Bucha- me AttorneyVlascaDistrict. rest, str. Salciilor 5. Tel. 2-08-71. Member: Peoples Party. Vicepre-AL1MANESTEANU Vasile, Enginer, sident of Ilfov District Organi- agriculturist proprietor.* Nov. zation. Senator in 1926-27. Dec.: 28, 1884. Alimanesti, Olt District Avantul Tarir Medal.,Com- Of old political family related to memoration Medal 1916-18 with family I. C. Bratianu. Educ.: A- bars, bur. Commercial and In- gronomic Institute of Gemblout, dustrial Merit Class I. Addr.: Bu- Belgium. Member.: of National Li. charest,str. Romulus, 38, Tel. beral Party. Deputy 1927. Sena- 3-12-26. tor 1931 and 1933. From 1918 to ALEXANDRINI Alexandru, Law- 1926 Prefect of Oh District. Dec: yer * May 2,1902, Botosani. Commander of Roumanian Star Dr. of Law. Member: National and other orders. Addr.: Bucha- Liberal Party. Former Chief of rest, str. Gen. Berthelot 45. Tel. Cabinet and Secretaryofthe 3-70-07. late Prime Minister I. G. Duca.ALV1RESCU G.Dr.physician. * Deputy of Severin since1933. Jan. 31, 1892. Sadova, Campu- Dec.: Officer Roumanian Crown lung District. Edus.: Doctorate of Order, Grand Officer of Jugo- Medicine, specialtyradiology. slavian Crown Order. Addr.: Bu- Member: National Peasants Par- charest, Boul. Carol 31 .Tel.: 4- ty. Chief Campulung District Or- 29-93. ganization.1928-30 and since ALIMANESTEANU Alexandru, eco- 1933 Deputy. He took part in nomistpropreitor.*Aug. 1, 1918 in the movement organi- 1874.Alimanesti,Olt District. zed by Juliu Maniu at Vienna, Descendent of an oldpolitical for the freeing of the Rouma- family related to I.C. Bratianu nians from the Austro-Hungarian Family. Educ.: Berlin University, Empire. Dec.: Ferdinand Order; Faculty of economic and finan- Roumanian Star and Roumanian cial science. Banker, administra- Crown. Addr.: Czernowitz, str. I. tor delegate and Member of Bo- Plondor 8. ard in various important compa-ANAGNOSTE Vasile,shoemaker. nies. Member: Natic;nal liberal * 1875, Galatz. Educ.: 4 primary Party. From 1919 up to present classes. Member: Socialist Party; in all legislative periods, Deputy Member of the Central Commi- in 1 929-31 Senator. Chief Olt Di- tee of the Party and Chief of Or- strict Organization.Dec.:Cor- ganization. Belongs to the Party don of the Holy See Jerusalem, since 1900. Expulsed in1907. 396

www.dacoromanica.ro Addr.: Bucharest, FunclAtura U-ANDREI Petre, University Profes- ranus 8. sor.* 1891, Brài la.Ed-Lie.: Dr. ANASTASESCU Iancu, lawyer and of Phylosophy Jassy University. fruit-grower. * Dec.24,1884, Member: National Peasants Party, Ggiseni, Dambovita Distr. Educ.: Chief Vaslui DistrictOrganiza- Lyceum, Faculty of Law, Doctor tion. Undersecretary of State at of law,Paris University; Presi- the Ministry of Agriculture and dent of Syndicate of Fruitgrowers Domains in 1930 and at the Mi- of Dambovita District; Magistrate nistry of public education in 1932 1911-1913. Took part in 1916- Vaslui-Deputy in 1926, 1932 and 1918 as officer of reserve. Mem- 1933. Dec.: Commander Rouma- ber: People'sParty;President nian Crown, Commander Rouma- Dambovita District Organization; nian Star, Offi...erAgricultural Prefect in 1921, 1926-27. Depu- Merit, Officer Roumanian Eagle, ty 1931-1932. Dec. : War Decora- War Cross with bars. Addr.: Jas. tions. Addr.: Targovi§te, Bul. Ca- sy, Str. Lascar Catargiu 24. Tel. rol 2, Tel. 25. 50. ANASTAS1U Nicolae, lawyer, * Jan.ANDRIASC1UC Grigore, teacher. * 27,1887.Urlati, Prahova Dis- Sept.16,1891. Berhometpe trict. Educ.: Bucharest Faculty of Prut.Educ.: NormalTeachers Law. Captain, War Invalid. Mem- School of Czernowitz. Member: ber: of National Liberal Party. National Peasants Party. Deputy Prefect of Prahova District 1935. in 1928-31 and 1932-33 Vice- Senator of District and Commu- president Czernowitz District Or- nal Council 1933. Dec.: Rouma- ganization. Dec.: Officer Rouma- nian Crown, Roumanian Star, nian Star, Roumanian Eagle, and Roumanian Eagle and various war Pele§. Addr.: Berhomet pe Prut, medals. Addr.: Ploe§ti,Str.C. Potaa Grigore Ghica Voda. (Czer- Rosetti 33, Tel.13-79. nowitz). ANCA George, Dr. of Law. * Au-ANDRONESCU P. Virgil,Secon- gust 5,1890, RugA§e§ti. Educ.: dary Professor, Agriculturist. * University Degree of Dr. of Law. Jan. 23, 1871, Mgngstireni, val. and Barrister. Member: National cea District. Educ.: Licentiate of LiberalParty(Gh.Brgtianu). Faculty of Literature and Philo- Head of Some§ district organiza- sophy, Bucharest. Former Secon- tion. Addr.: Dej, Ca lea Traian dary Professor at Bucharest and 23. Braila. At present Professor at ANDREESCU Josif, teacher. * Oct. Gymnasium Mircea cel Bkran" 26, 1885, Valeni, Muscel District. and at Lyceum Mircea Voclg" Educ.: Gimnasium and Normal of Constantza. Former Mayor of School.I 919 ;School Revisor, Constantza Municipality, and Mu- 1926: School Inspector. Member: nicipalCouncillor.Servedin National PeasantsParty.1930 campaigns of 1913 and 1916-18 Administrative Prefect.I 932-33 as Captain of Reserves, Member: Deputy. In 1912 he combatted National Liberal Party (Gh. Bra- the exploitahon of the peasants tianu), Head of Constantza dis- by pamphlets, for which activity trictorganization.Senatorin he was disciplinarily transferred. 1927, Deputy in 1931. Dec.: War Dec.: Roumanian Eagle. Addr.: Cross with bars Commander Rou- Ramnicul Vhlt.ea. manian Crown order, Officer of 397

www.dacoromanica.ro Legion of Honour,Officer St. nister, for several days, and car- Sava (Serbian), Commander ried on the interrupted activity. Holy Sepulchre Order. Addr.: He reorganized education on a Constantza,Str.Carol 1, No. new basis, he built over 6,000 143. Primary Shools, In 1925 he intro- ANDRU Sever, lawyer. * Jan9, duced the Bachelor of Arts De- 1889, Dumbraveni Bihor District. gree, he legislated the private, Edac.: Lyceum Beius, Budapest confessional and minorities edu- University,Aide de Camp of cation. From 1901 he was elec- Commander of National Guards ted in all legislative periods eit- Bihor District 1918, Secretary of her as Deputy or as Senator. Se- National Council Bihar 1919, De- nator by law. Dec.: Great Cordon legate of National Council to com- of following orders; Roumanian mand VI Corps 1919. President Crown; Roumanian Star; Polonia DistrictCouncil Bihor1928. Restituta; White Eagle (Serbian); Member of Municipal Council of St. Sava and St. Anna; Medgidie; Oradea 1928. In 1933 began pu- Leopold Order, Order of the Holy blishing at Bucharest a collection Sepulcre; Faithful Service; Offi- of Jurisprudence of Court of Can- cer of Legion of Honour; Officer sation of Transylvanian lawsuits ofFerdinandOrder;Military of 1919-193 Ientitled Jurispru- Medal; Sanitary Cross; Cultural dents rezurnata" Vol. I. appea- and Sanitary Merit, etc. Addr.: red in 1933. Volume II under Bucharest, Str. C. A. Rosetti 13. press. Member: National Chris- Tel. 3-66-79. tian Party, Prefect Bihor DistrictANGELESCU Constantin, lawyer. * 1921, Bihor Deputy 1921. Dec.: May 18, 1883. Bucharest. Educ.: Officer of Roumanian Star and Licentiate of Bucharest Faculty of Roumanian Crown. Addr.: Bu- Law. Former Assistant Mayor of charest, str. Gen. Eremia Grigo- Bucharest. Former Undersecre- rescu 12-14. Tel. 2-46-05. tary of State at the Ministry of ANGELESCU Constantin, Dr. Phy- Interior. Former Governor of the sician.Universityprofessor. * Roumanian National Bank. Mem- 1869, Craiova. Educ.: Special stu- ber:Roumanian Front.Pre- dies at Paris. Dr. of Medicine of sident of Bucharest Organization. Paris (1897). From 1906 defi- Senator in 1926. Deputy in 1927 nit professor and director of sur- and 1929. Former prefect of Ca- gical clinics of Bucharest. Fac. of liacra and Durostor District. For- of Medicine. Member: National mer Vicepresident Chamber of Liberal Party. Minister of Public Deputies. Dec.: Great Cordon of Works and Communicationsin Roumanian Crown, Grand Offi- I 913-16, Plenipotentiary Minister cer Roumanian Star, Grand Offi- of Roumania in the U.S.A. (1917- cer Faithful Service. Addr.: Bu- 18). Minister of Education and charest,Str.Cazfirmii18.Tel. of Cults (1922-26). Minister of 3-80-68. Education (1926-28). Minister ofANGELESCU Dumitru, Agricultu- Education from Nov. 12, 1933 in rist,viticulturist.* March5, the Duca Government, the activi- 1885, Bucharest. Ecluc. :Licen- ty of which was interrupted be- tiate of Law. Member: National causeof Duca'sassassination, Liberal Party. Director of propa- when he was appointed Prim-Mi- ganda and of the Club of the

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www.dacoromanica.ro National Liberal Party.Deputy Chamber ofDeputies.Prefect of Muscel, since 1933. Dec.: Rou- from 1904-1907. Dec.: Grand Of- manianStarand Roumanian ficer Roumanian Crown. Addr.: Crown Orders, War cross, French Tecuci, Carol. 23. War Cross, with citation beforeANGELESCUPaul,Generalof the Army. British Empire, Italian Army Corps, Minister of Natio- Crown, St. Ana War Decoration. nal Defence. * Oct.10,1872. Addr.: Str. Sperantei 43. Tel.: Educ.: Military Schools. Sublieu- 2-25-69. tenant in Roumanian Armyin ANGELESCU EL Hie, Professor of 1892. Promoted later to the rank History at Vacarescu Lyceum. * of officer of the General Staff, 1879, Targoviste. Educ.: Faculty he becameprofessoratthe of Literature Bucharest, histori- School of War, for the technics calsection.Member: National and tactics of artillery. In this Democrat Party. Former presi- domain he made himself remar- dent of Ad-Interim Commission ked also as a writer. Former Ro- of Targoviste town, in 1931-32. yal Adjutant and Chief of the Dec.:Knight of Roumanian Royal Military Household, Colo- Crown, CarolI Medal, Reward nel at beginning of war ofI 916, for Educational Work, ClassI. and Commander of the 8th divi- Addr.:Targoviste, Str.Mihai sion, then Commanderofthe Bravul 49. 15th division in 1917, which he ANGELESCU George,lawyer. * led at the great battle of Ma- Nov.8,1874.Calugareni-Pra- rasesti. In 1919 he was advan- hova. Educ.: Dr. of Law Bucha- ced to the rank of General of Di- rest Faculty. Member: National vision and in 1932, to that of Peasants Party. President of Sec- General of Army Corps. Mem- tion4 (Green)ofBucharest. ber: National Liberal Party. Mi- Former Mayor of Section 4 (Gre- nister of War in Bratianu Go- en) and Assistant Mayor of the vernment (1927-1928) ; Minister Capital. As member of the Party of War in Duca Cabinet, Nov. he took part in all its manifesta- 1933 and in Tatarescu Cabinet, tions. Dec.: Commander Rouma- Jan.1934. MinisterofArma- nianStar,OfficerRoumanian ments in the re-organized Tata- Crown, Great Officer of Civil Me- rescu Cabinet, Febr.I 93 4. Dec.: rit (Bulgarian), Commander of all Roumanian Orders and many St.Sava Order( Jugoslavian), high foreign Orders. Addr.: Bu- Commander Phoenix" (Greek). charest, Str. Paris 24. Tel. 2-15- Addr.: Bucharest, Cal. Plevnei 38 78. Tel. 3-10-37. ANTIPPAS Gh. Gherasim, agricul- ANGELESCU Iancu, lawyer, * Sept. turist. *Ismail, Ismail District. E- 3, 1872. R.-Valcea, Educ.: Licen- duc.: Superior Commercial Ly- tiate of law Univ. Bucharest. Gra- ceum Halchi Island (Constantino- duate of Faculty of Literature. pole). Member: National Liberal Former Magistrate, former Pre- Party. Vicepresident of Cahul Di- sident of District Council, former strict Organization. Chief of Sec- Head of Tecuci Bar. Member: of tion L Leova, Cahul District. Se- National Liberal Party (G. Bra- nator of Cahul, from 1933. Dec.: tianu). Deputy in 6 legislative pe- Commander, Knight and officer riods,twice Vice-Predisentof1 of Roumanian Crown, Reward for 399

www.dacoromanica.ro Work in School Constructions, beral Party. Senator of District CommercialMerit, Roumanian and Comunal Colleges of Gorj Eagle, St. Stanislas, etc. Addr.: District. Dec.: Commander Le- Leova, Cahul District. gionof Honour,Commander ANTONESCU A. M., Lawyer, Uni- White Lion(Czechoslovakian), versity Professor,*Nov. 18. Grand officer Roumanian Crown, 1904, Nucet Dambovila. Of old Commander Roumanian Star, of- Family of Arges. Postelnicul An- ficer Roumanian Star with sword tonesco his ancestor, and Nicolae (War Medal), Bene Merenti cl. 1, Atonesco, his grandfather, were Commercial Merit class I., Knight the founders of many churches in of Roumanian Eagle. Addr.: Bu- Arges and Oh. Educ.: Licentiate charest, Str. Aurelian 4 bis. Tel. Doctor of Law. Dean of Interne- 2-16-70. and Doctor of Law. University-ANTONESCU N. Emanuel, Univer- teacher of International Law, then sity, lawyer. * March 4,1870, permanent lecturer on Internatio- Pitesti. Educ.: Dr. of law Berlin nnl Law at Bucharest University, University.Author ofvarious Professor of Superior Schools of works of law. Dramatic Author. Administrative Science. Member: Initiator of conversion of debits National Liberal Party (G. Bra- which has determined up to now tianu) ; Chief of Aarge* D?strict three successive lawsMember: Organization; President of Li- Agrarian Party. Deputy in 4 le- beral Youth" throughout country. gislative periods in Putna and Ce- Dec. :War Cross1916-1918. tatea Alba Districts. Dec.: Grand Bucharest, Str. Semilunei 8, Tel. Officer of Roumanian Star. Com- 2-44-37. mander Roumanian Crown. Bene ANTONESCU Eftimie, Professor of Merenti class I,etc. Addr.: Bu- International Right at Academy charest,Str.Sft. Constantin 4. for High Commercial and Indus- Tel. 3-84-12. trial Studies. Honorific Council-ANTONESCU Petre, Architect, U- lor of High Court of Cessation niversity Professor. * 1873, Ram- and Justice. * Dec. 15, 1876, Pi- nicul-Sarat. Educ.: Ecole Natio- testi, Arges District. Educ.: Lau- nale des Beaux-Arts, Paris. Rec- reate of Faculty of Law, Jassy. tor of Academy of Architecture. Licentiate of Bucharest Faculty of Member of SuperiorTechnical Law. For 31 year he was a ma- Council.Member ofSan-Luca gistrate, ending with the grade Academy (Rome). Author of a of Councillor of the High Court number of monuments and in- of Cessation and justice. Former portant architectural works. For- General Secretary of Roumanian mer senator. Addr.: Bucharest, Delegation at the Peace Confe- Str. Louis Barthou 5. Tel. 3-79- rence and at all International con- 35. ferences at Vienna, Rome, Paris,ANTONESCU Victor, lawyer. Mini- 1920-28. Roumanian's delegate at ster of Finances. Former plenipo- the closing of agreements at Pa- tentiary Minister of Roumania at ris and Washington for the regu- Paris and at Geneva. Former Mi- lation of the War debts with Fran- nister of Justice. Minister of Jus- ce, U.S.A. and Germany (1922, tice in the Duca and Tatarescu- 1925 and 1928) for financial war Governments, Minister of Finan- problems. Member: National Li- ce since 1934. Member: National 400

www.dacoromanica.ro Liberal Party. Dec.: various Rou- the King). He entered the diplo- manian and foreign decorations. macy in June 1898 as Legation Addr.: Bucharest, Aleea Alexan- Attache, Successivelly he was ap- dru 26. Tel. 2-23-53. pointed, attache, secretary and ANTONOVICI C.loan,teacher. councillor, in May 1913. As he * Febr. 5, 1880, Bogdana, Tuto- took part in politics he was e- va District. Educ.: Bar lad Normal lected as Senator, in the opposi- School. Former School Inspector tion in January 1914, as candi- Tutova District. Collaborator of date of the Conservative Party. various Roumanian papers and From this time he was elected reviews. Member: National De- in all legislative periods, either mocratic Party. 1931-32 Senator as Deputy or as Senator. Minister of Communal Council Colleges of Justice in the Averescu Go- of Tutova. Dec.: Knight of Rou- vernment, from January 26, 1918, manian Crown. Addr.: Bar lad, and first delegate for the Peace Str. Petru Ramp 12. negociations. Minister of Finance APOSTOLEANU Eugen, University in Averescu Government from professor. * Oct. 14, 1889, Ro- March 1920, of Interior in Ave- man. Educ.: Dr. of veterinary rescuGovernment fromJune medicine of Paris University. In- 1920, of Agriculture in Bratianu dependent. Deputy of Teleorman Government of July 1927 and in in 1931. Dec.: Knight Roumanian Vintilii Brétianu Government of Star. Addr.: Bucharest, Str. Dr. November 1927. Minister of Fi- Clunet, 7. Tel. 3-75-24. nance and of Interior in Jorga APOSTOLEANU V. George, agri- Government of April1931.In cultural proprietor. * Nov.19. 1920 as Minister for the Interior 1896. Focyani. Educ.: Dr. of Law he exterminated communism. In Paris University. Member: Agra- 1931 he saved the situation of rian Party. Chief Tecuci District Roumanian agriculturists by the Organization. Dec.: Knight Rou- law for the suspension of forced manianStar,and Roumanian executions, and then by the con- Crown, with sword and ribbon version law. President of the A- Military Virtue. War Cross with grarian Party. He treated by wri- bars. Addr.: Panciu, Putna Dis- ting and lectures all economic and trict, Gara Frunzeasca (Tecuci financial subject. Many of his so- District). lutions were adopted by his poli- ARDELEAN Octav, Head Doctor, tical adversaries. Actual Deputy. radiolog. * 1899 Negresti. Educ.: Dec.: Great Cross of all Rouma- Faculty of Medicine, special stu- nian Orders. Addr.: Bucharest, diesinFranceand England; Str. Victor Emanuel 36. Teleph. Member: National Liberal Party; 2-07-82. Prefect Satu-Mare1935. Dec.:ARION Mihail, MinisterPlenipo- Roumanian Crown; Sanitary Me- tentiary, class I. * Oct. 10, 1884, rit. Addr.: Satu-Mare. Ploeyti. Educ. Lyceum, Faculty ARGETOIANU Constantin, * March of Law. Servedindiplomatic 15,1871. Craiova. Educ. :Phy- corps at Petrograd, Paris and Bu- sician, Licentiate of Law and li- dapest, as first Roumanian Atta- terature of Paris faculty. Vicepre- che after the War. Director of aident of Jockey Club and of cabinet,directorofpolitical Air-Club. (President His Majesty matters at Ministry for Foreign

2 6 401

www.dacoromanica.ro Affairs. Minister PlenipotentiaryATANASIU Teodora, Nurse. * 1876 class II, 1927, class I,1933. Se- Craiova. Educ.:NurseSchool. cretary General to Ministry for Member: Socialist Party. Leader Foreign Affairs. Captain of Ca- of Femenin Socialist Circle. En- valry of Reserves. Addr.: Bucha- tered the Party in 1906. Addr.: rest, Boul Dacia 16 Bucharest, Str. Mussolini 25. ARJOCEANU Vasile, lawyer. * June 20, 1888, Belanesti, Gorj District.AUSNIT Max, industrialist, admi- Mnmber: National Peasants Party. nistratordelegate of theIron- President of Gorj District Orga- orks Reshitza and of the Uni- nization.Deputyin 1919-20, ted Iron-WorksTitan-Nadrag- 1928-31 and from 1933. Senator Calan. * Fehr. 14 1888 Galati. in 1932-33. Addr. Tergu-Jiu, Bul. Ed.: B. A., Academy for High Bretianu 5, Gorj District. Commercial Studies and Expor- ARTAREANU Mihai, lawyer, * Au- tationat Vienna. President of gust 30, 1903, Bucharest; Educ.: the General Association of the In- Faculty of Law, School of Poli- dustrialistoftheBanateand tical Science at Paris. Author of Vice-PresidentoftheGeneral studies on Organization of La- Union of Industrialists of Rou- bour Problems, especially on un- mania (U.G.I.R.), Vice-president employent. Member: NE.tional Li- of theCompaniesSt.E. G., beral Party (Gh. Bratianu), Pre- Vienna, Compagnie Europeenne sident of Ciuc District Organi- deParticipations Industrielles zation; Dec.: Officer Roumani- C.E.P.I.", Monaco; Roumanian an Star, Commemorative Cross Telephone Company, Sugar- Fac- 1916-1919 , Roumanian Crown, tory Lujani, Bank Chrissoveloni, Grand Officer of Holy Sepulchre etc. Independent, Senator of the etc. Addr.: Bucharest, Vasile Las- Chamber of Commercce and In- car 92, Tel 2-12-35 and 3-09-86. dustry, Galati district, in1929, ASSAN Gh. Gheorghe, Plenipoten- 1932andsince1933.Dec.: tiary Minister. * 1897 Bucharest. Commander Roumanian Crown Educ.: Faculty of Law, Paris, Dr. and Officer RoumanianStar of Economic and Juridical scien- Order. Addr.:Bucharest,Str. ces of Paris University. Member: Clemenceau 3, Tel.: Home 2-28- National Liberal Party. Commer- 85, Office 3-46-01. cial Attache and Economic Coun- cillor at Paris and Bruxelles, Ge-AVERESCU Alexandru, field-mar- neral Secretary of Ministry of In- shal. * 1859, Bessarabia. Educ.: dustry from Nov.14,1933 to Military studies in Italy and Ger- June 5, 1934. Undersecretary of many. Having returned to Rou- State at the Ministry of industry mania, he made a glorious mili- and Commerce. Minister plenipo- tary career. He took part at cam- tentiary at Copenhaga (June 20, paigns in 1877-78. He became a 1934). Dec.: Commander Rou- general and 1907 Minister of manianStarandRoumanian War. In 1911 appointed as Chief Crown, Commander Legion of of the General Staff,in 1913 Honnour, Grand Officer Oranje commander of an Army-corp a- Nassau. Addr.: Bucharest, Piga gainst the Bulgarians. In 1916- Al. Lahovary 9 and Copenhaga, 18 commander of the Army-corp Roumanian Legation. and earued the victory of Marasti 402

www.dacoromanica.ro in June 1917. An excellent stra- 1926 he waschargedwith tegian and officer. In 1918 Prime the formation of the Government. Minister and discussing the Peace This Government was in office with the Germans, in a very able until June 4,1927. Field-Mar- manner. He was in1918 the shal Averescu is the President of most popular man in Roumania. the People's Party. Senator by He founded the People's Lea- law. He is not only a political gue" in April 1918. In Govern- mane, but also a man witha ment Vaida he was Minister of vastculture.(Seealsounder Interior. In March 1920 he be- People's Party"). came Prime-Minister and trans-AXINTE Ion, lawyer. * Oct.11, formed the People's League" in 1887, Hudesti, Dorohoi District April 1920 in People's Party". Educ.: Lyceum Jassy Faculty of He remained Prim-Minister un- Law. Took part in the campaigns til Dec.1921. The3 I March of 1913 and 1916-18. B BABUTIA Teodor, Doctor of Me- te General Association of Rou- dicine, * 1886, Saturgu, Educ.: manian Engineers (A.G.I.R.) and Medical Faculty Budapest; Mem- of the Agronomic Corps as Ge- ber:NationalChristian Party, neral Inspector. Former professor Deputy of Arad 1926-1927; Dec.: at the Academy for High Agro- Knightof Roumanian Crown; nomic Studies up to 1922. Di- Addr.: Gurahont Arad District. rector-Co-proprietor of the 0- BACALU Jacob, lawyer.* April pinia" paper of Jassy. Collabo- 11,1905, Fälticeni. Educ.: Ly- rator in the Argus" paper. Mem- ceum, Bucharest Faculty of Law. ber: National Liberal Party. Po- Former Vicepresident of General lice Prefect of Jassy Municipality Association of Jewish Students of in1927-28. SenatorofJassy. Bucharest. Former Presid. of Ju- Dec.: Roumanian Crown, Rouma- nimei Juridice". Former President nian Eagle, Sanitary Merit. Addr: of Humanitary Circle Eugen Jassy, Str. Pficurari 36. Relgis" writerandlecturer,BADARAU Eugen, Doctor, Univer- Member of the Cultural Section sityProfessor.* October19, of the Jewish Community of Bu- 1887, Ismail. Educ.: Lyceum, U- charest. Member of Union of niversity. In 1917-1920 was head Roumanian Jews (U.E.R.). Pre- of a Section of the Optical State sident of Roumanian Jews Yo- Instituteof Petrograd. Former uth (U. E. R.) Bucharest. Addr: ProfessorofPhysicsatthe Superior Institute of Optotech- Bucharest, Cal. Victoriei 2, Tel. nics of Petrograd. Professor of 3-03-76. Bucharest University. Member: BADARAU Al. Mircea, proprietor, National Peasants Party. Deputy agriculturist-winegrower. * Dec. in 1920-192 1 . Dec.: Commander 23, 1887, Jassy. Educ.: Jassy Fa- of Roumanian Star Order. Addr.: culty of Law. Institut Agricole Bucharest,str.AcademieiI 4. de l'Etat, Gembloux. Member of Tel. 4-29-30. 403 www.dacoromanica.ro BADEA Nestor, lawyer. * 1898 Pri- National Democratic Party (lor- boeni, Muscel District. Educ.: Ly- ga). Head of Neamt District Or- ceum, Bucharest Faculty of Law. ganization. Senator193 1 -1932. Member: National Peasants Par- Addr.: Brasov, str. Ciocrac, 8. ty.I 928 Deputy,SecretaryofBALAN L. Eremia, teacher. * Jan. the Chamber, 1932 Deputy. Pre- 4,1909, Branzeni-Vechi, Orhei sident of the Youth National Pea- district. Educ.: Normal School at sant1926-27. Delegate to the Kishineff and different pedagoci- Congress of the Cooperative U- cal studies, 1928. Teacher 1928 nion, Basel, 1933. Member of the at Velintiri Cetatea Alba dis- Cooperation Council. Addr.: Bu- trict. JulyI 935 he founded the charest, Str. Brezoianu 30. Tel. newspaper Vremea Nouii" Mem- 3-23-42. ber: NationalCorporatistLea- BADULESCU M. Savian, Colonel * gue, secretary of the district or- March 16, 188 1 , Bucharest. Educ' ganization. Addr.: Branzeni-Ve- Military School, School of Caval- chi, Orhei district. ry, School of War. Head of Ge- neral Staff of Army CommisariatBALANESCU Romulus, lawyer * 1916-1920. Mayor of Bucharest Oct. 11, 1880 Zvorastea Dorohoi 1926-1927; General Administra- District. Educ.: Faculty of Law, tive Inspector 1921 ; General Se- BucharestUniversity. Member: cretary 1927, Prefect of Muscel National Liberal Party (Gh. Bra- District 1920; Member: Rouma- tianu). Mayor of Dorohoi town nian Front; Deputy 1926; Dec.: in 19-11-12. Deputy in 1922-26. Roumanian Crown,Faith and Dec.:Commander Roumanian Valour withsword, St Stanis- Crown, Knight Roumanian Star lav,St. Anna with the sword. withsword,Commander and Addr.: Bucharest, Putu cu apa Knight with sword of Sf.Sta- rece 67, Tel. 3-21-67. nislas Order(Russian). Addr: BADULESCU Victor, lawyer,Di- Bucharest, Str. lsvor 68, Tel. No. rector of the Roumanian Credit- 3-98-65. Bank, Under-secretary of StateBALDESCU I. P. loan, priest, vicar. of the Ministry of Finance. For- * July 17, 1886, Mihaesti de Sus, mer Secretary General of the Mi- OltDistrict. Educ.:Bucharest nistry of Finance. Charged seve- Central Seminary. Bucharest Fa- ral times important missions a- culty of Theology. Eparchial De- broad. Dec.: different Roumanian puty in two legislative periods, and foreign decorations. Addr.: for theBucharestPatriarchy. Bucharest, Str. Maria Rosetti 17. Member: National Liberal Party. Tel. 2-10-40. Senator from 1933. Dec.: Knight BALACESCU C. Atanasie, Profes- Roumanian Crown and Rouma- sor and lawyer. * March26, nian Eagle. Addr.: Turnu-Magu- 1890, Rosiori de Vede. Educ.: rele, Str. I. G. Duca 18. Lyceum, Faculty of Law and Phi-BALEANU Silvestru, Professor; * losophy, Bucharest, Former pro- Dec. 22, 1881. Ruptura, Mehe- fessor at various schools and Ly- dinti District. Educ.: T. Severin ceums of the country. President Lyceum, Bucharest Faculty of Li- of "Cultural League'. Brasov. Has terature; Director of Caracal Ly- written articles, verses, prose in ceum 1911-13 and 1919-27. For- Neamul Romanesc".Member: mer Chief Inspector of Education

www.dacoromanica.ro in Oltenia. Member: National Li-BARBUL C.Ilie.Dr. of Law. * beral Party. Senator of Commu- 1883, Lipau, Satu-Mare District. nal Councils 1933, in Romanati Educ.: Law University, Budapest. District. Former Mayor of Cara- Former President of National Co- cal; Dec.: Knight of Roumanian uncil of Satu-Mare Town, and Star;Officer ofRoumanian Secretary General of National Di- Crown Order; Merit for Educa- strict Council. Former Head of tion Class I; Addr.: Craiova, str. Satu-Mare Bar. First Roumanian I. C. Briitianu 9, Tel. 140. Sub-Prefect of Satu-Mare District. BALOGH Arthur de Galantha, Pen- Prefect of Satu-Mare in 1921 and sioned Universitary Professor. * 1926. Member: National Chris- March 18, 1866, Abony. Educ.: tian Party. Head of Satu-Mare Faculty of Law, Budapest 1888 DistrictOrganization.Deputy. Lecturer of Budapest University Dec.: Roumanian Eagle Order. (1898). Cluj University Profes- Addr.: Satu-Mare. Tel. 303. sor ( 1904-1915 ) CorrespondentBARBI IL Eugen, Dr. Director Ge- Member of Magyar Academy. nerril of University Library Re- Member: Magyar Party. Has re- gelsFerdinandI"ofCluj. * presented the Magyar Party at January 23, 1875, Lipoveni, Sa- all international congresses of the tu-Mare District. Educ.: B. A., Minorities and of the Hungarian Dr. of Literature and Phylosophy, Church at the League of Na- Budapest University. Lyceum Pro- tions. Addr.: Cluj, Str. Donati fessor at Budapest in 1900. For- 86. mer Librarian at Budapest Uni- BALTA Coriolan, Dr. of Law. * versity. Member: National Chri- August I I,1881, Beregsfiul Ma- stian Party. Honorary President re, Timis Torontal Distr. Educ.: of Satu-Mare District Organiza- B. A., Faculty of Law. Doctor of tion Deputy in 1919-20, 1920-2 I Law; Member: Roumanian Front and 1926-27. Dec.: Officer Rou- Former Senator; Prefectin manian Star, Palmes Academi- 1922, Mayor of Timisoara 1930- clues,Off. de l'Instruction Pu- 1 93 1; Dec.: OfficerofRou- blique, Kaw. Ordern Odrozenia manian Star Order. Addr.: Timi- Polski (1929). Addr.: Cluj, Str. soara1,Boulevard Regina Ma- RegalA 7. ria I. Tel. 8-34. BARBULESCU Ilie,Professorfor BANC1LA Ion Picu, dr. in law, law- slay languages at Jassy Univer- yer, prefect of the Oradea district sity. * Dec. 3, 1875, Bucharest. * July 4, 1894, Bran, Brasov di- Educ.: Gimnazium, lyceum, Bu- strict. Educ.: Lyceum, B. A., Li- charest, Prague, Zagreb, Leipzig, centiate and Dr. in law. Member: Berlin and Vienna University. National Liberal Party. Vicepre- Member: Peoples Party. Senator sident of the Bihor district or- in 1917-18, Deputy in 1926-27. ganization. Deputy 1927, Prefect Chief Falciu DistrictOrganiza- of Bihor since 1933. Dec.: Com- tion. Dec.: Grand Officer of Mon- mander Roumanian Crown, Of- tenegro Order Danilo I". and ficer Roumanian Star with swords of Serbian Order Sf. Sava", Knight Roumanian Crown, Eagle Commander ofCzechoslovakian Order. Addr.:Oradea,Palatul Order White Lion". Addr.: Prefectului. Tel. 9-77. I Jassy, Str. Speranta 12. 405 www.dacoromanica.ro BARCA Alexandru, landowner, Ret. phion HauteSavoie(France) Officer. * Sept. 27, 1897. Kishi- descendant old princely family neff. Educ.: Lyceum; B. A., Mi- and great Roumanian Boyard. litarySchool Odessa Member: Member:ofAgrarianParty. National Corporatist League. De- Head of Romanati District Orga- puty of Caras 1931-32. Mayor nization. Former Deputy; Dec.: Oravita 1929-30. Dec.: Rouma- GrandOfficerofRoumanian nian Crown with sword, St. Anna Crown, Commander Legion of cl.III and IV, St. Stanislav cl. Honour. Addr.: Bucharest, Parcul H, Victory Medal. Addr.: Ora- Filipescu, Aleea Eliza, Villa Bran- vita Banat, str. Gojdu 60. coveanu, Tel. 2-20-41. BARDESCU Nicolae, physician, lan-BASILESCU Aristide, Lawyer, Uni- ded proprietor. * Oct. 18, 1862, versity Professor, * March 18, Buzau. Ed.: Faculty of medicine 1892, Bucharest. Educ.: Dr. of Ju- at Bucharest. Former Manager of ridical Science and Dr. of Eco- the Civil Hospitals of Bucharest. nomics and Finance Science of General director of the Sanitary Paris. Faculty of Law. University Service. Former member of the lecturer 1922. Professor Bucha- Conservative and peoples party. rest University from 1927. Cam- Former Vicepresident of the Se- paign1916-1918, wounded at nate, elected several times at Bu- Maragegti. Retired Captain Sept. 1,191 7. Member: National Li- zau. Dec.: Commanderof the beral Party. Dec.: ,,Avantul Ta- Roumanian Star and Crown Or- ra'', Commemorative Cross 1916- der, etc. Addr.: Bucharest, Str. 1918 with bars, Knight of Rou- Luteranfi 26, Tel. 3-86-21. manian Crown with the sword. BARDOS Petre,agriculturist. * Addr.: Bucharest, Bul. Elisabeta 1863, Vlaha. President of 24, Tel. 3-50-61. Magyar Peasants arty of Rou-BASSARABESCU Al. loan, Profes- mania. Took partinpeasants sor, Literate. * Dec.17,1876, movement in former Hungarian Giurgiu. Old Roumanian Boyard Monarchy. Formersenatorof Family. Ethic.: B. A. of Bucharest Treiscaune in legislative period Faculty of Literature. Correspon- Magyar Peasants Party of Rou- ding member of Roumanian A- manian Eagle. Addr.: Vlaha, Cluj cademy. Laureat of National Pri- district. ze for Literature 1930. Member: BARTALIS Alexandru, Secretary of National Christian Party. Prefect Union of Iron,Metal Labourers. 1918. Senator Prahova District * 1884, Hermanul-Unguresc, 0- 1926-27. Dec,: Commander Rou- dorheiu District. Educ.: Primary manian Star. Officer of Cultural School. Member: Social Demo- Merit. Addr.: Ploegti, cal. Bucu- crat Party. Chief Satu-Mare Dis- regti 27. trictOrganization.DeputyinBASTAKI C. Marcel, lawyer, * Fe- 1930-31. Addr. :Bucharest, Str. br. 25,1888, Munteni de Sus, Isvor, 6 bis. Tel. 4-50-13. Vaslui District; Edic.: Jassy Fa- BASARAB-BRANCOVEANU Cons- culty of Law. Member: of Agra- tantin. Prince. Landowner, agri- rian Party. Deputy 1926. Prefect culturist; warden of Brancovan of Vaslui1920-22,1926 and andgreatRoumanian Boyard 1931-32. Dec.: Knight of Rou- foundations. * Oct. 1, 1875 Am- manian Crown with sword, Offi- 406

www.dacoromanica.ro cer of Roumanian Crown, Agra- radia, Cares District. Ed.: Greek- rian Merit. Addr.: Vaslui,str. cath.theol. Academy ofBlaj. Carol 3. Former Military Priest of Rou- BATEA I. George, landed proprie- manian Legion inItaly during tor, * 1882, Rucar, Muscel Dis- War. Member: Roumanian Front trict; Educ.: Faculty of Law. For- Senator of Cares 1932-33. Dec.: mer magistrat; Member: National Officer of RoumanianCrown, Liberal Party, Prefect; Dec: Rou- Knight of Roumanian Eagle, Or- manian Crown Order.Addr.: der of Ferdinand,etc. Addr.: Campulung (Muscel), str. Negru Ticvaniul Mare, Caras District. Voda, 61. Tel.18. BEJAN P. Petre, Engineer. Under- BEDREAG G. Constantin, Profes- Secretary of State of the Ministry sor at Czernowitz University. * of Armaments, since 1935. Mem- Ang. 5,1883, Rusca-Falciu. E- ber: National Liberal Party. De- duc.: Jassy Boarding Lyceum. U- puty in several legislative periods. niversity of Jassy and Paris. Sci- Addr.: Bucharest, Str. Gen. An- entific studies at Paris and Ko- gelescu 19. Tel. 3-87-68. penhagen. Professor of theoreticBELDIE G. Vasile, lawyer. * 1894, physics at Cernowitz University. Gohor, Tecuci. Educ.: Jassy Ly- Has published studies on physics ceum, licentiate of Jassy Faculty at Jassy, Paris, Bucharest, in Ger- of Law in 1916. Served in 1915- many and at Czernowitz. Mem- 18 campaigns. Member: National ber of Physical Science Society Peasants Party. Head of Tecuci of Jassy, Bucharest and Czerno- district organization. Prefect of witz. Member of Academy of Phy- Tecuci in 1928-31. Deputy in sics at Paris. Served in 1913 and 1932-33. Dec.: Officer Rouma- 1916- I 9 I 8 campains aa captain. nian Star, Faith and Valour Or- Member: National Liberal Party. der. Addr.: Tecuci, Boul. Eliza- Dec.: Military Virtue War Me- beta 4. dal. Addr.: Jassy, str. Nic. GaneBELLER Hans, Journalist. * Sept. 17. 8,1898, Wiesenhaid, Arad Di- BEJAN Anastasiu, Retired Bank Di- strict. Educ.: B. A. Member: Ger- rector, Proprietor and Contrac- man Party; Deputy in all legisla- tor. * Oct. 6 1883, Prundul Bar- tive periods from 1926; Dec.: Of- gfiului,Nasaud Ditrict.Educ.: ficer of Roumanian Eagle. Addr.: Brasov Superior Commercial TimisoaraI,str. General Doda School. Member of various cul- 3, Tel. 6-70. tural, economic and church so-BELU Nicolae, Head Dr.; Surgeon, cieties from 1905. Synodal De- Director of Hospital, * November puty of the Cluj Eparchy (Dio- I, '1893 Lugoj. Ethic.: Cluj Fa- cese). Member: National Liberal culty of Medicine, Former pre- Party. Vice-President of Nfisiiud parator of surgical clinic of Cluj. District Organization. Senator of Member: National Liberal. Vice- Nasaud since 1933. Dec.: Knight PresidentCara,Organization; of Roumanian Eagle Order. Addr: Deputy 1935. Dec.: Officer of Bistrita, Boul. I. G. Duca No. 3, Roumanian Crown, Knightof Nfisaud District. Roumanian Eagle, Sanitary Merit BEJAN loan, Arch. Priest, Greek- Class I, Addr.: Anina, Cares Dis- Catholic. * Mardi 17, 1890. Va- trict. 407

www.dacoromanica.ro BENTO1U Aurelian,lawyer. * puties in 1935. Dec.: Comman- Under-secretary of State of the der of Roumanian Star, Officer Ministry of Justice. Several times of Roumanian Crown, Grand Of- deputy. Member: National-Libe- ficer of St. Stanislav with Sword. ral Party. Addr.: Bucharest, Ba- Commandre of St. Anna Orders. ta Amzei 3. Tel.: 4-06-60. Medjidie Order, etc. Addr.1 Bu- BERBERIANU Traian, Lawyer. * charest, Ca lea Victoriei 212, Tel. March 17, 1900. Constantza. E- 414-01. duc.: Bucharest Faculty of Law.BEREAGeorge,Former Magis- Editor of Paper Liberalul Con- trate, Lawyer, * August 5, 1876 stantei", Vice-President of Asso- Roman; Educ.: lassy Lyceum, Fa- ciation War Scouts" and Rou- culty of Literature, Philosophy manian-Polish Friendship"; Mem- and Law of Bucharest. Former ber: National Liberal Party; De- substitute and suppL judge at Ba- puty from 1933. Budget Repor- eau Tribunal; Member in Bac 51.1 ter, Minister of Agriculture and Bar Council; Member: Peoples' Domains. Dec.: Officer of Rou- Party. Chief of Bacau District Or- manian Star, Medal. of Ferdi- ganization. Deputy 1920-21 and nand" with sword. Gold Medal 1926-27; Dec.: Officer of Rou- of Scouts Movement. Scouts War manian Star. Addr.: Bacfiu, str. Eagle. Knight of Roumanian Ea- Busuioc 28. gle. Commemorative War MedalBERKOV1TZ Asra, Editor of paper 1916-18, Victory Medal, Indus- L'Indépendance Roumaine. * No- trial an Commercial Merit Class vember 15, 1887. Bucharest. E- I, Sanitary Merit Class I. Addr.: duc.: Doctor of Literature; Mem- Constantza, str. Traian 24, Tel. ber: National Liberal. Senator of 336. Timis-Torontal District; Dec.: Le- BERCEANU Mihail, lawyer. * Nov. gion of Honour and other Rou- 8, 1882, raila. Educ.: Doctor of manian and foreign orders. Addr: Law of Paris University. Univer- Bucharest, Bul. Mara'sesti 68, Tel. sity Lecturer. Lawyer since 1905. 3-80-06. Former Unversity Pofessor,BERNADY Gheorghe, Doctor. * A- 1909-29. Chief of Cabinet of the pril 10, 1864, Beth len. Educ.: Fa- late Ion I. C. Britianu 1909-10. culty of Law and Pharmacology. Former Prime Assistant Mayor of Deputy in Budapest Parliament Bucharest in 1923-29, 1933-34. in1896-1900, Roumanian Par- Mayor of Section III Blue, Bucha- liament 1922-26. Former Prefect rest. Member: NationalLiberal of Mures, 1912-1917, Mayor of Party. Vice-President of Organi- Targu-Mures town 1900-12 and zation of the Capital. Head of 1926-29. Magyar Aulic Council- organization of Section III of the lor. Has done much to improve Capital. Administrator Delegate the town of Targu-Mures. Addr.: of the Home of the National Li- Targu-Mures, Str.Sf. Gheorghe beral Party. Former Prefect of 36. Jalomita,Vaslui and Roman,BIANU loan, Doctor of Law. * May 1914-18. Deputy of Jalomita in 5, 1882, Sorostin, Tirrnava Midi 1919-20. Deputy for Bucharest in District; Educ.: Blaj Lyceum, U- 1926-28 and since 1933. Vice- niversity Cluj and Vienna. Vice- President of the Chamber of De- President of Astra" Blaj Section, 408

www.dacoromanica.ro Vice-President of Roumanian U- manian Crown. Addr.: Sf. Gheor- nited Group of the Archdiocese ghe, Palatul Prefecturii. (Blaj Eparchy). Former Juris.BLANDU Liviu, lawyer. * Sep. 8 Cons. of Blaj town. Member of 1904, Jordane§ti.Educ.:Timi- Communal Council and Perma- §oara Politechnic School. Faculty nentdelegate of thatCouncil of Law, CernowitzUniversity. from 1920-1933. Former Presi- Member: National Peasants Par- dent of Society of tradesmen and ty. HeadofNational Peasants industrialists of Blaj. Took part in Youth Organization in Bukovina. war 4 years 3 months. Lieutenant Addr.: Czernowitz, Str. Vasilco of Reserves. Member: Roumanian Front. Chief Tiirnava Mica Dis- No. 3. trict Organization. Deputy 1919;ELEESCU Al. Constantin, lawyer, * Senator of CommunalCouncil May 29, 1898, Ro§iori de Vede. Tarnava Mica District, 1932; For- Educ.: Licentiate of Law, Bucha- mer Sub-Prefect; Dec.: Comman- rest Faculty; Member:National der of Roumanian Crown, Knight Christian Party. Chief of Alexan- of Ferdinand Order, Knight of dria Nord Town District. Addr.: Roumanian Eagle,etc.Addr.: Alexandria, Bul. G-ral Manu 62. Blaj, str. Timotei Cioariu. BOCIAR M. Gheorghe, Public No- BIBESCU George Valentin, prince, tary, * Buzdujeni Hotin District. greatindustrialist.* April 23, Educ.: Lyceum Kishineff; Mem- 1880. Son of Prince G. Bibescu ber: National Liberal Party. Or- and of Princesse Valentine de Ca- ganiser of Nat. Lib. Party in Ho- raman-Chimay. Fosmer Minister tin District 1920. Senator in 1926 Plenipotentiary. President of In- Deputy 1931, Senator of Hotin ternational AeronauticFedera- 1932.Dec.: Commander and tion. Senator in 1931-32. Dec.: Knight of Roumanian Star, Offi- MilitaryMerit, Commanderof cer of Roumanian Eagle, Com- Aeronautic Merit, Officer of Rou- mercial Merit, Agricultural Me- manian Star, War Cross, Great rit; Addr.: Hotin. Cross of the Leopold order. Com-BOCU Sever, Publisher. * Nov. 19 mander of the Legion of Honour, 1874, Sioarovet. Educ.: B. A. White Eagle(Polish).Addr.: of Commercial Academy and stu- Bucharest, Str. Robert de Flers, dies Hautes Etudes" of Paris. 6. Tel. 2-23-23. Organiser of Kiev Legions, 1917. BIDU V. Valeriu, Doctor, head doc- Member: National Peasants Par- tor of hospital and prefect. * Feb. ty, Head of Timi§ Torontal di- 28, 1895. Bratov. Educ.: Cluj Fa- strict organization. Minister of the cultyof Medicine.Foughtas Banate in 1930. Elected Deputy Transylvanian volunteer in Rou- in the Legislative Periods 1919, manian Army during the Great 1920, 1922,1926,1928 and War, with the rank of Lieutenant 1933. Dec.: Grand cross of Rou- Doctor. Member: National Liberal manian crown order, Ferdinand Party. President of Trei Scaune I order, Commander Roumanian organization.PrefectofTrei Eagle. Addr.: Lipova-Banate, Tel. ScauneDistrictfromDec. /st 20. 1933. Dec.: Interallied War CrossBOERESCU C. Parvu, Lieutenant- Ferdinand I Order; Officer Rou- Colonel in reserve. Owner of the 409 www.dacoromanica.ro firm ,,Reprezentanta Industriilor 1932-33. Dec.: Knight of Rou- Streine". * March 22, 1888 Bu- manian Eagle. Addr.: Josasel, A- charest. Educ.: School of War rad District. in Germany and Roumania. Ser-BOGDAN I. Stefan, University Pro- ved as Sublieutenant in Russian, fessor.* 1878 Brasov. Educ.: then as Officer of Roumanian Ge- Doctor of Physic Science of Ge- neral Staff1906-1919. Retired neva. Univ. Former Univ. Teacher from active service in 1919. Di- Geneva Faculty of Science. Mem- rector of Paper Factory of Piatra ber: National Liberal Party. Chief Neamt. Founder and owner of of Trei Scaune District Organiza- firm R. I.S." Editor of the tion. Former Senator ofIlfov. Paper Miscarea Tarnavei Mica". Former Deputy of Ciuc and 1934 Member: National Liberal Par- Deputy of Trei Scaune. Dec.: Le- ty(Gh.Bratianu).Headof gion of Honour, Commander of Party Organization in Tarnava Roumanian Star. Addr.: Bucha- Mica District. Dec.: Knight of rest,str.Frumoasa40.Tel. the Mihai Viteazul Order, and 4-23-65. of severalJugoslavian,BelgianBOGOS D. Dimitrie, Proprietor. * and Russian War Decorations. June,14,1889,GrozestiLa- Addr.: Bucharest, -Str. Cobalce- pusna District.....Educ.: Li- scu 25. Tel 3-73-10. centiate of law of Warsaw Uni- BOE.RIU IOAN, lawyer, * Jan. 15. versity in 1914. Oranienburg-Pe- 1888. Boeresti, Turda District. E- trograd military school. In 1917 duc.: Doctor of law Cluj Univer- was appointed head of general sity. Member: NationalLiberal staff of the army of the Molda- Party. Deputy 1919-20, 1922-26, vian Republic. Former prefect of Senator 1927-28, 1931-32. Sena- Lapusna districtin1918-20. tor since 1933. Dec.: Comman- Member: National Peasants Par- der of Roumanian Crown. Addr.: ty. Minister of Bessarabia in 1921 Turda, str. Avram lancu, 44. Tel. Former mayor of Kishineff town No. 7. in 1932. Deputy in 1920, 1928 BOGDAN Anton, doctor of Law. and 1932. Dec.: Commander of *1881, Pesac,Timis-Torontal Roumanian Star, Officer of Fer- District. Educ.: Lyceum and Uni- dinand I order, Russian war de- versity, Juridical Faculty. Mem- corations,st.Stanislas and St. ber of Timisoara Bar Council. Anna. Addr.: Kishineff, str. Voe- Memberofhalo - Roumanian vodul Mihai 28. Club. Former prefect of Timis-BOGOS Vladimir, Head Doctor. * Torontal in1926-27. Member: April 1, 1893, Groze§ti, Lapusna National Christian Party, Head District. Educ.: Cluj Faculty of of Timis-Torontal district orga- Medicine. Former President of nization. Dec.: Commander Ita- Students'ofBessarabia1917- lian Crown Order. Addr.: Timi- 1918. As President of Students' soara IV, Piata General Draga- Club of Kiev on April 2, 1917, lina 15. drew up with Victor Deleu, Pre- BOGDAN loan, landowner. * March sident of Transylvanianvolon- 4,1903, Josasel, Arad District; teers, then at Dornita-Kiev, the Educ.: Licentiate of Law. Mem- first program in which after pro- ber: Roumanian Front. Deputy clamation of Russian Revolution, 410

www.dacoromanica.ro the question of Bessarabia's Union Mica District1928. Prefect of with Roumania was raised. This Hunedoara in 1932. Dec.: Rou- was the chief point of the pro- manian Star, Roumanian Eagle, gram expressed imperatively FerdinandandPelegOrders. without equivocation. On that Addr.: Cluj, str. Bolintineanu 20. day April 2nd,I 9 I 7 in the sit- Tel. 305. ting transformed into a festiveBOIU Anastasie, Bank Director, * sitting (it was held in Halll 14 1873, Sibiu. Eddc.: Commercial of Kiev Univesity) the program Academy of Graz, President of was received with unanimous en- several boards of industrial and thousiasm. The meeting ending commercial companies. Member: with national and patriotic songs, National Liberal Party. Vice-Pre- the Roumanian flag being unfur- sident of Sibiu District Organiza- led.All Transylvanian, Molda- tion. Senator in 1926 and 1934. vian youth fought in accordance Prefect 1922-1926. Dec.: Com- with this program till proclama- mander of Roumanian Star, Offi- tion of Union March 27, 1918. cer of Roumanian Star, Officer of This Program is in archives of Roumanian Eagle, Sanitary Merit gazette Cuvantul Moldovenesc- Class I. Addr.: Sibiu, str. Z. Boiu of Kishineff and the flag was ta- 21-25. ken by Transylvanian DetachmentBOJINCA Corneliu,lawyer, editor to be deposited at Alba-Julia. of paper Gazeta Restauratorilor Member: National - Democratic oiHotelierilor" Timisoara. * Ju- Party. Chiefof Hotin District ne 21, 1894. Bimis, Caras Dis- Organization.DeputyinSfa- trict. Former officer volonteer in tul Tara (1917-18) . Former De- LegionofRoumanian Army, puty, former Prefect in1931: charged with many missions by Dec.: Officer of Roumanian Star Roumanian Gr. General staff in and Roumanian Crown. Addr.: War for Union ofall Rouma- Hotin, str. I. G. Duca, 14. nians. Former officer of liaison BOILA Romul, University profes- attached to Servian and French sor. * Oct. 8, 1881, Diciosanmar- Command. of Timisoara. First tin. Educ.: Lyceum, University. Roumanian Officer to enter Ti- Barrister at Diciosanmartin. Mem- misoara. Represented Roumanian interests upto occupationof ber of Roumanian national com- town. Member: Peoples' Party. mittee during war. Member of Chief of Caras District Organi- Council of Direction for Commu- zation. Deputy 1926-192 7. Dec.: nication, 1919-20. Vice-p resident Medal of Ferdinand, Commemo- of Senate 1928-29. Juridical Dean rative Cross; Crown of Jugosla- of Cluj University. Dec.: Rouma- via. Addr.: Timisoara I, str. Ca- nian Star, and Roumanian Eagle ruso 3, Tel. 13-42. Orders. Addr.: Cluj, Str. BfiiiI.BOLDEA Romulus, agricult. propr. Tel. 12-66. * Sept 1, 1884, Borloveni-Vechi, BOILA Zaharia, doctor of Law, di- (Banate). Educ.: B. A. Vienna rector of paper Romania Noua" Military Academy. Former active of Cluj. * Nov. 29, 1892, Dicio- officer of artillery (Retired Lieut. sanmartin,TarnavaMicaDi- Col.) of Austrian-Hungarian Ar- strict. Educ.: Lyceum, Budapest my and Roumanian Army. Mem- University. Prefect of Tarnava- ber: National Christian Party. 411

www.dacoromanica.ro Prefect of Severin District 1926- Head Doctor of VasluiDistrict. 1927 President of Antirevisionist General Sanitary Inspector. Ge- League of Severin District. Dec.: neral Director of Sanitary Servi- Austro-Hungarian and Rouma- ce. Has published various works nian War Decorations. Addr.: Lu- of a hygienic and sociological goj (Banate). character. Member: National Li- BORCEA C. Mihail, Doctor of Law. beral Party. Senator of Brasov. * Nov. 8, 1888, Letea. Educ.: Jas- Dec.: Sanitary Merit cl.I, Com- sy University,Doctors Degree mander Roumanian Star, Great 191 I . Member: National Peasants OfficerofRoumanian Crown, Party.Vice-presidentofJassy Roumanian Eagle and Faith and organization. Director of papers Valour. Addr.: Brasov, str. Vin- Evenimentul" and Traditia". tila Bratianu 23. Tel. 3-27. Assistant mayor of Jassy three ti-BORNEMISA Sebastian, Dr. Editor mes. Captain of Artillery in Re- of gazettes Lumea" and Tara". serves. Dec.: Commander of Rou- * 1890 Burjuc, Hunedoara Dis- manian Star. Addr.: Jassy,str. trict. Educ.: Doctor of Budapest Lapusneanu 32. Uni%ersity. Former professor in BORCEA Lucian, dr. in Law, Law- Turnu-MagureleandKishineff. yer. * May 26, 1878, Sibiu. Ed.: President of the Roumanian Press Lyceum at Sibiu, Faculty of law SyndicateofTransylvania and at Budapest and Cluj. Former Se- Banate. President of the social- cretary General of the Dirigeant economicalsection of Astra" Council of Transylvania. Member: Soc. Vice-President of the Rou- National Peasants Party. Deputy rnanianAntirevisionalLeague. of Sebes Alba in 1919, Senator Member: National Christian Par- in 1928 nd 1932. Dec.: Great Of- ty.Chief ClujDistrict Organi- ficer Roumanian Crown, Officer zation. Deputy in 1919 and 1926. Ferdinand I Order. Addr.: Sibiu, Former Mayor of Cluj 1932. De- Str. Regina Maria 7. cor.: Knight of Ferdinand Order, BORCOMAN Ion, Technical engi- Faith and Valour, Commercial neer. * Oct. 5 1901, Rupea, Tar- and Industrial Merit. Addr.: Cluj, nava Mare district. Educ.: various str. Regina Maria 4. technical schoolsinGermany.BORZA Alexandra Doctor, Univer- Preparatory Schoolfor Active sity Professor. * 21 May 1887, Air Officers, of Bucharest. Im- Alba-Julia. Educ.: Budapest Uni- prisoned by Hungarians, in 1916- versity, Faculty of Theology and 18 for the National Cause, toge- Philosophy (Science). University ther with his Parer ts at Brasov, of Breslau and Berlin (Science). Sibiu and Cluj. Member Agrarian Secondary professor 1911-1919, Party. Head of Odorhei district then professor at Cluj University. organization. Dec.: Officer Rou- Organizer and director of Cluj manian Crown Order. Addr.: Ru- Botanical Garden and of Botanical pea, Tarnava Mare district. Tel. 6 Museum. Editor of many reviews, BORDEA loan Doctor, * August 5. promoter of the movement for 1871 , Tarlungeni, Brasov District. the protection of nature. Creator Educ.: Lyceum of Brasov. Bucha- of the Roumanian Scout move- rest Faculty of Medicine. For- ment in Transylvania. Former se- merCountryCircuit Doctor. cretary general at the Ministry 412

www.dacoromanica.ro of Education, in 1929-31. Mem-BOTEZ Demostene, Lawyer, writer ber: National Peasants Party. Se- and journalist. * June 29, 1893, nator in 1932-33. Dec.: Grand Of- Moldavia. Educ.:Licentiateof ficer of Roumanian Crown and Law. Modernist" poet,forms Roumanian Star, Commander of part of the group of the Viola Pius IX Order, Ferdinand I Or- Romaneasca" of Jassy. Has writ- der, etc. Addr.: Cluj, Str. Rego la ten 4 volumes of poetry, a num- 28. Te1.652. ber of sketches and short sto- BOTA George, Professor, Newspa- ries,novels,essays,etc. Mem- per Editor, Publisher. *1889, ber: National Peasants Party. De- Trei Scaune district. Educ.: Ly- puty for Jassy 1932. Dec.: War ceum, Faculty of Philosophy, Li- Cross, Roumanian Crown and terature and Law. Member: Na- Roumanian Eagle, Cultural Merit. tional Liberal Party. Deputy of Addr.:Bucharest,str. Gh. Gr. Bihor1933.Decor. :Reward Cantacuzino 33. for Work Class I, Cultural Merit,BOTEZ loan, University professor. * Roumanian Crown with sword 1875, Jassy. Founder of Review and ribbon of MilitaryVirtue, Viata Romaneasca" I 916, of the etc. Addr.: Oradea, Boul. Ferdi- Bank of Jassy 1911. President of nand 24. Chamber of Commerce and In- BOTEZ Calypso, Professor of Ly- dustry Jassy. Member:National ceum. * 1880, Bacau. Educ.: Fa- Liberal Party. Deputy in1908, culty of Literature and Philoso- 1910, 1912, 1914, 1925, 1927, phy, Jassy University. President 1930 and 1933. Dec.: Roumanian of Federation of Women Univer- Star Order. Addr.: Jassy, str. Ca- sity Students, President of Wo- rol 14 men's Section of Studies of theBOTEZAT Eugen, University Pro- Roumanian Social Institute. Pre- fessor. * MarchI 5 1871, Tere- sident of the Association for the blecea Educ.: Lyceum, Czerno- Emancipation of Roumanian Wo- witz University 1888. Lecturer at men, FoundressoftheSocial Czernowitz University 1907. Pro- School of Secretaries, Foundress fessor 1919, Dean 1920-2 Iand and President of the first Wo- 1925-26. Rector of Czernowitz men's Co-operative,for Work University 1922-23. Director of doneatHome.Authoressof Zoological Institute.Correspon- many social and literary works. ding member of Roumanian A- Member: National Peasants Party. cademy. Author of numerous sci- Head of the Feminine Organiza- entific works. Member: National tion of Section 1, Yellow (Bucha- Peasants Party. Senator in 1928- rest).Councillor of the Town 31. Dec.: Commander Roumanian Hall of the Capital in 1929. Dec.: CrownandRoumanianStar. Roumanian Crown Order,Re- Addr.:Czernowitz,str.Vasile ward for Educational and Church Vodii Lupu 17. Work.,QueenMarie'sCross,BOTIOC Alexa, Doctor of Law, la- AvantulTarii",Commemora- wyer. *1879, Com Falls,Arad. tive Cross, Officer of St. Sava Educ.: Oradea Academy of Law. and Order of Holy Sepulchre. Doctor of Law degree Cluj Uni- Addr.: Bucharest, Str. Corneliu versity. Member: National Pea- Botez 8. Tel. :2- I 1-97. sants Party. Former Mayor of A- 413

www.dacoromanica.ro rad Municipality in 1932. Senator of Roumanian Star and Rouma- 1928. Dec.: Faith and Valour Or- nian Crown; Commercial and In- der classI.Officer Roumanian dustria I Merit,Carol IMedal. Star. Addr.: Arad, str. Closca I. Addr.: Bucharest, str. Lucaci 21. Tel. 153. Tel. 3-21-46. BOUR A. Vasile, Lawyer. * MarchBRANDSCH Rudolf. Retired School 31, 1877. Ismail. Educ: Licentiate Director. * July 22,1880. Me- of Law. Magistrate in 1911-18 dias. Educ.: Lyceum Mediasch, and 1927-28. Member: National Marburg, Jena, Berlin and Cluj Peasants Party.Senator1932. University, Faculty of Philology Addr.: Ismail, str. I. G. Duca 36. and Theology. At the time of BRAESCU Nicolae, teacher. * Dec. the Hungarian Dominion in Tran- 1889, Valea Rea, Tecuci District. sylvania, known pan-german figh- Educ.: Normal School.Former ter. President of German Groups School Revisor. Member: Peoples in Europe and representative of Party. Chief Tecuci District Or- these groups at theMinorities ganization. Deputy in1926-27. Congress at Geneva. Edited at Si- Dec.: Reward for Work in Educa- biu the review Deutsche Politi- tion classI and 11. Addr.: On- ache Hefte" (1921-28). Member: cesti, Tecuci District. German Peoples Party. Underse- BRAILOIU C. 5tefan,Lawyer, cretary of State of the Minorities Newspaper Editor. * Aug.29, in1930-32.SibiuDeputyin 1897, Bucharest. Educ.: Bucha- 1910-1934. Dec.: Knight, Corn- rest Juridical Faculty. Deputy of mander and Great, Officer Rou- Ilfov in 1927 and deputy of Val- manian Crown. Commander Rou- cea since1933. Editor of the manian Star, Roumanian Eagle. newspaperUniversul".Dec.: Pelesh Medal. Addr.: Sibiu, str. Commander of Order of Spanish Goblinus 3 and Bucharest VI, Republic,OfficerofRouma- str. Ion Atanasiu 21. Tel. 3-28-63 nian Star, Knight of RoumanianBRANISCE Victor,Journalist.* Crown, Cultural Merit etc. Addr.: 1874, Ciucul mare. Educ.: Ju- Bucharest,Str.Dr.Lister46. ridacl Faculty of Czernowitz and Tel.:3-28-58. Budapest. Member: National Pea- BRANCOVICI M. Emil, University sants Party. Senator in 1928. E- Profesor- General Director of In- ditorofthePaperPatria" surance Comp. Agricola-Foncierã (1897-1899). Pursued for poli- * October 26,1866. Mehadia, tical agitation, he left Brasov for Banate. Educ.: Superior Commer- Jassy (1900-1901). Editor and cial School; Institute of Chemis- later Director of the paper Ga- try Nancy. President of the Bu- zeta Transilvaniei" from1903. charest Goods Bourse; President Dec.: Knight of Ferdinand Order, of Union of Cereals Exporters Military Cross. Addr.: Brasov. of Rournania. President of Syndi-BRANZEU Nicolae, Dr., Canon of cal Chamber of urban proprie- Lugoj Diocese. * 1883, Vulcan tors of Bucharest. Independent. (Hunedoara).Educ.:Lyceum, Deputy in1926. Former Presi- Budapest and Vienna Faculty of dent Economic-Financial Commis- 1 heology. Dr. of Fheology, Vi- sion. Former general budget re- enna. Member: National Christian porter. Senator 193 I. Dec.: Com- Party. Dec.: Reward for Curch mander of Italian Crown; Officer Work. Addr.: Lugoj. 414

www.dacoromanica.ro BRASEYCharlesRene, Lyceum tile Bretianu. Educ.: Politechnical Professor. * March 5, 1889. Ga- SchoolandSuperiorMining lati. Educ.: Faculty of literature School of Paris President of Na- and philosophy at Bucharest U- tional Liberal Party. Former Mi- niversity.Former Presidentof nister of Finance. Addr.: Bucha- Circle of Secondary School Pro- rest, Str. Regele Alexandru I16. fessors, Timigoara. Made the cam- Tel. 2-02-30. paigns of 1913 and 1916-1918,BRATIANU I.Gheorghe, Univer- lieutenantofreserve. Member: sity Professor. * 1898, Ruginoasa National Liberal Party. Deputy of Educ.: Licentiate of Law. Dr. of Timis Torontal. Former District Phylosophy and Literature. Lite- Councillor and assistant Mayor rary Man, has writtenvarious in Timigoara. Dec.: Officerof historical books.ArtillryLieu- Roumanian Crown, Sanitary Me- tenant of reserves. Wounded in rit cl. I. Roumanian Eagle. Addr.: the War in1917. President of Timigoara, str. Doja 8/111. National Liberal Party (Gh. Bre- BRATANESCU Gh. Dumitru. Law- tianu). Son of Ion.I.C. Bre- yer.* January11,1889,Pite- tianu, he started a new movement gti. Educ.: Faculty of Law, Bu- of the liberal party in 1930, in charest. Dean of Tighina Bar. opposition to the old leadership. Former Vice-President of Zem- Deputy in1927, 1928, 1931, stwo Tighina. Former Mayor of 1932, and since 1933. Addr.: Bu- Tighina.Member:Roumanian charest, Str. Popa Chitu 26. Tel. Front. Chief Tighina District Or- 2-33-60. ganization. Former Deputy. Dec.:BRATU Traian, University Profes- Knightof Roumanian Crown, sor.* Nov.7.1875. Reginari Roumanian Star and Roumanian SibiuDistrict.Educ.:B. A., Crown with sword. Knight of Mi- licentiateof Bucharest Faculty litary Virtue. Addr.: Tighina, sty. of Literature. Doctor of Berlin Pugchin 22. University. Rector of Jassy Uni- BRATIANU Constantin, agricultu- versity1921-22 and from 1933. rist.*1887. Bucharest. Direct Member: National Peasant Party. Descendent of the I. C. Bretianu Senator of University1928-31 Family. Educ.: Dr. of Law of Pa- and President of Senate. Senator ris University. Member: National of Baia in 1932. Dec: Great Cross Liberal Party. Minister in 1926- ofRoumanianCrownOrder, 28. Deputy from 1922 to date. Great Cross of St. Grigore the General Secretary of the National Great Order. Addr.: Jassy,str. Liberal Party. Former General Pficurari 74. Secretary of Roumanian Delega-BRAUNSTEIN H. Pascu,Adminis- tionatthe Peace Conference. trator Delegat of Carmen-Sylva" Dec.: Commander of the Legion Company. * Febr. 4, 1889, Bu- of Honour. Grand Officer of Rou- charest. Educ.: Commercial manianStarandRoumanian School. Member of the Jewish Crown. Addr.:Bucharest,Str. Community Representation. Cas- Visarion 4. Tel. 2-11-15. hier of the Hospitals Eforie, New BRATIANU I. C. Constantin (Dinu) Maternity Caritas". Member: U- engineer. * 1866, Florica Muscel nion of Roumanian Jews. Vice- District. Son of great Ion Bra- president of Bucharest organiza- tianu, brother of lonel and Vin- tion. Member of the Represen- 415

www.dacoromanica.ro tation U.E.R. Dec.: Commercial mercial Merit class 1. Great Cross and Industrial Merit class I. Addr: St. Silvestre Order. Addr.: Bra- Bucharest, Cal. Serban voda 5, sov, Str. Mihail Eminescu 8a. Tel. Tel. 3-86-43. 5-97. BREDICEANU Caius, Plenipotentia-BREZEANU Gh. Constantin, lawyer- ry Minister at Vienna,* April agriculturist. * Aug.16,1888. 25, 1879, Lugoj. Educ.: Doctor Teipani, Prahova, Educ.: Faculty of Law and Political Science of of Law. Former Mayor of Ploesti Vienna University. He was the Municipality. Member: National first Undersecretary of State in Peasants Party. He was twice De- Roumania attheMinistryof puty and once Senator of Pra- Foreign Affairs (1919) . Rouma- hova. Dec.: Commander Rouma- nian Delegate at the Peac.e Con- nian Crown, and other orders. ference of Paris(1919-1920). Addr.: Ploepti,Str.I.Bratianu Ministerinthe Take lonescu 15. Tel. 1536. Government (1922 ).Plenipo-BRUDARIU Adrian, lawyer, * Au- tentiary Minister of Roumania at gust 26, 1893. Dobrovat, Vaslui Rio de Janeiro (1928), Plenipo- District. Educ.: -National Lyceum tentiaryMinisteratVatican of Jassy. Licentiate of Faculty (1929).Independent.Former of Law, Jassy. Former Magistrate. Chief of National Peasants Party Wounded in the lungs in the bat- in Carap Severin District, Deputy tle of the Gorj Mountains-Buliga in1919,1926-27. Dec.: Great Pass.Commander ofthehe- Cross,Roumanian Crown,St. roine Ecaterina Teodoroiu during Crigore the Great order. Austrian the war 1916-18. Member : Rou- Order for Merit. Command. Fer- manian Front. President Gorj Di- dinandI. Command. Legion of strict Organization and Vice-Pre- Honour (France). Addr.: Vienna sident of Timis Torontal District IV, Prinz Eugen Strasse 60, Tel. Organization. Deputy in 1927-28. 46-4-17. BREDICEANU Tiberius, Dr. Former President of Sociological and So- Executive Director of Albina" cial Politics Section, of the So- Bank. * 1877. Lugoj. Educ.: Dr. cial Institute Banate-Crisana, with of Law. As chief of a branch of Headquarters in Timipoara. Addr: the Roumanian Council of Di- Timisoara, Bul. Diaconovici Loga rection he founded the National 11, Tel. 2-70. Theater of Cluj (1919). Musi-BRUMBOIU Moise, priest, vicar. * cal Conservatory of Cluj (1920) March1,1871, Calbor, Fag& National Opera of Cluj (1920), rapi District. Educ.: B. A. Theo- first State Opera in Roumania. logy at Blaj, Budapest Faculty ot National Prize for Music (1927). Law. Arch.-Episcopal Vicar fo. Prize of the Roumanian Compo- rane of Faggras vicarage from sers Society for the selecting of 1922 to present. Senator Of Com- popular melodies. Author of ma- munal Council 1928-31. Former ny musical works. Member: Na- Vice-President of Eagirag District tional Peasants Party. Deputy in Organisation of National Peasants 1919-20. Dec.:GrandOfficer Party. Dec.: Commander of Rou- Roumanian Crown, and Rouma- rnanianCrown.Reward for nian Star. Commander Ferdinand Church Work. Addr.: Eagaras, Order. Bene Merenti class I, Com- str. Brâncoveanu 9. 416

www.dacoromanica.ro BUCA N. Dimitrie. Lawye.r of Ba- ty,Deputy in1919-1920 and ciu Bar from 1906. * Dec. 4, 1926-1927. Dec.:Reward for 1879, Bacau. Educ. :Licentiate Work. Addr.: Sannicolaul Mare. of Bucharest Faculty of Law in Tel. 39. 1906. Magistrate in1919. Pre-BUDEANU E. Victor, former Vice- fect of Bac Su District in1919 Consul. * Dec. 1st 1900, Mereni and 1920. President of ad-interim L'apusna district. Educ.: Licentiate Commission and first mayor of of Commercial Sciences and Ma- Bac Au Municipality in 1929, 1930 gister Cum Laude" of Economi- and 1931. Constant member of cal Sciences of the Edinbourgh National Peasants Party, Bacau University. Appointed May 15, District and Executive Committee 1925 to the Ministry of Foreign from1919. Senator for Bacau Affairs, 1931-33. Vice-consul at in 1932 and 1933. Supplementary the Roumanian Consulate of Rus- Deputy of Baciu in oppozition se and Varna (Bulgaria). Mem- in the general elections of 1919, ber: Rournanian Front. President 1920 and 1922. Dec.: Avantul of the Soroca district organiza- Tarii- Medal, Knight Roumanian tion. Dec.: Knight of the Rou- Crown, Officer Roumanian Star. manian Star Order. Addr.: So- Knight Roumanian Eagle. Reward roca, Bassarabia. for Work in ChurchclassI.BUDI5TEANU N. George, lawyer. * Addr.: Beau, str. General Ave- Bucharest. Educ.: Former Magis- rescu 12. trate, former State Lawyer. Mem- BUC5ANConstantin,lawyer. * ber: Conservative Party.Presi- 1883, Sibiel, Sibiu District. Educ: dent of Ilfov District Organiza- Dr. of Law, Budapest University. tion.President of Conservative Member: Peoples Party. Chief Si- Youth.MemberofExecutive biu District Organization. Deputy Committee of the Party. Acldr : in 1919-20, 1920-22 and 1926- Bucharest, Str. C. A. RosettiI. 27.Former Undersecretary ofBUJOR Paul, University Professor. State. Dec.: Commander Rouma- *July 20, 1862, Beresti, Covurlui nian Star, Grand Officer Rouma- District. Educ.: Lyceum in the nian Crown. Addr.:Bucharest, Country, Paris and Geneva Uni- Str. B. Mussolini 18, Tel. 4-47-34 versity. Doctor of Natural Scien- BUCURESCU Teodor, Director of ce of Geneva. Professor at Jassy Gymnasium. * April 27,1885. Faculty of Science. Former Sena- Com los, Timis Torontal District. torforthe University,inthe Educ.: Lyceum ;Universityof constituent assembly from 1914 Cluj; Vienna drawing and pain- to 1916 for electoral and agrarian ting School. lmprisonned by Hun- reform. Member: of National garians in 1918 together with ot- Peasants Party. Senator and Pre- her because he fought for the U- sident of Senate in1919. For- nion of all Roumanian. He is the mer Senator and Deputy in o- initiator and founder of Mihail E. therthree Parliaments. Addr.: minescu monument at Sannico- Jassy, str. Ralet 8 . laul Mare in 1925. Former Mem-BULAT G. Toma, University Profes- ber of Great National Council of sor. *August1887.Tunari, Sibiu( 1918-1919) .Director of Dolj, Educ.: Dr. of Literature and gymnasium Principele Carol". Theology. Member: National Li- Member: National Christian Par- beral Party (Gh. Bratianu). Chiet 417 27

www.dacoromanica.ro LapusnaDistrictOrganization in1932-33. Dec.: Knight Rou- Dec.: War Medals. Addr.: Kishi. manian Crown with sword, Offi- neff, Str. Alexandru cel Bun 75 cer Roumanian Star, Knight Rou- BULFINSCH1 Raul, Professor and manian Eagle, Reward for Work lawyer. *1883, Craiova. Educ. in Education class 1., etc. Addr.: Lyceum, LicentiateofPhiloso- Bucharest, Str. Titus 26(Prin- phy and literature. Licentiate of cipatele Unite 51). Law Facuity Bucharest Univer-BURICESCU Haralambie, lawyer. * sity.Definite incumbent profes- Febr. 13, 1904, Cocargeana, la- sor since 1912. Director or Com- lomita District. Educ.: Bucharest mercial Schools of Ploesti 1912- and Galatz Lyceum.Bucharest 23. Definite lawyer of Prahova Faculty of Law. Member: Con- Bar from 1921. Communal Coun- servative Party. Vicepresident of cillor and AssistantMayor in lalomitaDistrictOrganization, 1926. Member: Peoples Party. Former General Secretary of Ga- Deputy and Secretary of Cham- latz Organization. Addr.: Bucha ber of Deputies 1926-27. Dec.: rest, Str. Carol 52, Sc. B et. I. Knight Roumanian Crown, A-BUR1LLIANU M. Dimitrie,Large vantul Tarii" Medal, Reward for landed estate owner. * May 8 Work in Education classI.of 1878, Turnu Severin. Educ.: Doc- Gold. Addr.: Ploesti, Str. Sft. Ni- tor of Law of Paris University. colae Ion, TeL 135 I. Graduate of the School of Poli- BULGARU D. Valeriu, lawyer, Uni- tical Science of Paris, Diplomatic versity Professor. * Aug. 4, 1898. Section. Former Governor of Na- Slanic, Bacau District. Educ: Doc- tional Bank of Roumania. Mem- tor of law and Economics and ber:NationalChristian,Party. Sociological Science. Professor at Former Deputy of Mehedinti in Faculty of Law Jassy. Member of six LegislativePeriods.Addr.: University Senate, Jassy. Captain Bucharest, Aleea Aleandru36. in reserve. Member: National Li- Tel. 2-20-14. beral Party (Gh. Bratianu). ChiefBU$1LA Constantin, Professorat of Vaslui District Organization. Politechnical School Regele Ca- Dec.: Military and civil decora- rol Ir. Former President of U. tions. Addr.: Jassy, str. Speran- G.I.R. Former G-ral Director of teiI. Tel. 5-22. Iron Works Reshitza. G-ral Mana- BURICESCU F. Ion, Professor. * ger of Soc. Creditul pentru In- 1880, Cocargeana, lalomita Di- treprinderi Electrice.* May 4, strict. Educ.: Lyceum, Faculty of 1877. Targu Ocna. Educ.: Natio- Literature, Section Philosophy of nal School of Bridges University BucharestUniversity.Professor Liege. Independent. Deputy of Philosophy at Gh. Lazar Ly- 1931. Dec.: Great. Officei ceum, of Bucharest. Author of of Roumanian Crown, Coman- various pedagogical and philoso- der of Roumanian Star, Comman, phical works. He took part in the der Leopold order(Belgium). campaignsof1916-18,being Addr.: Bucharest, Aleea Modro- wounded in the battle at Neaj- gan 1. Tel. 2-46-61. lov. Captain of reserves. Mem-BUTEANU Aurel,Dr., Editorof ber: National Peasants Party. Pre- Patria" paper of Cluj. 8 1904. fect of lalomita District, 1920-22 Somcuta Mare, Satumare District. and 1926-27. Deputy of lalomita Educ.: Licentiate of Law. Dr. of 418

www.dacoromanica.ro Economic and political science. ficer Roumanian Star. Roumanian Author of two books Spre o Crown, Officer Prussian Crown nouà Constitutie" and Reforma Adr.: Tiganesti-Ilfov. Statului". Member: National Pea-BUZDUGAN Alexandru Ion, lawyer, sants Party. Former Director of proprietor.*1889, Buzdugeni Cabinet in the Ministry of Inte 13510District.Educ.: Licentiate rior 1928-30. Former Press atta- of Jassy Faculty of Law. Dr. ot che' at the Lego Lion of Brussels Economic-political science Czer- 1930-31. Deputy of Satumare in nowitz University.Even before 1932. Dec.: Officer Rouman:an the World War he took part in Star,KnightBelgian Crown the national movement of Bessa- Addr.: Cluj, Str. Oct. Goga 7. rabia, participating at the editing Tel. 8-11. of the paper Cuvantul Moldo- BUTTESCU Mihai, Colonel, farmer. venesc" under the name of N. * Nov. 3, 1878. Filioara-Agapia, Romano*. He took part as volon- Neamt District. Educ.: School of teer in the war 1916-18. Offi- Sons of Military persons of Jassy. cer of reserves. Former Underse- War School (Germany). Former cretary of State at Ministry of In- Commander at the front of the dustry and Commerce inI 931- company of Prince Carol, 1912- 32. Deputy and General Secretary 1915. Professor at the Bucharest of the State Council of Bessarabia Officers School(1913-1915) . inI 917-18. Member : Roumanian Former Commander of Regiment Front. Chief BAlti District Orga- I Chasseurs de la Garde Regina nization. Deputy of MO in I 91 9- Elisabeta" ( I 917). Member: Peo- 32. Dec.: Commander Roumanian ples Party. Chief Neamt District Crown and Roumanian Star, Fer- Organization. Senator of Neamt dinand Order, War Medal Ferdi. 1920-22and 1926-27. Prime nand I. with sword. Addr.:Balti, Questor of Senate I 926-27. Dec.: and Bucharest, Str. Amiral Ur- Knight Mihai Viteazul Order. Of- seanu 5.

CADERE Victor,PlenipotentiaryCALINESCU M. Armand, agricultu- Minister. * August 1891, Jassy. rist.* May 22,1893,Pitesti. Educ.: Diploma of Political Sci Educ.: Degree.in philosophy and ences, Paris. Member of Ameri- doctor of law, Bucharest Univer- can Geographical Society and ot sity. Doctor of Economic Scien- the International Academy. Au- ces of Paris University. Former thor of various books on Juri- magistrateof Arge*Tribunal. dical and Political subjects. Col- Member: National Pea3ants Party laboratorinthe Mercure de President of organization in Ar- France", Professor of University ge* District in 1922. Former Pre- Bucharest. Former Director Ge- fect of Arges. Former secretary neral of the State police. Former general of Ministry of Agricul minister at Warsaw.Lieutenant ture and Domains. Former Un- Colonel of Reserve. Dec.: Com- dersecretary of State at Ministry mander of Ferdinand I order, of the Interior. Deputy elected Grand Cordon of St. Stanislas and during legislations1926, 1928. Legion of Honour. 1931,1932. and1933.Dec.: 419

www.dacoromanica.ro Great Officer of Crown of Rou. great landowner, agriculturist. * mania, Commander of Star of Jan. 9,1867, Botosani, Descen- Roumania,AgriculturalMerit dant of old Boyar family of Mol- Reward for Work and TeachinN- davia. He played an important etc. Addr.: Bucharest, Str. Dr. part in declaration of war. For Clunet 12, Tel. 4-50-27. mer Commissionerof Govern- CALVOCORESCU I. Ion, lawyer. * ment attached to Russian arrny March 8, 1876. Bucharest. Educ.: Member: National-Peasant Party Lyceum and Fac. of Law Bucha- Former Prefect of Jassy in 1892 rest. He took part in the cam- and 1904. Former mayor of Jassy paign 1916-1918 being captain in 1932. Former Chief of Party in reserve. Member: National Li Organization. Deputy in 5 legis- beral Party (Gh. Br5tianu). Pre- lative periods and senator in 2 fect of Roman District in 1921. legislations. Dec.: Great Officer Deputy of Roman in 1922 and of Roumanian Crown and Star 1926.Dec.: Commem. Cross, Of- Faith and Valour class I., Com- ficer of Roumanian Star, ani- mander of St. Stanislas (Russian) tary Merit cl.I. Addr.: Roman, Avantul Tara'', Industrial Merit str. I. G. Duca 200. ist Class and others. Addr.: Jas- CAMARASESCU Ion, agriculturist. sy, Str. Carol 49. * 1882. Bucharest. Educ.: Licen.CANDEA Romulus, dr. physician, tiate of Law of Paris University. University professor. * 1886, A- First Prefect of Durostor District vrig. Educ.: University at Czerno- 1913. after the annexation; for- witz and Leipzig. Professor at Si- mer commissioner of the Govern- biu 1913. Professor of the Czer- ment attachedofthe Russian nowitz University 1919. Former Armies1916-1918, Vice-Presi- Rector of the University and Ma- dent of the Union of Agricultural yor of the town Czernowitz. Mem. Syndicates1926,Presidentof ber: Roumanian Front.Dec.: theUnionof Chambersof Agriculture;Presidentofthe Commander of the Roumanian Autonomous Roads Institute Crown. 1931,First President of Rouma-CANTACUZINO Alexandrina, Prin- nian Delegation in Economic Co- cess. * 1861, Bucharest. Vicepre- uncil of the Little Entente 1934. dent of the Womens International Former Minister of .nteriorin Council. President of the Rouma- TakelonescuCabinet, 192 t. nian Women's National Council. Member: National Peasants Par President of the Women's Little ty. Former Head of Durostor Di- Entente. Addr.: Bucharest, Calea strict Organization. Deputy in se Victoriei 224. Tel. 2-52-58. veral legislative Period from 1919CANTACUZINO Gheorghe, retired to1933. Dec.: Great Cross of general. * Dec. 25, 1869, Paris. Roumanian Crown Order, Corn Direct descendant of princely fa- mender of Legion of Honour, mily Cantacuzino. Educ.: Lyceum Great Cross Sf. Sava order, Great in Paris, Military school at Cra- Cross PoloniaRestituta.Corn iova and Bucharest. Was trough mender Meritul Agricol. Addr : campaigns1913 and1916-18. Bucharest, Str. Romulus 77. Tel. Commander of regiment and of 3-98-23. Brigade of Frontier Guards. For- CANANAU Nicholae, industrialist mer administrator of Civil Hos- 420

www.dacoromanica.ro pitals. Director and Administra- gele Ferdinand". * Nov. 20, 1878 tor-Delegate of Concrete factory Bar lad. Educ.: Lyceum Codreanu, l3raila. Chief of party All for the 13fir lad. Faculty of Literature and Country", founded aft-r dissolu- Philosophy Bucharest. Professor tion oi Iron Guards. Former in- Tulcea, Craiova, and Bucharest. dependent deputy in 1920, 1922 Member: National Democrat Party and 1931. Dec.: Citation befor, Deputy 1931-32. Dec.: Officer of the whole Army. Mihai the Brave. Roumanian Crown, Commercial Legion of Honour. Crown of Rou and Industrial Merit. Addr.: Bu- mania. Addr.:Bucharest,Sti charest, str.Militari25.Tel. Gutenberg 3, Tel. 3-05-54. 3-71-52. CANTACUZINO Gh. Maiei, archiCARASIEVICI A. Arsenie, lawyer. tect. * 1899 Vienna. Educ.: Na * January 26, 1888, MO. Educ.. tional Art School in Paris. Pupil Lyceum. Faculty of Law Jassy. of Othon Fries, graduated archi. Licentiate of Law. Member: A- tecture in 1919. Deputy in 1931. grarian Party. Deputy in 1919- 1932-1933. Member: National-Li 1920 and 1926-27. Former as- beral Party (Gh. Bratianu). En- sistant of Mayor and Mayor of joys good reputation as paintar MO Municipality. President of and architect.Built the Palace former Zernstve MO District. of Chrissoveloni Bank, of Jockey Addr.: B5 lti, str. Voevodul Mihai Club and palace of Queen Eliza- 18. Tel. 93. beth of Greece in Bucharest. Dec.CARDAS Agricola, Univ.trsity Pro- LegionofHonour, Crown ot fessor. * Oct. 30, 1883, Galatr. Italy.Addr.:Bucharest,Ca lea Educ.: Lyceum of Galatz. Degre t Victoriei 109. Tel. 3-60-45. of Nat. Science of Jassy Univer- CAPRA D. Ioan, lawyer.*July sity. Doctor in Agricultural Sci- 29,1898. Dorohoi. Educ.: Ly- ence of Bonn a/Rh. University. ceum, Faculty of Law Jassy. Foi Former Agricultural Councillor mer Professor at Lyceum. Semi of Roman and Jassy Districts. Di- nary and Commercial School of rector of Supplies for Jassy in Dorohoi. Officer in reserve. Pre 1918. Director General of Agra- fect of Dorohoi I927--928. Ma- rian Reform and Agricultural Re- yor of Dorohoi 1931. Member - form in Bessarabia,conducting National Christian Pazty, Chiet entirely application of Agrarian Dorohoi Organization. Dec.: War Reform and organization of Bee- Cross, Roumanian Star and Rou sarabian Agricultural Institutions manian Crown. Addr.: Doroho;, 1919-25. Profesor of Agricultu- str. Marzescu 6. Tel. 26. ral Studies at Kishineff. Jassy Uni- CAPRUCEANU Melinte, industria- versity. Dean of Faculty of Agri- list. * Nov. 188, Slatina Mure- culturalStudiesofKishineff gului. Educ.: High Commercial (1936). Member: National Pea- School. Member: National Libe- sant Party. Senator of Agricultu- ral Party. Deputy since1933. ral Chambers Jassy District. Elec- Dec.: Industrial and Commercial ted in 3 legislative periods. Dec.: Merits, I.Class. Roumanian Ea- Great Officer of Crown of Ruo- gle. Addr.: Reghin, Str. Regele mania,Great OffcerPhoenix, Alexandru 18. Commander of Star of Roumania, CARACAS M. Remus, Professor, Officer French and Roumanian Director Commercial School Re- Agricultural Merit, Oficer Polonia

421 www.dacoromanica.ro Restituta, Officer Roumanian Ea- Crown of Roumania with Mili- gle, Avantul Mir, Commemo- tary Virtue Ribbon. Sundry Ron rative Cross. Addr.: Jassy, Copou manian war decorations and o- Sos. Breazu 84. Tel 697. thers. Addr.: Bucharest, Str. Arh. CARP Petre Grigore, landowner, Mincu 33, Tel. 2-43-56. Administrator DelegateofRe-CATARGI L .Lascar. Landowner. * shitza Co. * 1888 at Sinaia. E- 1872, Bucharest. Educ.: Univer- duc.: Cymnasium of Jena, Fa- sity, Faculty of Law, Bucharest culty of law in Paris, Free Schooi and in Germany and Austria. Of ofPoliticalSciencesat Paris old boyar family. Former Prime (1909). Twice deputy. Member: Ephor of Hospitals and member People'sParty.SonofPetre of Bucharest Municipal Council. Carp, former Prime-Minister. For. Member: National Liberal Party mer Secretary General of Ministry (Gh. Bratianu) Dec.: Comman- of Agricultural. Member of Board der Roumanian Star. Addr.: Bu- of Agricultural Credit (1918-26) charest, Cal. Victoriei 115. Member of Board of ReshitzaCATELLY Emanoil,agriculturist, Company. Lieutenant in the re- Prefect of Bfilti District. * Jan. serve. Dec.: Crown and Star of 25, 1883, Zgardesti, Balti District Roumania. Addr.: Bucharest, Str. Educ.:Graduate ofLyceum D. Sturdza 4. and Military School-Head of Na- CARTOJAN Alexandru, Professor tional Movement and organizer for Secondary Schools, * Jan. 1, of Moldavian Military Unities in 1901, Vida.Cartojani, Vlasca Di- 19 17, Former member of autono strict. Educ.: Degree Literature mous Government of Bessarabia, and Philosophy of Bucharest U- niversity. Member: National Pea Department of Agriculture. For- sant Party. President of Vlasca mer officer in Russian Great Ge- organization. Deputy of Vlasca neral Staff. Member: of Natio- Former Pr-elect. Dec.: Comman- nal LiberalParty.Chiefof der of Star and Crown of Rou- BaltiDistrict Organization.Se- mania. Addr.: Giurgiu, Str. P. G. nator of Balti 1928. Dec.: Com- Parizianu 7. Tel. 15. mander of Roumanian Crown and CASAN Gheorghe, lawyer. * April Roumanian Star, Ferdinand Or- 1 0, 1881. Educ.: Faculty of Law, der,VariousRussianorders. Bucharest. Member: National Addr.: MO, str. Regina Maria 5. Christian Party. Deputy in 1931CAVALLIOTI Socrate, landowner, Former Mayor of Tecuci 1920 agriculturist and cattlebreeder. * and 1 93 1 . Dec.: Officer of Rou- Dec. 19, 1881, Gotesti, Bessara- manian Crown and Roumanian bia. Educ.: Doctor of Law of St Star. Addr.: Tecuci, str. Carol Petersburg University.In1906 15. entered Russian Bar from which CASTANO Emil, Brigadier General he retired in 1917 as First Regi * 1875 Jassy. Educ.: Degree of strar of Court of Cassation. Mem. Faculty of Law of Bucharest. Mi- ber: Agrarian Party. Lhief Ca- litary Officers School, Member of hul District Organization. Dec.: Ilfov Bar. Member: National Li- Knight Star of Roumania, St Sta- beral Party (Gheorghe Bratianu) nislas (Russian), St. Anna (kiu- Honorary President organization sian). Addr.: Commune I. C.. Du- Vlasca District. Dec.: Officer of ca-Gotegti, District Cahnl. 422 www.dacoromanica.ro CAZACU Petre, Dr. phiEician. dal.Addr.: Cetatea Albà, str. Re- 1871 Kishineff. Educ.: Faculty of gele Ferdinand No. 29. Tel. 25. Medicine of Bucharest. FormerCHIRCULESCU D. Nicolae, lawyer, Secretary General of Ministry of * March 5, 1874. Aricesti, Pra- Health,known abroad for his hova District. Educ.: Faculty of medical publications and histori- Law, Ministry of Labour and Co- cal works on Bessarabia.Presi- operation 1923-1926. Former Re dent of Council of Directors of porter of the Constitution. Ac- Bessarabia 1918. Member: Natio- tual President of Committee of nal Liberal Party. Vice-President Management of Alcohol Mono- organization. Deputy in Council poly. President of Superior Coun- of Country BessarabiaI 917-18 cilof Social Insurance, Central Deputy in legislation1931aril Office. President of Agricultural 1933.Dec. :GreatOfficerof Bank. Member of National Li- Crown of Roumania, Commander beral Party. Senator 1914-1918, of Star of Roumania and Ferdi- Deputy1907-1910, 1912-1913, nand Order. Addr.: Jassy, Str. 1919, 1922-1926, 1927, 1928-29, Latescu1. 1930 and actual deputy. Dec.: CEIKOVSKI Emil, lawyer, journa- Great Cross of Roumanian Crown list.Educ.: Licentiateof Jassy Order, Great Officer of Faithful Faculty of Law, literature, and Service Order, Great Cross Or- philosophy. Member of the Gene- der of Holy Sepulchrc, various ral Council of the Union of Law- other decorationsand medals. yers of Roumania. Member: Na- Addr.: Bucharest, str. Washing- tional Liberal Party. Deputy ton 18, Tel. 2-12-50. since 1933.Addr. :Jassy,Str.CHIRILA Lazir, Doctor, Secondary Stroescu 9. Tel. 489. Profesor. * April 2, 1884, Baia de CERULEANU Constantin, Lawyer. Aries, Turda. Educ.: B. A., Fa- * March 1878 lnotesti. Educ. culty of Law, Cluj and Debre- Law, History and Philosophy of czen (Hungary), Doct-m- of Juni.- Bucharest University. Member: ol dical Science. Member: of Natio- National Liberal Party. Vice-Pre- nalLiberalParty,Deputyin sident of Prahova District Orga- 1926-27. Dec.: Knight of Rots). nization, Senator of Prahova. De- manian Crown. Addr.: Cluj, str. cor.: War Cross, Officer of Rots- Goga 9. manian Crown with sword, Rou-CHIRITA Gh. Candid, lawyer. * manian Eagle, Knight of Rouma- Dec. 8, 1888, Biliesti, Putna Dis- nianStar,Faithand Valour. tiict. Educ.: Licentiate of Law. Addr.: Ploesti, str. I. G. Duca 75. Member: of National Liberal Par- Tel. 1960. ty. 1933 Deputy, Vice-President CHIORASCU Vladimir, Bank Direc- of BaltiDistrict Organization. tor.* Feb. 8,1888, Kishineff. Former Royal Prime Commissio- Educ.: Kishineff Theological Se- ner. Former assistant Mayor of minary. Independent.Former MO. Dec.: Knight of Roumanian DeputyinSfatullärii.De- Crown with sword and ribbon puty 1920 - 21 and 1926 - 27. Military Virtue, Officer of Rou- Former Vice-President of Cham- manian Crown and Roumanian ber of Deputies. Dec.: Great of Star, White Eagle, War Cross. ficer Roumanian Crown, offices Addr.: Bälli,str.Regale Ferdi- Roumanian Star. Ferdinand I. Me- nand 184. 423

www.dacoromanica.ro CIHOSKI Henri General of an Army der, GrandOfficer of Mauric: Corp in reserve. * 1871, Tecuci. and Lazzar, Legion of Honour: Educ.: Military School of Engi- Grand Cordon White Eagle ( Ju- neers, Artilery and Marine. Scho goslavian). White Lion (Czecho ol of application of Engineering slovakian), Belgian Crown, ltd. and artillery. Superior School of lianCrown, PoloniaRestituta War. (The Cihoski Family came Addr.: Bucharest, B-dul Dacia 50, into the country immediately af- Tel 2-03-75. ter the revolution of 1863). LieuCIOBANU VirgilDr.1 ensionea tenant of engineering 1891, Ma Physician. * Febr. 23, 1876. Ro- jor 1908, Brigadier General 1917 sia Montana, Alba District. Educ. of a Division 1919. General Ins- B. A., Dr. of Medicine. Member pector of the Army 1927. Mini- Agrarian Party. Prefect of Turda ster of War in 1928-30. Genera 1 9 31-32. Addr.: Cluj, Viile Dan,- of an Army Corps in I )32, in the bul Rotund 11. same year Senator by law. Offi-CIOCALTEU Haralamb, lawyer. * cer of General Staff from 1897 Jan.30,1887. Plenita-Dolj. E- He passed to the infanterya, duc.: Lyceum. Faculty of Law Commander of Regiment 30 Mus. Bucharest. Member: National Pea- cel in 1914. During the War iu sants Party. Deputy in 1928-31 1916 Chief of General Staff of and 1932-33. Dec.: Commandei the6th Army Corps.In Oct Roumanian Crown, Knight Rou- 1916 he became Commander o' manian Eagle, Peles Medal, War the Division 13, in the battles ol. Cross. Addr.: Craiova, Bul. Ca the Olt he was badly wounded at rol I No. 29. Gaesti (19/20 Nov. 1916)CIOLOCA Dimitrie, Dr., Professor after he had spent 2 months in of Roumanian Ortodox Theolo- the hospital he took the corn gic Academy, * Dec. 18, 1874, mand of Division 10, Febr. 1917. Sipet,Timis TorontalDistrict. In 1918-20 he became the first Educ.: Lyceum. Faculty of Theo- second in command of the General logy and Philosophy at Czerno- Staff of the Great General Heat. witz. Member NationalLiberal Quartiers. In 1921-27 Comma I- Party (Gh. Bratianu). Head of der of the 7th Army Corps (Si Severin district organization. biu). He distinguished himself du- Addr.: Caransebes, Str. llie Cu- ring the war in the battles of the rescu 8. Valea Oltului (Robest,-RamniculCIOMAC G.Christian,agricultu- Valcea), Valea Topologului (Sa ral great rural property. * 1882, latruc-Fruntile-Poiana Lungarea) Botosani. Educ.: Doctor of Law, and Valea Siretului (Marasesti). Paris.Member: NationalLibe- Dec.: War Decorations;; Officer ralParty. Former Deputy in and Commander of Roumania, 1918, former Mayor of Botosani, Star with sword and ribbon M: Senator of CommunalColleges litary Virtue, Order of the Knight of Dotosani Town and District. of Mihai Viteazul. French Wai Addr.: Botosani,str.Sft.Nico. Cross with palms, Officer and lae 2. Commander of Legionf Honour,CIORNEI N. Nicu, lawyer. * April St.George Cross(Russian) . 5, 1881. Botosani. Educ.: Licen- Peace Decoration: Great Cros tiate of Law, Bucharest Faculty. Roumanian Star, Ferdinand I. Or- Member: Nat. Dern. Party. Chief

424 www.dacoromanica.ro Dambovita District Organization. Former profesor of theology. Pre- Prefect of Dârnbovita in1931- sident of Association of Transyl- 32. Dec.: Jubilee Medal, Knignt vanian priesthood A. Saguna. Roumanian Crown, Commemora. Honorific Metropolitar Counc.'- tive Cross,FaithandValour lor. Member: Nationa.Liberal Class I.Addr.: Tirgoviste, Str. Party. SenatorofArad 1927. Dr. Marinoiu No. 5. Tel. 200. Dec.: Officer Roumanian Crowl. CIOTOR loan,pensioned teacher Reward for Church Work dais proprietor. * Jan. 7, 1877. Sficelu, I.Addr.: Arad, Str. V. Gold 1g, GorjDistrict.Educ.:Norma! 11. School of Craiova. Member: Peo-CLOCACEV N. Nicolae, engineei. ples Party. Vicepresident of Gorj landed proprieor.* April2 ), District Organization. Deputy m 1894. Kishineff. Educ.. Lyceum. 1920 and1926.Dec.: Officer Politechnical School of Petrograd Roumanian Crown, Commemora- and Military Engineeling Schoo.. tive Cross I 916-18 with bars. Re- Member: Agrarian Party. Chie ward for Work in Education class Cetatea Alba' District Organiza- I. Addr.: Poenari, Gorj District. tion.Addr.: Buchare3t,Str. (ZI- CIPAIANU George, agriculturist * piscopiei 7. Nov. 3,1878,Cipfieni,TurdaCNIS Vasile, lawyer. *Oct.11, District. Educ.: Bucharest Aca- 1894, Rt.ii-Mänastioare,, Suceava demy of Agriculture, Leipzig A- District. Educ.: Lyceum graduate. gronomisches Institut, Doctor of licentiate of Jassy Faculty of Law. SciencesofLeipzigUniversity Member: of RoumanianFront, Author of numerousscientific former Vice-President of Rouma- works in the domain of agricul. nian Front Organization in Su ture and economics. Former Di- ceava District. Deputy in 1932- rectorGeneralofCooperative 1933. Prefect of Suceava Dis. and Impropriation Central Office; trict 1929-1931. Dec.: Officer of organizer and manager of this Roumanian Crown, Ferdinand I great Institution by which the Order, Knight Roumanian Eagle. great agrarian reform was reali- Addr.: Suceava, str. Regele Fer- zed. Member of National Liberal dinand 73. Part. Former Minister of Agricul-CODREANUJon, agriculturist. ture and Domains. Chief of Party Known as Mos Codreanu" (old Organization of Turda and Tar- ManCodreanu),* Stefanesti. nava-Mic5. Senator 1922-26, Pre- Member: Radical Peasants Party. fect Piatra Neamt 1917. Secre- Deputy in several legislative pe- tary General of Ministry of Agri- riods. Deputy of the Country Co- culture1918-19 I 9.Deputyof uncil ,Sfatul Tara", which edic- Turda District since 1933. Dec.: ted the Union of Bassarabia with Great Officer of Roumanian Cross Roumania. Delegate of the Bas- and Roumanian Star. Agricultu- sarabianPeasants andRural ral Merit. Addr.: Bucharest, str Communes at the Peace Confe- Romana 35. Tel. 2-00-16. rence. Addr.: Stefanesti, Soroca CIUHANDU George, Dr. Councilor, district. Episcopal Referdary. * 1875,Rt-CODREANU-ZELEA Corneliu, law- via,Bihor District.Educ.: Lx - yer. * Sept. 13, 1899. Jassy. E- ceum, Theological School Arad duc.: Military Lyceum, Jassy .3 Czernowitz Faculty of Theology niversity, complementa y studi-s 425

www.dacoromanica.ro in Germany and France. Founder lomita District. Educ.: Lyceum of Organization Garda de Fier" Military School of Ink.utery, S 1. (Iron Guard). Chief of this Orga- perior War School. Former Mi- nization. Deputy in 19J2. Anima nister of National Defence. He torinthenationaliai.-MOW-- took part in the cah paign 4 ment. Addr.: Buchare-t, Str. Gu- Bulgaria and inthe War for tenberg 3, Tel. 3-05-5 h the Union of Roumat..% as Sec- COMANICIU G. Octavian, Dr. of tion Chief of the Great General Law, lawyer. * 1894, Venetia de Staff, then as Commander of Re- Jos, Ffigaras District. Educ.: Li- giment No. 6 Infantery.Afte centiate of Theology and Law, the War he was named aide de- Doctor in Economy and political camp of the Crown Prince, then science.Member:ofNationai Chief of the Military Household Christian Party. Prefect of Police of the King. He took part in the Brasov 1926-27. Addr.: Brasov, restauration, as Minister of Natio- str. Regele Carol 50. nal Defence. As Minister he gave COMM lonel, General Director of to the Army many laws, the lar- Central Bank,Cluj, Consul of gest budget and many order for Sweden. * Nov. 9, 1878, Saliste, the equiping of the Army. Dec.: SibiuDistrict.Educ.: Superior Great Cross Roumanian Crown, Commercial School Brasov, Com- Great Cross of Roumanian Star, mercial Academy, Vienna. For- Great Cross PoloniaRestituta, mer Secretary General of Com- Great Cross White Lion, Grand mercial Branch of Transylvanian Officer Legion of honour, Great Councilof " Direction. Member: Gross St. Sava, etc. Addr.: Bu- Nat. Peasants Party. From 1926 carest, str.Cobalcescu 42. Tel. elected in each legislative period 3-65-76. asSenatorofTransylvanianCONDRUS M. Mihail, Journalist, Chamber of Commerce, Cluj cir- proprietor. * December 25, 1881 cumscription. Dec.: Commander Targu-Jiu. Educ.: Graduate of E- of Roumanian Eagle, officer of conomic Science. Member: Natio- Ferdinand order, officer of Rou- nal Liberal Party. Prefect 1921. manian Crown, Knight of Rou- Senator 1931. Actually Deputy. manian Star White Lion" (Cze- Dec.: Knight of Roumanian Star, cho.). Addr.: Cluj,str. Regala and other militarydecorations. 31. Tel, 57. Officer of French Legion of Ho- CONDEESCU Emil, law3cr. * Co nour. Addr.: Bucharest, 5tirbey sareni,lalomita District. Eduif Vodà 83 bis. Tel. 3-21-80. Licentiate of Law. Fo_.ner magiCONNERTH Arthur, Juridical Doc- strate and Mayor Aslistant. He tor, lawyer. * January 9,1882, wrote various agriculturaland Bistrita. Educ.: B. A., Doctor of juridical studies. Member: Natio Law and Economical Science of nal Christian Party. Vicepresident Cluj University. Member: German of Prahova District Organization. Party of Roumania. Former De- Deputy in 1932. Dec.: War De- puty in 8 legislative periods. Dec: corations. Addr.: Ploeri, Str. Re- Comander of Roumanian Crown, gele Carol II No. 17. Commander of Roumanian Eagle. CONDEESCU N.. General, Army Officer RoumanianStar,Peles Assistant Inspector aidde-carni Medal. Addr.: Bistrita, Piata Re- of the King. * 1876, Ccsareni Ja gele Ferdinand 34. 426 www.dacoromanica.ro CONNERT Fritz,Agriculturist. * puty in 1932. Dec.: acumania June 28,1883,Mosna. Educ.: Star with sword, AgriculturalMI- School of High Agronomic Stu- nit. Addr.: Bucharest, S z. M. K.,- dies of Hohenheim (Germania). galniceanu 69. Tel. 3 37-18. Member: German Party. FormerCONSTANTINESCU Mititi, lawyer, Deputy in Hungary 1917. De- governor of the Roumanian Na- puty beginning from 1919 in all tional Bank. * Oct. 20, 1890, Bu- legislative periods excepting for charest. Educ.: Dr. of law of the 1931-32. Dec.: Commander Rou- University Paris. Former mem- manianStarandRoumanian ber of the National Liberal Par- Crown Order. OfficerAgricul- ty, former president of the Hu- tural Merit. Addr.:Sibiu,Str. nedoara district organization. De- Joagarului 10. puty in 1926-28 and 1933-34. CONSTANDINOVICI Ttaian, law Former Secretary General of the yer.* lanuary10,1895, La Ministry of Agriculture (Agra- pusnicel. Educ.: B. A., Cluj Fa rianCommittee). Under-Secre- culty of Law. Dr. of Law. Mem- tary of State of the Ministry of ber: National Peasants Party. S.: Finances 1933-35. Governor of verin Deputy in 1932 33. Dec, the Roumanian Bank since 1935. Ferdinand Order, Roumania 1 Dec.: Great Officer Roumanian Eagle, Pe les Order.%ddr.: T t- Crown, Commander Roumanian regova, SeverinMaui,. Star, Knight Legion d'Honneur. CONSTANTINESCU Al. Atta, law Addr.: Bucharest, Str. Remus 6. yer,agriculturist.* Dec. 2i. 1896, Paris. Educ.: D. of Law Tel. 3-76-24. Former Legation Secretary. Offi-CONSTANTINESCU Petre,Indus- cer in reserve. Member: National trialist, Merchant. * 1891 Maghe- LiberalParty(Gh.Bratianul. resti, Gorj District. Educ.: Com- President Bac'au Distiict Organs mercial School, Campaigns 1913 zation. Elected as Deputy of B.. and 1916-1918. Elected District cau infour legislative periods Councillor 1925. Elected Mem including 1933 Dec.: Roumanie-i ber Craiova Chamber of Com- Crown with sword ard ribbon merce 1927. Member: National Military Virtue. War Cross witch Liberal. Senator of Dolj. Elected bars, Commander Victoria Crost, by College of Communaland Officer Legion of Honour, Or.- District Councils in 1933. Dec.: cer Leopold 1 Order ,Belgian) AvantulTarii, Commemorative Commander Italian Crown. Addr: Cross 1916-1918,Roumanian Bucharest, Str. Eliza Elpescu 12 Crown. Roumanian Eagle, Com- Tel. 2-03-15. mercialandIndustrialMerits. CONSTANTINESCU K. G. Unive,. Addr.: Craiova,str.Principele sity Profesor. * Aprii !888 Nicolae 37. Educ.: Faculty ofeterinaryCONSTANTINESCU Sandi, lawyer. Medicine. Dr. at the Berlin Uni- * February 4, 1895, Craiova. E- versity. Author of vari.lus worki dnc: Jassy Faculty of Law, Mem- and scientific treaties. Member of ber: National Peasants. Deputy of various scientific socic ies. Mem. Constanta 1927-1928. Dec. : Offi- ber:NationalPeasantt.Party cer of Roumanian Star. Addr.. Chief of Section 11(illack) B Constanta, str. Lascar Catargi 3. charest, Organization. eraila De- Tel. 187. 427

www.dacoromanica.ro CONSTANTINESCU Tanced, eng.- ght before the Council of War neer, general inspector. * May for his action. Member: Demo- 18, 1876, Cahul (Bessatabia). E cratic Block. duc.: National School of Bridge;CORNEANU Cornel,Councillor, and Roads. Former Director Ge- Bank Director * April 23, 1884. neral of Ammunition during the Caransebes.Educ.:Doctorof War (1916-18). Former Director Theology and Philosophy. Mem- General of the Roumanian Rail ber National Liberal Party. Chief roads. Former General Secretary SeverinDistrictOrganization. of the Ministry of Industry and Former DeputyandSenator. Commerce. Member: National I.: Vice-President of Chamber of De- beral Party. Former M.nister of puties. Prefect1927/28.Dec.: industry and Commerce. Deputy Command. ofRoumanian Star or Senator in7legislative pe- and Roumanian Eagle, Cultural riods, from 1932 up to present. Merit, etc.Addr.: Caransebes, Dec.: Great Cross of various Rou- Tel. 22. manian and foreign orders. Addr:CORNEANU Petre, lawyer. * Nov. Bucharest, AleeaVulpache7. 26, 1864. Apadia. Educ.: Faculty Tel. 2-09-67. of Law. Member: Agrarian Party. CONSTANTINESCU-BORDENI N., PrefectofCara; Districtin lawyer. * August 14, 1887. Bor. 1927-8. Deputy in 1922-26. 28 deni, Prahova District. Educ.: Ly- years member of the Roumanian ceum, Faculty of Law and Litera. National Party of Transylvania, ture Bucharest University. Presi- before the Union, taking part in dent of Association of Demobi- all fights led by this party. Dec.: lized of Prahova District. Cam. Comander and officer of Rouma- paign in Bulgaria 1913 and War nian Star. Addr.: Oravita. 19 16-1918. Member: National Li-CORNESCU Mitu lawyer, * April beral (Gh. Bratianu). Chief Pra- 25, 1876. Bucharest, Educ.: Bu- hova District Organization. De- charest lyceum, Paris Faculty of puty 1922-1926, 1932 and 1933. Law. Independent. Senator 1928 Actually Deputy of Prahova. De- and1931.PrefectofDam- cor.: Faith and Valour in War. bovitza 1921. Dec.: St. Stanislas, Officer of Roumanian Star, Rou- Command. of. Roumanian Star. manian Eagle. Addr.: Ploesti, Bul. Addr.: Targoviste, Cal. Domnea- Independentei 12, Tel. 1850. sea 309-311. CONSTANTINESCUlath Petre,CORODEANU Nicolae, University Professor of Theology. * Nov. Profesor, lawyer, * 1883. Tecuci. 25, 1892, Jassy. Educ.: Lyceum. Educ.: Doctor of Law. Member FacultyofLiterature of Jassy Nat. Peasants Party, Deputy 1928 University and Doctor ofLi- Senator 1931. Addr.: Bucharest, teratureDegreeofthat Uni- Str. Donici 3, Tel. 227-08. versity.Profssor ofLyceumCOROIANU .111 liu, Dr. of law, law- at Jassy and Bar lad, 19 18-1926, yer. * July 21,1896. Gherla. Professor of Kishineff University Educ.: Dr. of Law and State Sci- since 1926. Member of Antifas- ence Cluj. Licentiate of Law, Bu- cist International Committee and charest. Member: National Pea- vice-president of Roumanian sants Party. President of District Committee. In 1935 he was brou- Section Va lea luiMihai",Salaj

428 www.dacoromanica.ro DistrictOrganization. Salaj De-1 literary review Luceafarul"' of puty in1928-31 and 1932-33. Timisoara. Member: National Li- Dec.: Knight Roumanian Crown, beral Party. Deputy of Timisoara Knight RomanianEagle,Pe les in 1927, 1933, Secretary of the Medal, etc. Addr.: Cluj, Str. Re- Chamber of Deputies. Dec.: Offi- gina Maria 32. cer Roumanian Crown Order and CORTEANU Andrei, Lawyer and Roumanian Eagle. Addr.: Timi- publisher. * May 1879, Roman. soara,II,Str. Aurel Cosma 5, Educ.: Bucharest University. E- Tel. 12 and 8-69. ditor of the newspaper Argus".COSMA C. A.PreiestBursar. * Former Secretary general of the luly 1 9, 1 890 Botesti-Falciu, Ministry ofFinances.Indepen- Educ.: Jassy Seminary, Bucharest dent, deputy,1931-32.Addr.: Faculty of Theology, Collaborator Bucharest, Str. General Prapor- in many of reviews. Author of gescu 4. Tel.: 2-01-98. pamphlets of a religious nature. COSACESCU I.,lawyer, * Pogoa- Member: Nat. Democratic Party. nele, Buzau District. Educ.: Fa- Deputy1931-32.Rewardfor culty of Law. Former active of- school and church-work. Addr.: ficer.Commanderofbattery Gara Balca, Putna. anddivision inwar. Inde-COSMA Constantin, lawyer, * No- pendent. Former Deputy of Ceta-,vember 29, 1880 Commune Bo- tea Alba. Dec.: Knight of Legion testi-Falciu. Educ.: Lyceum, Juri- of Honour, Roumanian Crown, dical Faculty Jassy, Jurid.Dr. Knight ofItalianCrown,St. Paris. Former judge. Campaign Anna (Russian)War Decora- 1913,1916/18. Comm.i.r. tions, Addr.: Bucharest, Str. Co- Member: Nat. Peasants Party. De- lumb 2, Tel. 2-16-04. puty 1922-26, Senator 1920-21, COSEREANU D.Jacob,lawyer, 1927/28. Dec.: Knight of Rou- Prefect of Ramnicu SaratDis- manian Crown with sword, Offi- trict * May 24, 1880 Ramnicu cer of Roumanian Star.Addr.: Sarat, Educ.: Licentiate of Law. Husi Str. Major Teleman. Member: National Liberal Party.COSMA Mihail, Orthodox catholic Deputy in1922-1926. Senator Archpriest. * Sept. 15, 1884, Be- 1927-28. Dec.: Officer Rouma- iup.Bihor District. Educ.: B. A., nian Star, Faith and Valour class Theological Academy. Licentiate I, Avantul Tarii". Addr.: Ram- of Law. Member: National Pea- nicu-Sarat,Str.ElisabetaDoa- sants Party. Chief, by delegation, mna No. 22. of Arad district organization. De- COSMA Aural, Doctor of Law, law- puty1928-31, 1932-33. Dec.: yer. Journalist. * March 25 1901, Roumanian Star Order, Reward Timisoara. Educ.: B. A. at Timi- for Church Work class I and11. soara, Theological Academy of Addr.: bleu, Arad District. Arad. Licentiate of Law, Bucha-COSMA Traian Nerva, lawyer and rest. Degree of Doctor of Law, Mayor-assistant of Beius town. * Paris. Has taken part in all Inter- April 26, 1897, Beius. Educ.: Ly- Parliamentary Conferences and in ceum, theology, licentiate of Ora- the work of the respective Com- dea Faculty of Law. Former Ge- missions. Has published about 15 neral Secretary of the Bihor Dis- works on political, economic and trict Roumanian National Coun- historic subjects. Director of the. cil, 1918-19. Former chief of ca- 429

www.dacoromanica.ro binet in the Ministry of Interior University. President of Institute I 922. President of the Popular of National Education of Timi- Regional Bank (Beius), of the foara, and of those of the District Agricultural Cooperative Beiu- President of the Societies Pro- sana" of the Federation Biho- tectorul and Meseriasur of Ti- rul". Vice-president of the Bu- misoara. Former Prefect of Timi- charest Central Cooperative Bank soara1921-25and1927-28. Member of the Board of Direc- Member: National Liberal Party tors of the CentralHouse of (Gh. Bratianu). Dec.: Comman- Cooperation", of Roumania. der Roumanian Crown Order, Re- Member: National Liberal Par- ward for Church work classI. ty.Chief of the Bihor District Addr.: Tmi§oara, Str. Eugen de Organization. Deputy, Secretary Savoya 13. of theChamberofDeputiesCOSTESCU I.Nicolae, great pro- Addr.: Beiu§, Bihor District. prietar. * Bucharest. Educ.: Mi. COSTACHESCU Nicolae, Univer- litary School. Member: National sity professor.* 1876. Educ.: Liberal Party. Communal Coun- Licentiateinphysico-chemical cillor in 1930. Assistant Mayor sciences (1891) and Dr. of Che- in 1934. Dec.: Roumanian Star, mistry (1905) of the Jassy Uni- Officer of divers orders. Addr.: versity. Collaborator in 1906-08 Bucharest, Str. Gilda 6. of Prof. Verner at the Zurich U-COSTIANIon,Lawyer. *July niversity. University Professor in 190 1,Ploe§ti. Educ.: Bucharest 1912. An intens scintific activity. Facultyof Law Former Prime Member: National Peasants Par- Attorney.Member: Roumanian ty. As Minister of Education, he Front. Vice President of Olt di- achieved the School-buildings of strict organization. Dec.: Knight Dr. Angelescu. He modified the Roumanian Crown. Addr.: Slatina law abouth secundary education. Str. Disescu 10. Tel. 36. Dec.: Different high decorations.COSTINESCU loan, dr., industria- Addr.: Jassy University. list. * 1871. Educ.: University at COSTANDACHE Constantin, Engi- Bucharest and Paris. Dr. of me- neer. * 1891, Urlati, Prahova Di- dinice of theParisUniversity. strict. Educ.: National School of Member: National Liberal Party Bridges and Roads,Bucharest. Mayor of Bucharest, 1922-28. Member: Radical Peasants Party. Minister of Labour. Health and Head of Ilfov and Turda District Public Welfare, and of Commerce Organization. Addr.:Bucharest, and Industry, since Febr. 1934. Aleea Suter 23. Tel. 4-09-73. Dec.: Different high Roumanian GOSTE loan,priest;* Oct.1 , and foreign decorations. Addr.: 1881, Mogosesti, Satu-Mare Dis- Bucharest, Str. Thomas Massaryk trict. Educ.: Bachelor ofArts, 31. Tel. 2-07-63. Theological Academy; Member:COTENESCU Gh. I., parish priest. National Christian Party. Former * Stoinepti, Muscel District. Educ: DeputyS5lajDistrict, 1926. Central Seminary. Licentiate of Addr:. Somes-Uleac, Post-Office BucharestTheological Faculty. Cehul Silvaniei. Professor of Central Seminary of COSTE Juliu, Dr. of Law. * April Arges. Active in the cooperative 26, 1876. Nadlac. Educ.: Lyceum, movement for more then 20 years 430

www.dacoromanica.ro Founder of a fine village church Order. Addr.: Bucharest I,Str. Served in the great war as mi- Toma Ste lian 6, Tel. 2-46-37. litary priest with the rank of cap-CRAINIC Nichifor Ion, Professor tain. Member: National Democrat Bucharest University.* 1889 Bul- Party. Former Deputy in 1931- bucata Vlasca Disctrict. Educ: Bu- 32.Dec.:Officer Roumanian charest and ViennaUniversity. Crownorder,Commemorative Director of Review Gandirea". Medal. Addr.: Stoinesti Muscel, Director of the suppressed paper Ofic. Campulung. Calendarur.Accordedgreat COTIO1U Romulus, Doctor of Law, national prize for literaturein Lawyer. * Nov. I 9 1893, Baia de 1930. Imprisonedforthree Cris, Hunedoara District. Educ.: months and a half in the Jilava Law Faculty of Budapest Univer- Fortress for natonalist fight. For- sity. Doctor of Law Degree of mer SecretaryofMinistryof Cluj University. Member: Natio- Cults and Arts.1926-27. For- nal Liberal Party. Deputy since mer Independent Deputy in I 929- 1933. Mayor of the town Arad 30. Member: National Christian 1935. Dec.: Roumanian Crown Party.Initiator ofthatParty. Knight of Roumanian Star. Fer- Addr.: Bucharest, Str. Po lona 38. dinand Order. Addr.: Arad, Pie- Tel. 206-01. ta Luther I. Tel. 3-48. CRETO1U loan, Lawyer, * Septem- COVATA, Vasile,lawyer. * Dec. ber 30, 1897, Ploesti. Educ.: Ly- 13,I 879 Nijopole (Macedonia). ceum, Bucharest Faculty of Law. Educ.: Licentiate of Bucharest Member: National Liberal Party. Faculty of Law. First head of Secretary General of Prahova Di- the Caliacra Bar, being elected strict Organization. Deputy since three times consecutively. Mem- 1934. Secretary of Chamber of ber in the General Council of the Deputies in three Sessions. Dec.: Lawyers'UnionofRoumania Officer RoumanianCrown and from 1923, Former President of Roumanian Eagle. Addr.: Ploesti, the Red Cross-, Bazargic Sec- Str. Carmen Sy lva 3bis.Tel. tion, President of theCultural 13-18. LeagueSectionBazargic,andCRIHAN Anton, Lawyer. * July 10, President of the Caliacra Bank, 1893, Sangerei, MO District. E- etc. Member: Roumanian Front duc.: MO Lyceum, Odessa Fa- Chief of Caliacra District culty of Science. Bucharest Fa- Organization.Deputy in 1922- culty of Law. Doctor of Politi- 1 926,Senator1927-28.Dec. co-Economic Sciences of Paris. In Commander o f Roumanian the Moldavian Republic deputy Crown, various military decora- in the SfatulTarii(Country's tions, Sanitary Merit, Class I. etc. Council)1917-18 and underse- Addr.:Bazargic,Str.General cretary of State for Agriculture Culcer 1, Tel. 36. 1918. In 1918 he drew up the CRACIUN C. Eugen, Lawyer, writer agrarian law for Bessarabia. In Dec. 27,1889, Husi. Educ.: 1933 he created a Faculty of A- Doctor of Law, University of Pa- gronomy at Kishineff. Member: ris. Member: NationalPeasants National Peasants Party. Former Party. Deputy for Tulcea in 1928- Undersecretary of State for Agri- 1931 and 1932-1933. Dec.: Rou- culture, 1932-33. Former Deputy manian Crown Order, Phoenix 1919, 20, 22, and 1932. Dec.: 431

www.dacoromanica.ro Officer Roumanian Crown and' Roumanian Eagle. Addr.: Ploesti Roumanian Star. Knight and Of- I Str. Take lonescu 7. Tel. 12-91. ficer Ferdinand I Order. Addr.: Bucharest,Ca leaDorobantilor 62.CRUPOVEATCHIN Constantin, law- CRISAN Ascaniu, Secondary Profes- yer. * June 28, 1891. Slobozia- sor. * Nov. 25 1887, Sibiu. Educ: Balti,Ba lti district. Educ.: licen- Sibiu Lyceum and Theological A- tiate of natural science of Kiev cademy. Faculty of Science of (Russia). Licentiate of Law Jassy Budapest University. Former Pro- University. District Judge in 1918 fessor of Sibiu Normal School, Former Atorney of MO Tribunal and of Andreiaguna Lyceum, 1927-29. Member of Balti Bar. Bra,ov. Ai present Director of Member: National Peasants Party. Lyceum.Independent.Former Former Senator in1932. Dec.: Deputy of Arad in 1931. Dec.: Officer Roumanian Crown Order. Officer of Roumanian Crown Or- Addr.: Ba Iti, Str. Unirei 54a. der. Addr.: Arad, Lyceum MoiseCUDALBU Theodor, Agriculturist. Nicoara". *1863, Chilieni, Tutova District. CRISMARIU Octavian, Doctorof Educ.: Juridical Faculty of Bu- Law, lawyer. * January 7, 1887, charest University and Faculty of Cladova. Educ.: Doctor of Law Law of Rome. Former Deputy in Cluj University. Ecole des Hautes 1920-21 and 1926-27.Former Etudes Sociales Paris. Member in Minister. Addr.: Bucharest,Str. Disciplinary Council of Timisoara Eugen Statescu 5. Tel. 4-25-91. bar.InterpreterforEnglish,CURUTIU, Victor, lawyer; * Febr. French, Italian and Hungarian at 2, 1899, Petroasa. Educ,: Licen- Timig-Torontal Tribunal.Mem- tiate of Law. Member: National ber:NationalPeasants Party. Liberal Party. Prefect of Severin Former Senator 1932-33, former District. Dec.: Knight of Rouma- Secretary of the Senate. Dec.: Of- nian Star. Addr. Lugoj Str. U- ficer of Roumanian Eagle, Pe les niriiI. Order. Addy. TimigoaraI.Bul.CUZA A. C., * Nov. 8, 1857, Diaconovici Loga 9. Jassy. Educ.: After terminAing CRISTESCU Gheorghe, Merchant. * the primary course at Jassy, in 1891, Giurgiu. Member: Unitary the german school of Professor Socialist Party. Former Commu- Anton Frey, he continued his stu- nalCouncillor of Bucharestin dies in the Secondary Schools of 1926-29. Former Deputy of Pra- Dresden, Germany, between the hova and llfov 1919-20. Arrested years 1871 and 1877. Later he for socialistic ideas beforethe was sent to Paris where he ob- war, during the war, under Ger- tained his Bachelor of Arts De- man occupationand after, the gree in1881 and enteredthe war. Addr.: Bucharest, Str.14 ParisJuridicalFaculty.From Martie No. 22. 1882 to 1886 he studied at the CRISTODORESCU Constantin, La- Faculty of Law of Brussels, ob- wyer. * July 14, 1887, Ramnicul taining the Doctor's Degreein S.rat. Educ.: Diploma of Bucha- Political and Administrative Sci- rest Faculty of Law. 11 year in ences and finally the Degree of magistrature. Member: National Doctor ofLaw, inDecember Liberal Party. Deputy of Pra- 1886 after which he returned to hova since1933. Dec.: Knight the country. 432

www.dacoromanica.ro In 1890 he was elected assis- member of the Roumanian Aca- tant mayor of the town of Jassy. demy. In 1892-1895 he was elected In 1906 he began writing for as deputy for the Young Con- Mr. N. Jorga's review Neamul servatives" by the second colle- Romanesc" with the article Prin ge of the Jassy Chamber, hea- Adevfir" (In truth), which was ding the list. As deputy he fou- publishedon June15,1906, ght in the Chamber of deputies year I. Nr. 11. On May 10, 1907, from February 8,1893 for the the manifesto for the inhabitants nationalizationoftheTrade of Jassy, signed A. C. Cuza and Schools. iln the sitting of March N. Jorge, was published in the 5, 1893, he proposed an amend- Neamul Rornanesc- in view of ment to article I. of the Law of the elections following the pea- Primary Education to assure the sants revolt. Mr. N. Jorge was e- preference of the Roumanian ele- lected but Mr. A. C. Cuza fell ment in primary public schools, in the ballot. foreigners to be entered in such In 1910 together with Mr. N. schools only on payment of a Jorga, Mr. A. C. Cuza founded tax, and after the entering of the National Democrat Party. all the children ofRoumanian In1912 he created in Jassy parents, who up to that adopted the paper Unfree" a National and was later extended to the Democrat publication. Secondary Schools, in the Law In 1914 the political connec- brought in by Petru Poni. tion between A. C. Cuza and N. Jorge was broken off in conse- In 1894,in the sittingsof quence of a misunderstanding as March 7, November 22 and De- to the line of action to be follo- cember 9, he raised the alcohol wed relative to the reforms of problem by bringing in the bill the liberal party, and during the for the monopoly of the sale of war all political action ceased. alcohol. In1918 atJassy,together On March 16, 1895, he initia- with General Averescu, Constan- ted a large discussion of the pea- tin Argetoianu, Matei B. Canta- sants problem and on March 22, cuzino and others, A. C. Cuza he interpellated the Government participated in the creationof relative to the administration of the Peoples League, whichhe the town of Jassy. abandoned together with Tache In 1897 he founded, together ionescu at the moment when it with Mr. A. D.Xenopol,the was transformed into the Peoples Roumanian League against Al- party. coholism" and as itssecretary In 1919 he formed at Jassy, general drew up the appeal and the cultural Society FrMia Mol- the statutes of the League ( Jassy, dovei", together with Professor 1897) and edited the League's C. Sumuleanu and others, a coo- library. perative society owning clothes In January 1901 he was ap- stores and bearing the same na- pointed Professor of Political E- me being created by them later conomy and Finance at the Jassy on. University. On April1st,1903 In 1919 together with those he was elected as corresponding who had remained faithful to the

28 433

www.dacoromanica.ro National Democrat Party, he for- Cuza, joined the National Agra- med the National Christian De- rian Party presided by Mr. Octa- mocrat Party which herepre- vian Goga, and formed at Jassy sented as deputy form 1920-22 theNationalChristianParty, when the Chamber of deputies with the same principles. was dissolved. A. C. Cuza's activity as author In January 1922, he created, dates from the time of his stu- together with the late deeply re- dies abroad, when he published gretteddistinguishedprofessor, his first versess and epigrams in Dr. N. C. Paulescu, the Natio- thereviewContemporanul", nal Christian Union" withthe Jassy 1881. review Apirarea Nationala" as In1883 he entered the so- its organ. This was the first pu- cietyJunimea" of Jassyand blication to appear here with the collaborated in the review Con- sign of the Swastika (April1, vorbirile Literare" (Ideal" and 1922). other studies, 1885); This colla- On March 4, 1923, while the boration was resumed by him new Constitution was being vo- recently when after a long inter- ted in the Chamber of Deputies ruption, he published Divinei from which he had been pur- ironii", etc. in 1934). posely excluded A. C. Cuza At the same time he collabo- formed the Liga AparfiriiNa- rated in other reviews Arhiva", tionale Creotine" (League of Na- F5t Frumos" and Revista Idea- tionalChristianDefence)at listfi" (1905-1906. Jassy as an arm against the con- In separate volumes A. C. sequences of that Constitution, Cuza has published a number of which he foresaw. In the same literary, economic and politi- year he published the Guide of cal writings, of which the most good Roumanians" together with importantare:Verses,Jassy the Statutes, Regulation and Pro- 1887", Generatia de la 48 oi gramme of theabove League. Era Noufi", Jassy, 1889.Mese- And when the third edition of the riaoul Roman" (The Roumanian Guide" was published a little Tradesman) Jassy,1890,"Ta- later, it contained the Political raniioi Clasele dirigente, Jassy System' of the League with the 1895", Monopolul Alcoholului, amended Statutes and the Na- Bucharest, 1895", Despre Po- tional Christian Doctrine", also poratie, Jassy,1899", Cei doi due to him. (Jassy, 1927). Spenceri", (The two Spencers), During the 12years ofits Jassy,1900, ObiectulEcono- existence the League of National miei Politice", Jassy, 1901, Na- Christian Defence hasfulfilled tionalizareaMeseriilor", Jassy, itsmission of propaganda and 1902, Nationalitatea in Art5", organization, succeeding in being EditionI,1908, Ed.II, 1915, constantly represented in all Le- Ed. III,1927. Rostul Coopera- gislative Periods (in the Parlia- tiei in Romania", Jassy,1919, ments of1933-1935 by 9de- ,,Scaderea Poporatiei Creotine oi puties in the Chamber and one inmultirea Jidanilor"(decrease member in the Senate). of the Christian Population and On July 15, 1935, the League Increase of the Jews) Valeni de under the presidency of A. C. Munte,1910,Jidanii in R5s- 434

www.dacoromanica.ro boiu" (The Jews in the war), In the Sitting of the Rouma- and Patru Scrieri de Doctrine nian Academy held on May 25, Sociala Crestina". 1936, Mr. A. C. Cuza was pro- The second edition of his wri- darned an active member of that tings on political economy ap- learned Society on therecom- peared in 1929-1930 in the Casa mendation of Professor N. Jorge Scoalelor Edition. (Bucharest as president of the Historic Sec- 1930). tion.

DAIANU Elie, Greek-Catholic Arch- ceanu,Ramnicu-SaratDistrict. priest. * March 9, 1868, Cutu, Educ.: Bucharest Faculty of Law. Alba District. Educ.: Theological Member: National Liberal Party. and Philosophical studies at Bu- Senator of Communal Colleges dapest and Graz Universities. Dr. Ramnicu-SaratDistrict.Addr.: of Literature and Philosophy. Bucharest, Str. Cazarrnei 89, Tel. Former editorof Sibiupaper 4-50-56. Tribune" 1896-1900, Took anDAN Sever, Lawyer. * 1885, Macin, active part in the Memorandum Cluj District. Educ.: Cluj Faculty Trial". After the abolition of the of Law. Doctor of Law and of Tribune", went to Blaj as pro- Politico-Economic Sciencies.Di- fessor, but owing to a political rector of Paper Gazeta Transyl- order was obliged to abandon his vaniei" and Romanul", condem- Chair.In 1902 was appointed ned for intransigent national arti- Archpriest at Cluj where, for a cles up to1914. Secretary of decade he edited the weekly pa- National Roumanian Committee per Ravasul". During the war he in Hungary in 1914-18. Secretary was condemned to one year's im- General of National Roumanian prisonment; up to the end of the Party in Transylvania up to the war was interned at Sopron. Au- fusion in 1926 with the Peasants thor of an important number of Party. Former Administrator of writings. President of the Corn- National Bank of Roumania from mision for historical monuments, 1932-34.Member: Roumanian Transylvaniansection. Member Front. Former member of Natio- of the Astra" historical Section. nal Peasants Party to 1935. For- Member: Peoples Party. Head of mer Undersecretary of State for Transylvanian Group Renaste- Finance in1927.Ministerof rea Nationale". Deputy in 1920- Health in 1930. Elected Deputy 2 1. Former Vice President of the in 8 LegislativePeriodsfrom Chamber. Senator in 1923-25 and 1918 onward. Dec.: Great Cross 1926-27. Former Vice-President of Ferdinand Order, Grand Offi- of the Senate. Dec.: Roumanian cer of Roumanian Crown Order. Crown Order, RoumanianStar Addr.: Bucharest, oseaue Kis- Order. Reward for Church Work. seleff 11 bis. Tel. 4-47-43. Addr.: Cluj, Str. Regala 52. Tel.DANDEA A. Emil, Lawyer. * 1883, 4-75. Bucium, Alba District. Educ.: DAMIAN, loan, lawyer and pro- B. A. at Sibiu. Doctor of Law of prietor. * Dec. 3,1888,Bala- Cluj University. Former President 435 www.dacoromanica.ro ofUniversity Students of Cluj lected in 1933. Dec.: Grand Of- and their delegate to the Alba Lil- ficer of Roumanian Star and Rou- lie Assembly, 1919. Government manian Crown orders. Officer of Commissioner for Apuseni Moun- Legion of Honour, Grand Offi- tains 1926. Mayor of Targu-Mu- cer of Alfonso XII Order. Addr.: res Municipality in 1922-26. For- Bucharest, Pieta Cantacuzino 3. mer Commander of a CompanyDARABANTH Nicolae, Lawyer. * in the Battles against the Hunga- June 9,1892, Tiream, Salaj Di- rians at Tisa 1919. Member: Na- strict. Educ.: Lyceum, Doctor of tional Liberal Party. Head of Mu- Law and State Sciences of Bu- res District Organization. Former charest University. Mayor of Ca- Deputy of Mures in1927-28. rel. Town in 1919-22. Member: Dec: Commemorative Cross, Vic- National Liberal Party. Head of toria Medal, Knight of Rouma Carei oiganization. Addr.: Careii nian Crown with ribbon of Mili- Mafi. tary Virtue, Knight of Rouma-DASCHEVICI, Alba,St.Vasile, nian Star. Officer of Roumanian Doctor, specialized physician; * Star.RewardforEducational Oct.1,1901, Bfaila. descendant Work, class I. Reward for Church of the old BukowinianFamily Work, classII.Addr.: Tg.-Mu- DascheviciofBanila Moldove- rev,Str.I.G. Duca, Tel.1-43 neasca andTereblecea,which and 5-66. has given to the country great DANIEL Constantin,Professor of Statesmen among whom: General gynecological clinic at the Bucha- lancu Daschevici, Vasile Dasche- rest Faculty of Medicine. * 1878 vici, quaestor of the Capital Po- Craiova, Educ.: Doctor of Medi- lice, etc. Educ.: Graz Faculty of cine of the Paris University. For- Medicine(Austria).Promoted mer Doctor Intern at the Paris with the State's Examination Mu- hospitals.Correspondent Mem- nich (Germany). Specialized in ber of the Paris and Rome Medi- Vienna. Member: National Libe- cale Academies. Associate of the ral Party (Gh. Britianu), Presi- surgical ParisAcademy.Sur- dent of the Alba District Organi- geon-Director of the Coltea Hos- zation. Constant and active pio- pital. Medic Colonel in reserve neer of liberalism in Alba District from1917. Member :Peoples' principal region of the Mali of Party Chief of Caliacra District the Western Mountains (Muntii Organization.Senator in 1926. Apuseni) andinAlba-lulia. Dec.: Officer of Roumanian Star President of Society Defenders with sword. Officer of the Legion of Great Roumania" of the De- of Honour. Commander of Rou- mobilized of Transylvania. Editor manian Star, Grand Officerof of the Paper Miscarea Albei". Roumanian Crown. Addr.: Bu- Dec.: War Cross, War Medal, charest, Str. Nic. Filipescu, 30, Scouts Virtue ofgold.Addr.: Tel. 2-26-04. Alba-lulia, Calea Regele Ferdi- DANIELOPOLU Daniel, physician, nand, Villa 14 F. University Professor. * April 25,/AVID Candin, Doctor of Law, law- I 884., Bucharest. Educ.: Lyceum, yer. * Nov. 30, 1878, Bucium, Bucharest Juridical Faculty. Mem- Alba District. Educ.: Brasov Ly- ber: National Liberal Party, Se- ceum, Budapest Faculty of Law. nator for Bucharest University e- At Budapest was elected Presi-

436 www.dacoromanica.ro dent of Society Petru Mayor".DELESCU, Constantin, rural pro- Participated in allpolitical and prietor. * Jan. 27, 1878, Turnu- cultural manifestationsbegining Severin.Educ.:ViennaAca- from the Magyar era. President demy of Commerce. Member: Na- of Abrud Division of Astra". In tional Christian Party. Prefect oi the economic domain developped intense activity for the support Mehedinti 1914-18.Deputyin and defence of the interests of 1926-27. Addr. :Turnu-Severin, the Moli" miners, creating and Str. Sever 14. conducting the Company Indus-DEM-COLTESTI Al., Lawyer, and tria Aurului S. A. of Abrud (A- writer. * January 13, 1901, Col- brud Gold Industry Company). te§ti-Valcea. Educ.: Law Faculty. Member: National Peasants Party. Former Magistrate. Founded and Head of Abrud rural town di- edited in 1925-27 the paper Idea strict organization. VicePresi- Nationala". Author of the best dent of Alba District Organiza- seller novel Excelsior" (Pfiman- tion. Former Deputy and Sena- tul in Flacàri). Member of kiews- tor in four Legislative Periods. paper Editors Syndicate of Olte- Dec.: Oficer and Commander of nia. Leading member of Valcea Roumanian Star Order.Addr.: Bar, has distinguished himself in Abrud, Alba District. 'rel.7. trials of penal affairs etc. Former DAVID D. Ion, Secundary Profes- Mayor of Viacea town, in 1930. sor. * February II,1882, Ne- Member: Radical Peasants Party. gresti-Vaslui. Educ.: Lyceum, Fa- Head of Woes District Organi- culty of Physico-Chemical Scien- zation. Addr.: Ramnicul Valcea. ce of Jassy University. FormerDEMETRESCU, Marin, Apothecary, Director of Lyceum and of Com- proprietor * 1881, Maglavit, Dolj mercial School. Member: Natio- District. Educ.: Pharmacy Faculty nal Christian Party. Head of Ffil'L of Bucharest. Veteran of wars ciu District Organization. Former 1913 and 1916-18. Colonel in Deputy in 1931-32. Dec. :Offi- reserve. Member: People's Party. cer Roumanian Crown and Rou- Former District and Municipal manian Star Orders, Silver Me- Councillor. Senator of Prahova dal of Scouts Virtue, Reward for 1926-27. Addr.: Ploesti Str. Nicu Educational Work, class I., Cul- Filipescu 28. tural Merit class II. Addr.: Husi,DEMETRESCU-Agraru C., lawyer Str. Cfipitan N. N. Cisman 12. and landowner; * Dec. 15, 1887, DELEANU Theodor, lawyer. * 1881 Bucharest. Educ.: Lyceum, Bu- Slatina.Educ.: Doctor of Law charest Faculty of Law. Member: and political economy.Former National Christian Party. Baia De- Secretary General of Ministry of puty in 1922 and 1927. Dec: Of- Industry and Commerce 1921- ficer of Roumanian Star. Addr.: 22. Member: National Christian Falticeni. Party. Head of Olt District Or-DEMETRIU Eugen (Gigi), Lawyer. ganization. Deputy of Olt in 1927 *Dec. 24, 1906, Turnu-Severin. Dec.: Comander Roumanian Educ.: Faculty of Law. Member: Crown Officer Roumanian Star, National Christian Party, Private All the War Medals. Addr.: Bu- Secretary of Mr. Octavian Goga charest, Parcul Filipescu, Aleea from 1927. Addr.: Bucharest, str. Zoe 3. Tel. 2-27-52. Putu de Piatrà 5. Tel. 2-24-65.

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www.dacoromanica.ro DEM1AN Aural,Doctor of Law. olof War. Licentiate of Law, lawyer.*1898, Arad. Educ.: Jassy Juridical Faculty. Graduate Faculty of Law ofCluj.Former of the Superior School of War, attache of Legation, at the Mi- 1908. Wounded in the battles of nistry for Foreign Affairs. Mem- Transylvania, 1916; Active Ge- ber: National Liberal Party (GI'. neral 1929, retired in 1931, ha- Br5tianu). Addr.: Arad, Str. E- ving reached the age limit. Bri- minescu, 28, Tel. 3 .87. gadier General of Reserves 1933. Member: Peoples Party. Head of DIACONESCU Alexander, Lawyer. Hunedoara district organization. * June 20 1895, Asarlac, Con- Dec.: CommanderRoumanian stantza District. Educ.: Faculty of Star and Roumanian Crown with Law Jassy University. Served in ribbon of Military Virtue. Legion 1917 campaign as sublieutenant, of Honour, Commander of the and was advanced lieutenant du- White Eagle with Sword ( Jugo- ring war. Former vice-president slavian), Commander of St. Sta- of Ad-Interim Commission of Ho- nislaswith Sword(Russian), tin town and later its president in Knight of Roumanian Crown, Ca- 1925-27. Member: Natinal Libe- rol I Medal, AVentul Terii", Ho- ral Party (Gh. Br5tianu), Head norific Badge of 25 Years, Com- ofHotin district organization. memorative Cross. Addr.: Bucha- Dec.: Officer of War Cross, Rou- rest VI, Boul. Carol II, No.12. manian Crown, Roumanian Star. Tel. 4-52-73. Addr.: Hotin, Str. eRgele CarolDIAMANT Max, Lawyer and writer 11.2b. * 1878 Czernowitz. Educ.: Dr. of DIACONESCU Emil University Lec- Law. Author of many studies turer. * Oct. 23 1889, nenisti- treating Jewish problem. Indepen- rani, Botosani District. Educ.: Dr. dent. Former deputy of Storoji- of Literature and Philosophy of net 1931-32. Addr. : Czernowitz, Jassy University. Member: Natio- Str. Roman5 14. nal Liberal Party. Senator of Jas- sy district since 1933. Dec.: Of-DICESCU Lazar, physician. * Nov. ficer of Roumanian Star and Rou- 8, 1879 Ramnicu-Särat.Educ.: manian Crown Orders, Reward Faculty of Medicine, Bucharest. forWork,RoumanianEagle. Member:NationalDemocratic Addr.: Jassy, Str. Lascar Catargiu Party. Former Chief of Ramnicu No. 26. Sarat District Organization. For- DIACONESCU M. loan, lawyer. * mer Prefect of Ramnicu Sarat 1880, Viforata, Dambovita Dis- District in1931-32. Deputy in trict. Educ.: Licentiate of Bucha- 1932-33. Dec.: Knight of Rou- rest Faculty ofLaw. Member: manian Crown with sword and National Liberal Party. Senator ribbon Military Virtue, Sanitary in1927-28.Dec. :Roumanian Merit Class I. Victoria Medal'', Crown order. Addr.: Pascani, str. Commemorative Cross with bars, tefan cel Mare. Addr.: Remnicu Sárat, Str. Erni- DIACONESCU St. Nicolae, General, nescu, 9. Lawyer. * April 3 1875, Fintesti,DIMA N. Ion, Lawyer. * Sept. 1879 Buzgu District. Educ.: Officers V5leni de Munte, Prahova Dis- School, Bucharest. Superior Scho- trict.Educ.:Lyceum,Bucharest

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www.dacoromanica.ro Faculty of Law. Served in cam- tions and Health. Former Prefect. paigns of 1913 and 1916-18 as Elected in many legislative pe- Major of Reserves. Member: Na- riods as deputy and senator. For- tional Democrat Party.Former mer Vice-I residentofSenate. Deputy of Prahova, 1919, For- Former Reporter several impor- mer Senator of Prahova, 1931- tant Laws. Dec.: Great Cross of 32. Dec.: Knight of Roumanian Roumanian Crown Order, Legion Star with Sword and ribbon of of Honour, Grand Officer of Ita- Military Virtue. Avantul Tarir lian Crown and of Po Ionia Resti- Order, Victory Medal, Comme- tuta. Addr.: Bucharest, Str.Sf. morative Cross. Addr.: VMenii Constantin 29/A. Tel. 3-60-96. de Munte, Prahova District. DIMITRIU Gh.Ghita, lawyer. * DIMITRESCU Grigore,University Aug. 1882 PianaSaratà,Trei professor. * 1885, CMära§i. Scaune District. Educ. Lyceum, Educ.: Dr. of. Law and econo- Bucharest Faculty of Law. Mem- mical sciences of Paris. Professor ber: Peoples Party. Chief of Te- at the Bucharest Faculty of Law. cuci District Organization. For- Former Governor of the Natio- mer Deputy in three legislative nal Bank of Roumania. Mem- periods. Prefect of Tecuci District ber :NationalLiberalParty. in 1919 and 1921. Former Pre- Addr.: Bucharest, Str. Dumbrava sident of the War-Invalids So- Rosie 6. Tel.: 2-55-47. ciety. Dec.: Officer Roumanian DIMITRESCU Ion, journalist, law- Crown, Office Roumanian Star, yer. * Nov. 25, 1898, Bucharest. Sanitary MeritclassI.Addr.: Educ.: Faculty of Law. Editor Tecuci, Str. Dr. BoteanuI. of Curentur paper.Indepen-DIMITRIU Sergiu, lawyer. * Oct. dent. Former deputy of Czerno- 7,1895, Galati. Educ. :Univer- witz. Dec.: Roumanian Star with sity of law, Paris. Secretary ge- ribbon MilitaryVirtue,War neral of the Ministry of Interior. Cross. Addr.: Bucharest, Parcul Member: National Liberal Party. Filipescu, Aleea Alexandru, 21. President of the Ismail district or- DIMITRIEV, Dimo, Medical Doc- ganization. Former prefect of ditor; * Jan.15,1872. Bazargic. strict and deputy. Dec.: Great Of- Educ.: Geneva MedicalFaculty. ficer of the Roumanian Crown, Member:Agrarian Party, Deputy Polonia Restituta, St. Alexander, in 1931, senator in 1920. Dec.: War Cross with Marasesti and SanitaryMerit classI.Addr.: MArasti bars. Addr.: Bucharest, Bazargic, Str. Regele Carol 72. Str. Polong 108. Tel. 2-06-35. DIMITRIU D. Constantin, Lawyer.DIMITRIU-$oimu, Gli. Traian, Law- * 1874, Targoviste. Educ.: Uni- yer * Aug.11,1893, Adjud- versity, Faculty of Law, Philoso- Putna. Educ.: Lyceum,Bucha- phy and History.Vice-President rest Faculty of Law. Delegate to of National Intitute of Adminis- the second Balkanic Conference trative Science. Member: Natio- in Oct. 1931, at Istanbul. Mem- nal Liberal Party. Leading member in Disciplinary Council of ber of Party. Actually presdent of Ilfov Bar. President ofSociety Senate.Former Undersecretary AvanturBucharestsection. of State at Minister of Interior. Vice-president of Society Tu- Former Minister of Communica- rismulRoman". Member in 439

www.dacoromanica.ro Committee of Association of Rou- strict.Educ.:Lyceum of Blaj, manian Christian Lawyers. Mem-Medical FacultyofUniversities ber: National DemocratParty. of: Graz, Vienna, Geneva and Bu- Head of Bucharest Section Black dapest. Has published the works: organization. Deputy of Baia in Nervous Illnesses and their Cure 1931. Former quaestor of Cham- (Roumania Academy Prize) ;In- ber of Deputies in 1931. Addr.: sufficiency of the Sanitary Ser- Bucharest,Str.Fluerului40. vice, and Rbumanians, Unite in Tel.: 2-42-60. the Co-operative Societies". Has DINCESCU-BOLINTIN Vasile, Law- written commentaries on agrarian yer. * April 18 1877, Bolintin- administrative and electoral laws. Ilfov.Educ.: Faculty of Law. Member: National Peasant Party. Took part in Great War as offi- President of Fagaras district or- cer of reserves. Member: Natio- ganization. Former Under-Secre- nal Peasants Party. Head of 11- tary of State at Ministry of Agri- fov district organization. Senator culture and Domains. Elected in of Ilfov,1928-31.Dec.: Com- all legislative periods from 1919 mander Roumanian Crown. Bu- up to date. (7 times deputy and charest, Str. Stirbey Vod'a 164. twice senator). Dec.: Knight Rou- manian Star Order with Sword, DJUVARA Mircea, lawyer, Profes- Grand Officer of Roumanian Star sor at Bucharest Faculty of Law. Order. Addr.: Bucharest, Str. Is- * May 18 1886, Bucharest. Educ: vor 57. Tel. 4-46-66. Licentiate of Bucharest Faculty ofDOBRESCU Dem., Lawyer. * 1869, Law, Literature and Philosophy Jilava, Ilfov District. Educ.: Dr. of Bucharest. Dr. of Faculty of of Law. Former State Lawyer. Law and Literature of Paris. For- Former President of Union of mer member indelegation to Lawyers of Roumania. Author of Peace Conference at Paris,1 918- 19. Several times delegate to the numerousjurdicalandsocial League of Nations. Former presi- works. Member : National Peasant dent of Roumanian Interparlia- Party. Former General Mayor of mentary Group. President of Exe- Bucharest Municipality.During cutive Committee of Roumainan his term of office as Mayor, many Association for the League of Na- important works for the impro- tions.VicePresidentofIn- vement of the town were carried ternationalInstituteofPhilo- out, which greatly contributed to sophy, Law and Juridical Socio- the beautifing of the Capital, and logy. Member of Bucharest Bar. to its bringing up to date. For- Member: National Liberal Party. mer deputy and senator repea- Elected Deputy in four legislative tedly. Dec.: Various Roumanian periods. Vice-presdent of Cham- and Forreign Orders. Addr.: Bu- ber of Deputies 1933-36. Dec.: charest, Str. Sf. Apostoli 11. Tel. Great Cross of Roumanian Crown 3-75-35. Order,GreatCross of ItalianDOBRESCUI.Toms., lawyer. * Crown Order, War Medals 1913 June1% 1883,Ploe§ti. Educ.: and 1916-18. Addr. :Bucharest, Lyceum Ploe§ti. Faculty of Law Str. Sofia 30/A. Tel. 2-06-98. Bucharest.FormerMagistrate DOBRESCU Aurel,Physician.* attheIlfov Tribunal.Officer March 8, 1885, Henig, Alba di. inreserve.Litteraryauthor. 440

www.dacoromanica.ro Member: National Liberal Party Addr.: Bucharest I,Str. Episco- (Gh. Bratianu). Chief of Organi- piei 5. Tel. 4-29-51. zation Town-District 11(Black)DONESCU G. Al., Lawyer, General Bucharest. Dec.: Roumanian. Star Mayor of Bucharest Municipality. Addr. Bucharest, Str. Labirint 61, * 1876, Bucharest. Educ.: Licen- Tel. 3-23-57. tiate of Bucharest Faculty of Law. DOBRESCU Radu, Professor, Engi- Member: National Liberal Party. neer. * 1866, Bucharest. Educ.: Deputy in three Legislative Pe- Licentiate of mathematics of Bu- riods. Head of organization of charest University Faculty of Sci- SectionII,(Black),Bucharest, ence. Communal councillor 1914 Dec.: Great Cross of Roumanian and communal councillor of Sec- Crown Order. Addr.: Bucharest, tion Blue, at present. Member: Str. Stefan Mihaileanu 20. National Liberal Party. FormerDRAGANESCU George, University active president of Section Blue Professor. * Feb. 3, 1884, Galati. organizaton and now honorary Educ.: Dr. of Law, Magna cum president of this section. Deputy Laude" of Berlin University, As- in 1922-26, 1927-28 and 1931- sistant Professor of Bucharest U- 32. Dec.: Knight of Roumanian niversity in 1918. Incumbent Pro- Crown, Officer Roumanian Star, fessor of Czernowitz University Commander Roumanian Star, Re- since 1926. Former Dean of Czer- ward for Educational Works class nowitz Faculty of Law, and Rec- I, Reward for Church Work class tor 1926-27. Former member of I, Faith and valour". Addr.: Bu- Agrarian Committee, Bucharest. charest, Aleea Suter 22. Tel. No. Former presidentofAgrarian 4-25-67. Committee Czernovitz One of the DOBROVICI Anton, Physician, U- founders of the Gazeta Bucovi- niversity Professor. * May1 5, nei", Expert Jurist at Internatio- 1880, Tecuci. Educ.: Paris Fa- nal Academy of Compared Law culty of Medicine. Former Con- of the Hague, and Temporary sulting. Doctor of Paris Hospitals. Counsellor of Bucharest Legisla- Member: Peoples Party. Former tiveCouncil. Member: Radical deputy of Tutova,1926. Dec.: Peasants Party. Head of Czer- Roumanian Star Order, Legion nowitz district organization. Dec.: of Honour. Addr.:Bucharest, Officer Roumanian Star Order. Boul. Lascar Catargiu 40.Tel. Addr.: Bucharest 111., Str. Andrei 2- 11-12. Muresanu 9. Tel. 2-08-66. DON Tudor, Lawyer. * Feb.13,DRAGANU Nicolae, University Pro- 1893, Bucharest. Educ.: Bucha- fessor. * Feb.181884, Zagra rest Faculty of Law. Former Head Nesaud District. Educ.: Lyceum, of Cabinet at Presidency of Co- University studies 1902-06. For- uncil in the time of the late Ion mer secondary professor,1 906- I.C. Bretianu and Vintilä Bra- 19,Universityprofessorfrom tianu. Member: National Liberal 1 9 1 9. Former director of lyceum, Party. Mayor of Eforia Commune pro-rector, rector, dean. At pre- Constantza District. Dec.: Officer sent dean of Faculty of philoso- Roumanian Crown, Roumanian phy and literature of Cluj Uni- Star and Sf. Sava (Jugoslavian). versity pro-rector, Dr. of phi-

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www.dacoromanica.ro losophy. Member: National Libe- zar" Lyceum of Bucharest from ral Part President of ad-interim 1891-1931. Former professor of commission of Cluj Municipality social sciences from 1906-1914 since Nov. 1933. Dec.: Comman- attheSuperior War School. der of Roumanian Crown, Offi- Member of the Roumanian Athe- cer of FerdinandIOrder, Re- naeum. Councilor ofBucharest ward for Educational Work, class Urban Financial Credit. Member: I. Reward of Work for 25 years National Liberal Party.Former service. Addr.: Cluj,Str.IG. Duca I. Tel. 603. Deputy in the Pre-War Govern- DRAGH1CI Petre, retired ministe- ments,1201-04,1907-10 and rial councilor, pensioner. * 1857 1914-18. Dec.: Commander of Deva. Educ.: Sibiu Faculty of Law Roumanian Star, Commander of Member: National Peasants Party Roumanian Crown, Bene Merenti Former senator infour legisla- classI.,Cultural Merit class II. tive periods:1920-22,1922-26, Addr.: Bucharest Boul Pache 67, 1926-27 and 1931-32. Addr.: Si- Telefon 3-73-87. biu, Str. Z. Boiu 3. I A DAROV Nicola,merchant, DRAGOMIR Si Iviu, Doctor, Univer- proprietor. * 1879, Leascovet sity Professor. * 1887. Member (Bulgaria) . Member :National of Roumanian Academy. Former Peasants Party. Former senator Profesor of the Andreian Semi- in 1928. Addr.: Turtucaia, Str. nary of Sibiu, 1912-19. Secretary Regele Ferdinand 67. Tel. 13. of the Alba lulia Assembly 1918. Professor of History at Cluj Uni-DUCA G. Grigore, agricuturist. * versity 1919. Carried out studies Bucharest. Member: National Li- in the Russian Archives at Mos- beral Party. Deputy for Lapusna. cow. Addr.: Cluj, Str. Mico 40. Dec.: Legion of Honour. Addr.: Bucharest, Boul. Lascar Catargiu DRAGOMIRESCU C. Polizu, lawyer 31. Tel. 2-11-16. * Targoviste. Educ.: Licentiate ofDUCHIADE, Gheorghe, agricultu- Bucharest Faculty of Law. Former rist. Stal e magistrate-lawyer. Member: * Nov. 26, 1878, Meteleu, National Liberal Party. Vicepresi- Buzau District. Educ.: Licentiate dent of Dambovita District Orga- of Law, Former communal ins- nization.Deputysince1933, pector, former Director of Braila Dambovita District Prefect 1 91 8- Prefecture,former agricultural 19. Campaign 1913 and 1916-18 inspector, former prefect of Brai- as Captain. Dec: War decorations, la District in 1926,27. Member: Commandor Roumanian Crown, National Christian Party. Dec.: Officer Roumanian Eagle, Addr.: Officer of Roumanian Star, Rou- Targoviste, Calea Domneasca 181 manianCrown. Addr.:Braila, DRAGU C. George, pensioned pro- Str Frumoasa No. 20. fessor, lawyer * Dec. 20, 1866.DUM1TRESCU M. I.,Deputy. * Coroesti, Tutova District. Educ.: 1874, Ploesti. Educ.: Faculty of Licentiate of law,licentiateof Law. Member: National Liberal history and phylosophy ofthe Party. Former Prefect. Former BucharestUniversity.Former chief of cabinet of the Minister professor of political economy, of Public Education,thelate law, and philosophy at the La- Spiru Haret. Deputy in 1914 and 442

www.dacoromanica.ro since 1933. Dec.: all the Rouma-DINKA, J. George, engineer, agri- nian Orders. Addr.: Bucharest, culturist. * March 23, 1866. Bu- Str. General Praporgescu 13. charest. Educ.: Zurich Politech- DUMITRESCU-BRAILA V., Medical nical School. Graduate ofthe Doctor. * Jan.1,1876, Bucha- StuttgartPolitechnicalSchool. rest. Educ.: Braila Lyceum, Bu- Member: National Liberal Party. charest Fac. of Medicine. Clinics (Gh. Bratianu). Chief of Buzau of Professor Dr. Vaquez and of District Organization. Prefect of Dr. Laubry. Former Minister of BuzauDistrict, 1914-16and Cults and Arts in Take lonescu 1919-20; Deputy 1932, Senator Government, 1921. Member: Na- 1911 and 1922. Dec.: Grand Of- tional Liberal Party. Deputy in ficer ofRoumanian Crown; 1912, 1914-18, 1920, 1927, 1931 CommanderRoumanianStar; and since 1933. Dec.: Officer of Grand Officer Polonia Restituta; Legion of Honour, Commander Grand Officer St. Stanislas; Com- ot Roumanian Crown Order, with manderSt.Anna ;Comander ribbon of Military Virtue. Addr.: Roumanian Eagle. Addr.: Buzau, Braila. Tel. 94. Str. Sardaru Sarateanu, II.

EBNER, Mayer, Doctor of Law andEFTIM1E Barbu, Lawyer *1888, journalist. * Sept. 18, 1872, Bucharest.Educ.: Facultyof Czernowitz. Educ.: Bachellor of Law. Member: SocialistParty. Arts, Faculty of Law. First Editor Secretary of Bucharest Section. of the Ostjiidische Zeitung" pa- Inscribed in Socialist Partyin per. One of the leaders of the 1913. Condemned politically to Sionist Organization of Rouma- ten years imprisonment by Mar- nia. President of the Jewish Na- tial Court in1918. Addr.: Bu- tional Council of Bukowine 19 18- charest, Str. Smardan 13. 1920.Member: JewishParty.EGRY Gelu, Doctor of Law. * Oc- Former deputy and senatorin tober 15, 1885, Ghenetea, Bihor four legislative periods. Former district. Educ.:B. A., doctors President oftheParliamentary degree of Cluj University. Bar- Jewish Club. Dec: Officerof risters Degree of Budapest Uni- Roumanian Eagle. Addr.: Czer- versity. Former jurisconsult and nowitz, Str. Mircea Voda Ia. member of the BihorNational Committee. Represented the Na- ECONOMU-PRAHOVA, D,law- tional Guard of Bihor at the Na- yer, petrolist. * Prahova, Educ.: tional Assembly of December 1, Lyceum, Bucharest Faculty of Lit- 1918.First RoumanianMayor terature and Law, Paris Faculty of Oradea,appointed in 1919. ofEconomicScienceandof Member: National Peasants Party. Law. Independent. Former De- Mayor of Oradea Municipality in puty in 1927. Dec.: War Deco- 1927-1928, 1930-31 and 1931- rations.Addr.: BucharestStr. 1933. Former deputy in1919- Lipscani19, Tel. "3-76-60. 1920 and senator in 1928-1931. 443

www.dacoromanica.ro Dec.: OfficerRoumanianStar rest.Educ.: SecondarySchool. order. Addr.: Bucharest, str. C. Member: ConservativeParty, A. Rosetti 24. Tel.: 2-46-00. Head of Sectionin IlfovDis- ENACHESCU Dimitrie,lawyer, * trict. Dec.: Military Virtue, Faith Aug. 7,1876, Solonceni, Orhei and Valour with sword. Addr.: District. Educ.: lassy University. Bucharest IV, str.Lt. Paulescu Member: Roumanian Front. De- 8. Tel. :3-82-11. puty in 1932. Dec.: Roumanian Eagle. Addr.: Sangerei, I36 hi Dis-ERDELY Sever, Dr. of Law. * July trict. 2, 1884, Oradea. Educ.: Lyceum, ENE Ernest, Industrialist and Agri- Faculty of Law Cluj. Barrister's culturist.* May 8,1890,Ba- degreeBudapest.Memberof eau.Educ.:Dr.of Economic Council of OradeaBar.Took SciencesofParisUniversity. part under the Magyar Dominion Member: National Peasants Party. in all Roumanian National mo- Former Secretary General of Mi- vements of Transylvania.Elec- nistries of Industry and Com- ted municipal councillor in 1926. merce, and of Agriculture and Former secretary to firstRou- Domains. Deputy 1932-33. Dec.: manian prefect of Bihor. Mem- Commander of Legion ofHo- ber: National Peasants Party. Se- nour. Commander of Roumanian nator of Bihor, 1928 and 1932. Star.Addr.:Bucharest,Boul. Dec.: Officer RoumanianStar, Ferdinand 45. Tel.: 2-42-25. KnightofRoumanianEagle. ENESCU Nicolae, Newspaper direc- Addr.: Oradea, Str.Episc. Pa- tor. * January 1,1895, Bucha- vel 22.

FABIUS $tefan, Lawyer. * Dec. 1, tor. Director of paper Lupta", 1885, Targu-Ocna, Backi dis- * Jassy. Educ.: Lyceum and B. A. trict.Educ.:Dr.ofJuridical Jassy. Faculty of Law, Bucharest. Sciences,Sorbonne,Paris. Or- Founder of paper Evenimentul ganized the Martial Court of the Literar", Jassy. Head Editor of Command of Transylvanian papers Adevarul" and ,,Dimi- Troops in1919. Former Chief neata", 1903-21; director of pa- of State Legal Departmentfor per La Roumanie" official or- Transylvania.Served incam- gan of National Committee of paigns of 1913 and 1916-19 and Roumanian Unity at Paris, 191 7- twice wounded. Member: Natio- 19. Deputy for Ilfov,1929. Se- nal Liberal Party.Senatorof nator in legislative period 1933. Cluj. Dec.: Knight of Roumanian Dec.: Knight of Ferdinand I Or- Star with sword and ribbon of der, Commander Roumanian Military Virtue, Military Rouma- Crown Order, Officer of Legion nian Star,Officer Roumanian of Honour, Commander of Polo- Crown Order. Pa lmes Academi- nia Restituta, Commanderof ques (French), St. Stanislas with White Lion, Commander of St. rosette, (Russian)etc.Addr.: Sava with Badge. Addr.: Bucha- Str. Regina Maria 5. Tel.: 13-98. rest,Str. General Berthelot 72. FAGURE D. Emil, Newspaper Edi- Tel.: 3-92-35. 444

www.dacoromanica.ro FERENCZY Gaza,Dr. ofLaw. ster of the Conservative Party, General curator of the Unitary before and duringtheWorld Church. * July 20, 1866, Racogul War. President of the Conserva- de Sus, Odorheiu District. Educ.: tive Party. Twice deputy and Lyceum,SuperiorCommercial twice Senator. Prefect of Ilfov di- SchoolandCluj University. strict, 1931. Dec.: Commander of Member: Magyar Party. Senator Ferdinand I Order and of the Le- in 1926. Dec.: Officer of Rouma- gion d'Honneur. Addr.: Bucha- nian Crown. Addr.: Arta Mare, rest, Str. Dionisie 16. eTl. 2-02- Treiscaune District. 69. FERENCZI Sigismund, Dr. of Law,FINKELSTEIN, I.,expert accoun- lawyer. * July 28, 1889. Targu- tant. * 1880Pitegti.Educ. : Mures. Educ.: Degree of Dr. of Bucharest Superior Commercial Law and State Science. Member: School. Member: Agrarian Party. Magyar Party, Head of Cluj dis- Senator of Tighina1931-1932. trict organization. Deputy, 1932- Former Inspector of the Minis- 33. Dec.: Knight of Roumanian try of Agriculture and Domains. Eagle and Pe leg Order.Addr.: Former member of the Commi- Bucharest III. Str. Nic. Balcescu ssion of the Jewish Community. 17. Honorary member of the Rou- FILDEERMAN Willy, Dr. of law, manian-Palestinean Chamber of lawyer. * Sep.14,1882.Bu- Commerce. Dec.: Officer of Rou- charest. Educ.: Dr. of Law de- manian Star and Crown. Com- gree, Paris Faculty of Law. Pre- mercial Merit ClassI.Sanitary sident of Central Council of Rou- Merit, class I.; Addr.: Bucharest. manian Jews. President of Union Cal. Cal5rasilor, 131 bis. of Roumanian Jews (U. E. R.).FISCHER Josif, Dr. of Law, law- Deputy of Ilfov in 1927. Dec.: yer. * Dec. 15, 1887, Tisza Uj- Officer of Roumanian Crown Or- hely.Education: Faculty of der, War Decorations 1913. and LawofBudapestUniversity. 1916-18. Addr. :Bucharest, Str. Has practiced as Barrister at Cluj Sf. Apostoli 16. Tel.: 3-08-11. since 1912. President of Jewish FILIP August, Lawyer. * Jan. 26, Community of Cluj since1919. 1897, Piatra Nearnt. Educ.: Pa- One of the Jewish Leadersof risFaculty of Law, where he Transylvania.Member:Jewish obtained his degree. State Law- Party. Deputy for Maramures in yer. Member: AgrarianParty. three Legislative Periods. Dec.: Deputy 1931-32. Former secre- Officer of Roumanian Eagle, Pe- tary of LegislativeCommission les Medal. Addr.: Cluj, Str. Me- of Chamber of Deputies.Dec.: morandului 18. Officer of Roumanian Crown Or-FISCHER Theodor,Dr;of Law, der. Addr.: Bucharesi, Str. Jus- lawyer. * Dec. 6, 1881. Munich. titiei 40. Tel. :3-57-12. Educ.: Elementary School in Ger- FILIPESCU Grigore, lawyer. * Oct. many. Roman Catholic Lyceum 1,1886, Bucharest. Educ.: High of Alba-Julia. Budapest Univer- Polytechnical School at Zurich, sity. President of National Jewish Ecole de Droit, Paris. Son of Ni- ConfederationofTransylvania colae Filipescu, late great Mini- up to 1923, since then Honorary 445 www.dacoromanica.ro President for life.Municipal Crown Order, Knight of Rouma- Councillor in1 926. President of rous studies on literary subjects Jewish Party, which was founded and on criminology. Founder of by him in 1931. Deputy in 1928 Liberal Democrat Party. Elected and 1931. Addr.: Cluj, Str. I. G. for first time as deputy for Bu- Duca 3. charest in1 904. Since then has FLAMM Robert,agriculturist.* been a member ofParliament Aug.12,1888, Tulcea. Educ.: twelve times.Senator bylaw. Licentiate of law, Paris Univer- Dec.: Different Roumanian Or- sity.Member:People'sParty, ders. Commander of Legion of President of the Tulcea district Honour. Addr.: Madrid, Rouma- organization.Presidentof the nian Royal Legation, andBu- Bank Dunirea" at Tulcea. Offi- charest, Str. Batistei 27 bis. cer in reserves. Dec. RoumanianFLUERAS Ion, president of Gene- Star and Crown Orders, Avantul ral Confederation of Labour, Vi- Tarii", War Crosswithbars. ce-president of Council of Cen- Add r. : Tulcea. tral Office of Social Insurance. FLORESCU Constantin, lawyer. * * Nov. 2, 1882, Cherelus. Educ.: Sept. 25, 1878,ipot, Gorj dis- Primary School. Former member trict. Educ.:Craiova Lyceum, in Council of Direction, of Revo- Bucharest Faculty of Law. For- lutionary Government of Tran- mer assistant judge,and then sylvania in 1918-19, as Minister judge until Nov. 1913, when he of Labour. Member: Social De- resigned. Member ofRomanati mocrat Party. Former deputy for Bar. Officer of Reserves. Mem- Hunedoara-Salajin1928and ber: Agrarian Party. Prefect of 1931. Addr.: Bucharest, Str. Is- Romanati, 1926. Senator of Ro- vor 37. manati,1920. Dec.: KnightofFODOREANU loan, Priest. * Aug. Roumanian Crown Orderwith 17, 1881, Paucea, Tarnava Mica sword and ribbonof Military district. Educ.: Lyceum and theo- Virtue. Addr.: Caracal, Boul. Ca- logic studies at Sibiu. Member: racala 34. National Peasants Party. Head of FLORESCU Th. Jean, Roumanian nian Eagle,Peles Order, Re- Minister Plenipotentiary, clasa I ward for Church Work. Addr.: in Spain. * 1875, Rainnicul-VL1- Petrang,ni-Vale,Zlatna,Alba cea. Educ.: Licentiate ofLaw, district. Bucharest and Paris Universities.FOLEA, Emil, Dr. of Law. * Jan. FormerExaminingMagistrate. 30,1887, Silea. Educ.: Dr. of Former Minister of Justice. Mi- Law. Cluj University.Member: nister Plenipotentiary class I since National Liberal Party.Prefect Oct.1 ,.1 935. Director of review 1 922- I 926.FormerChiefof La Roumanie Nouvelle... Lectu- Tarnava Mica District Organiza- rer and member of Roumanian tion; Deputy. Dec.: Commander Athenaeum.Active member of Roumanian Crown; Officer Rou- InternationalDiplomaticAca- manian Star.Addr.: Diciosan- demy of Paris. Former Dean of martin (Thrnava Mica). Bucharest Bar. Author of nume-FORTUNESCU D. Nicu, Lawyer. * Zlatna division.Deputy 1932. Nov.1 7,1 881, Craiova. Educ.: Dec.: OfficerofRoumanian Licentiate of Law Bucharest Uni- 446 www.dacoromanica.ro versity.Vice-presidentof Dis- Liberal Party.Head of Mehe- trict Council, President of School dinti district organization. Elec- Committee of Carol 1 College of ted deputy in all legislative pe- Craiova. Member: National Pea- riods since1919.Dec.:Great sants Party. Deputy 1932-33 and Cross Roumanian Crown Order, senator,1928-30. Dec.: Officer Great Officer Legion of Honour, Roumanian Star and Roumanian St. Alexander (Bulgarian),Ju- EagleOrders,CulturalMerit. goslavian Crown,PolarStar Addr.: Craiova, Str. Unirii 134. (Swedish). Addr.: Bucharest, Str. Pitar Mos 20. Tel.: 2-11-81. FOTOC Petru, engineer, generalFUIOREA, Nichita, priest and tea- forestryinspector. * Oct.22, cher. * Malcoci, Tulcea District. 1888, Mehadia. Educ.: Forestry Educ.: Faculty of theology and engineer. Member: Peoples' pedagogical seminary, Bucharest Party. Chief of Section Terego- University. Member:National- va. Deputy 1926-27. Addr.: Ca- Democratic Party. Deputy 1931. ransebes, Piata GeneralDrage- Dec.: Commemorative Cross. lina1. Addr.: Satul Tfirpesti, Petricani FRANASOVICI Richard,Lawyer. Commune, Neamt District, Post- Minister of Communications.* Office Targul Neamt. April8,1883.Turnu-Severin.FOLEPP Desideriu,Dr. ofLaw, Educ.: Licentiate of Facultyof lawyer. * Sep. 7, 1881, Hotoan. Law, Bucharest,1903. Minister Educ.: Dr. of Law and of Politi- of Communications in Duca, An- cs4 Science. Member:National ghelescu and Tgtarescu Cabi- Liberal Party. Senator for Hu- nets. Former magistrate, former nedoara Since 1933. Dec.: Offi- Under-secretary for the Interior cer of Roumanian Crown Order, under lonel Bratianu and Vintila Commercial and Industrial Merit, Brfitianu. Former Director of pa- Class1,Knight ofRoumanian per L'Indépendance Roumaine" Eagle Order. Addr.: Hunedoara, for two years. Member: National 7. G GABOR Laurian, Dr. of Law, law- Valeni, MuscelDistrict. Educ.; yer. * 1887, Voila, Pigara., Di-- Lyceum. Licentiate of Literature strict. Educ.: Lyceum, Faculty of andPhilosophy,Licentiateof Law. Former volonteer in Rouma- Law, Dr. of Literature and Phi- nian Army, War invalid. Mem- losophy,BucharestUniversity. ber: National Christian Party. Vi- Member: National Liberal Party cepresident of Cluj District Or- (Gh. BrAtianu). Addr.: Bucha- ganization. Deputy in1926-27. rest,Str.Dr. Obedenaru 6/A. Dec.: War Medal with bars Si- Tel. 3-91-67. beria", Knight Ferdinand. Cze-GABRIELESCU E. Constantin, lec- choslovakian War Cross. Addr.: turer atBucharestUniversity, Cluj, Str. Avram lancu 10. chief engineer. * 1883 Bancea, GABREA I. losif, Lecturing profes- Tutova District. Educ.: National sor of Faculty of Law and Li- School of Bridges and Roads, Bu- terature and of Academy of Arts charest. Former collaborater of of Bucarest. * Aug.18,1893, the papers Neamul Rominesc", 447 www.dacoromanica.ro Tara Noastra, founder of the dent of the Agrarian League. Se- IndrumareaNationala" paper. cretary general in Marghiloman Author of books re technics, a- Government,I 9 I 8.Minister of viationandconstructions: 1) Ariculture in Averescu Govern- Commercial Aerian Lines, 2) Im- ment, 1921 and 1926. Senator portance, Necessity and Organi- of Profesional Chambers in 1928, zation of Civil Aviation. 3) Cour- Deputy of the Agrarian League se of Civilconstructions.4) in 1930. Dec.: Several Rouma- Course of metalic construction 5) nian and foreign Orders. Addr.: Course of Concrete. 6)Calcu- Bucharest, Str. G. G. Cantacu- lation of slabs of reinforced Con- zino 35. Tel. 2-24-63. crete with crossed reinforcements.GASPAR M. lonel, lawyer. * Aug. 7) Tables for economic calcula- 28, 1906 Bocsa-Montana. Educ.: tion of slabs and rafters or rein- Faculty of Law. Member: Rou- forced concrete. Member: Natio- manian Front.CaresDeputy nal Christian Party. President of 1932-33. Dec.: Officer Rouma- 11-measa rural section, Ilfov Di- nian Crown and Roumanian Star; strict Organization. Dec.: Rou- Po IoniaRestituta.Commander rnanian Crown, officer Rouma- St. GrigoretheGreat.Addr.: nian Star, Trecerea Dunarii, A- Bocsa Montana. vantul Tarii orders. Addr.: Bu- charest,Str.Lanariei7.Tel.GASPAR Mihail,latearchpriest. 3-38-98. * Dec. 29, 1881. Gataia. Educ.: GAFENCU Grigore, Dr. of Law. * Bachellor of Arts, faculty of theo- 1892. Educ.: B. A. University of logy and law. Former editor of Geneva and Paris. Founder and the Drapelul" paper. Member: director of the publication Re- National Peasants Party. Former vista Vremii", Director of the Deputy, former President of Ca- paper Argus". Founder of the ra, District organization.Dec.: agency Orient Radio".Mem- Knight and officer of Roumanian ber: National Peasants Party. Se- Crown; commander Roumanian cretary General at Ministry for Star. Foreign Affairs,1928.FormerGANE G., engineer, Director of pe- Undersecretary of State to Mi- troleum company. * 1884, Boto- nistry of Communications, 1929 sani. Educ:Berlin-Charlottenburg and to Presidency of Cabinet Co- SuperiorPolytechnicalSchool. uncil in1930.Dec.:Various Former Director of the Geolo- Roumanian and Foreign Orders. gical Institute. Former Director of Addr.: Bucharest, Soseaua Kise- the Petroleum Service in the Mi- leff 13. Tel. 3-57-73. nistry of Industry and Commerce GAROFLID Constantin, agricultu- Petroleum exploiter, former di- rist and winegrower. * 1872, Bu- rector of various petroleum com- zau. Educ.: Faculty of medicine panies. Member:National Pea- of Paris. Economic, financial, a- santsParty.Vicepresidentof gricultural and viticultural publi- Roman Organization. Dec.: Of- cations. President of Agricultural ficer Roumanian Crownwith and viticultural Syndicates. Au- sword, Knight Legion of honour, thor of Agrarian-Reform Law in etc. Addr.:Bucharest,Parcul Roumania.Founder and presi- Mornand, Str. H. No. 3. 448 www.dacoromanica.ro GANE Titus Dr., University profes- Universitary cours at Valenii de sor. * 1883, Galatz. Educ.: Ly- Munte. Formerruralteacher. ceum. Faculty of medicine, Bu- Member : National Democrat charest.Formerprofessorof Party. Chief Suceava District Or- Cluj University ( 1919 ) .Profes- ganization.Senator1931 - 32. sor of Bucharest Faculty of me- Addr. :Maratei,SuceavaDis- dicine. Secretary general of the trict. Ministry of Health. Member of the Academy of Medicine, Bu-GEORGESCU D. Ion, lawyer, for- charest. Physician. Colonel in Re- me.. magistrate. * Oct. 2, 1887. serves 1922. Took part in the Afumati Ilfov. Educ. :Bucharest campaigns 1913 and1916-18. Faculty of Law. Took part in the Member :National Liberal Par- campaignsof1913,1916-18. ty. Chief of Tarnava Mare Di- Captain in reserev. Member: Peo- strict Organization. Former de- ple's Party. Prefect Caliacra_Dis- puty in 1931. Addr. : Bucharest, trict 1916-27. Dec. :Roumanian Str. Londra 28. Tel. 2-33-45. Cross with sword, and Military Virtueribbon. Reward for GAZI, Miltiade, lawyer, Lieutnant Church and Educational Work Colonel in rezerve. * Nov.11, classI., Avantul Tarii"; Com- 1886 ComandAreciti,Botocani, memorative Cross.,etc. Addr. : District. Educ. : Lyceum, faculty Bazargic, Str. Regele Carol 68. of Law of Jassy. Various Military schools. Took part in the cam-GEORGESCU, J. G. lawyer, * Oct. paigns 1913 and 1616-18. War 14, 1882. Batrani, Prahova Dis- wounded. Member :National Li- trict. Educ.: BachellorofArts beralParty.Deputy1931-32. and Bucharest Faculty of Law. Dec.: Roumanian Crown with Member: National Liberal Party. sword and ribbon Military Vir- Senator of Prahova. Dec.: Rou- tue, Avantul Tarii" Commemo- manianStarandRoumanian rativeCrossandVictoria". Crown. Addr.: Ploesti, Str. Ion Addr. : Jassy, Str. Emilia H. Ma- Campineanu, 6. iorescu, 9. GEORGESCU, Marius, medical doctor. * 1888, Braila. Educ.: Bu- GEANTA Teodor, proprietor, wri- charest Faculty of Medicine. Uni- ter. * Aug. 23, 1890, Bujoreni- versitaryteacherand chief of Valcea. Educ.: Normal School. works of the Bucharest Faculty Member: National Liberal Party of Medicine. Head physician at (Gh. Bratianu). Chief Valcea Di- the Eforie Hospital. Vicepresident strictOrganization. Dec.: Rou- of the GeneralAssociationof manian Crown with swords and Physicians.Author ofseveral ribbon, Military Virtue, Avantul scientific and social works. For- Tarii,Victoria,Comemorative mer president of the Medicinal Cross, Reward of Work,etc. Students Society. Former vicepre- Addr.: R. Valcea, Str.Traian sident of the international confe- 356. rence of students 1919. Member: GEMENIUC, Dumitru, School Di- National LiberalParty.Targu- rector. * Oct. 15, 1879, Stroesti, MuresSenator.Dec.:Knight Suceava District. Educ.: Lyceum, Roumanian Star, officer Rouma-

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www.dacoromanica.ro nian Eagle; Sanitary Merit, class ting the town against floods. Pre- I. Addr.: Bucharest, Str. lzvor 25, fect in 1920. Member: Rouma- Tel. 3- 14-29. nian Front. Deputy in 1929 and GEORGESCU P. Constantin, engi- 1932. Former reporter of va- neer, Forestry councillor (pensio- riouslaws;Dec.: Commander ner). *Nov.17,1875, Husi. Roumanian Star, Roumanian Educ.: Hight School of Forestry. Eagle, and Roumanian Crown Former president of the society with ribbon Military Virtue; Mau- Forestry Progress" (1931-34) . rice and Lazaru(Italian),etc. Member: National Peasant Par- Addr.: Barlad, Str. 1. Duca' 10. ty. Ministerial Forestry councillor of the Ministry of AgricultureGEROTA Dumitrudr.,University and Domains 1930 and 1931. professor. * 1867, Craiova, E- Addr.:Bucharest,Str.Scgrla- duc.:UniversityatBucharest. tescu 48. Studies in Paris and Berlin. Pro- GEORGESCU P. Niculae, teacher. fesor of topografical anatomy at * Sept. 14, 1888 Provita de jos, the Bucharest University, former Prahova District. Educ.: Normal professor of anatomy at the Bu- School. Member: National Pea- charest School of Arts. Head- sants Part. Deputy in 1928-31 surgeon of the Hospital Branco- and senator in 1931-32. Former veanu. Founder of the Sanato- member of the permanent De- rium Gerota. Member: People's legation of the National Peasants Party. Elected as Senator of the Party. Dec.: Officer Roumanian University Bucharest in 1918-19. Star, Knight Roumanian Eagle. Dec: Roumanian Crown and Star, Addr.: Provita de sus, Prahova Bene Merenti, etc.Addr.:Bu- District. charest, Str.t G. Cantacuzino 9. GEORGESCU Spiridon,Medical Tel. 3-73-53. Doctor. * Oct. 18,1886.Mizil.GHELERTER L. Dr., Physician and Educ.: Lyceum, Bucharest Fac. Director ofHospital.* 1873, of Medicine.Member:Natio- Jassy. Educ. Law and Literature nal Christian Party. Deputy in Studies, Dr. of medicine. Mem- 1926. Dec.: Knight Roumanian ber: Social-Unitarist Party. Com- Star andRoumanian Crown munal CouncillorofBucharest with sword. Addr.:Mizil,Str. 1926-29. Addr.: Bucharest, Str. Carol 72 A. C. F. RobescuI 7. Tel. 3-86-65. GEORGESCU - BARLADVasile,GHELMEGEANU Mihail, lawyer. * lawyer,agriculturist,winegro- June 25, 1896, Craiova. Educ.: wer. * Nov. 3, 1886. Bacani, Tu- Dr. of Juridical Sciences, Paris. tova District.Educ.: Bucharest Member: National Peasants Par- Faculty of Law. Founder of some ty. Former State Undersecretary secondary schools in Tutova Dis- of the Ministries of Agriculture, trict;Girls' Lyceum, Professio- and of Finance. Deputy ofIs- nal School, Commercial School, mail District since 1928. Dec.: Weaving and Cookery Schools, Commander Roumanian Star, Of- etc. Mayor of Barlad Town 1932, ficerRoumanianEagle, etc. when he realized the rectification Addr.: Bucharest, Piata G. Can- of the Barlad river thus protec- tacuzino 4. Tel. 2-44-82. 450

www.dacoromanica.ro GHEORGHIU D. Vasile, lawyer. * and military Orders. Addr.: Plo- Oct.1st,1893, Podul-Turcului. esti, Str. Vornicul Boldur 1. Tel. Educ.: Normal School and Uni- 1317. versity of Jassy. Member: Natio-GHEORGHIU Hr. Anastase, lawyer. nal Peasants Party. Chief of Sec- * July 4, 1900, Dobrotesti (Te- tion in Tecuci District. Former leorman).Educ.:Licentiate of administrative prefect of Tecuci Law, Bucharest. Dr. of juridical District. Deputy of Tecuci 1932- and economical sciences of Pa- 33.Dec.:KnightRoumanian ris.Member: NationalLiberal Crown and Roumanian Eagle, Party. Deputy of Sorocasince Faith and Valour Class I. Addr.: 1933. Dec.: Commander Polo- Podu-Turcului, Tecuci District. nia Restitua", Orange-Nassau". GHEORGHIU George, directorof Addr.: Bucharest, Str. Arionoaei the Cabinet of the Minister of 24. Tel. 3-06-86. Industry and Commerce. * Sept.GHERMAN Eftimie, Secretaryof 26, 1901, Bucharest. Educ.: Li- Mining Workers Union. * 1894, centiate of law, University Bu- Lapusnicul Mare, Caras District. charest. Member of the Bucha- Educ.: auto-didact. Member: So- ret Bar. Commercial Attache I. cial Democratic Party. Deputy in Class. Former secretary general 1920,1928,1931and1932. of the news agency Rador". Addr. Bucharest, Str. Izvor 37. Secretary of the Associationof Telfon 3-27-66. Foreign Correspondents. Chief ofGHIATA I. commissionerofthe the Section for publications, in- Government atthe Central of formation and propaganda of the Co-operatives. * Febr. 2, 1876, National Export Institution. Re- Lupsa, Mehedinti District. Educ.: porter for economical problems Graduate of the normal School at the Minsitry of Industry and of Bucharest. Former teacher of Commerce. Author of the book the School of Application, atta- Financial Reform and Econo- ched the Normal School of Bu- rnical Situation of Belgium (1930 charest. Former reviser, inspector Bucharest). Dec.: Commemora- and general inspector of educa- tive Cross, Victory Medal, Sani- tion. Prefect of the Ilfov District tary MeritsI.Class, Ferdinand 1927-28 and 1933-35. Member: I. Order with sword. Addr.: Bu- Nat. Lib. Party. Dec.: Roumanian charest, Str. Dobroteasa 11. Crown, Reward for Church and GHEORGHIU Gh.,professor of Educational Work and for Cons- Ploeoi Lyceum. * April 23, 1878 truction of School, I.Class, Of- Targoviste. Educ.: Licentiate of ficerRoumanian Star.Addr.: physico-chemical Sciences of Bu- Bucharest, Parcul Filipescu, A- charest University. Major in Re- leea Zoe 22. serves. Took part in the cam-GHIBU Onisifor, Professor at' Cluj paigns 1913 and 1916-18. Mem- University. * May 31, 1883. Si- ber: Roumanian Front. Vicepresi- liste, Sibiu District. Educ.: Ly- dent of Prahova District Organi- ceum, orthodox theology, Doctor zation. Senator of Prahova 1919- of Philosophy, Jena University. 21 and 1928-30. Dec.: Officer General inspector of the primary Roumanian Star and others civil orthodox Schools of Transylva-

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www.dacoromanica.ro nia (1910-1914). Seminary pro- larasilor 90 and Brussells, Lega- fessoratSibiu (1911 - 1912) . tion of Roumania. General Secretary of the PublicGHIMBASANU T. Corneliu, lawyer. Instruction Resort of the Rou- * June 12,1902, Saravale, Ti- manian Dirigent Council of Tran- mis District. Educ.: Cluj Faculty sylvania(1918-1920) .Inthe ofLaw.Member Roumanian years1917-18 and 1926-27 he Front. Chef Tarnava-Mica District was in Bessarabia where he foun- Organization. Deputy in 1932-33, ded and conducted the first Rou- and since 1933. Prefect in 1931. manian dailypaper "Romania Dec. Roumanian Crown, Rouma- Noua". Correspondent member of nian Eagle, Pelep. Adr.: Dumbra- Roumanian Academy. Member: veni, Tarnava-Mica District. National-ChristianParty.ChiefGHIULEA Nicolae, university pro- Salaj District Organization. De- fessor. * Sept.11,1884, Jasy. puty in the Great National Coun- Educ.: University at Jassy, Got- cil of Transylvania. (1919). Se- tingen, Paris. Former Profesor of nator of communal councils of the Military School Jassy. Former Orhei District in 1926-27. Dec.: Commissioner of the Government Faith and Valour Class I. Com- at the Central Cooperative Bank, mander Ferdinand Order, Grand former member of the coopera- OfficerofRoumanian Crown tive council. Author of several and Roumanian Star. Addr.: Cluj, studies published in Roumanian, Str. Octavian Goga 7. Tel. 10-71. French, Swiss, German and Aus- trian revues. Member: National- GHICA Dimitrie, Prince, plenipo- Peasants Party. Deputy in seve- tentiary minister. * Jan 21, 1875 ral legislative periods, reporter Istanboul. Educ.: Licentiateof of the general budget. Dec.: Bene law, Graduate of the School for MerentiI.Class,Commander political sciences, Paris. Attache Roumanian Crown, Officer Rou- of the Roumanian Legationof manian Eagle, etc. Addr.: Bucha- Paris,1894. General Consul at rest,Str. Gh. Palade 26.Tel. Salonica, Plenipotentiary Minister 2-32-78 and Cluj, Str. Universi- at ParisandDelegate to the tetii5. Peace Conference, Nov.1 919-GIGURTU loan, General manager Febr. 1922. Secretary general of of society Mica". * June 24, the Ministry for Foreign Affairs, 1886, Turnu-Severin. Educ.: Ly- July 1926-lan. 1928, Plenipoten- ceum at Craiova.Engineerof tiary Minister in Italy 1928-Apr. mine of the Mining Academy of 1931. Minister for Foreign Af- Freiberg i/Sa. and Berlin-Char- fairs in the Government lorga lottenburg.Deputyin 1926. Apr. 193I-June 1932.Plenipo- Addr.: Bucharest III, Str. Benito tentiary MinisterinItalyJuly Mussolini 36/38. 1932-June 1933 and at BrusselsGIURESCU Constantin, University since July1933.Dec.:Great Professor. * Oct. 26, 1901, Foc- Cordon of the Legion d'Honneur, sani. Educ.: Dr. of Literature of White Lyon, St. Maurice and La- Bucharest University. University- zarus, Pope Pius IX, White Eagle Teacher for Roumanian History, (Servian). St. Salvator (Greek), of Bucharest University. Univer- etc. Addr.: Bucharest, Calea Ca- sity professor 1927. Director of 452

www.dacoromanica.ro the Foundation Ion C. BritianeGOCIU Dimitrie, lawyer. * July 2, 1927-30. Member: National Li- 1881, Husi. Educ.: B. A. Licen- beral Party (Gh. Br5tianu). Head tiate of Law Bucharest. Dr. of Putna District Organization. De- economical and financial sciences puty in 1932-33 and since 1933. of Erlangen. Member: National- Dec.: Roumanian Star, Rouma- Peasants Party. Former senator nian Eagle.Addr.:Bucharest, 1928-31. Former Mayor of Husi- Str. Berzei 47. Tel. 3-38-75. Town. Dec.: Knight Roumanian GIURGIU Teodor, dr. in law, lawyer Crown, Officer Roumanian Star, * May 6,1884, Arnautu, Cluj Commercial and Industrial Merit, District. Educ.: B. A., Dr. in law, Class1. Addr.: Husi, Str. Ion Cluj University. Former member marza 4. of the National Party of Transyl-GOGA Octavian, poet, University vania, under the Hungarian re- Professor. * April 1,1881, Rii- gime. In 1918 he organized in 30 sinari, of a very old family of communes the national guards in priests, his ancestors being men- the Cluj district. He took part in tioned in documents dating from the National Assembly of Alba the beginning of the 17th cen- lulia, as delegate of the Aghires tury. By his patriotic poems, district. State employee 1919-24. a warded the highest prize of the Member: National Liberal Party. Roumanian Academy in 1905 Deputy of Cluj since 1933. Dec.: in the first place, and later by Knight of the Roumanian Crown his political action, he won for and Eagle,SanitaryMerits,I. himself in his youth a front rank Class. Addr.: Cluj, Str. Baron L. amongst the Transylvanian Rou- Popp 1. Tel. 15-88. manians and became famous for his support of the rights of the GIZDAVU Simeon, Lyceum profes- Roumanian people. sor. * Oct 26, 1894, Ileni, Fa- After studies in the Secondary gam* District. Educ.: Bachellor Schools of Transylvania, first of of Arts, Blaj Theological Acade. all in the State Schools, which my.JassyLiteratureFaculty. he was obliged to leave because Member: National Liberal Party. of his attitude of passionate atta- Prefect of Tiirnava-Mica. Dec.: chment to his nation, and later Knight Roumanian Crown; Pal- studies in the Universities of Bu- mes Academiques, Officer d'A- dapest and Berlin, Mr. Goga on cademie. Addr.: Blaj, Str. Regi- his return to the country threw na Maria 7. himself into the turmoil of poli- GLOGOVEANU loan, pensioner. * tical fights, dedicatinghislife April 2, 1871.Craiova.Educ.: entirely tothe service of his Licentiate Faculty of Law Paris race. Univ. Former State's magistrate A. a very young man he was and lawyer. Member: Conserva- coopted in the Committee of Di- tive Party. Senator llfov District rection of the National Rouma- 1931-32. Dec. :Officer Rouma- nian Party of Transylvania, the nian CrownandRoumanian Banate and Hungary, by which Star;Faithful Service,class I. in the general elections for the Addr.: Bucharest,Str.General Budapest Chamber ofDeputies Anghelescu 14. in 1905, he was chosen as can- 453

www.dacoromanica.ro didate for the electoral circums- and Delavrancea were no longer criptionof Chisineu(Kisjen6) living he saved the cause of in the Comitat of Arad.Goga Roumania, compromised to some then obtained a number of vo- extent by the Peace of Bucha- tes al most equal to that of the rest. official candidate of the Govern- When the Armistice was clo- ment in spite of the drastic mea- sed, the provisional Government sures taken to force the will of of Transylvania, the Council of the electors. (the vote was then Direction, called him back to the openly expressed). At the ballot country, and after the first elec- he fell by very few votes; the e- tions in great Roumania, the Go- lectors of 5 great communes of vernment being formed by Ale- purelyRoumaniannationality xander Vaida Voevod, the De- were prevented by the Magyar partmentofPublicEducation gendarme from reaching the vo- was entrusted to him. Very soon ting place. On the outbreak of however, Octavian Goga, being the world war, Goga and the old convinced of the urgent need of priest Dr. VasileLucaci were abolishing the provisional Go- thefirst TansylvanianRouma- vernment of Transylvania and of nians to have a clear vision at hastening the unification of the once that the moment had come Transcarpathianprovincewith when by war against the Austro- the rest of the country, founded Hungarian Empire it would be himself in regard to this ques- possible to realize what had al- tion in disagreement with some ways been the dream of Rou- of the leadersof thenational manians everywhere: Great Roumanian Party of Transylva- Roumania". nia, and he resigned from that Lucaci and Goga come to Bu- Party together with an impor- charest,where theygo into tant number of leading members touchwith Nicu Filipescu, Take and entered the People's Party" lonescu and Barbu Delavrancea under General Averescu". and placed themselvesat the As member of the People's Party head of thosewhodemanded he participated in the Averescu that Roumania should enter the Administrations, in 1920/21 as war against the Central Powers. Minister of the Interior, and ma- They fought incessantly, through de himself known by the energy the press and by means of pu- with which he put an end to a blicmeetings, to supportthe .atate of permanent disorder pro- current of opinion which obliged voked by certain turbulant ele- the Government to declare war ments. against the Habsburg Monarchy. In 1932, havingcomeinto During the war at Jassy, Goga conflict in regardtoopinions by his articles in the paperRo- with Marshal Averescu, Goga left mania", succeeded, together with the People's Party and founded a pleiad of writers of value, to theNationalAgrarianParty enflame the national sentiments which fusioned during the sum- of the population, and a the end mer of 1935 with the League of of the war, at Paris, together National Christian Defence,by with Take lonescu, Filipescu whichtheNationalChristian 454

www.dacoromanica.ro Party was formed. That Party is Paris. He was a prominent fighter stillled by him, together with for the cause of the Roumanians th venerable National fighter A. in Transylvania. Member: Natio- C. Cuza. nal-Peasants Party. Deputy and For his literary merits, Octa- Senator in several legislative pe- vian Goga was elected member riods. Addr.: Bucharest, Str. Mi- of the Roumanian Academy in tropolitul Saguna 2. 1920; in 1923 he was awardedGRAUR Grigore Dr., Physician and the greatest price for poetry of Publisher. * April 13, 1884, Bo- Lei 100.000; in 1932 the Mu- tosani. Educ.: Faculty of medi- nicipality of Cluj proclamed him cine, Vienna. Editor of the news- member of honour of the Faculty paper Adeverur. Member: Na- of Literature of the University tionalPeasantsParty. Former of Upper Dacia with the title of deputy1928and 1932. Dec. : Doctorhonoris causa;andin Officer Roumanian Star,White 1936,inconsequenceofthe Lyon (Czechosl.). Addr.: Bucha- unanimously expressed wish of rest, Str. SpAtarului 44. Tel. No. the Professors Councilofthe 2-44-58. University of Cluj and on basisGRAUR Stefan,lawyer.* 1867, of the vote of theLegislative Stravoane de Sus, Putna. Educ.: Bodies, the MinistryofPublic Roman Seminary.Bachelor of Education appointed him Profes- Arts, Jassy UnitedInstitutions. sor of the Chair of Modern Rdu- Licentiate of Law and Litterature manian Culture. of the Paris University (Sorbon- GOLDTI.EIN-GARDEA A.lacob, ne). Former professor at Tulcea merchant. * June 25, 1887, Bu- and Focsani. Mayoi of Focsani charest. Ed.: Commercial Aca- town. Head of Putna Bar. Mem- demy. Former member of the ber: National-Peasants Party. Ho- Court of arbitration of the Bu- norary Presidentof the Putna charest Chamber of Commerce. District Organization. Deputy in Member: U.E.R., member of the 1907-1911, 1926-27, 1931. Sena- the representative committee of tor in 1928-30,1932-33. Age the Party, Cashier general. Dec.: President of the Senate in 1932. Roumanian Crown, Avantul Ta- Defender of peasants in the 1907 rii, Commercial andIndustrial revolution.PoliticalExileby Merits, I. Class, etc. Addr.: Bu- Germans during the World War, charest, Str. Gen. Berthelot 32. to the Bulgarian concentration Tel. 4-54-94. camp.Mostimportantwork: GONGOPOL Constantin, journalist. La Roumanie et le Tzarisme. * June 5, 1880, Bucharest. Ed.: Dec.: Grand Officer of Rouma- Licentiate of Literature. Member: nian Star.Knight Roumanian National Peasants Party. Former Crown, Commander Roumanian deputy in 1920-21, 1928-31 and Eagle, etc. Adr.: Focsani, Calea 1931-33. Addr. : Bucharest, Ho- Cuza Vocla 31. tel Continental. Tel. 3-04-55. GRAUR St. N. Dr., lawyer. * 1898, GRADWEANU C. Ion, lawyer. * Focsani. Educ.:Dr.ofLaw. 1861. The son of Constantine Member: National Peasants Party. Gradisteanu, Minister of Finance Head of Putna District Organiza- 1870. Educ.: Juridical studies at tion. Electeddeputy of Putna 455

www.dacoromanica.ro 1928,1931ond 1932. Addr.: nistry. Dec. Commander Rouma- Focsani. (Bucharest, Hotel Ro- nian Star and Roumanian Crown yal Palace"). with sword;St. Anna and St. GREGOROVICIU N.tefan, lawyer, Vladimir (Russian); Faith and translator and authorized inter- Valour with sword. Addr.: Bu- preter. * Aug. 29, 1888, Czerno- charest, Str. Vasile Lascir 204, witz. Educ.: B. A. Dr. of Law Tel. 2-20-44. CzernowitzMember:National Peasants Party. Head of Arad-GRIGORIU Cristea Dr., physician. Micalaca Organization.Former University professor. * 1883, Ba- Arad, eau. Educ.: National Lyceum at deputy 1932-33. Add r. : Jassy. Faculty of medicine of Vie- Boul. Regele Ferdinand 13/1. na. Took part in the campaigns GRIGORE Ilie,professor.* Nov. 1913 and 1916-1918. Member: 1st.1887, Cop5cenii de sus,11- fov District. Educ.: Seminary. Fa- National Liberal Part. Head of culty of Theology, Bucharest. Fa- Cluj District Organization. Dec.: culty of Philosophy Berlin. Li- AvantulTarii", Roumanian centiate of Philosophy of Jassy. Crown. Addr.: Cluj, Gynecologi- Member: Roumanian Front. Pre- cal Clinic. sident Baia District Organization.GRIGOROVICI Gheorghe, Journa- Dec.: Knight Roumanian Crown. list. * May 4,1871, Storojinet. Addr.: Fälticeni, St. Maior loan Educ.: Faculty of Medicin of Vie- No.7. na. President of the Social De- GRIGORESCU Emil, lawyer. * May mocrat Party. From 1907 to 1918 2, 1901, Baleni, Dambovita Dis- deputy in Austrian Parliament. trict.Educ. Lyceum, Bucharest Deputy in Roumanian Parliament Faculty of law. Former Magis- in several Legislative Periods. As trate. Took part in the World a student entered the Social De- War as scout, being drafted to mocrat Party. In 1918 he made the Army CommandamentII. a speech in the Austrian Parlia- Member: Agrarian Party. Presi- ment, fore telling the break down dent of the Bihor District. Orga- of the Monarchy. Member of Na- nization and General secretary of tional Council of Bukovina, by the CapitalOrganization. Dec.: which the affairs of Bukovina Ferdinand Order, Commemorati- were conducted up to the Union. ve War Cross. Addr.: Bucharest, Edited and directed, before the Str. Dionisie, 2. Tel. 2-33-70. war, the Social Democrat Paper GRIGORESCU Er. Romulus Direc- Lupta" and after the war Vre- tor of Discom" * Oct. 16, 1891, mea Nona" at Czernowitz. Addr.: Bucharest. Educ.: Superior War Czernowitz, str. Vasile Lupu 5. School, Military Technical Berlin Academy, Berlin Superior SchoolGROF5OREAN CornelDr.,law- of political sciences. Independent. yer. * 1881, Periam, Timis-To- Deputy 1930-31. Former Admi- rontal District. Educ: Universities nistrative General Inspector, Ge- of Cluj and Budapest. Law Aca- neral Secretary of Superior Go- demy of Oradea. Former Mayor vernment Commissariat in Bessa- of Timisoara-Town. Independent. rabia and Bukovina. Former Ge- Deputy in 1926-27. Addr.: Ti- neral Secretary of Bessarabia Mi- misoara, Str. 3 August I. 456

www.dacoromanica.ro GROF5OREAN Juliu, teacher, pen-GROZA Nicolae,teacher.* May sioner. * 1861, Comlogiul Mare, 11, 1885, Crucea de sus, Putna Timis-TorontalDistrict.Educ.: District. Educ.: Normal School. Arad Normal School.; Author of Former director of School, for- various didactic books. Stentenced mer revizor and School. Inspec- to imprisonment for agitation a- tor. Member: NationalLiberal gainst the Magyhars before the Party. Former senator 1931. Dec: war for the Union and interned Roumanian Crown with swords, two years during the World War. Knight Roumanian Crown, Faith Member: Roumanian Front. For- and Valour, Class I.,St. Stanis- mer Deputy and Senator in A- las with swords. Addr.: Bacau, rad District.Dec.: Commander Str. Platon 36. Ferdinand I; Officer of Rouma-GROZA Petru, Doctor, proprietor. nian Star and Roumanian Eagle; * 1884, Bacia. Educ.: University Pe les. Addr.:Gal§a, Arad Dis- of Budapest, Berlin, Leipzig, etc. trict. Chief of Communications, Public GROSSU Virgil, lawyer. * June 5, Works andProvisions Depart- 1888, Braila. Educ.: Dr. in law, ment of Transylvania up to uni- Paris University. Former Presi- fication. Ministry of Transylvania dent of the Committee for revi- (1920). Minister ad-interim of sion of the civil code. He took Communications 1921) , Minister part, and held a speech, as repre- of Public Works (1926-27), Mi- sentative of Roumania at the an- nister of Transylvania( I 927) . tirevisionist meeting hold in Bel- President of Corporation Orga- grade, May 1933. As Vicepresi- nizationPloughmen's Front''. dent of the Roumanian Group, he Deputy in 5legislative periods represented the Roumanian Par- as representative of the People's liament at the lnterparliamentary Party. Addr.: Deva. Conference of Madrid, Oct. 1933.GURZAU Mihail, lawyer, Prefect of Member: National-Peasants Par- Salaj District. * Nov. 19, 1897. ty. President of the Braila district Dumislau, Salaj District. Educ.: organization. Secretary general of Bachelorof Arts,Dr. of Law. the Ministry of Justice, 1931. Vi- Member: National Liberal Party. cepresident of the Chamber of Dec.: Knight Roumanian Crown. Deputies1932-33. Deputyin Addr.: Simleul Silvaniei. 1928-3 i ,1932-33. Dec.: Com-GUSSI N. Alexandru, proprietor- mander Roumanian Crown, Of- pensioner.* Aug.28,1864, ficer RoumanianStar.Addr.: Campulung, Muscel District. Ed.: Braila, Str. R. S. Cimpiniu 19, Faculty of Law, Paris. Member: Tel. 56. National Liberal Party.Former prefect of Galatz, during 10 years GROSU Constantin lawyer. * March before and in the time of World 23, 1894, Bacu (Russia). Educ.: War. Former senator of Covur- Lyceum. Military School. Faculty lui District. Dec.: Grand ribbon of Law. Member: National Pea- St.Stanislas(Russian).Com- sants Party. Former deputy of mander Roumanian Star and se- Tighina 1932. Dec.: Roumanian veral Italian, Polish, Servian and Eagle.RussianWarMedals. Russian Orders. Addr.: Bucharest Addr.: Tighina, Str. Gogol 5. Str. Sf. Voivozi9. Tel. 3-48-66. 457

www.dacoromanica.ro GUSTI Dimitrie, University profes- Dr. h. c. of the Leipzig Univer- sor. * Febr. 13 1880, Jassy. Ed.: sity. Editor of the Arhiva nentru University studies at Paris, Ber- stiintasi reforma sociala" and lin, Dr. degree at Leipzig. Uni- Sociologia Romaneascii".Au- versityprofessor Jassy, 1910, thor of many sociological works, Dean of the Faculty of Literature such as: The political Party" and Philosophy 1918. Professor 1922, Sociologia Militans" 1935. at the Bucharest University 1920. Member: National Peasants Party. He founded 1918 at Jassy a so- Former MinisterofEducation. cietyforsociologicalstudies, Senator of Ilfov1932.Addr.: which was transformed, 1921, Bucharest, Str. Armeneasca 20. into the Roumanian Sociological Tel. 2-02-04. Institute, whose President he is.GYARFASElemer,agriculturist Director of the House of Culture and lawyer. * Aug. 27, 1884 Bo- of the People" 1922. Dean of zias,Tarnava-MicfiDistrict. E- theFaculty of Literatureand duc.: Cluj, Budapest, and Paris Philosophy of the Bucharest U- Faculty of law. Doctor of Law niversity 1928. President of the and of political science. President ofDiocesianRomano-Catholic State Monopolies C.A.M." 1929 Council. President of Transylva- and president of the Supreme Co- nian Banks Syndicate. Member: uncil of Co-operation. 1934 na- Magyar Party. Senator of Chic in med as director of the Royal Cul- 1926-28 and from 1933. Former tural Foundation Prince Carol". Prefect (Supreme Committee) of Member of the Society for So- TarnavaMicaDistrict.Dec.: ciology,Geneva,International Commander Roumanian Eagle, Sociologic Institute; Society for officer Roumanian. Crown, Papal Social Sciences, Tokio; Society Order St. Gregory theGreat. of Sociology Masaryk", Prague; Addr.: Diciosanmartin. H HAASE Daniel, pastor. * Sept. 11, Special studies at Zurich and Ber- 1877 Fere-Campenoise (Alt-Elft) lin Universities. State Secretary Cetatea Alba District. Ed.: Gym- of National Council of Bukowi- nage at Dorpat, University of Dor- na in 1918. Dean of Faculty of pat. In 1920 named as supreme Law in 1920-21, rector of Czer- head of the evanghelic-lutheran nowitzUniversity in1922-23. Church of Bessarabia. Member: Member: National Liberal Party. German Party. Since 1926 4 ti- Senator of Czernowitz University mes deputy and once senator. in 1926-27. Senator of Czerno- Dec.:Officer Roumanian Star witz District since1933. Dec.: and Eagle Orders. German Red Cross. Pe les Medal. Addr.: Ta- Commander Roumanian Crown, rutino, Cetatea Alba district. Roumanian Star, Roumanian Ea- HACMAN Maximilian, Universitary gle, and Ferdinand Order, com- Professor. * Aug. 26, 1877, Opri- mander Po Ionia Restituta". seni, Radauti District. Educ.: Ly- Acldr.:Czernowitz , Str.Sextil ceum and Czernowitz University. Puscariu 7, Tel. 261. 458

www.dacoromanica.ro HAGI-ANTON Em., lawyer, wine-HANGAN D. Dimitrie, lawyer. * grower. Educ.: Licentiate of Law Oct, 14, 1887, Belcesti, Jassy Di- Member: Agrarian League. Dec.: strict. Educ.: Lyceum at Boto- Roumanian Crown. Addr.: Bu- sani. Licentiate of the Jassy Fa- charest, Str. Campineanu 31. Tel. culty of Law and Literature. He 3-24-05. was a militant journalist, published articles in the papers Libe- HALAUCESCU Ion, prefect of Ro- ralul", Miscarea", Neamul Ro- man District. * March 26, 1883, manesc", Viitorul", Universul". oRman. Educ.: Licentiate of Law. At Botosani he published the Member: National Liberal Party. review Moldova" and the news- Former senator 1927. Dec.: Rou- papersBotosanii", Avantur, manian Crown, Roumanian Star. etc. Author of several political, Addr.: Roman, Str. C. Cantacu- social studies. Member: National zino 12. Liberal Party(Gh.BrAtianu). HALIPPA Pante limon, University President of the Botosani district professor. * Educ.: Lyceum at organization.Prefect in1922, Kishineff, University at Jassy. He Mayor of Botosani 1922-26. De- published articles in the newspa- cor.: Avantul Tara, Officer Rou- paper Basarabia", 1906. 1908 manian Star Order, Reward for published the first schoolbook in School, Church and Schoolbuil- moldavian language. Editor of the ding Work. Addr.: Botosani, str. newspaper Cuvantul Moldove- Unirii 8. nesc" 1913. He had a great roleHARSIA loan Dr., lawyer. * April in all nationalist and cultural mo- 12, 1872, Mil5sel, Mures District. vements of the Roumanians in Educ.: Lyceum. Faculty of Law, Bessarabia and in the Union of Cluj University. Former president Bessarabia with Roumania. Mem- of the Roumanian National Party, ber:NationalPeasantsParty. Mures District Organization, be- Former MinisterofBessarabia. fore the Union. President of the Addr.: Kishineff, Str. lasilor 15. cultural society Astra", Mures District. Former mayor of Tg.- HANES V. Vasile, professor, lawyer. Mures-Town and president of the * February 22, 1886, CfilArasi. District Council. Member: Natio- Educ.: Faculty of Literature and nal Christian Party. Former se- LawofBucharestUniversity. nator in 1920-22 and 1926-27. Former technicalcouncillor of Dec.: Officer Roumanian Star. Ministry of Instruction. Member Addr.: Reghin, Mures District. of General Council of Public In-HASNA5 Nicolae dr, physician, sur- struction. Member of the Com- geon.directorofhospital. * mitteee of secondary professors 1876, Salcea, Botosani District. GeneralAssociation.Member: Educ.: Faculty of medicine, Uni- National Peasants Party. Elected versity Bucharest. Head of the deputy in five legislative periods War-Hospital No. 2 of the Red after War. Former questor of the Cross 1916-18 (12.300 ill and Chamber of Deputies. Dec.: Com- wounded). Writer, orator, editor mander Roumanian Star. Addr.: of reviews, former President of Bucharest,Str. Roma 58.Tel. the Cultual League, of Boy Scouts 2-07-54. etc.Member: National Liberal 459

www.dacoromanica.ro Party. Vicepresident of the GorjHENTZESCU Constantin,lawyer. DistrictOrganization.Senator Director of the newspaper Mis- 1922-26, deputy since 1933. Dec: carea". * March 14, 1890, Bo- Commander Roumanian Crown tosani. Educ.: Licentiate of Law. order with sword,St.Georges, Member: National Liberal Party Sanitary Merits, Roumanian Ea- (Gh. Bfatianu). Former deputy gle, etc. Addr.: Targu Jiu. DurostorDistrict in1927-28. HAT1EGAN Emil, Dr., University Addr.: Bucharest, Str. Visarion professor. * Dec. 8,1878, Co- 23. Tel. 2-13-63. jocna. Educ.: B. A., Dr. in law,HEROVANU Alfons,lawyer. * University Cluj. President of the Sept.24,1881, Piatra Neamt. Roumanian National Council of Educ.: Licentiate of Jassy Faculty Cluj, 1918. Editor of Curierul of Law. Took part in the cam- juridic'" 1912-18. Member : Rou- paigns 1913 and 1916-18 as Of- manian Front. Deputy in 1919, ficer in Reserves. Member: Natio- 1926, 1928, 1931. Vicep resident nal Peasants Party. Former de- of theChamberofDeputies puty 1928-31. Senator of Jassy 1930. Minister of Public Health since 1933.Dec.: Commander and Welfare, Minister of Tran- Roumnian Star and Roumanian sylvania 1932-33. Dec.:Great Crown, Knight Roumanian Eagle, Ribbon Roumanian Crown, Great many War Orders. Addr.: Jassy, Officer Roumasian Star, Officer Str. Sf. Sava 3. Tel. 476. Ferdinand I. Order. Addr.: Cluj,HERZOG Otto, dr. in law, publisher Str. Sincai13. HATIEGANU lulio Dr., University * Fehr. 11, 1889, Nernsa. Educ.: professor. *1885, Darja, Cluj University at Cluj, Budapest, Ber- District. Educ.: B. A., Faculty of lin. High Commercial School at medicine, Cluj. Founder of the Berlin. Lawyer 1914. Secretary Society SoimiiCarpatilor"'. of the Federation of Hungarian President of the medical section. Industrialist1917-19.Manager of the Astra". General inspector of the Nostra" Ltd in. Vienna, of the Straja Tárii" for Tran- 1920-25. Since 1925 chief-mana- sylvania and Banate. Correspon- ger of the publishing Company ding member of the Societe me- Krafft & Drotleff Ltd." at Si- dicale des Hopitaux", Paris, For- biu.1931-33 President of the mer member of the National Pea- Chamber of Commerce and In- sants Party. Former Minister. De- dustry of Sibiu. Since 1930 Pre- cor.:Commander Roumanian sident of the Handelsgremium" Star, St. Sava (Servian), Knight Sibiu, of the Turnverein" Sibiu. Legion d'Honneur,etc.Addr.: Member: German Party. Deputy Cluj, Str. Eminescu 8. since 1933. Dec.: Roumanian Ea- HEGEDUS Niindor(Ferdinand), gle, Commercial and Industrial Newspaper Editor. * 1884. Ora- Merits, I. Class. Addr.: Sibiu, Pia- dea. Educ.: University. Member: ta Regele Ferdinand 16. Tel. 2-43 Magyar Party.Vicepresident ofHODOS Alexandru, journalist, di- Bihor Magyar Party. Deputy in rector of the Society of Radio e- 1928, 1931 and 1932. Dec.: Rou- mission. * June 20,1893, Bu- manian Eagle.Addr.: Oradea. charest. Ed.: Faculty of law. Des- Tel. 8-36. cendant of an old Transsylvanian 460

www.dacoromanica.ro Family of intellectuals. Entered Roumanian and foreignorders. in journalism lary. He took part Addr.: Bucharest, Str. Frumoasii in the War as officer of reser- 35. Tel. 3-32-21. ves, of Artillery. In 1919 he conducted together with I. U. So-HOTEA Mihai, archpriest. * Aug. ricu and later with Eugen Goga 27, 1881, Giulepti, Maramurep di- the first Roumanian daily paper strict. Educ.: B. A., Theological in Transylvania Renapterea Ro- Academy. Member for lifetime of rnariV. Former editor for Tran- the Association for the education sylvania of the newspaper Uni- of Roumanian people in Maramu- verse'. Has edited at Cluj the repdistrict. Member: National- paper Tara Noastra. Collabo- Peasants Party. Deputy of Ma- rator of several Roumanian pa- ramurep, 1932. Addr.: Barseana, pers. Former director of the Na- Maramurep district. tional Theater of Bucharest. De-HRISTOFOROV H. Hristofor, se- puty of Somas 1926-27. Member: cundary professor, agriculturist, National Christian Party. Dec.: winegrower. * June12,1888, Cultural Merit. Addr.: Bucharest, Bolgrad. Educ.: Lyceum. Faculty Str. Sf. Constantin 31. Tel. No. of Physico-mathematicsofthe 4-39-05. University Odessa. Mayor of the HOLBAN Stefan, lawyer, and agri- town Bolgrad 1928-31 and 1932. culturist, * 1886. Carpineni, La- Member: National Peasants Par- pusna District. Educ.: Faculty of ty. President of the Bolgrad di- Law of Jassy. Deputy of Coun- strict organization. Senator 1932- try's Council of Bassarabia 1918. 33. Dec.: Roumanian Eagle, Pa- Member: Nation. Peasants Party. le§ Medal. Addr.: Bolgrad, Str. Vicep residentLLEipusnaDistrict Vasile Alecsandri 20, Ismail di- Organization.Lapupna.Prefect strict. in 1928-31. Deputy in 1919-20, 1920-22and1932-33.Dec.:HUDITA loan, Universitary teacher. Commander andofficerRou- * Aug. 1, 1896, Bogdanepti, Baia manian Star, officer Roumanian District. Ed.: Lyceum Jassy, Dr. in literature of the Sorbonne. Au- Eagle,Ferdinand,Pe lap.Adr.: thor of several works about his- Chisinau, Str. I. G. Duca 2. torical problems. Member: Na- HOMORICEANU N.Retiredco- tional Peasants Party. President lonel, military lawyer. * Aug. 24 of the Baia district organization. 1868. Cimpulung, Muscel Dis- Deputy 1930. Addr: Bucharest, trict.Educ.: Lyceum,Military Str. Stirbey Vodà 11 1. Tel. No. Scheol, Licentiate of Faculty of 4-22-14. Law, Bucharest. Former Royal Commissionar at Superior CourtsHOGEL Anton, butcher. * March of Military Justice. Author of Mi- 29, 1889, Lovrin, Banate. Educ.: litary Justice Code (annotated) twolycealclasses.Member: very appreciated work in juridi- German Party. Deputy of .Timip- cal circles. Member: Peoples Par- Torontal District in1932 and ty. Deputy of Argep in 1926-27. 1933. Dec.: Knight Roumanian Dec.: Officer Roumanian Crown. Eagle Pelef". Addr.: Lovrin, Ti- Bene Merenti Class 11 and other mip-Torontal District.

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www.dacoromanica.ro HURMUZESCU Dragomir, Univer- Legion d'Honneur.Addr.; Bu- sity professor.*1875, Bucha- charest, Str. Victor Emanuel 16. rest. Educ.: Dr. in science of the Sorbonne. University professor ofHUTAN Teodor, professor. * Febr. the Bucharest University. Dean 3,1888, Costana, Suceava Di- of the Faculty of sciences. Mem- strict. Educ.: Lyceum. University ber: National liberal Party. For- of Czernowitz. Member: National mer Secretary generalofthe ChristianParty. Head ofthe Ministry for Education. Senator Campulungul-Moldovenesc Orga- 1927 and since 1933. During the nization (Bukovina). Deputy in War, he was sent to Paris, char- 1932-33. Dec.: Knight Rouma- ged with an important mission. nian Crown and Roumanian Ea- Dec.:Commander Roumanian gle,Peles.Addr.:Czernowitz, Star and Crown Orders. Officer Pension City.

1 IACOB JOSIF, great proprietor. * ty. Chief Cetatea Alba District March 4,1880,Pestes,Bihor Organization. Deputy. Dec.: District. Educ.: Cluj Faculty of Commander Roumanian Star and law. Professor ofconstitutional Roumanian Eagle. Addr.: Cetatea law at Oradea Academy of Law Alb a. in 1920-28. Author of variousIACOBI Emil, Dr. of Law, lawyer. specialtybooks.Independent. * Aug. 7, 1882, Cublesul Some- Prefect in 1920-21 and 1926-27. san. Educ.: Lyceum, Cluj Faculty Former Chief of Averescu and of Law. President Union Rou- National-AgrarianOrganization manian Jews of Transylvania (U. ofBihor. Deputy in1932-33. E. R. Party). Senator Bihor Dis- Addr.: Oradea, Str. Bucurestilor trict in 1926. Addr.: Cluj, Pieta 1/A. 5tefan cel Mare, 3. IACOBAT Gh. Vasile, lawyer.*IACOMI Constantin, priest. * 1884, April 9, 1897, Mahe la, Czerno- Radesti, Tutova District. Educ.: witz District. Educ.: Lyceum. Fa- Licentiateof theology. Former culty of Law, Czernowitz Uni- protoereu. Former president of versity. Former magistrate. Mem- the Agricultural Chamber. Mem- ber:NationalPeasantsParty. ber:NationalChristian Party. Former deputy of Soroca District Head of Vaslui District Organi- 1932-33. Dec.: Roumanian Ea- zation. Former deputy in 1932. gle, Pe les". Addr.: Tarnova, So- Dec.: Knight Roumanian Crown. roca District. Peles". Addr.: Vaslui. IACOBESCU D. Teodor,teacher.IAMANDI Victor, State Minister. * * Oct. 14, 1880, Bucharest. Educ: Febr. 28,1891,Cotnari-Jassy. Normal School; Mechanical Trai- Educ.: Licentiate in Law and li- ning School. Editor of Culture terature of the University Jassy Poporului" Review, Cetatea Al- ( 1913-14) .Lawyer,Professor. ba. President of ,,Astra" Society. Undersecretary of State in the Authorofdidacticmanuals. Ministry of Interior 1933-34, de- Member: National Peasants Par- fended the order in the State a-

462 ' www.dacoromanica.ro gainst the elements of the extre-ILIESIU Nicolae, professor. * Sept. me right. StateMinistersince 28, 1890, Tebea, Hunedoara Dis- Oct. 2 1934. As State Minister trict. Educ.: Faculty of Theology he undertake an intense campaign Arad, Cluj Faculty of literature. in the Chamber and outside the Dr. of law Cluj University. Vice- Chamber for the victory of de- president of Syndicate of Banate mocratic and liberal ideas. Mem- professional journalists. Editor of ber: National Liberal Party. Pre- paper Banatur of Timisoara, sident of the Jassy district or- collaboratorinvarious papers ganization. Excellent orator, ma- and reviews. Member: Roumanian de several speeches in the Cham- Front. 1928-31 Deputy; 1932-33 ber, also as representative of the Senator of Timis-oTrontal. Dec.: Government. Deputy of Jassy in Officer Roumanian Star, Reward 1922,1927,1931,1932and for Church Work class I.; Rou- since 1933. Reporter of the Mes- manian Eagle. Addr.: Timisoara, sage in 1925, under the Govern- Lyceum C. D. Loga. ment Ion.I.C. Brkianu. Dec.: Commander Roumanian Crown,ILIESCU P. Paul, lawyer. * Febr. Great Officer RoumanianStar. 2,1884, Caracal. Educ.: Licen- Addr.: Bucharest, Str. Vasile Las- tiate of law, Bucharest University. car 70. Tel. 2-23-93. Former attorney and Examining IANCEC Gheorghe, agriculturist. * Judge at the Bucharest Court un- February 2, 1889. Vranceni. E- til 1920. Member: National Pea- duc.: Lyceum, Czernowitz Agro- sant Party. Vicepresident of Sect. nomic School. Former councillor II Black (Bucharest). Former de- of Storojinet Chamber of Agricul- puty 1926. Dec.: several Rou- ture. Member: Social Democrat manianand foreignOrders. Party.Storojinet,Deputyin Addr.: Bucharest, Str. Romulus 1932. Chief District Organization 35. Ttl. 3-74-46. and member of Board of Di-ILIESCUVictor, general manager rectors of Federation of Peasants of bank. * 1899, Stremtziu, Alba of Roumanian in Bucharest. Dec.: district. Educ. : Commercial High Knight Roumanian Eagle and Pe- School. Former President of the les.Addr.: Mihova,Storojinet Chamber of Commerce and In- District. dustry, Cluj. Honorary president ILIEF Marcu, lawyer. * Sept. 17, of the Union of merchants, indu- 1896, Silistra.Educ.:Lyceum, strialists and artisans of Cluj, Vi- Licentiate in law of the Sofia U- cepresident of the Union of Tran- niversity. Faculty of Philosophy, sylvania and Banate. Administra- Vienna. President of the District tordelegateofthe Porcelain- Council Durostor and ofthe works Turda. Member: People's Chamber of Agriculture,1930 Party. President of the Cluj town and 1933.Member:National and district organization .Dec.: Peasants Party. Assistant mayor Knight Roumanian Crown, Com- of the town Silistra,1929 and mercialandIndustrial Merits, 1932.Deputy1 932-33.Dec.: ClassI.,Ferdinand medal with Knight Roumanian Eagle, Peles sword. War Cross and Victory Medal. Addr.: Silistra, Str. Bucu- Medal .M.dr.: Cluj, Str. Regina resti 13. Maria 42. Tel. 15-61. 463

www.dacoromanica.ro ILIESCU-BRANCENI Nicolae, engi-IMBROANE Avrarn Dr., Secretary neer. * April 4, 1887, Brânceni, general of tl e Ministry of Cults Teleorrnan district. Ed.: Polytech- * Dec. 19, 1880, Costei ( Jugo- nical High School of Bucharest. slavia). Educ.: Dr. of Czerno- EcoleSuperieured'Electricite, witz University. Member: Natio- Paris. University teacher assistent nal Liberal Party. Head of Timis- Professor at thePolytechnical TorontalDistrict Organization. High School, Bucharest. Chief of Deputy and vicepresident of the the Service for Printing Bank- Chamber of Deputies in two le- notes at the Roumanian National gislative periods. Dec.: Ferdinand Bank. Member: National Chris- Roumanian Crown. Addr.: Bu- tian Party. Secretary general of charest, Str. Gen. Berthelot 28. the Ministry of Industry and Com- Tel. 4-36-00. merce,1919-20 Addr. :Bucha-IOAN C. Stefan. professor. * Dec. rest,Str. C. A. Rosetti1.Tel. 4 1868, Tg.-Frumos, Jassy Dis- 3-70-30, trict.Educ.:Superior Normal ILINCA Marin, lawer, agriculturist School, Licentiate of Literature, and winegrower. 3 July 3, 1883, Jassy University, Professor of Ly- Dumitresti-Olt. Educ.: Faculty of ceum Matei Basarab, Bucharest. Law Bucharest. Took part in the Former General Inspector of In- campaigns 1913and1916-18. struction and member of Perma- Lieutenant in Reserves. Member: nent Instruction Council. Vice- National Peasants Party. Former president of the Roumanian A- prefect of Olt District 1920-21 thenaeum ad Head of the Athena- and1932-33.Former deputy eum University. President of the 1920 and senator 1928 of Olt Superior Council of the Central District. Dec.: Commander Rou- Co-Operation Institute. Technical manian Crown. Addr.: Bucharest Councillor oftheMinistryof Str. Robert de Fiera 23. Tel. No. Education and Cults. Member : 2-23-37 INCULET Ion, Minister of Interior. National Liberal Party. Former * 1885, Rezeni, Lepusna district. Deputy and Senator. Senator by Educ.: University of Petersburg. law beginning from 1932. For- Former lecturer at Petersburg U- mer Vice-President of the Cham- niversity for astronomy and ma- ber of Deputies and of the Se- thematics. Member of Roumanian -nate. President of honour of the Academy. In 1918 was elected National Liberal Party Organiza- by the National Assembly of Kis- tion of Falticeni District (Baia). hineff as representative of the Dec.: Grand Officer of Rouma- MoldavianRepublic,a dignity nianCrownand Roumanian which he held until the union of Bessarabia with the Old Kingdom. Star, Bene Merenti Class I. Re- Member: National Liberal Party. wardforEducationalWork, Forme ly, repeatedly Minister of gold, Knight Class I. of the Cul- Bessarabia and of Health and So- tural Merit Order, GrandOf- cial Welfare. Deputy in all legis- ficer of ,,Polonia Restituta'', Pal- lativeperiods, beginningfrom mes Academique (French). Adr.: 1918. Addr.: Bucharest, Str. Ge- Bucharest,Boul.Bratianu24, neral Cristescu 6. Tel. 3-71-29. Tel. 3-61-52. 464

www.dacoromanica.ro IONA$ Dimitrie, agriculturist * Fe- rest Faculty of Law. Former Ma- bruary 5,1885, Oradea. Presi- gistrate. Former Prefect of Mus- dent of the Union of Agricultu- cel District in1920, andBalti rists of Bihor district since 1906. District from 1920 to 1926. In- Presidentof theWinegrowers dependent.Deputyin 1926. Syndicate. Chief of the Commit- Addr.: Bàlti, Str. Praporgescu 10. tee for maintening the order in Bihor district, 1918. First epitropIONESCU Nae, University professor of the Roumanian Church at O- * 1890, Brgila. Educ.: Dr. of Phi- racle Valenta for 9 years. Mern- losophy, Munich University 1919. ber: Agrarian Party. Deputy in Professor of Logic and Metaphy- 1919-20. Vicep residentofthe sics, Bucharest University. Jour- Bihor district organizationand nalist, former editor of the news- President of the Oradea town or- paper Cuvanul" forbidden af- ganization. Dec.: Knight Rouma- ter the murder of I. G. Duca. De- nian Crown. Addr.: Oradea, Ca- puty in 1932. Jridependent, with lea Victoriei 77. relationstotheI ron Guarde. Addr.: Bucharest, Str. Dr. Mora IONESCU Adam, lawyer. * Febr. 25. Tel. 2-07-69. 15,1887, Vaidieni, Valcea dis-IONESCU Nicolae, lawyer, * Nov. trict. Educ.: Lyceum at Craiova, 18,1882, Targu Ocna, Beam Licentiate magna curn laude" District.Educ.: BucharestFa- of the Faculty of law, Bucharest culty of Law. Member: Rouma- University. Doctor degree at the nian Front. Former Prefectof Paris University. He contributed Bacau District in1930-31. De- to the editing of the unified pe- puty in 1912-13 and1932-33. nal code. Member: Roumanian Dec.: Officer Roumanian Star, Front. President of the Valcea di- Roumanian Crown, Roumanian strictorganization.Deputy of Eagle. Addr.: Bacgu, Str. Mare- Valceain1920-22, 1932-33 sal Averescu, 46. and since1933. Dec.: Officer Roumanian Eagle, Knight Rou-IONESCU N. George lawyer. * July manianStar.AvântulTgrii. 26, 1891, Rancezi, Prahova Di- Addr.: Bucharest, Boul. Maria 41. strict. Educ.: Faculty of Law, Bu- Tel. 4-38-41. charest.Member: Roumanian Front. Dec.: Roumanian Crown IONESCU D. Dimitrie, lawyer. * with swords and ribbon Military Oct. 28, 1883, Jassy. Educ.: Ly- Virtue. Addr.: Ploesti, Str. Dece- ceum. Faculty of Law, Jassy U- bal 10. Tel. 1336. niversity. Member: National Pea- sants Party. Former deputy 1929IONESCU N. Hristodor,teacher and 1932. Dec. Commander Rou- class I. * Oct. 12, 1890, Buzes- manian Crown, Commercial and cu, Teleorman District.Educ.: Industrial Merit, Sanitary Merit. Gymnasium and Normal School. Addr.: Botosani, Str. Cuza Vodà President of the teachers cultural 19. Circle. Took part in the cam- paign1916-18,as captainin IONESCU Ion, lawyer, agriculturist. Reserves. Member: National Pea- * 1884 Domnesti, MuscelDis- sants Party. Vicepresident Vlasca trict. Educ.: Licentiate of Bucha- District Organization. Deputy of

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www.dacoromanica.ro Vlasca 1928-31and1932-33. manian Crown. Commander of Dec.: War Cross with bar, Tur- FrenchAgricult. Merit, Knight tucaia", Knight Roumanian Star of French Legionof Honour. and Roumanian Eagle.Addr.: Great Gross of Bulgarian Civil Bucsani, VlascaDistrict,Post- MeritAddr.:Bucharest,Boul. Of fice Crevedia. Marasti, 61, Tel. 3-68-08. IONESCU Stelian, lawyer. * Febr.IORGA Nicolae, University profes- 2,1900, aaltesti, Prahova Dis- sor.1871, Botosani. Educ.: Ly- trict. Educ.: Dr. of Faculty of ceum at Jassy and Botosani. Uni- Law of Bucharest. Former judge versity at Jassy, Berlin and Leip- of the Ilfov Court. Lawyer of zig, where he become a dr. in Roumanian National Bank. Mem- literature with the dissertation: ber: National Liberal Party (Gh. Thomas de Saluces". Graduate BrAtianu). Addr.: Bucharest, Str. of the Ecoles des Hautes Etudes, Dionisie Lupu 36/A. Tel. 2-3 4- Paris and Dr. of Literature, Pa- 20. ris University, 1893. Former pro- IONESCU - NICAGh.,lawyer. * fessor of the Lyceum at Ploesti March 1881, Bucharest.Educ.: and since Nov. 1894 professor Lyceum, licentiate of Bucharest of the University Bucharest, for Faculty of Law. Former District World History. At the age of 13 Judge of Mehedinti. Member: Na- years he wrote articles about ex- tional Christian Party, Chief of ternal policy in the newspaper CaliacraDistrictOrganization... Romane of Roman.. Member of the Roumanian Academy. Fel- Deputy in 1926-27. Dec.: Avan- low of the Sorbonne and corres- tul Tfirii" Order (1913) , Com- ponding member of the Institute memorative Cross (1916-1918) . de France. Doctor h.c. of the Addr.: Bazargic, Str. Regina Eli- Chambridge University. lorga has sabeta, 13. an enormous activity in literature IONESCU-PATROAIA Dumitru, la- and has written a whole library wyer. * Pfitroaia, Dâmbovita Di- about historical problems and sub- strict. Educ.: Faculty of Law and jects. His principal work is: Es- Theology. Captain in Reserves. sai de synthese de l'histoire de Member: National Liberal Party. l'humanite" (Paris,1926-28, 4 Vicepresident of Dambovita Di- volumes). Founder of the review strict Organization. Dec.: Knight Sernanátoaree (1903-1906), Roumanian Crown. Addr.: Ga- which inaugured a new national eqti, Dambovita District. era in Roumanian literature. He IONESCU-SISE5TI, George, Univer- founded also the literary review sity Professor. * Oct. 16, 1885. Floarea Darurilor". Since 1906 Sisesti, Mehedinti District. Educ.: he has been the editor of the Graduate of the Landwirtschaft- political newspaper Neamul Ro- liche Hochschule of Hohenheim;manese, for which he writes an Dr. of Jena University. Corres- articel almost each day. Presi- ponding Membre of the Rouma- dent of tke National Democrat nian Academy. Independent. For- Party. Entered Parliament 1907. mer Minister of Agriculture and Was elected in all legislative pe- Domains in 1931-32. Deputy in riods after the war. President of 1931-32. Dec. : Grand Cross Rou- the Council of ministers 1931-32.

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www.dacoromanica.ro President of the Chamber of de- Str. Gen. Berthelot 66. Tel. No. puties 1919. Former Vicepresi- 3-13-45. dent of the National Party. lorga founded the RoumanianIOSIF loan, Director of Bank. * Schoolat Fontenay aux Roses, 1888. Ed.: High economical and and the Popular Universityat financial studies at the University Valenii de Munte. Dean of the of Lausanne 1913-15 and Buda- Faculty of Literature, Bucharest pest. Delegate at the Peace Con- University, 1928 and Rector of ference in Paris, in 1919, as tech- the University1 929. lorga is an nical councillor. Former profes- historicalwriterof exceptional sor at the Commercial School of productivity,a nationalleader Brashov in 1928-29. he foundet who exercised a deep influence the Bank Cetatea" at Cohalrn, ower his generation. He his con- in 1910.Deputy in1919-20. sidered as the greatest journalist Addr.: Brashov, Banca Cetatea. of Roumania. IRIMESCU P. Victor lawyer * Sept. His first politicalmanifestation 25,193,Stâncesti - Botosani. was in the newspaper Epoca" of Educ.: Lyceum at Botosani. Fa- the conservative Party, 1902-03. culty of Law of Bucharest. Mem- In 1910 he founded together with ber: Roumanian Front. Head of Prof. A. C. Cuza the national BotosaniDistrict Organization. democrat party, whose program- Addr.: Boto§ani, Str. D. Ursianu me contained the agrarianre- I 2. form, universalelectoralright, etc. , IRIMESCU Radu, engineer, director of Iron Works Reshitza. Former IORGULESCU Costica, agriculturist State Under-secretary of Air. * Ramnicul Sarat. Educ.: Faculty Galatz. Addr.: Bucharest, Ch. Ki- winegrower. * May 5, 1865. seleff 11 /B. Tel. 3-52-51. of Law of Paris University. Mem- ber: Conservative Party. DeputyIRIMESCU S., Doctor of Medicine, in1905. Prefect of R.-Sgrat in Head of the Filaret (Bucharest) 1910 and 1918. Senator in 1914 Tuberculosis Sanatorium. * De- and 1926. Dec.: Roumanian Star cember1873,Ploesti.Educ. : andRoumanianCrown,etc. Paris Medical Faculty,Director Addr.: Bucharest,Str. Caragea General of the Society for the Vocla 20. Tel. 2-62-08. Prophylaxis of Tuberculosis. De- legat of Roumania to the Inter- IOSEFACHE Matei, lawyer and ad- national Congresses for Tuber- ministrator-delegate of the A- culosis inthe years after the sigurarea Romaneasca." and A- War. Independent. Adherent to sigurarea Tariineasc6". Insurance the Social Democratic Party. De- Co. and of Banca de Depunere puty in 1931-32. Dec.: Officer si Credit". * June 29, 1875. R.- with sword of Roumanian Star: Siirat. Educ.: Licentiate of Law, Commander of Roumanian Crown Bucharest University. Member: A- Sanitary Merit Class I.; Recon- grarian Party. Former senator in naissance Francaise. Addr.: Bu- I 918. Dec. :Officer Roumanian charest, Filaret Sanatorium, $os. Star and Crown. Addr. Bucharest Viilor 90. Tel. 3-69-40. 467

www.dacoromanica.ro ISPRAVNIC Sever, Dr.of Law, Transylvania andtheBanate. lawyer * Curtici, Arad District. Sportsman. President of the Wes- Educ.: Faculty of Law. President tern League of Football, of the of Arad District Viticultural Syn- Club Chinezul". Member: Nat.- dicate. Member: National Liberal Peasants Party. Secretary of the Party (Gh. Bratianu). Chief A- Timis-Torontal organization. De- rad District Organization. Senator puty. Secretary of the Chamber in 1927-28. Dec.: Knight Rouma- of Deputies, 1932-33. Dec.: Cul- nian Crown; Officer Roumanian tural Merits, ClassII.,Officer Star. Addr.: Arad, Boul. Regele Roumanian Eagle, Pe lepMedal. Ferdinand 25. Addr.: Timipoara, Boul. Carol 16. Tel. 18-50. ISVORANUIon,agriculturist. * 1874, Craiova,Educ.:Dr.ofIUGA Gavrila, Dr. of Law, lawyer. Law, Paris Faculty. Former judge * Selintea de Sus, Maramures Dis- and Prime Attorney at Do lj Tri- trict. Educ.: Lyceum, Faculty of bunal from 1892 to 1902. Mem- Law. Founder of first Section" ber:National ChristianParty. of Astra Society. Maramurep Or- Chief Do lj District Organization. ganizer of Roumanian Volonteers Deputy in 1920 and 1926. Dec.: in Russia. Technical Councillor Officer Roumanian Star. Addr.: at Peace Conference. Member: Craiova, Str. Severinului 33. RoumanianFront.Deputyin ISOPESCU - GRECULConstantin, 1919-1920, 1926-28. Chief Ma- professor and rector of Czerno- ramures,DistrictOrganization. witz University. * Feb. 2, 1873, Prefect of Maramures in 1928- Czernowitz. Educ.: Licentiate of 1931. Dec.: Officer Roumanian Law, Czernowitz, Doctor of Law Star, King Ferdinand I.Order. Vienna. President of Roumanian Addr.: Visiiul de Sus, Maramures National Council at Vienna 1 918- District. 19. Roumanian Minister Plenipo- tentiary at Vienna 1919-22. Au-IUNIAN Grigore, lawyer.* Sept. thor of various juridical and so- 30, 1882, Tg.-Jiu. Educ.: Faculty cialworks.Member: National of Law, Bucharest. President of Peasants Party. Deputy in 1927- the Radical-Peasants Party. For- 31, former president of Chamber mer Minister. Deputy in all le- of Deputies.Senator in1932. gislative periods; Senator by Law. Dec.: Grand Cordon of Rouma- Dec.: Grand Cross Roumanian nian Crown, Grand Officer of Crown. Addr.: Str. Washington Ferdinand IOrder, etc. Addr.: 13. Tel. 2-01-63. Czernowitz, Str. 11 Noembrie 40. IVANCIANU Grigore,lawyer.* IUGA Liviu, lawyer. * June 22, Nov. 18, Ploesti. Educ.: Faculty 1900, Tilisca, Sibiu district. Ed.: of Law and Philosophy of Bu- Lyceum at Blaj, Brasov and Si- charest. Member:Roumanian biu. Faculty of law at Bucharest. Front. Head of Prahova District President of the Students at Sibiu Organization. Deputy in1928- 1920-21, at Bucharest 1920 and 31and 1932-33. Dec.: Knight Vicepresident of the Students in Roumanian Crown, Officer Rou- 468

www.dacoromanica.ro manianStar,Military Medal. ceum; CzernowitzUniversity. Addr.: Ploesti,Str. Rahovei 5. Former Lyceum Director. Mem- Tel. 1466. ber: National Liberal Party. Se- IVANOVICI Simion, Professorat nator in 1927-28 and since 1933. Lyceum Laurian", Botosani. Dec.: FerdinandI,Order,etc. Sept. 1, 1885.Valea Seaca, Addr.: Bucharest, Calea Florea- Campu-Lung District. Educ.: Ly- sca 9. Tel. 2-46-10.

JAKABFFY Elemer, Dr. rural pro-JANCSO Gavril, Dr. Public notary. prietor. Editor of reviews ,,Ma- * July 14, 1878, Satulung Bra- gyar Kisebbség" and Glasul Mi- sov District Educ.: Lyceum, Dr. noritatilor". * May 17, 188 I . of Law. Member: National Libe- Lugoj. Educ.: Dr. juris. at Bu- ral Party. Chief Covasna Section; dapest Faculty of Law. Member: 1927 elected as senator of Trei Magyar Party. Vicepresident of scaune.Addr.:Covasna,Trei Magyar Party of Roumania and scaune District. chiefofBanateOrganization.JANCULESCU D. Ion, industrialist. Permanent representative of Mag- * Brâncoveni, Romanati district. yar Minorities in Roumania,at Educ.: Engineer agronom of the the Nationalities Congresses at Agricultural Academy, Bucharest Geneva. Deputy in 1927, 1928, The family Ghimis, which descen- 1930-31. Dec.: Officer Rouma- dent I. D. Janculescu is, formed nian Eagle. Addr.: Zagujeni, Se- the guard of the Voevod Matei verin District. Bassarab, born also in the commune Brancoveni. Also to day, JAKOTA Mihai, Lyceum professor. 30 years later, one of the streets * Basesti, Falciu District. Educ.: of the commune Brancoveni is Faculty of Literature, Jassy Uni- called Ghimis". Me?mber: Nat. versity. Member: National Pea- Christian Party. President of the sants Party. Former president of Romanatidistrictorganization. District Delegation in 1930. For- Deputy of Roman in1922-26, mer deputy in1932-33. Dec.: 1927-28, 1932-33andsince Officer Roumanian Crown. Addr: 1934. Dec.: Officer Roumanian Jassy, Str. Lgtescu. Star. Addr.: Bucharest, Str. Vi- JANCA loan, lawyer. * May 22, sarion 34. eTI. 2-02-56. 1890, Stupca, Suceava District.JINGA Victor Dr., professorof Educ.: Faculty of Law, Jassy. Fa- Commercial Academy of Cluj. * culty of theology and literature Febr.17,1901, Satulung, Bra- Czernowitz.Member:People's sov District. Educ.: High Com- Party. Vicepresident Suceava Di- mercial School of Brasov. High strict Organization. oFrmer pre- Institute for Economical Science fect of Suceava 1926-27. For- of Venice (Italy). Has published mer senator in 1932. Dec: Knight several social-economical studies. Roumanian Eagle, Peles", Gold Publisher of several reviews and Medal. Addr.: Suceava, Str. Ma- newspapers. He directed, from nastirii 7. 1929 until1932, the Union of 469

www.dacoromanica.ro Cooperatives of Ardeal. Member: Former director of mines. For- NationalPeasants Party. Vice- mer member in the high Council president of Brasov District Or- of the State Monopolies. Member - ganization. President of the Na- National Peasants Party. Senator tional Peasant Youths of Transyl- of Ramnicu-Sárat, 1928-31. Dec.: vania and Banate. Dec.: Officer Commander Roumanian Star and Roumanian Crown. Addr.: Cluj, Crown. Officer Roumanian Cal. Maresal Foch 63. Crown with sword, etc. Addr.: JITIANU C. Onoriu, lawyer * May Bucharest, Str. Sperantei 48. Tel. 1st, 1887, Buz'au. Educ.: Fac. of 2-13-54. Law, Bucharest. On DecemberJORNESCU Constantin, University 1st, 1935 elected as Head of Du- Professor. * March 30, 1884, Bu- rostor Bar. FormerMagistrate. joreni, Roman District. Educ.: Member: National Peasants Party. Dr. ofLaw. Member: National Senator in 1928-31. Former re- LiberalParty(Gh.Bratianu). porter of Colonization Law and Chief Roman District Organiza- Law of New Dobrogea in 1930. tion. Prefect of Roman District Dec.: Officer RoumanianStar, in 1920. Deputy and Senator in Commander Roumanian Crown. fourlegislativeperiods.Dec.: Addr.: Silistra, Str. Balcani 4. Commander Roumanian Star and JOLDEA-IUDULESCU I,.journa- Roumanian Crown. Addr.: Bu- list. * Febr.15,1889, Varästi- charest,Str. General Brosteanu Obedeni, Ilfov district. Ed.: Uni- No. 25. versity Bucharest. Author of se-JOS1KA Jean, baron, great proprie- veral important works on the tor. * May 21, 1888, Branisce problems of the corporatist doc- Hunedoara District. Educ.: Kalks- trine. Many articles in different-burg Lyceum, Austria. Cluj A- newspapers and reviews. Former cademy of Agriculture, Univer- Member of the executive-commit- sity England. Member: Magyar tee of te conservative-progressisi Party.Electedin 6 legislative party, until 1923. Member: Na- periods in 1926, 27, 28, 31, 32, tional Corporatist League. De- 33 i.e. from 1926 up to present. puty of Mehedinti 1931-32. Dec: Dec.: Agricultural Merit, Officer War Cross 1916-18. Addr. : Bu- Roumanian Eagle.Addr.: Sur- charest, Str. Venerei15.Tel. duc, Salaj District. Tel. 3. 2-17-49. JOV Dimitrie, writer. * March 22, JOLONDOVSCHI Alexei, teacher. 1888, Flaminzi, Botosani District. * Badragii-Vechi, Hotin districz. Educ.: Jassy Superior Commer- Ed.: Agricultural medium school, cial School. Director of Kishineff pedagogical course for teacher, National Theatre in 1919. Gene- Former school reviser. Member: ral Inspector of Arts of Bessa- National Peasants Party. Senator rabia in 1920. Member of Rou- of Hotin 1928, 1932. Dec.: Rou- manian WritersSociety.Vice- manian Star and Crown Orders. president of General Federation Addr.: Chisla-Salieva, Postoffice of Roumanian Press.President Lipcani, Hotin district. Roumanian Writers Association JORGOVICI D., Engineer of mines. of Bessarabia. Author of volumes * Oct. 26, 1885, Craiova. Educ.: of prose and peotry. Member: Mining AcademyofFreiburg. National-Christian Party. Deputy 470

www.dacoromanica.ro in 1926. Senator in 1931. For- GrebAnu, R.-Sfirat District. Educ. mer Prefect of Soroca in 1921 Licentiateof Law.Bucharest. and 1926. Addr.: Soroca. Took part in the campaigns 1913 JUCU loan, lawyer. * July 9, 1887, and 1916-18, advanced Officer Manfistur, Severin district. Educ.: for merits on the front. Member: B. A., Dr. in law of the Univer- Agrarian Party. Head of R.-SArat sity Budapest. Head of the Bar of District Organization Addr.:R.- Lugoj. Commissioneer of the Go- Sárat. vernment in the Banate, duringJUMANCA Pavel, teacher,Assis- the French and Servian occupa- tant Mayor of Caransebes town. tion, 1919. appointed by the Go- * Nov.15,1886.Caransebes. vernment at Sibiu. He took part Educ.: Gymnasium and Rouma- in the Austro-Hungarian Army, nian Orthodox Confessional Pe- later in the Roumanian Army, un- dagogicalInstituteCaransebes. President of Teachers Association til 1920. Member: National Pea- of Severin. Vicepresident of Ba- sants Party. President of the Se- nate Teachers Association. Mem- verin districtorganization. De- ber inGeneral Association of puty in1927-28, 1928-31, Se. Teachers of Roumania. Member: nator1932-33.Dec. :Officer National Christian Party.Chief Roumanian Star and Eeagle Or- of Caransebes town, and town- der, Pe les Medal,Austro-Hun- district organization. Deputy of garian War decorations. Addr.: Severin in 1926-27. Dec.: Knight Lugoj, Severin district. Roumanian Crown; Ferdinand I. JUGUREANU Stavri, lawyer and a- Order.Addr.: Caransebes, Str. griculturist. * March 31, 1884. Potocului 33.

KASSNER Salomon Dr., lawyer and E.R. of Bucharest. Addr.: Czerno- journalist. * January 13,1881, witz, Str. Regina Maria 20. Tel. Czernowitz.Educ.: Gymnasium 464. and Universityof Czernowitz.KINDRI5 Vasile Dr., lawyer. * Dec. Author of the books Jews of 13, 1881, Maramures District. E- Bukowina" (Vienna and Berlin duc.: Dr. of Law, Cluj Univer- 1917) ; Ehe-Irrungee, Hinter sity. Faculty ofPhilosophy den Kulissen der Ehe" (2 vo- Berlin University. Former pre- lums, Leipzig 1928) etc. Director sident of the National District of the newspaper Bukowinaer Council of Maramures in 1918. Volkszeitung-, during seven Member: National Peasants Party years. Member in the Honour- Former deputy in 1919, former Jury of the Newspaper-man Syn- senator in1928. Dec.: Knight dicate of Bukowina. Former As- Roumanian Crown, Officer Rou- sistent-Mayor of Czernowitz-Town manian Star. Addr.: Sighetul-Ma- (1926) . Member :Roumanian ramures, Str. Mihai Viteazul 14. Jews Union (U.E.R.). PresidentKISS Géza, lawyer, Retired Univer- of U.E.R. Bukowina and vicepre. sity Professor. * April 26, 1882, sident of the Represtentancy U. Sibiu. Ed.: Cluj University, Bonn

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www.dacoromanica.ro am Rhein (Germany) and Pari sity. He organized the relief ac- Universities. University Lecturer tionof the famine regions in of Cluj University in 1906. Pro- 1929 and organized the coloni- fessor at Oradea Academy of zation of the Quadrilater (Do- Law, 1906-14. Professor at Deb- brogea) in 1930. Member: Na- reczen University 1918- I 9. Rec- tional Peasants Party. Deputy in tor of this University in 1918-19. 1918 and 1925. He was the first Councillor at Council of Direc- director of the Press Bureau af- tion 1919-22. Member: National ter the War, 1920. Commissioner Liberal Party. Deputy 1922-26. of the Government for relief, 1929 Senator in 1927-28 and 1931-32. Director of the Office for colo- Dec.: RoumanianStarOrder. nization, 1930. Dec.: Commander Addr.: Cluj, Piata Unirii 7. Tel. Roumanian Crown and Officer 913. Roumanian StarOrder.Add.: KITZULESCU G. Dr., director ol Bucharest, Str. Roma 59/a. Tel. the Slatina hospital. * Aug. 16, 2-43-78. 1883, Cosminele, Prahova dis-KRAKALIA Constantin, journalist. trict. Educ.: Lyceum at Ploesti. * January 14, 1884 Tauteni (Bu- Dr. of medicine of University Bu- kowina). Educ.: Normal Teachers charest. Surgeon. Physician Co- School. From I 923 chief editor of lonel in reserves. He took part in Ukrainian Paper Dreptatea I a- the Balkans War, delegated by rgnimii". Member of the Natio- the Roumanian Government in nalities Congress of Europe, at the campaigns 1916-18 as head Geneva. Presidentof Ukrainian of field-hospitals and of the Rou- Peasants. Party in Roumania. De- manian HospitalatNicholaeff puty 1920-22, 1927-28and (Russia). Member: People's Par- 1928-31. Dec. :Officer Rouma- ty, President of the Olt district nian Star; Austrian Decorations. organization. Prefect of the Olt Addr.: Czernowitz, Boul. Regele district 1920-21and1926-27. carol 23. Dec.:Officer Roumanian Star,KRAUTER Franz,dr. of Philoso- Sanitary Merits, Commemorative phy, professor. * 1885, Vucova Cross Medjidie" and Semilune" Educ.: Lyceum Lugoj, Budapest Orders. Addr.: Slatina, Olt Tel. University. Vicepresident of Ger- 44. man Party. Deputy of Timisoara KOSTAKY Nicolae Lupu, President 1920, 22, 26-28, 1931-33. Dec.: of the Board of Directors of the Commander Roumanian Crown; National Office for Colonization. Officer Roumanian Star; Great * Dec. 6,1888, Barlad. Educ.: Cross of St. Silvester Order (Va- French Lyceum at Berlin. Licen- tican).Addr.: Timisoara,Str. tiate of law of the Paris Univer- Romulus 34.

LAMOTESCU Cristea, Colonel, IVIi- try and Cavalry). Wounded in litaryPensioner. * March3, /the World War on the Diha- 1880, Craiova. Educ.: Bachelor mul" Mountain. Member: Peo- of Arts, Military School (Infan- ple's Party. Chief Ismail District 472

www.dacoromanica.ro Organization. Prefect of Ismail University and doctor of law de- 1926-27. Dec.: Roumanian Star gree at Cluj, special economical with ribbonMilitary Virtue of studies at Vienna. He took a gre- War, Roumanian Crown, St. Sta- at part in the occupation of the nislas and other orders. Addr.: town Czernowitz by the Rouma- Bucharest, Boul. Gh. Duca, 6. nians and hoisted the first Rou- LAPEDATU Alexandru, Minister oi manianflag.He occupied the Cults. * 1876, Transylvania. Ed.: TownSighet,January 1919. Bucharest Lyceum and Univet- Member: National Peasants Par- sity. Appointed professor of Cluj ty, Head of the Maramures dis- in 1919. Member of Roumanian trict organization. Deputy of Ma- Academy. Member of Roumanian ramures in 1928-31 and 1932. Delegation to Peace Conference Dec.: Commander of the Rouma- of Paris, 1918. Member: National nianCrown, Eagle, Knight of Liberal Party. Former Minister Ferdinand I, Po Ionia Restituta Or- of Arts and Cults in 1923-26 and ders, War Cross, War Medal, 1927-28. Former Minister without Addr. Bucharest, Str. Postei 2. Portofolio in the Cabinets of Du- Et.II. ca, Dr. C. Angelescu, and in theLAZAR P. Horatiu, agriculturist. * first TafarescuCabinet. Addr.: Aug. I I, 1894, Dragfisani. Educ: Bucharest, Str. AristideBriand Dr. of Law of Paris. Member: 19. Tel. 3-29-94. National Liberal Party.Deputy LAPEDATU J.Ion, administrator since 1933. Dec.: Knight Rou- RoumanianNationalBank.* manian Star, Roumanian Crown 1876. Educ.: Lyceum and High with swords, French War Cross Commercial School at Brasov. U- with swords. Addr.:Bucharest, niversity at Budapest. Former ma- Str. Silvestru 14. Tel. 2-15-46. nager of the Ardeleana", Or--LAZARIDE Nicolae, lawyer * 1879 stie, and later at Sibiu of the Piatra Neamt. Educ.: Faculty of Banca Genera la de AsigurarC. law, University Bucharest. Mem- Professor of the Commercial A- ber: Radical Peasants Party. Pre- cademy of Cluj for Finance. in- sident of the Neamt district or- dependent. Former Secretary Ge- ganization. Deputy of Neamt in neral of Finance of the Dingent 1928-31. Dec.: Officer Rouma- Council of Transylvania. Minister nian Star, Knight Roumanian of Finance 1926-27. Deputy and Crown, Commercial Merit I Class Senator in several legislative pe- Addr..: Piatra Neamt. Str. Stefan riods. Addr: Bucharest, Str. Man- cel Mare 38. tuleasa 42. LEBOUTON Aloa, dr., professor. LATIA Trifoni,Dr. of Law, law- * Apr. 27, 1881, Radauti. Ed.: yer. * Febr. 23, 1886, Cavaran. Universities of Czernowitz and Educ.: Bachelor of Arts. Faculty Strassbourg. President of the Co- of Law ofBudapest,Bratislava operative of agriculturists at Bu- and Vienna. Vienna Commercial kowine. Member of the perma- Academy. Independent. Deputy nent council of the town Czerno- in 1919, 1920 and 1931. Addr.: witz 1927. At the national con- Lugoj, Str. Saguna I. gress of 1919 at Czernowitz he LAZAR Ilie lawyer * Dec. 12, 1895 declared in the name of the ger- Chilean,Maramures district. Ed.: man population their submission 473

www.dacoromanica.ro to the roumanian State. Member: merce. Author of numerous va- German Party.Deputy ofRi- luable studies on financial and dAuti1931 and 1932. Senator economical problems. Member: 1928-31 and since 1933. Dec.: National Liberal Party. Deputy. Roumanian Eagle, Pe leg Medal. Former reporter of the State bud- Addr.: Czernowitz, Str. Kogalni- get. Addr.: Bucharest, Str. Pia ceanu 28. Bratianu 1 1 .Tel. 2-24-05. LECCA loan Juniu, proprietor, a-LEUCUTIA Aurel, Dr. of law, law- griculturist.* Sept.14,1862, yer. * April 26,1895, Timig- Jassy. Educ.: Saint Louis, Sorbon- Calacea. Educ.: State Lyceum, ne, Paris. Sublieutenant in Re- Budapest. Faculty of Law. Doc- serves of Genyum. In 1916-18, torate at Cluj. Former president during the war, he managed the of the Federationof Football surgical Hospital Pavel and B. Association.FormerSecretary Criste of Backi, Former prefect of Roumanian National Council of Bacau District in 1891, 1895, of Transylvania. Member: Natio- 1899, 1901, 1905, 1907, 1912 nal PeasantsParty.Vice-presi- and 1914. Addr. :Radomiregti, dent of Timig-Torontal Organi- Letea-Veche, Bacau District. zation. Deputy of Timis-Torontal LEON M. loan, lawyer. * March 1928-30 and 1932-33. Dec.: Fer- 28, 1895, Negregti-Vaslui. Educ: dinand I Order. Roumanian Star, University of Jassy, Licentiate of Cultural Merit. Addr.: Bucharest Law. Former member of the Zem- Str. Schitul Magureanu 19, Tel. stwo Tighina (1919).Former 3-90-79. president of the District CouncilLICEA St. Nicolae, lawyer. * Sept. Tighina (1927-28) . Member : Na- 7,1901, Gruia, Mehedinti Dis- tional Peasants Party. Head of trict. Educ.: Lyceum at Turnu- Covurlui DistrictOrganization. Severin. Faculty of Law, Bucha- Former deputyof Tighina in rest. Appointed magistrate in De- 1926, 1928 and 1931 and of Fa- cember 1924. Member of Mehe- jams in 1932. Dec.: Knight Rou- dinti District Bar,fromI 92 6. manian Crownwith'swords. Member: National Liberal Party. Addr.: Bucharest, Str. Gogu Can- Head of sect. Cugmir, Mehedinti tacuzino 36. Tel. 2-36-55. District. Deputy since 1933. Dec.: LEON N. Gheorghe, University pro- Roumanian Eagle (green). Addr: fessor,Dr.,Undersecretaryof Turnu-Severin, Str.I.G. Duca State at the Ministry of Industry 5. Tel. 42. and Commerce. * April 29, 1888LIVEZEANU D. Andrei, lawyer. * Jassy. Ed. Licentiate in law, Jassy Febr. 18,1 8 73, Olgriesti. Educ.: University. Dr. in economic po- Facultyof Law Bucharest. In licy and financial science, Uni- 1907-13, director of the politic- versity Jena. Professor for finan- social review Domnia Legilor cial science and statistic at the In 1918-19, Head of Valcea Bar. Bucharest University.President Former deputy in 1926-27, for- of the Society of Roumanian E- mer senator in 1928-31 and 1932 conomists. Editor of the review 1933. Dec.: Officer Roumanian Analele Economice gi Statistice Crown with swords an ribbon Former Secretary General of the Military Virtue, Commander Rou- Ministry of Industry and Corn- manian Crown, Officer Rouma- 474

www.dacoromanica.ro nian Eagle, War Cross with bars. the Roumanian Delegation at the Addr.:R.-Valcea, Boul. Tudor Peace Conference, London. 1920 Vladimirescu 51. he was sent to the United States LOBONTIU Emil, geologist, former and Canada as commissionneer of professorofthepolytechnical the Government to organize the School. * Febr. 20, 1893, Boian, consular service and to study the Salaj. Educ.: Licentiate of Theo- Roumanian colonies of the U. S. logy, of Geography an Science, A. He liquidated also the estates Dr. of geology. Author of nume- of the Roumanians of Transyl- rous valuable studies on the geo- vania, died during the War in the logy of Roumania. President of U. S. A. and Canada. Former the Syndicate of Cattle Expor- member of the National Peasants ters of Roumania. Member: Na- Party. Former Political Secretary tional Liberal Party. Prefect of of the National Party. Underse- Bihor district 1927 and S5laj dis- cretary of State at the Presidency trict 1928. Deputy in 1922-26, of Council of Ministries 1928-30, 1927-28, 1931-32 and since 1933 Minister of Education, 1930, Mi- Reporter of the budget of the nister of Industry and Commerce, State Iron Works RIMMA". De- 1932-33. Was delegated several cor.: CommanderRoumanian times at Geneva, to the League Crown, Officer Roumanian Star of Nations. Plenipotentiary Mini- and Eagle Orders. Addr.: Bucha- ter at the Quirinal. Addr.: Roma, rest, Str. Gandului 22. Tel. No. Quirinal, Piazza Cairo la 3. 3-31-03. LUNGA Joachim, public notary. * LOVRICH Z. Alex., architect con- Sept.8,1884, Corjenti, Hotin structor * March 9, 1887, Bucha- District. Educ.: Theological Se- rest. Educ.: Architecture at Mi- minary of Kishineff; University. lan (Italy). Member: National Li- President of the Cooperative U- beral Party. Dec.: Avantul Ta- nion of Lfipusna 1919-24. Sub- ra'', Commemorative Cross with director of Finance in Bessarabia bars, IndustrialMeritClassI. 1920. Member: National Peasants Addr.: Bucharest, Str. Canonicu Party. Head of Cimislia Com- Bunea 6. mune, Tighina District Organiza- LUCIAN Alexandru, Dr.of law, tion. Dec.:Knight Roumanian lawyer. * May15, 1897, Sibiu. Eagle, Pe les". Addr.:Cimislia, Educ.: Cluj University. Member: Tighina District. Social-Democratic Party. DeputyLUPAS loan, Dr. universitary pro- in 1928 and 1930. Adr.: Bucha- fessor.*1880, Saliste(Sibiu). rest, Cal. Plevnei 46. Educ.: Berlin and Budapest Uni- LUGOSIANU Ion, plenipotentiary versity.ProfessoratSibiu in minister. * Nov. 5, 1890, Bucha- 1905-1909. General Secretary of rest. Educ.: Faculty of law at Ministry of Culture in 1918-20. Paris, Ecole des SciencesPo li- Minister of Health andSocial tiques, Paris. In 1919-21 techni- Welfarein1926-27. Member: cal councillor of the Roumanian National Christian Party. Chief Delegation at the Peace Confe- ofSibiuDistrict Organiation. rence Paris. Chief of the Cabinet Deputy in 1919-20, 1922-26 and of Mr. Vaida-Voevod, prime-mi- 1926-27.Dec. :BeneMerenti nister, 1919-20 and Secretary of ClassI.gold,CulturalMerit 475

www.dacoromanica.ro Class I. Addr.: Cluj Str. Beii 2 I. mender Roumanian Star of the Tel. 1501. War, great Officer Roumanian LUPAKU Gheorghe,teacher.* Crown of the War, great Cross Jan.22,1895, Soroca. Educ.: Roumanian Star and Crown, Ita- Normal School and Military Scool lian Crown, White Lyon, White of Odessa. Member: National Pea- Eagle, Po Ionia Restituta Orders. sants Party. Former Head of So- Great Officer Legion d'Honneur roca District Organization 1928- and Maurizzio e Lazzaro. Addr.: 31. Former prefect of Soroca in Bucharest, Str. Aurel Vlaicu 41. I 930-3 I. Dec.: Officer Rouma- Tel. 2-03-57. nian Star. Addr.: Soroca, Str. Re-LUPU Nicolae,Dr.,physician. * gele Ferdinand 3. 1876, Arsura. Educ.: Faculty of LUPESCU Alexandru, general.* medicine at Jassy. Village Physi- February 24, 1867, Boto§ani. E- cian, later chief-physician of the duc.: Military Lyceum, School for Bucharest district. Fervent pro- Officer Special School of Artil- pagandist of the entrance of Rou- lery. High War School. General mania in the War, beside the Al- of the general Staff and of the hies. Propagandist for Great Rou- Artillery. Former Professor of mania in England, the U. S. A. the High War School and Profes- and in France, 19 I 6- I 8. Foun- sor of Strategy. General Inspec- der of the Peasants Party. Vice- tor of Military Education. Chief president of the National Pea- of the general Staff of the 1st Ar- sants Party. Several times Mini- my-CorpI 916-18. Vicechief of ster of Education, Public Health the Head Quarters. Commander and Welfare, of Labour and of of the East Army-Corp, 1919. Interior. Prefect of Felciu district Former Minister of Education in 1907. Deputy since 1913 in all the V5itoianu Government. Ge- legislative periods.Dec.: Com- neral Inspectorofthe Army. mander Ferdinand I Order, etc. Chief of the general Satff, retired Addr.: Bucharest, Hotel Athenee 1927. Senator by law. Dec: Corn- Palace. wi MACAVE1 Andrei, lawyer,agri- sity of Theology of Blaj. Mem- culturist.* Ni§ad,Some§ Dis- ber:NationalPeasantsParty. trict.Educ.:Faculty of Law. Head of Tarnava Mice District. Member: National Liberal Party. Senatorin1922-26,1929-30 Senator since 1933. Dec.: Rou- and 1932-33. Former vicepresi- manianEagleOrder.Addr.: dent of the Senate. Dec.: Com- Gherla, Some§ District. mander Roumanian Star and Rou- MACAVEIU Victor Dr., (metropo- manian Eagle Reward for Church litan canon). * Oct. 7, 1877,er- Work ClassI, Commercial and caia, Fegera§ District. Educ.: Ly- Industrial Merit Class I. Addr.: ceum.Facultyof Theology of Blaj, Tarnava Mica District. Blaj. Dr. of Theology at the U-MACAVESCU Mihail, Doctor Phy- niversity of Vienna. Former pro- sician. * Nov. I, 1895. Caracal. fessor of Theology at the Univer- Educ.: Faculty of Medicine. For-

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www.dacoromanica.ro mer President of Medical Stu- he founded in the Corj district dents Society. Former hospital the, League AgainstUsury-, physician and assistent atthe whose Presidenthe was until Medicine Faculty. Former Secre- 1932. Member: Agrarian Party. tary General of Society Priete- Vicepresident and Secretary ge- nii Stiintei Craiove, (Founder). neral of the Gorj district orga- Member: National Liberal Party. nization.Dec.: Victory Medal, Deputy since1933. Dec.: Rou- Commemorative Cross, Sanitary manian Eagle Order. Addr.: Co- Merits II Class, Boy Scouts War rabia, Boul. I. C. Bratianu. Medal. Addr.: Dragoeni and Tg.- MACELAR Gheorghe, Dr., lawyer. Jiu. * Oct. 4, 1875, Mercurea, SibiuMAICANESCU Nicolae, former co- District. Educ.: Academy of Law lonel, country and town proprie- at the University of Budapest. tor. * 1877, Focsani. Educ.: Of- Member: National Liberal Party. ficers School of Bucharest. Reti- (Gh.Bratianu).Addr.:Sibiu, police 1921-22. Prefect of Arad, Pieta Unirii 10. red from the Army in 1920 with MADGEARU Virgil, University pro- the rank of colonel. Prefect of fessor. * Dec. 14, 1887. Educ.: Lapusna and Mehedinti District Dr. of Philosophy at the Univer- in 1931 and 1932. Member: A- sity of Leipzig. Professor of the grarian Party. Head of Dolj Di- Academy of Commerce1916. strict Organization. Dec.: Mihai Secretary general of Ministry of Viteazul", RoumanianCrown, Industry (1918) . Minister of In- Queen Mary", Legion of Ho- dustry and Commerce (1928-29) nour. Addr.: Craiova, Str. Bran- Minister of Finance (1929-30). dusa 5. Minister of Agriculture (1931) .MAINESCU Alex.Petre,lawyer, Minister of Industry and Com- great landed proprietor and wi- merce (1932) an Minister of Fi- negrower. * Febr. 16, 1890, Cra- nance 1932-33. Member: Natio- iova. Ed.: Dr. in law, Laureate. nal Peasants Party. Secretary ge- Licentiate in literature and Phi- neral of the Party. Head of Ilfov losophy. Dr. in political-economic District Organization.Deputy sciences. Councillor"of the Union from 1919 till to day in all legis- of Roumanian Lawyers. Has writ- lativeperiods, withexception ten many juridical and economi- 1931-32. cal monographies, and was Ian- Grand Cross Roumanian Star. St. reate of the Roumanian Academy Maurice and Lazarus, White Ea- in 1928, at the Dolj Bar, with the gle (Servian). Grand Officer Le- great prize Avram lance 1931. gion of Honour (France), etc. Member: Agrarian Party. Mem- Addr: Bucharest, Str. Vasile Con- ber in the permanent delegation ta 12. Tel. 2-20-18. of the Party. Presidentof the MAGHERESCU Al. Aristica, landed Valcea district organization. De- proprietor, furnisher of the Ar- puty 1920-22 1931-32. Reporter my. * March 27, 1903, Petresti of several laws. Dec.: Different de Varsaturi ,Gorj district. Ed.: Roumanian and Foreign orders in Lyceum. In the War 1916-18 the rank of Great Cordon, Great he was a boy scout and took part Cross and Commander etc. Addr: in the fight at Podul Jiului. 1928 Ramnicul Valcea, Str. I. G. Duca

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www.dacoromanica.ro MALAI Titus, Dr. Professor at the Deputy in three legislative pe- Theological Academy. * Decem- riods. Former secretary general ber 27, 1893. Le*u, Nasaud Dis- of the Ministry of Finances. Addr: trict. Educ.: Faculty of Theology Bucharest, Str. Sperantei 43. Tel. at Budapest University.Dr. of 2-08-94. Vienna Theological Faculty. Sub-MANDRESCU C. Simion, Professor. director of the Ministry of Cul- * 1868, Ripa de jos, Educ.: Dr. ture at Bucharest in 1922. For- in philosophy of Berlin Univer- mer episcopal vicar forane in sity.Licentiate ofLiterature. Nasaud from 1928-33. Collabo- Member: National Radical Party. rator in various reviews (Chris- Deputy from 1922-1925. Former tian Culture, Revista Mea, Axa, Minister Plenipotentiary at Tira- etc.).Independent. Deputy of na 1925-26. Organized the Rou- Nasaud in 1931.Addr.:Cluj. manian Legions in Italy1918. Roumanianunitarian Theology Professor of German Literature Academy. at Bucharest University. Addr.: MALTEZEANU Constantin,great Bucharest, Str. Paris 29. Tel. No. landed proprietor, banker * 1890 2-15-23. Calarasi, lalomita district. Educ.:MANGIUREA Romulus, physician. Lyceum Bucharest, Dr. in Phi- * August 1,1899, Turnu-Seve- losophy and economic-financial rin.Educ.: Turnu-Severin Ly- sciences of the Berlin University. ceum. Medical Doctor.Former Former University Professor. For- doctor of the Tuberculosis Hospi- mer general manager of bank and tal. Author of the work Tuber- President or administrator dele- culoza" work awarded the Oro- gate of important financial and veanu prize of the Roumanian A- industrial societies. Former Pre- cademy in1935. Member: Nat. sident of the Syndicates of Agri- LiberalParty(Gh.Bratianu). culture. Former Presidentor Head of Vlatca District Organi- member in severalcommittees zation. Addr.: Bucharest III, Alea for economical and political trea- Vulpache 13. Tel. 2-12-30. ties with foreign countries. HasMANIU luliu, Lawyer. * 1873. Son published many economical stu- of a Magistrate, and descendent dies as: Die rumanische Agrar- on the fathe's side of the great bewegung" (Berlin, 1913) ; Die Bfirnutiu, and on themorter's Pachtgenossenschaften" (Sch- ofthedistinguished statesman mollers Jahrbuch, 1914) ; ,,The and Transylvanian national figh- economical structure of the So- ter, luliuCoroianu.Educ..: He viet Union" (Bucharest, 1932); did the primary classes at Blaj, Politica monetarai depresiunea and the Lyceum at Zalàu at the economica mondiala" (Bucharest reformed" school. He studied 1933); Perspectivele conferin- law at the Universities of Cluj, tei economice mondiale" (Bucha- Vienna and Budapest. He obtai- rest, 1933) and others, He also ned his Law Doctorate in 1890, lectures and makes reports and and his barrister's degree at Bu- parliamentary speeches. Member: dapest in 1898. He established National Liberal Party (Gh. Bra- himself as a barrister at Simleu, tianu). President of the Hune- and later at Blaj, being elected doara and lalomita organizations. as lawyer of the United Mitropo- 478

www.dacoromanica.ro ly, an office which he held until ship of the Party to treat with 915, when he was enlisted as Erzberger, the Delegate of a simple soldier. After termina- the Emperor Wilhelm at Vien- ting the School of Officers of Re- na,forthepurposeof gai- serve he was sent to the Rus- ning the Roumanians, to the ca- sian front and to the Italian. As use of the TripleAlliance. As a student he had already taken Referendary of this Commission, as active part in the national po- Maniu refused to fulfil the desire liticallife. In 1892, he partici- of Erzberger, for which reason pated in the Students Congress at he was sent b ythe Magyar Go- Rome, as Representative of the vernment to the front, although Roumanian Students of Tranyl- according to the Law, he should vania; in 1893-95, in the agita- have been exempt from the mi- tion for the Republic, and the af- litary service. When he left the fair of the Memorandum. While Italian front in 1918, the Rou- still a student he formed the So- manian National Committee char- ciety of Roumanian, Serbian, and ged him with.the conducting of Slovanian Students of Budapest, foreign and military affairs, and and as President of this Society, in this qualityheestablished he made an important political himself at Vienna, and sent dele- speech, in 1896, demanding na- gates to Paris to protest against tional autonomy for the Rouma- the manner in which the Belgrade nians of Transylvania and a new armistice had been closed. He active political direction for the caused the revolt of the Rouma- Roumanians, which was realized nian regiments, formed the Coun- some years later. cillof the Roumanian Officers In 1897, he was co-opted mem- and Soldiers, assumed the com- ber in the national committee of mand of the Regiment 64 of Vi- the Party who led the political enna and with its help, kept order destinies of the Roumanian Peo- for some days in Vienna; then ple under the Hungarian domi- of the Regiments 2 and 51of nion. In 1906-1910, he was e- Prague, with the help of which he lected Deputy of the Vintul de abolished the Supreme Austrian Jos Division,totheBudapest Command there ,and facilitated Parliament. His speeches of a the taking over of pover by the very high quality, made in the Czech People in Prague and in Hungarian Chamber, more espe- the Czech provinces. He took up cially those relative to the ques- his residence in a part of the Mi- tion of the Magyarization of the nistry of War at Vienna, and as schools and of the Army,assured sublieutenant of Artillry Ba- to him the respect, but also the ron Boeru, General in the Aus- implacable enmitty of the Hunga- trian Army, the hero of Lima- rians. As member of the Confe- nov, acting as his secretary ge- rencesofthe Roumaniansof TransylvaniaandtheBanat, neral he brought about the he was chosen several times as revolt successively, of the Rou- refendary,and in1915, was manian troops on thebroken sent together with A. C. Po- Italianfront, and concentrated povici and Goldis, of the Leader- more than 70.000 Roumanian 479

www.dacoromanica.ro Soldiers in Vienna and Wiener- nia and the Banat. Thanks to this Neustadt. immense popularity, he was made On Nov. 15 and 16, he took part Prime Minister on Nov. 9, 1928 in the negotiations with the Hun- and remained at the head of the garians at Arad and, together Government until Oct. 1930, du- with all the Roumanian Delega- ring which interval he introdu- tes, pronounced in favour of the ced far reaching reforms in the total breaking off from Hungary. life of the State, both in regard At the meetingof Alba Julia to the central government, and (Dec.1,1918) he made a mo- the administrations. He introdu- derate speech, showing the in- ceddescentralizatio: and local disputable rights of the Rouma- autonomy, he reformed the mo- nians over Transylvania and the netary system a..,d--11-financial other Roumanian domains, after service, modernizedthePublic having contributed in a decided Safety Service and that of the manner towards the formulating State Undertakings, reformed the of the resolutions voted be the Sanitary Service and attacked all meeting. The Great National Co- the State problems of New Rou- uncill of Alba-Iulia, elected him mania. In 1932 he returned to the as President of the Councill of Di- Government, and remained in po- rection and Head of the depart- wer until Jan. 1933, when, be- ment of theInterior. For more cause of the misunderstandings which hasarisen between the than a year, he directed the af- Crown and him,he withdrew fairsof Transylvania and theboth from the Government and Banat, and changed the Magyar from the Party, although sup- domination and State organiza- ported by the Parliamentary ma. tion into a Roumanian adminis- jority, and by the Party, enti- tration, in all spheres, reestabli- rely. shing order and quiet. After the luliu Maniu is a great patriot, a death of G Pop de Basesti, Ma- convinced democrat, a pondera- niu was elected President of the ting spirit and a man of rare National Party of Transylvania perseverance. A revolutionary He endeavoured incessantly, to spirit, an altruist, a passionate make of that party, a native par- nationalist, devoted to all the la- ty a party that is, common to bouring classes and to social jus- all the country, for which reason tice, he is convinced that itis he fusioned with the Democrat only by the harmonious work of Party of Take lonescu (February all that a country and a race, 1923) and with the Peasants can be established and can pro- Party, led by Ion Mihalache (Au- gress. tumn of 1926), thus forming theMANOILESCU Gheorghe, teacher, most popular opposition party in schooldirector.* March 28, the country. In May 1928, he 1882, Cozmesti, Vaslui District. held an imposing political party, Educ.: Normal School of teachers, meeting,atAlba-lulia,almost Bar lad.Director ofthe Boys 300.000 peasants, workers and School No. 1 at Ballad. President intelectuals from all parts of the of the Society of Teachersat country, being present, but more Bar lad. Vicepresident of the Union especially those from Transylva- of Officers in reserves. Member 480

www.dacoromanica.ro in Antirevizionist Committee at tries. Last, he published a great Bar lad. Former School revisor of work: The Century of Corpo- the Tutova district. Member: Na- ratism" in French, at Paris. He tional Democrat Party. Deputy is the founder of the review Lu- 1931-32. Dec. :Mihai Viteazul, mea Notia", which has appeared III,Class,KnightRoumanian for 3 years and is the official pa- Cross, Legion d'Honneur. Addr.: per of the Corporatist League, Bar lad, Str. Mihai Viteazul 14. whose President he is. Dec.: dif- MANOILESCU Mihail, Professor of ferent Roumanian and foreign or- the High Polytechnical School. * ders. Addr.: Bucharest, Str. Mus- 1891 ,Tecuci. Educ.: High Poly- solini 27. Tel. 2-13-26. technical School at Bucharest. HeMANOLESCU Dan, lawyer. * Jan. began his career as Engineer and 13,1905, Turnu-Magurele, Te- Director of Industry at the Mini- leorman District. Educ.: Licen- stry of Industry and Commerce. tiateofBucharest Facultyof Under-Secretary of State of the Law. President of the political Ministry of Finance, 1926. 1927. group Intelectual Youth". Mem- he brought aletter of Prince ber: People's Party. Dec. Fer- (now King) Carol 11 addressed to dinand" withswords, Comme- the chiefs of the political parties morative Cross of War. Victo- from Paris to Bucharest and was ria". Addr.: Bucharest, Str. Sf. arrested. He Was brought before Apostoli 84. Tel. 3-09-73. the Militar Court but was acquit-MANOLESCU loan, secondary pro- ted. Ministry of Public Works, fessor. * May 1st1879, Marsa, 1930, Ministry of Industry and Vlasca District. Educ.: Licentiate Commercec 1930-3 I . As minis- of Law, Bucharest. Former Di- ter he presented to the Chamber rector of the Ferdinand I" Ly- the first law relative to the Con- ceum of Bacau. Took part in the versionofagriculturaldetbs. campaign I 916-18, with the rank 1931 he was appointed as Go- of Captaid in Reserves. Prefect vernor to the Roumanian Natio- of Buzau District 1926-27. nal Bank. Senator, President of Member: Peoples Party. Deputy the Roumanian Section of the In- of Bacau I 920-21. Dec.: Rouma- ternational Chamber of Com- nian Crown with swords, Rou- merce. As economist, he has pu- manian Star with swords, St. Sta- blished many studies in Rouma- nislas (Russian) and others deco- nian and foreign -reviews. His rations and medals. Addr: Bu- principal works is The Theory charest, Str. Dr. Mirinscu, 9. of Protectionism and of the In-MANOLESCU-STRUNGA Ion, pro- ternational Echang",published prietor. * May 12, 1889, Bucha- first in French, later translated rest. Educ.: Vienna University into English, Italian, Portuguese, 1910. Dr. of economical sciences etc. He asserts that classical eco- of Berlin University. President of nomic sciences is wrong and sub- several commercial and industrial versive, when it recommandes to institutions. Member: National Li- agrarian countries to specialize beral Party. Former Minister of exclusively in Agriculture, and Industry and Commerce. Addr.: shows with new and original ar- Bucharest, Str. Dionisie 32. Tel. guments, that the industrial coun- 2-06-10.

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www.dacoromanica.ro MARAESCU Matei, Retired Colonel. and proprietor. * June 16, 1833, * Mizil-Tohanu, Buziu District. Gropsani, Romanati District. Ed.: Educ.: Military School. Former Licentiate of law of the Bucha- active officer. Took part in the rest University. Former State-ern- campaings of 1913 and 1916-18, ploye, finnacial administrator of when distinguished himself on the Bucharest, financial inspector and Mfiräsesti Front. Member: Natio- generalinspectoruntil 1925. nal liberal Party.(Gh. Bratia- Member:NationalCorporatist nu). Chief of Sfilaj District Orga- League, Deputyof Romanati nization. Former Senator SA laj. 1931-32.Dec. :Officer of the Dec.:Commander Roumanian Roumanian Crown. Addr.: Bu- Crown, Officer Roumanian Star, charest,Str.Gr.Cantacuzino etc. Addr.: Zalàu, Salaj District. 28. Tel. 3-36-72. MARCU Alexandru, University Pro-MARDARESCU Gheorghe, General fessor. * Dec. 30, 1894, Burdu- of Army Corps in reserve. * Aug. jeni. Educ.: Dr. of literature (I- 4, 1866, Jassy. Educ.: Bucharest taly). Roumanian School Rome. Officers School. Bucharest Supe- independent. Former Deputy of rior War School, Shooting School Soroca in the N. lorga Govern- of Bruck a/L. (Austria). Shoo- ment. Dec.: Commander Italian ting School of Spandau (Germa- Crown, Knight uff. S. Maurizio ny). Commander oflnfantery et Lazzaro, Roumanian Star. Adr: Shooting School. Chief of General Bucharest, Str. Stirbey Vocli 20. Staff of First Army Corpsin Tel. 3-09-15. I 913 campaign. Chief of Gene- MARCU Victor, lawyer. * July 22, ral Staff of Second Army Corps 1896, Somcuta-Mare, Satu-Mare (Capital). Commander of Supe- District. Educ.: Dr. of Law. Poli- rior War School. Commander of tical Sciences School of Paris. Brigade8Infantery (Capital). Roumanian Expert at the Inter- Chief of General Staff of 11 and national Conferenceof Hague, III Army in the campaigns of 1929. Member: National Peasants 1916-1 8. Supreme Commander Party. Member in te Permanent of Army which occupied Hun- Delegation of NfisgudDistrict. gary and Budapest in 1919-20. Deputy of Satu-Mare 1928 and Member: National Liberal Party. 1932. Dec.: Officer Roumanian Minister of National Defence in Star, Knight Roumanian Eagle. 1922-26. Senator by law procla- Addr.: Bucharest, Boul. Domnitei med in 1930 as former Comman- 3. Tel. 3-53-46. der of Army in 1916-20 cam- MARCULESCU Eftimie, professor paign. Dec.: Faithand Valour and lawyer. * June 22, 1882, R.- Class I with sword, Bene Merenti Sarat. Educ.: Licentiate of Law, Class 1, 25 years honorific Sen. Literature and Philosophy. Stu- vice, Avfintul Tfirii Order, Re- dies at Bucharest and Berlin. For- ward for Educational Work Class mer general inspector of secon- I., Sanitary Merit Class 1., Com- dary education and director of mercial and Industrial Merit Class Lyceum. Head of Brasov District I. Commander Roumanian War Organization. Addr.: Brasov, Str. Star. Commemorative Cross. Regent Buzdugan 18. Tel. 678. Grand Officer of Roumanian War MARDALOESCU C. Coast., lawyer Crown, Mihai Viteazul Class III 482

www.dacoromanica.ro andII. Victory Medal, Great las. Addr.: Buzau, Str. Carol I. Cross of Roumanian with cordon No. 39 Tel. 80 and Parscov, Bu- Ferdinand Order ClassI.with zau district. Tel.: 3. cordon. Medal for 40 years mi-MARINESCU lonel, lawyer. * Febr. litary service, Officer Roumanian 24 1900, Braila. Educ.: Faculty Eagle, Pe les Medal, Commander of Law at Jassy University. Vo- Sword Order (Swedish). Com- lonteer in the Great War 1916- mander Prussian Crown (Germa- 18. Member: Roumanian Front. ny). Great Cross with cordon of Head of Braila. District Organi- St. Anna of War (Russian) Com- zation. Prefect of Braila District mander Bath War Order (En- 1930-31 and 1932-33. Deputy of glish). Great cordon Po lona Res- Braila 1928-31. Dec.: Roumanian tituta, Grand Officer of Legion Star,Comercial and Industrial of Honour. Grand Officer Mau- Merit Class 1, SanitaryMerit rice and Lazar (Italian). Great Class I.Addr.:Braila,Strada Cross with cordon White Eagle Polona 1. Tel.: 32. with sword (Servian) Great CrosMARINO Sylvio,administrator with cordonof St.Sepulchre, Concordia" Company. * 1891, Great Cross with cordon Military Isaccea. Educ.: School of Bridges Merit (Spanish) Czechoslovakian and Roads, Paris. Director Gene- War Cross. Officer Virtue of War ral of Lemaitre Company from ClassII.(Polish); Great Cross 1915-1933.Member :National with cordon of Rising Sun (Ja- Liberal Party. Senator 1930-32. panese). Addr. Bucharest, Boul Councillor ofBucharest Muni- Lascar Catargiu 3, Tel. 2-06-65. cipality in 1925-29. Dec.: French MARGESCU Ion, Dr., Physician. * Legion of Honour, Commander Sept. 15, 1880, Vulturesti, Mus- Roumanian Crown and Belgian cel District. Educ.: Faculty of me- rown. Addr.: Bucharest, Str. Cai- dicine, Bucharest. Former Mayor matei 12/B. Tel. 3-15-99. of Section at Bucharest. Member:MARMELIUC Dimitrie, Dr. Univer- Nationalist-Democratic Party De- sitary Professor. * Oct. 20, 1886, puty in 1931. Addr.: Bucharest, Liteni(Bukovina). Educ.: Ly- Str. Sevastopol 4. Tel. 4-04-33. ceum, Vienna University. ForMer MARINESCU Emil, proprietor and State Secretary for National De- winegrower * March 18, 1880, fence in 1918. Director of Natio- RfimniculValcea.Ed.:School nal Theatre Czernowitz (1925- ofthe SonsofMilitaryper- 26). Various literary works, re- sons,SpecialSchoolofArti- view articles. Member: National lery,Engineering and Marine. Liberal Party. Deputy of Czerno- He took part in the War 1913 witz in 1922-26 and 1927-28. Se- as Captain and in the War 1916- nator of Czernowitz University, 1930-31. Dec. :Knight Rouma- 1918 as Major. Member: Natio- nian Crown with sword. Com- nal-LiberalParty, Chief of the mander Roumanian Star, Ferdi- section Parscov of the Buzau dis- nand 1, Order,CulturalMerit. trict. Senator 1927andsince 1933. Dec.: Officer Roumanian Addr.: Czernovitz, Str. Moldovei Crown, Jubilee Medal, War Me- No. 4. dal 1913, and 1916-18, Croix deMARTON Ernest, Dr. Newspaper Guerra, White Lion, St. Stanis- Editor. * May 17, 1896. Dicio- 483 www.dacoromanica.ro sanmartin. Educ.: Faculty of Law.MATE1U Ion, University professor. Former assistant Mayor of Cluj * 1884, Sebesul de sus, Sibiu Dis- Municipality. Vicepresident of Na- strict. Educ.: Lyceum. Theology, tional Jewish Union of Transyl- Dr. of Law. Head of the Public vania.Member: JewishParty. Education of Transylvania 1922. Former Deputy of Storojinet in President of the Association of 1932. Dec.: RoumanianEagle. Professors of the Comercial Aca- Addr.: Cluj, Str. Baron L. Pop demy.Director of the review 10, Tel. 8-61. Renasterea" of Cluj. Member : MATAKAlexandru,Lawyer. * National Liberal Party. Deputy in 1882, Bucharest. Educ.: Licentia- 1918-19,1922-26, 1927 - 28. te of Law, Bucharest University. Dec. :Commander Roumanian Assistant Mayor; Member of Mu- Crown. Addr.: Cluj, Str. Avram nicipalCouncilfor12years; Iancu, 14. Member of Bucharest Chamber of Commerce.Industrialist,Con-MATHIS Andrei, former communal tractor. Member: National Libe- notary and district councillor, in Brasovdistrict.* 1876, Vice- ral Party. Head of Organization presidentof Magyar Peasants ofSectionIV Green.(Buch- rest).Elected Deputy in 1933. Party of Roumania Former Depu- Dec.: Commander of Roumanian ty of Odorhei in 1932-33. Dec.: Crown, Officer Roumanian Star, Knight ofRoumanianEagle Knight of Roumanian Eagle, War Addr.: Apata Brasov district. Cross etc. Addr.: Bucharest, str.MAVROJANNI P. Alexandru, la- Sfintii Voevozi 52, Tel. 3-71-21. wyer. * 1885, Galati. Educ.: Ly- MATEI loan, dr, head Physician of ceum; Dr. of Juridical Scieence. StateHospital. * 1886,Hidis, Former lawyer and Chief of Mi- Turda district. Ed.: Faculty of nistry of Industry and Commerce. Medicine,Cluj. He developped Member: National Christian Par- an intense activity againsttile ty. Vicepresident of Caliacra Or- social illnesses through booklets, ganization. Deputy 1926-27. Dec: reviews etc.Member: National Various Roumanian and foreign PeasantsParty,Chief ofthe orders. Addr.: Bucharest, Str. 0. Cefa section organization. Sena- rientului 11. Tel. 2-14-26. tor of Bihor 1932-33. Dec.: Rou-MAXIM Nicolae. Journalist, Direc- manian Star and Crown,etc. tor of paper Viitorur * 1883 Addr.: Oradea, Aleea Principesa Jassy. Educ.: Licentiate of Law Elisabeta 16. of Jassy University. ,Former Se- MATEI T. Radu, lawyer and Jour- cretary General at the Ministry nalist. * October 17, 1893, Bu- ofLabour, Healthand Social charest. Educ.: Licentiate of Law, Welfare (1922-1924) . Under-Se- Member: National Peasants Party. cretary of State 1932-1935. Mem- DeputyofTimis-Torontalin ber:National LiberalParty. 1931-1932.Dec. :Commander Former Deputy of Hotin and 11- Roumanian Crown,Officer and fov. At present Senator of Ja- Knight of Roumanian Star, Sa- lomita. Dec.: Commander of Rou- nitary Merit Class I, etc. Addr.: manian Star Order. Addr: Bu- Bucharest, Ca lea CalArasi 213 B charest, Bul. Schitu Mfigureanu, (Aleea). Tel. 4-58-67. 45. Tel.: 3-39-91. 484

www.dacoromanica.ro MAYER-MIHALSKY Denis, lawyer. Educ.: Kishineff Lyceum, Jassy 3 Sept. 6,1886, Vijnita, Storo- Faculty of Law. Editor for Bessa- jinet District. Educ. Dr. of Law, rabia ofthe paperEpoca". Czernowitz University. Member: Chief collaborator of the juridi- Ukrainian Party. Chief Storoji- cal reviews Gazeta Tribune le- net District Organization. Deputy lox." andJustitiaBasarabiei. in 1932, and 1933. Addr.: Bu- Member: Conservative Party. Se- charest, Boul. Domnitei 20/11. cretary General of Bessarabian MEGAS1UC Adrian, teacher. * Sept. Organizations. Former Assistant 7, 1883, Voislaveci. Educ.: Nor- Mayor of Kishineff Municipality. mal School. Member: National Li- Former Prefect of Hotin. Dec.: beral Party. Senator since 1933. FerdinandOrderwithsword. Dec.:Knight RoumanianStar. Roumanian Crown, Sanitary Me- Addr.: Czernowitz, Str. Dragos rit Class I. Addr.: Kishineff, str. Vodii 2. Regel Carol I, No. 44. Tel 5-86. MEHEDINTISimion, University Professor. * 1869 Soveja. Educ.:METES tefan, Directorof State Universities of Bucharest, Paris, Archives, Cluj. *1887. Educ.: Berlin and Leipzig. Former Mi- Universities of Bucharest and Bu- nister of Education. Member of dapest.Corresponding member the Roumanian Academy. Edited ofRoumanian Academy. Has the paper Duminica Poporulur written important studies on the Literary pen-name Soveja. For- political, social and culurallife merdirectoroftheReview in Roumania. Member: National ConvorbiriLiterare,Deputy Democrat Party. Former Under- inmanyLegislative Periods. secretary of State. Former De- Addr.: Bucharest, Str. Dim. Ra- puty in 1919-20, 1920-22, 1931- covita 12. Tel. 3-78-55. 1932, Addr.: Cluj Str. Stroice- MEISSNER Constantin, University scu, 14. professor. * May 27 1854 Jassy.METZULESCU Aurel,dr. Head- University at Vienna and Ber- PhysicianofHospital, h.c.* lin. Member: Peoples Party. For- Sept. 14, 1873 Craiova. Ed.: Col- merdirectoroftheNormal lege, Faculty of Medicine, Bu- School V. Lupu.' at Jassy, ins- charest University. Former Phy- pector of schools, Secretary Ge- sicianoftheCivilHospitals. neral of the Ministry of Educa- Chief-Physician of Hospital by tion, Minister of Education and competitiveexamination.Lau- Cults, President of the Chamber reate of the Roumanian Aca- of deputies. Deputy in several le- demy, 1929. Member: People's gislativeperiods.Hon.Presi- Party.Deputy1918,Senator dent of the Jassy district organi- 1926. Dec.: Officer Roumanian zation ofthePeoplesParty. Crown Order with swords and Dec. Great Cross of Roumanian ribbon of Military Virtue, Offi- Crown, Great OfficerFaithful cer Queen Mary Order,Faith Service, Commander Roumanian and Valour,I.Class,Sanitary Star, etc. Addr.: Jassy, Str. Buz- Merits,I.Class, Avantul Tarii, dugan 2. Tel. 43. Commemorative Cross, Comman- MEREACRI A. Mihail, Lawyer. * derSt.Stanislas, etc.Addr. : September 29,1900, Kishineff. Craiova, Boul. Carol 27. 485

www.dacoromanica.ro MICESCU Istrate,Dr.of law,* ding,I.Class,Officerofthe Mai 221881,Ploesti.Educ.: Roumanian Crown. Addr.: Abrud Doctor's degree of Paris Univer- normal school. Alba district. sity,Faculty of Law. ProfesorMIHAESCU-NIGRIMN., writer. of Civil Law of Bucharest Uni- March, 21, 1871, GuraSiritii, versity. Head of Ilfov Bar. Mem- Buziu.Educ.: Dr. of Phylosophy ber: National Liberal Party. De- and literature. Graduate of So- puty in present Parliament. For- cial and Political sciences. Mem- mer vice-president of Chamber ber of Society Men of litera- of Deputies. Dec.: War decora- ture" of London; member of So- tions, Commander of Roumanian ciology Society, Paris; member Crown,etc.Addr.:Bucharest, of Society of Roumanian Writers, Intrarea Zalomit 10.Tel.3- Bucharest; ;member of Society of 49-13. dramatical authors at Bucharest. MICLESCU Emanuil, lawyer. * Pia- Former professor of lyceum, for- tra Neamt. Educ.: Licentiate of mer domenial inspector, Author Law, Paris. Minister of Justice in of 20 literary works. and 50 mu- 1919.PresidentoftheHigh sical compositions deposided with Court of Casation. Member: Na- the Academy. Member: National tional Liberal Party (Gh. Brkia- Christian Party. Former Deputy. nu). Dec.: Grand Officer Rou- President of Circle of Study of manian Star. Addr.: Bucharest, the Party, (Section: Green) Bu- Boul Carol I 18 A. Tel.: 3-30-20. charest. Addr.:Bucharest,Str. MICLESCU Nicolae, agriculturist. * General Berthelot 9. Tel. 2-17-50 1873, Roman. Educ.: LaureateMIHAIESCU 5tefan, Engineer in- of the SchoolofBridges and dustrialist. * December 27, 1888, Roads of Bucharest. Licentiate of Am Arassti, Romanati District. Bucharest Faculty of Law. Mem- Educ.: Bucharest Politechnical ber: Conservative Party. Depu- School. Member: NationalPea- tyandvice-presidentofthe sants Party. Chief of Romanati Chamber of Deputies 1931-32. District Organization. Deputy of Senator since 1933. Dec.: Knight Romanati in 1928 andinthe Mihai Viteazur, Knight Rou- present Parliament. Dec.: Com- manian Star with swords, Com- mander of Roumanian Crown, mander Roumanian Crown, Knight of Roumanian Star etc. Knight Legion of Honour and Addr.: Bucharest. Str.Paris, 2. War Cross (France). Addr.: Bu- Tel. 2-15-29. charest, Str. Romani 9. Tel. 2-MIHAILEANU George, lawyer, pro- 02-35. prietor.Educ.:Licentiateof MICU loan, director, professor. * Law,Bucharest. FormerState July 11 Tautari, Brasov district. Lawyer. Director of newspaper Ed.: Faculty of sciences. Mem- Steaua" of Ramnicul-Valcea ber: Peoples Party, president of and editor of other local newspa- the Albadistrictorganization. pers. Former Mayor of Ramnicul- Dec.: Reward for School Building Valcea Town. Member: Peoples I.Class, Faith and Valour I. Party. Prefect of Valcea District Class, Sanitary Merits,I,Classt. 1926-27. Dec. :Officer Rouma- Reward for Educational Work, 1. nian Crown, Faithand Valour Class, Reward forChurch-Buil- ClassIJubileeMedal. Addr.: 486

www.dacoromanica.ro R.-Valcea, Str. Traian 135 and 1. and Bucharest, Boul. Elisabeta Bucharest, Str.VasileLascar, No. 24. Tel.: 3-70-39. No. 124. MINOV A. Sava,apiculturist. * MIHALACHE Ion,teacherpen- Jan. 131878,Ciisia, Cetatea sioneer. * March 3 1882, Topo- Alba district Ed.: Normal School. loveni. (Go lesti Badii). Ed.: Nor- Former teacher and school di- mal Teachers School.President rector.Member of thescholar of the National-Peasants Party. council at the Cetatea Alba Zem- Founder of the Peasants Party. stvo, 1917-18. Member:Natio- Former Minister ofAgriculture nal-Peasants Party. Chief of sec- and Domains and of Interior. Po- tor Ciisia, Cetatea Alba district. pular orator of first rank. Dec.: Deputy1932. Dec.: Roumanian M ihaiViteazul,Roumanian Eagle, Peles Medal. Addr.: Ciiia Crown, Faith and Valour, Rou- Postoffice lvanestii-Noui, Cetatea manian Star of the War, Legion Alba district. d Honneur, St Stanislas and otherMIOCU Romulus, dr. prefect * Oct. foreing decorations. Addr.: Bu- 5 1884 Alercina, Cares district. charest, Str. Andrei Mureseanu, Ed.: B. A., Theological Faculty 1. Tel.: 2-25-65. of the Budapest University, Dr in MIHUTIU Nicolae,Proprietor of Theology of the Vienna Univer- Gold Mines. * Oct.17,Baita, sity. Archpriest h. c. at Petrosani Hunedoara District.Educ.: Ly- until 1925. Mayor of the town ceum and Cluj Faculty of Law. Petrosani in 1925-28 and 193 I- Independent. Deputy in 1931-32. 1932. Member: National-Liberal Addr.: Baits' by Deva, Hunedoars Party. Prefect of the Hunedoara District. district since 1933. Dec.: Com- MILEA Nicolae Dr., Chief Physician mander Roumanian Crown, Offi- of Hospital. * Sept. 2 1895, Ves- cerRoumanianStar.Addr.: tern, Sibiu District. Educ.: Faculty Deva, Hunedoaradistrict. Tel.: of medicine, Cluj. Member: Na- 33. tional Liberal Party. Deputy ofMIRCEA R. Constantin, Professor Alba since 1933. Dec.: Rouma- of Bucharest Politechnical School. nian Eagle. Addr.: Mioara, Alba 1866 Bucharest. Educ.: Hautes District. Ecole des Mines, Paris. Director Generalof General Union of MILLEA Aurel, dr of law, lawylr, Industrialists of Roumania" (U.G. landedproprietor.3 June10 I.R.) Former Chief of Service 1888 Poplaca, Sibiu district. Ed.: of Mines at Ministry of Industry Dr in Law, and economics. For- and Commerce. Authorof va- mer editor and collaborator of rious works and memoires in the several reviews and newspapers, domain of industry. Addr.: Bu- author of the book: Organizarea charestStr. Romulus 37. Tel.: si aparareamunciinationale". 3-67-34. Member: Agrarian Party. DeputyMIRESCU I. loan, journalist. *Aug. 1920-22, 1931-32 and since 1933 22, 1894. Bucharest. Educ.: Tra- of Nasaud. President of the Na- de School. General Secretary of Baud district organization. Dec.: the General Confederation of La- different Roumanian decorations. bour. Delegate of the employees Addr.; Cluj,Str.I.Maiorescu, from Roumania to the Interna- 487

www.dacoromanica.ro tional Labour Conference at Ge- ded over the Roumanian delega- neva. Member: Social-Demo.cratic tion in the assemblies of the Lea- Party. Deputy in 1928-33. Pre- gue of Nations in 1929 and 1930, sidentofIsmailOrganization. as well as in the two reparation Addr.: Bucharest, Sos. Mfigurele conferences at the Hague (Au- 24 bis. Tel 436/84. gust 1929 and January 1930). On June 7, 1930, Mr. a G. Mi- MIRONESCU G. George. * January ronescu was charged with the 28,1874, Vaslui. He obtained forming of the Cabinet by the the degree of licentiate of litera- Regency. As President of the Ca- ture of the Bucharest Faculty in binet, on June 8, 1930, he pre- 1895 and Dr. at Law of the sided at the Solemn Act of the Paris Faculty in 1899. He is pro- Reintegration of His Royal High- fessor of law at the Bucharest ness, Prince Carol in all His he- Faculty, and was formery dean reditary rights and in his restau- of that Faculty. ration to the throne of Rouma- At the end of 1917 and beginning nia. After fulfilling this historic of 1918 Mr. G. G. Mironescu con- mission, the first Mironescu Ca- tributed at Paris on the Part of binet resigned. On October8, Roumania, with Mr. E. Benesh, 1930, Mr. G. G. Mironescu was representative of the Czech Com- again called to the Presidency of mittee, Mr. Dmowsy, representa- the Council and charged with tiveofthePolish Committee the forming of the second Natio- and Mr. Trumbici, representative nal Peasant Government. This of the Jugoslav Committee to- Cabinet resigned on April 4, 1931 wards the propaganda in favour and continued to conduct the Ad- of the Roumanian National Unity ministrationupto April18, and the freeing of the subjugated 1931. In June 1932, Mr. G. G. peoples. At that time, Mr. G. G. IVIironescu was appointed Minis- Mironeseupublished numerous ter of FinanceintheVaida- articles in the French Papers and VoevodCabinet. He kept this was one of the chief collabora- portfolio until November, succe- tors in the paper La Roumanie- eding in bringing order into the edited in Paris in 1917-18 by a State Treasury and in ensuring group of Roumanian intellectuals. the payment of the State officials In April 1918 he took part in and suppliers which had not been the Congress of the Nationalities done for several months. In the oppressed by the Austro-Hunga- Maniu Cabinet formed in Novem- rian Empire, held at Rome. He ber 1932, Mr. G. G. Mironescu was a member of the Roumanian was appointed Vice-President of National Committee, constituted the Council! of Ministers, without at Paris in September1 9 1 8 Port-folio. In January 1933 he Member in the Roumanian Par- was appointed Vice-President of liament nine times. Former Vi- the Council of Ministers and Mi- ce-President of the Roumanian nister of the Interior in the new Senate, Minister of Public Educa- Vaida-Voevod cabinet, and kept tions, 1921. Minister for foreign this portofolio until the resigna- affairs from 1928 to April 18, tion of that Cabinet. (Novem- 1931. As Minister for foreign af- ber 14,1933. He was member fairs Mr. G. G. Mironescu presi- of the National Peasants Party 488

www.dacoromanica.ro up to October 1934, when heMEA Filip, Physician, Head Doc- resigned and retired from mili- tor of Hospital. * Nov. 14, 1876, tant politics. Gramostea (Macedonia). Educ.: Mr. G. G. Mironescu is the au- Dr. of Medicine, Bucharest Fa- thor of numerous juridical works culty. Deputy in otoman Parlia- and of some political works, a- ment in 1908 and 1912. Mem- mongst others La Roumanie et ber: National Democratic Party. la guerre européenne" and two Chief Buzau District Organization. works published in France during Senator in1932. Dec.: Officer the peace negociations: Le pro- Roumanian Crown, Sanitary Me- bleme du Banat" (Ed. Leroux, rit class I. Addr.: Buzau, Str. N. Paris, 1919) and Apercussur Stanescu 49. la question Roumaine" (Leroux 1919). An editor in 1930, for-MITACHE A. Ion, lawyer and agri- med a volume of the speeches culturist. * June 9 1889, Vetri- made by Mr. G. G. Mironescu on soaea, Falciu District. Educ.: Fa- various occasions, and then made culty of Law at Jassy. Took part an abstractofonepart with in the campaigns 1913 and 19 I 6- appeared in a pamphlet under 1918. Captain in Reserves. Pre- the title of Quelques allocutions fect of Falciu District in 1921- et discours" made by Mr. G. G. 1922. Member: National Peasants Mironescu when he was minister Party. Deputy in 1928-1930 and for foreign affairs. Besides this 1932-33.Senatorin1931-32. ,,La politique de la paix" Bucha- Dec.:Officer Roumanian Star rest 1929 in which Mr. G. G. and Roumanian Eeagle, Polonia Mironescu points out the neces- Restituta". Addr: Husi. sity of the formation of RegionalMITILINEU M. Ion, Landowner. * Unions, the creation of which was September 28, 1868, Bucharest. commenced later,is worthy of Educ.: Doctor of Law Paris Uni- notice. versity. Former Magistrate, Bar- MIRTO Eduard, lawyer. * May I st rister. Prefect of Police of the 1881, Braila. Educ.: Licentiate of Capital 1910-1913. Independent. Law.StateUndersecretaryof Minister of Justice 1918. Minister Ministry of Interior (1928-30): for Foreign Affairs 1926-1927. Minister of Industry and Com- Officer of Reserve. Former De- merce (1930). Minister of Public puty for Ilfov in three legislative Worksa n dCommunications periods, formersenatorfor ( I 932-33). Member : Roumanian Neamt and Caliacra. Dec.: Grand Front. Head of Teleorman and Cross of Roumanian Crown, Le- Jalomita DistrictOrganizations. gion of Honour. Maurizio e Laz- Deputy in1919, 1922,1926, zar, White Eagle(Jugoslavia) 1927,1928,1931,1932 and White Lion (Czechoslovakia) Po- 1933 of Teleorman,Bahl and Ionia Restitutaetc.; Knight of R. Sfirat Districts. Dec.: Grand Roumanian War Star and Rou- Cross Roumanian Star and Rou- manian Crown with ribbonof manian Crown, Yougosl. Crown, Military Virtue, War Medal with Grand Officer Legion of Honour. bars etc.Addr.: Bucharest Str. Addr.: Bucharest,Str.Dionisie Slatineanu 22 (fostaNisipari). No. 9. Tel. 2-07-61. 489

www.dacoromanica.ro MOCIORNITA Dumitru, Great In- 1933. Dec.: Great Officer Rou- dustrialist. * August15,1885, manian Star, Comm. Ferdinand Tintea, Prahova District. Educ.: I and Roumanian Eagle Orders. Superior School, of Commerce, Addr.: Cluj, Str. Regalà 19. Bucharest, Superior School of In-MONTIA Justin, Roman-Orthodox dustry,Pmsis. Memberinthe parach-. * Sept.18,1883. Si- Board of the General Union of cula, Arad District. Educ.: Ly- Roumanian Industrialists.Mem- ceum, Theology Faculty Arad. ber in the Superior Council of Member: National Christian Party the Penitentiaries. Member of the Deputy in 1920 and 1926. Addr.: Industrial Commission. President Sicula p. u. lneu, Arad District. of the Insurance Office, Bucha-MOLDOVAN Victor, Dr. of Law, rest. Member: National Liberal lawyer. * Sept. 15 1884, Bistrita Party. Deputy 1927, 1928. Dec.' N'asáud, District. Educ. Univer- Commander Roumanian Crown sity. Former State Undersecre- Order, Industrial Merit, Class I. tary. Member: National Peasants and other orders. lAdr.: Bucha- Party. Head of Nasaud District rest, Str. Ape le Minerale 67-75. Organization. Regional Secretary Tel. 3-22-78. of the PartyforTransylvania MOLDOVAN luliu,dr. University and Banate. Senator inI 932-33. professor * July151882 Ed.: Deputyin1919-20,1920-22, University at Prague and Vienna. 1922-26, 1926-27, 1931-32 and FormerUniversityteacherat since 1933. Former vicepresident Vienna. Professor of the Univer- of the Senate. Dec.: Grand Offi- sity Cluj, dean 1924-25. Secre- cer Roumanian Crown, Comman- tary general of the Council Di- der Roumanian Eagle Class 11. rigeant.Has organized1919- Addr.: Bucharest, Str. Polonas, 6 1920 thesanitary serviceand Tel.: 2-25-66. welfare of Transylvania. ColonelMORARIU Aural, Dr. lawyer.Jan Physician in reserves. Member: 31886, Toporauti, Czernowitz, National Peasants Party. Former District. Educ.: Dr. of. Law Pra- Under secretary of State. Minis- gue University. Member: Natio- ry of Health and Public Welfare. nal Liberal Party. Deputy 1920, Add.: Cluj, Str. Mico,I. 1922,1927 and1933.Dec.: MOLDOVAN Valeriu, dr. Univer- Ferdinand"RoumanianStar, sityprofessor * Aug.5 1875 Roumanian Crown, Ferdinand" Câmpeni,Turdadistrict.Ed.: withswords,CrossofWar. Lyceum, University at Cluj and Addr.: Czernowitz, Str.Bals 5. Budapest. Dr in Law. Member: Tel.: 90 National-PeasantsParty,Vice-MORARIU I. Sergia,Chashier A. president of the Party, Member P. F. * April 19 1894, Cubin. of the Executive Committee of Educ.: High Commercial School the Roumanian National Party of of Brasov. tcole libre des scien- Transylvania,1910.Under-Se- cespolitiques,Paris, Member: cretary of State of the Ministry National Peasants Party. Deputy of Cults, 1929. Miniserial Direc- in 1928-31 and 1932-33. Dec.: tor of Transylvania 1930. Deputy OfficerRoumanian Star, Indus- in1919,1926,1927, 1928, trial and Commercial Merit I, etc. 1930, Senator 1926, 1928, 1932, Addr.: Orsova Severin District. 490

www.dacoromanica.ro MORARU Moisi, Lawyer. * July 25, and from 1909 Commercial Atta- 1904 Seulesti,Hunedoara Dis- cheinAustro-Hungary,Ger- trict. Educ.: Deva Lyceum, Fa- many, Switzerlandand Russia culty of Law of Jassy University. (Odessa). He was expelled by Former Magistrate, Organiser of the Bolsevic Government toget- cooperativelife.Member: Ag- her with the whole Roumanian rarian Party. Chief of Mures Dis- Mission at Odessa, in February trict Organisation. Adr.: Tg. Mu- 1918, when hetook refuge in En- res,Bala Ferdinand 60,Tel. gland when he was drofted for 5.99. Roumanianquestionstothe MOROIANU George, professor and Propaganda Department of En- formerrectorof Academy of gland under the leadership of High Commercial and Industrial Lord Northcliff. He belonged to StudiesRegele Carol II"of the Roumanian Unity Council at Cluj. * July 9,1870, Satulung, Paris under the Presidency of Brasov District. Educ.: Secondary Take lonescu and he was member School at Brasov. Licentiate of of the Transylvanian Delegation Superior Comercial Institute to the Peace Conference at Pa- (State)of Antwerp (Belgium) ris. In May 1919 hee was appoin- (1892).Graduate of Paris ted General Secretary for foreign School forPoliticalScience affairs at the Presidency of the (Diplomatic Section and of pu- provisional Government for Tran- blic Law andHistory) 1892- sylvanian1919-1920. He was 1895. Dr: ofSocial-Economic elected in the first Parliament of Sciences of Tubingen University Great Roumania in 1919 in the (1897). In Belgium and France Bihor District. He was reelected he was active for the national member of Parliament in 1928- cause of the Roumanian of Tran- 1931 and in1931-32.Besides sylvania.Presidentof Cultural the numerous economic reports League Paris from 1892-95. He sent to the Ministries of Industry. wrote and inspired numerous ar- Commerce and for Foreign Af- ticles in Independance Belge" fairs he wrote various books in Paper, of Bruxelles, La Justice" differentdomains.In 1931 he of Clemenceau's in Journal des fouded thequartely review Debats", in Republique Fran- Economic Social Observer". In caise", etc. He organized toget- 1933 he published at Paris his her with his Roumanian Student work" Les Luttes des Roumains companionsat Paris, agreat Transylvaines pour la Liberte et meeting at Sorbonne, on May I I. l'OpinionEuropeenne"which 1894 president by the Academy was very well reviewed and re- Professor Lavisse, in favour of ceived the prize of the Rouma- the Transcarpathian Roumanians. nian Academy. Member Rouma- On his retur to the country ente- nian Front. Dec.: Grand Officer red the service of the Roumanian of Roumanian Crown, Grand Of- Kingdom, at the Ministry of In- ficer of Order of Public Educa- dustry and Commerce and the tion of Portugal, Commander of MinistryforForeignAffairs. Ferdinand Order, Knight Legion From 1907 up to 1909 he was of Honour. Add.: Cluj, Strada Roumania's Consulat London MArzescu 18, Tel.6.41.

491

www.dacoromanica.ro MOSCAUTANU Neculai, lawyer *MOTOGNA Victor, Dr. of litera- 1901, Ismail. Educ.: Faculty of ture, Dean ofUniversity,Pro- Law. Member:SocialistParty. fessor. Educ.: Lyceum, Cluj and Regional Secretary of Bessarabia. Czernowitz Universities. Author Inscriecbed in the Party in 1925. of numerous historicalstudies Deputy in 1931-33. Adr. : Ismail. and articles, receiving the Rou- MOSCO-HAGIEmanuel,landed manian Academy. Member: Na- proprietor * Oct. 5,1882, Bu- tional Peasants Party. Senator in charest. Educ.: Toulouse Facul- 1928 and 1932. Some§ Deputy. ty of Law; Architectural studies Dec.: Knight Roumanian Crown, at Rome. Member of Heraldic OfficerRoumanianStar,and Roumanian Commission. Member RoumanianEagle,Officerof of Jockey Club. PublicInstructions,F r anc e Historigrafeditorof Epoca" Addr.: Cluj, Str. Gh. Cosbuc 10. paper.Member :ConservativeMOVILA I. Caton,lawyerand Part. General Secretary of Party. agronomical engineer. * Nov. 16 Chief Lapusna DistrictOrgani- 1892, Bucharest. Educ.: Faculty zation. Kishineff Deputy in 1931- of Law, Jassy University. Tou- 1932. Dec.: Roumanian Crown louse University, Faculty of Sci- with sword and ribbon Military ences (France). Member: Natio- Virtue.Commemorative Medal nal Christian Party. President of 1913 and 1916-18, Grand Offi- Caliacra District Organization. cer of Holy Sepulchre Order. Addr.: Constanta, Str.Costake Addr.: Bucharest III,Str. Dimi- Negri, 38. trie Sturza 4, Tel. 3-58-00. MRAZEC Ludovic, University Pro- MOSCU Alexandru, director of the fessor. * June15,1867,Cra- Syndicate of sheep breeders and iova. Educ.: Bucharest and Ge- of beetroot-growers, secretary of neva Universities.Collegede the National Agricultural Society. France, Paris. Director and foun- Ed.: Licentiate of economical and der of GeologicalInstituteof financial sciences. Editor of the Roumania (1906-1929) Member neswspaper,,Agrarul".Me.n- of Roumanian Academy. Minis- ber: Agrarian League, Secretary ter of Industry and Commerce of League Secretary General of in1927-28.Senatorbylaw the Youth-Organization.Dec.: 1932-35, asPresidentofthe Ferdinand 1 Order with sword, Roumanian Academy. Dec. : War Cross, Boy Scouts Medal of Great Cross Roumanian Star and War. Addr.: Bucharest, Str. Schi- Roumanian Crown. Grand Cross tu Maicilor, 13. Leopold 11.(Belgian) Comman- der Leopold I. Commander Le- MOTAI. Constantin, Engineer. * gion of Honour. Addr.: Bucha- June 16, 1887, lassy Educ.: Doc- rest, Str.Progresului13,Tel. torandEngineer Degreeof 4-09-99. FreibergAcademyofMinesMUNTEAN Aurel,orth. Rouma- (Germany)Member:National nian archpriest. * May 2, 1882 Liberal. Deputy of Tarnava Mica, Merghindeal, Fagarasdistrict. 1922-1926. Dec.: Commander of Ed.: B. A. Theological Seminary Roumanian Star. Addr.: Bucha- at Sibiu. Theological Faculty at rest, Str. Praga 2, Tel. 2-03-08. Bucharest. President of the ,,As- 492

www.dacoromanica.ro tra",Huedin districtdivision. Tradesmen and Merchants So- Founder of co-operatives at the ciety, of which he is the founder. Huedin district Member:: Natio- PresidenetofTouristicCom- nal Christian Party. Deputy 1919 mittee at watering place Bazna. 20, 1920-22.Senator 1926-Member: National Liberal Party. 27. Dec. Rewardfor Church- Vicepresident of Tarnava Mica Work,I.and11. Class. Addr.: District Organization. Senator in Huedin, Cluj district. Tel.: 2. 1927 and 1933.Dec. :Knight MUNTEAN Victor,Dr. of Law, RoumanianStar. Rewardfor lawyer. * January 12, 1884. Baia WorkinEducationI.Class. de Aries. Educ.: Lyceum, Cluj Knight Roumanian Eagle. Addr.: Faculty of Law. Magistrate of Dumbraveni, Tarnava Mica. Cluj Tribunal (1919). Member :MUNTEANU $tefan, dr., Professor National Peasants Party. Prefect of the Theology.. * Jan. 2, 1890, of Someg District in 1928. Sena- Pilul, Arad district. Ed.: Tholo- tor in 1926. Deputy in 1919-20, gical Faculty, Czernowitz. Rector 1922,1932. Dec. Officer Rou- of the Ortodox Theological Aca- manian Star and Roumanian Ea- demy of Oradea. Collaborator in gle. Addr.: Dej, Str. Simion Bar- several theological reviewsand nutiu 2. newspapersFormerAssistent- MUNTEAN Alexandru, general ot Prefect in Hungary, during the Division No.17, 1874 Jassy. Roumanian occupation. Member: Ed.: Military School of Artillery, National Liberal Party (Gh. Bra- special school of Artillery, High tianu). Deputy of Bihor 1931- War School. Secretary General 32. Addr.: Oradea, Boul. Ferdi- of the Ministry of War 1922-26. nand 40. General Inspector of ArmementsMUNTEANU-Ramnic Dimitrie, Pro- 1926-31. Dec.: Great Off. Rou- fessor ofHistory. * Oct.26, manian Star and Crown, Servian 1877, Ramnicul Sarat. Educ.: Li- white Eagle, PoloniaRestituta, centiate of Faculty of literature Commander Legiond'Honneur. and historical science, Bucharest Addr.: Bucharest, Str.I. G. Sai- University. Specialty studiesin ta 6. France.Presidentof Prahova MUNTEANU Constantin, agricultu- Press Association. Director of re- rist. * July 10, 1880, Stolniceni- view Gazeta Cartilor" and of the Mitescu, Falticeni District. Educ.: Library ofSecundarySchool. Gimnazium. Former President of Member ofRoumanian Athe- Village Council. Former Mayor. naeum Bucharest, and of the Member: Peoples Party. Deputy Cultural Committee of the Cultu- in1927. Dec.:AvantulTarii ral League. Deputy of the Epar- Medal, Gold Medal for fruit-tree chial Assembly of the Hungarian- culture. Addr.: Stolniceni-Mites- WollakianMitropoly.Member: cu, Falticeni District. National-DemocratParty Vice- MUNTEANU Eugen,Professor. * president of Central Committee June16,1887. Saschis. Educ.: and Chief of Prahova District Or- University, Theological Academy. ganization.Undersecretary of Licentiate of Literature. President State at the Ministry of Interior of local professional School Com- (1931-32) . FormerAssistant mitee, of which he is the foun- Mayor of Kishineff. Senatorin der.PresidentofRoumanian 1919, Deputy in 1920 and 1931. 493

www.dacoromanica.ro Dec.: Officer Roumanian Crown, Masca" 1925 andArdealur CommandorRoumanian Star, 1927, laureate of the Cartea Commemorative Cross, Faith avid Romaneasca" Library. Member: Valour Calss I. Reward for Work National Christian Party. Head of in Education. Addr.: Ploesti, Str. Turda District Organization. Se-- Zagorit I. nator in 1926.Addr.:Turda, MURARIU Constantin, Physician. * Str. Axente Sever 15. Oct. 24, 1890. Lugoj. Educ.: Ly-MUSATESCU Alexandru, lawyer. * ceum Faculty of Medicine, Bu- Aug.13,1869. Mutau, Muscel dapest University.President of District. Educ.: Lyceum and Se- Academic Society Petru Maior" minary Bucharest. Faculty of Li- in1917-18. Took part inthe terature, Law and Theology. For- World War, War Invalid. Inde- mer Councillor at Central Ad- pendent. Senator in1919-20. ministrative Court. Member: Na- and 1931-32. Dec.: Austro-Hun- tional Peasants Party. Chief Mus- garian War Medal. Sanitary Me- cel District Organization. Deputy ofMuscel in 1912, 1919, 1920 rit ClassI.Knight Agricultural and 1926. Former Mayor of Merit. Addr.: Lugoj, Str. Matei Campulung town. Former Prefect Corvinul 2. of Muscel 1928-30. Dec.: Offi- MURESAN Ion, Lyceum professor. cer Roumanian Star, Reward for * Aug. 1st 1883, Urca. Lyceum. Work. BeneMerenti Class I. University of Cluj. Author of the Addr.: Campulung, Str. Rahovei volumes Judetul Turda." 1924; 2, Muscel District.

NACU Dumitru, lawyer, Prefect of ofBrasov since1935. Addr.: Nasaud District.* March 18, Zarnesti, Brasov District. 1892, Nisaud, NasaudDistrict.NANCULESCU M. loan, proprie- Educ.: Bachelor of Arts. Jasi-Bo- tor, merchant. * Dec. 21, 1877, tosani Active Officers School. Oltenita. Educ.: Lyceum. Mem- Special Infantry School.Licen- ber: National Peasants Party. Se- tiate of Oradea Academy of Law. nator of Ilfov District 1932-33. Member: National Liberal Party. Addr.: Oltenita, Str. Carol 1 No. Vicepresident of Nasaud District 133. Organization. Mayor ofNasaudNANDRIS Grigore, University pro- Town from 1926-32. Pee.: fessor. * 1895, Czernowitz. Mem- Knight Roumanian Crown '

www.dacoromanica.ro Bucharest. Dec.: Commemorative gle. Addr.: Brasov, Piata Liber- Cross 1916-18, Reward for edu- titii 3. Tel.: 501. cational Work, I.Class. Addr.:NEICU C. Simeon,engineer-con- Bucharest, Str.I. G. Duca 13. tractor. * Dec. 25, 1892, Pitesti. Tel.: 2-15-63 Educ.: National School of Bridges NEGULESCU P. Petre, Professor at and Roads,dipl. of engineer. Bucharest University. * Oct. 27, Took part in the campaigns 1913 1872. Ploesti.Educ. :Universi- and 1916-18 with the rank of ties of Bucharest, Paris and Ber- Captain.Member:Roumanian lin. Member: Peoples Party. Mi- Front. Head of IsmailDistrict nister of Education in1920-21 Organization. Dec.:Roumanian and 1926. Senator in1919-20. Crown with swords, Avantul Ta- and 1920-21. Deputy in 1926-27. rii, Commemorative Cross. Addr.: Former President Chamber of De- Bucharest,Str.Sevastopol6. puties. Dec.: Great Cross Rou- Tel.: 3-16-28 and 4-08.27. manian Crown. Grand Officer ofNEMES Simion,lawyer. * 1886, Legion of Honour. Great Cross Cojocna. Educ.: Faculty of Law St. Sava, etc. Addr.: Bucharest, and Commercial Academy. Mem- ber: National Peasants Party. De- Str. Spiru Haret, 8. Tel. 3-51-52. puty in 1919, 1922 and 1926. NEGURA Mihail,Under-Secretary Senator in 1928 and 1932. Dec.: of State.*1890, Dumbreveni, Commandor of Roumanian Star. Dorohoi district. Educ.: Licentia- Acldr.: Cluj, Andrei Murtsan 42, te of law, University lasi. Took Tel.: 11-1 7. part in the campaign, he foughtNEMOIANU Peter, lawyer and jour- on the Casin and Tg. Ocna nalist. * Sept. 22, 1889. Petrillo- fronts. Convinced democrate, he va, Carap District. Educ.: Bache- defended the rights o fall pea- lor of Arts, Dr. of Law and Po- sants,gratis, in the Vaslui dis- litical Science. Author of nume- trict,inall agrarian processes. rous social, economic and cultu- He reformed the co-operatives. ral works, especiallyregarding He is one of the authors of the the Banate. He was condemned law relative to co-operation of to death for High Treason by 1935. Member: National Liberal the HungarianCourtMartial, Party. Under-Secretary of State Temesvar. Volonter in Roumani- at the Ministry ofAgriculture. an Army, as Lieutenant 1917-19. Deputy of Vaslui since 1920 du- Member: National Christian ring 6 legislative periods. Ue was Party. Chief Severin District Or- member of the Parliament which ganization. Prefect of Caras-Se- voted the Constitution in 1923. verin District in 1920-21. Deputy Addr.: Bucharest, Str. Pia Br5- of Severin in 1926727. Dec.: tianu 3. Officer Ferdinand Order. Addr.: NEGUS Aurel, lawyer. * Sept. 20, Bucharest, Str. Grig. Alexandres- 1895, Brasov. Educ.: Cluj Uni- cu 67. Tel.: 203-34. versity, Budapest, Bratislava.NEMTANU Neculai,lawyer-Head Member: National Liberal Party. of Bar of Baia District. * Vane.- (Gh. Brátianu). Chief Brasov Or- tori-Neamt District. Educ.: Nati- ganization. DeputyofBrasov onal Lyceum of Iasi. Faculty of 1933. Dec.RoumanianStar, Law, Jassy University. Prefect of Ferdinand Medal. Roumanian Ea- Baia District 1920-21 and 1926. 496

www.dacoromanica.ro Mayor of Falticeni Town in 1926. warden of orthodox parish of Member: People's Party. Head Reghin, Councillor of Clujor- of Baia District Organization. De- thodox eparchy. Member: Natio- puty of Baia in 1926. Dec.: Kni- nal Christian Party, Chief Reghin ght Roumanian Crown.Addr.: organization. Dec.: Officer Rou- Falticeni, Str. Cuza Voda 24. rnanian Crown and Roumanian NESTIANU D.Nicolae,Lyceum Star,SanitaryMeritClass I. professor. * Nov. 6, 1878. Vut- Addr.: Reghin, Mures District. cani, Falciu District. Educ.: Gra-NICOLAESCU I. Dem., lawyer. * duate of Lyceum. Graduate of 1876. Breaza de Sus,Prahova Veniamin Seminary Iasi.Licen- District. Educ.:BucharestFa- tiate of Literature, Classical Phi- culty of Law. Member: National lology. Licentiate of law.Gra- Liberal Party, Chief Prahova Dis- duate of Theo logic Faculty, Bu- trict Organization.Prefect of charest University. Professor of Prahova in 1918-19. He was elec- Codreanu" Lyceum Bar lad. ted Deputy ten times: 5 times Member: National Liberal Party. in the opposition and 5 times Prefect of TutovaDistrict in while the Liberals were in po- 1922-26. Deputy of Tutova in wer. Dec.: Commandor Rouma- 1927. Senator of Tutova in 1919 nian Star. Addr.: Ploesti, Str. Au- and 1933.Dec.:Commandor rel VlaicuI. Tel. 16-44. Roumanian Crown, Officer Rou-NICOLESCU N. Mircea, lawyer, a- manian Star and Roumanian Ea- griculturist.*1884,Bucharest. gle, Reward for Work in Educa- Educ.: Faculty of Law. He is the tion Class I. Reward for Church author of two volumes. Living Work Class I. Addr.: Bar lad, Str. among the peasants,he knows C. Hamangiu. well their live and needs. Mem- NESTOR Remus,lawyer. * June ber: National Peasants Party. De- 27, 1895. Petroasele-Buza.u. puty 1931. Dec.: Officer Rou- Educ.: Paris Dr. of Law. Mem- manian Crown, Knight Rouma- ber: National Liberal Party. Pre- nian Eagle. Addr.: Targu Fier- fect of Buzau 1926-28. Deputy binti, Ilfov district. since 1933. Addr.: Buzau,Str.NICOLESCU-Docsache N., lawyer. Carol 5. * Nov. 51881, Ruc.ar, Muscel NICHIFOR Jancu, Teacher. * May District. Educ.: Lyceum. Faculty 28, 1893, Oliscani, Orhei Dis- of Law of Bucharest.Member: trict. Educ.: Normal School Mem- Agrarian Party. Head of Muscel ber: People's Party. Deputyin District Organization. Prefect of 1926-27. Addr.: Oliscani, Orhei Muscel 1920-21. Addr.: Campu- District. lung-Muscel. NICOARA Eugen, Physician HeadNICOLESCU Dor-narunt loan, a- Surgeon, Hospital Director. * Pe- griculturist.*April 20,1889. trip, Mures District.Educ.: B. Lupsanu, Ialomita District. Educ.: A., Faculty of Medicine. Lauriat Normal School. Member: Natio- of the Roumanian Academy. Pre- nal Liberal Party. Senator 1927. sident of Astra" Reghin Sec- Dec.Officer RoumanianStar, tion.President ofRoumanian Reward for Work in Church Class Orthodox Brotherhood,Reghin. I. Reward for Ward for instruc- Vicepresident of Roumanian In- tion ClassI.Addr.: Bucharest, tellectuals Society, Reghin. Head Cal. Calarasilor 63.

32 497 www.dacoromanica.ro NICOLESCU-DOROBANTZU I. Ike, of those revolts. Former Admi- agriculturist 1* 1873, Bucharest. nistrative Delegate of the Slatina Educ.: Licentiateof Law and Bank1914-1920. Member Na- graduate of the High School of tional Christian Party. Olt De- Political Sciences Paris. Member: puty in1920. Senator of Tu- National-Liberal Party. President tova in 1926. Addr.: Bucharest, of the Ilfov organization. Depu- Strada Sft. Constantin, 24, Tel. ty 1919, Senator 1927, 1931-32 3-62-43. and since 1933. Prefect of llfovNICULESCU - RIZEA Constantin, district 1907-11, 1914-18, 1921- Vice amiral in reserves. * 1874, 22,1924-26. Dec. Commander Braiala. Ed.: Naval Aca'aemy at of the Roumanian Star and of Livorno (Italia). School of tor- various Roumanian and forgein pedoes and electricity in Italia. orders. Adr.: Bucharest, Str. Gen. President of the Board of Di- Manu, 9. Tel. 4-12-42. rector of the Society Intercon- NICORESCU Paul. University Pro- tinentala Maritimfi" Vicepresident fessor. * une 29, 1890, Giosni. of thee Roumanian Society for Educ.: Doctor of Philosophy of Geodezy and Geophysisc. Direc- BucharestUniversity.Former tor superioroftheMilitary member of Roumanian School Marine, 1918. Former Comman- International Emigration Confe- der Inspector of Military Marine, rence at Rome in 1924. Professor 1920-25. Member: National-libe- at Rome. Roumanian Delegate at ral Party, (Gh. Bratianu). Sena- of Jassy University (Ancient His- tor Lapusna, 1932. Dec.: Great tory and Epigraphy) Member: Officer Roumanian Crown, Com- National liberal Party. (Gh. Bra- mander Roumanian Star and Ita- tianu). Former Mayor of Ce- lian Crown. Addr. :Bucharest, tatea Alba, 1926-1929. Deputy Str. Gen. Manu 28. Tel.: 3-26-33 for Cetatea Alba in 1920-22 andNIEMIROWER Jakob, chief-rabby 1926-27. Dec.: Commander Rou- * March 1st 1872, Jassy. Dr in manian Crown Order.Addr.: Philosophy and Theology. Rabby Jassy, Str. Toma, 2. at Jassy 1896-1911, at the Spain NICULESCU Petru, lawyer. * May Church of Bucharest1911-21, 71897, Dobrovat, Vaslui Dis- ChiefRabbyBucharestsince trict. Educ.: Faculty of Law of 1921. Great President of the Bnei Jassy University. Elected Mayor Brith Society and of the Sionist of Codfiesti, VasluiDistrict in Organization of Roumania. Aut- Nov.1933.Member: National hor of several books. Represen- Peasants Party. Deputy of Vaslui tative of the Mosaic Cult in the since 1933. Dec.: Knigt Rouma- Senate. Dec.: Commander of the nian Crown, Roumanian Eagle. Roumanian Crown, Great Officer Addr: Codaesti, Vaslui District. of the RoumanianStar, Com- NICULESCU-BUZEST1, C., lawyer. mander of the Roumanian Eagle. winegrower. * 1878 Buzesti, Add.: Bucharest, Str. Mantuleasa, Olt District. Educ.: Lyceum, Fa- 5. Tel.: 3-18-38. cultyof Law Bucharest.For-PINTEA Nimigean, public notary. mer procurator in revolts 1907 * July 25, 1878, Tereblecea, Ra- in Olt District. He took active clautidistrict.Educ.: Licentiate and decisive part in the stopping of law,UniversityCzernowitz. 498 www.dacoromanica.ro Member: National-Peasants Party. (1913-33). Rector of the Czer- Former president of Suceava Or- versityCzernowitz,Bucharest, ganization. Deputy 1927, Sena- nowitz University 1920-21 and tor 1928 and 1932. Dec.: Rou- 1933-36, Member of the Rouma- manian Star and Eagle Orders, nian Academy and Member h. c. Pe les Medal. Addr.: Suceava. of the Czech Academy at Pra- N1STOR Dimitrie dr., Prefect of Ti- gue. Author of several historical mig-Torontal District. * April 21, works. Member: National-Libral 1890 Burjuc, Hunedoara District. Party. Minister of Labour, Public Educ.: Bachelor of Arts, Caren- Health and Welfare in the Go- sebeg Theology. Dr. of Law, Bu- vernment Tfitärescu. Minister of dapest University. Cultural Coun- the Bukowina, 1919-1921, 1922- cillor of Timigoara Municipality 1926and MinisterofPublic 1919-1920. General-Secretary of Worsk 1927-28. President of the Timigoara Municipality 1920-24. CzernowitzStrojinetz, Radauti, Lawyer, Prime Jurisconsultof Suceava and Campulung district Timigoara Municipality 1924-27. organizations. Since 1918 deputy Member: National Liberal Party and senator in all legislative pe- Chief Timis Torontal District Or- riods. Senator by law. Dec.: Fer- ganization. Deputy in1927-28, dinand I., Roumanian Star and snator1932. Dec. Reward for Crown, Cultural Merits, I. Class, work in Construction of Schools, Great Cordon St. Sava, Po Ionia Class 1., Sanitary Merit ClassI., Restituta, White Lion. Addr.: Bu- Officer Roumanian Crown and charest, Str. Vasile Lascar 15, Roumanian Star. Addr.: Timigoa- Tel.: 2-29-32. ra Ill., Boul. Mihai Viteazul10,NITESCU Voicu, lawyer 1883. Ed.: Tel. 17-79 and 1-82. Faculty of law, University Cluj. NISTOR Ioachim, pensionar, former Barrister since 1911. Editor of schoolinspector.* September the newspaper Gazeta Transilva- 12, 1870, Stenea. Educ.: Univer- niei" since 1911. He was jailed sity, pedagogic section. President for 3 months prison in 1908 for of Civil Penioners Association of articles published in the newspa- Odorhei district; Delegate of the pers Tribune" Arad and Ori- SocietyTinerimeaRomana" zontul" Cluj. 1915-16 editor of with head quarters in Bucharest, the paper Romania Mare" Bu- etc. Member: NationalLiberal charest. 191 7 was sent by the Party (Gh. Bratianu). Head of Roumanian Government in Russia OdorheiDistrict Organization. to concentrate the Roumanian Dec.: Knight of Roumanian Star volonteers,1918 elected presi- Order, Reward for Work, class I, dent of the Roumanian National Pour le Merite. Addr.: Odorhei, Committe in Russia, 1919 mem- str. Carmen Sy Iva No. 2. ber of the great National Coun- NISTOR J. loan, University profes- cil and councillor at the Peace dauti district. Ed.: Dr in Phylo- Conference at Paris. 1928 Minis- sor* 1876, Vicovul de Sus, Ra- terfor Transylvania. Member: sofy alUniversity Vienna, Uni- Roumanian Front. Deputy in se- Munich and Leipsig. University verallegislativeperiods. Addr.: tacher at Vienna, 1913. Professor Bucharest,Boul. Regina Maria oft h eCzernowitz University 29 b. Tel. 4-55-18. 499 www.dacoromanica.ro NOBEL Alexandru, dr in law, law- the Roumanian Jews at the Con- yer. * Dec. 20 1884 Tata-T6va- gressof National Minoritiesat and Berlin. Dr in law. Member of ros (Hungary.) Ed.: Lyceum et Geneva 1927. Dec.: Officer Rou- Lugoj.UniversityatBudapest manian Star, Military Virtue and the interimate commission of the o ther War decorations. Addr.: town Timisoara, 1926-33. Mem- Timigoara,H.,Palatul Neptun. ber: Jewish Party.Delegateof Tel. :401. o OLTEANU Constantin,lawyer. *OPRESCU Gogu, lawyer and pro- June 17, 1901,Veza, Tarnava prietor. * Oct. 15, 1883. Educ.: Mica district. Educ.: Faculty of Bachelor of Arts. Faculty of Law. law, political-juridical and State- Member: Peoples' Party. Deputy section. Former President of the in 1926-27. Dec.: Commemora- Club of Transsylvanian and Bu- tive Cross with bars in quality kowinian Students. Member: A- ofcaptain in reserve.Addr.: grarian Party. President of the Commune Titu-Targ, Dambovita Tarnava-Mica districtorganiza- District. tion. Addr.: Blaj, Str. Simon Bar-ORGHIDANTheodor,merchant nutiu 4. and industrialist * Sept. 18, 1888 OLTEANU, loan,Greek-Catholic Bucharest. Educ.:Graduate of Protopope of Supur District.* commercial sciences, Francfort a Sept. 3, 1882 Campia, Mai Dis- M. Former President of Bucha- trict. Educ.: Bachelor ofArts, rest ChamberofCommerce, Academy Greek-CatholicTheo- memberoftheInternational logy. Cluj Faculty of literature Chamber of Commerce, etc. Ge- and phylosophy. Leader of na- neral Consul of Lethonia. Mem- tional movements of SälajDis- ber: National-PeasantsParty. trict. Member: National-Democra- Former deputy and senator. Dec.: tic Party. Senator of Mai Dia- Great Officer of the Roumanian trict 1931-32, Addr.: Supurul de Crown Order, of the Lethonian Jos. Mai District. Three Stars, etc. Addr.: Bucha- OLTEANU P. Ion, lawyer, agricul- rest,Cal. Calaragilor 30.Tel.: turist * June 18, 1883. Dej. 3-33-43. Educ.: Lyceum, Faculty of Law,ORNSTEIN Kiva, lawyer. * April Dr. Juridical & political scien- 13,1896, Jassy. Educ.: Univer- ces.Condemnedto deathby sity of Jassy, special studies at the Hungarians in 1918, he was Paris Faculty of Law. Sublieute- saved by the Roumanian Army. nant in reserves, wounded in the Member: National Liberal Party. War 1916-19 18. Former Coun- Deputy in 1919-20 and 1931-32. cillorof JassyMunicipality. Prefect of Someg Districtfrom Member:Union of Roumanian 1933. Dec.: Knight and Officer Jews (U. E. R.), Vicepresident Roumanian Crown, Officer Rou- of the Party. Member in the Cen- manian Star. Addr.: Dej. Some, tral Council of the Roumanian District. Jews.Member of theCentral 500 www.dacoromanica.ro Committees Bnei Brith and Ke- of deputies 1926. Has take part ren Hayessod. Addr.: Bucharest, in severalinternationalparlia- Str. Toamnei 80. Tel.: 2-32-10. mentary congresses. Dec.: Tre- OROMOLU Mihail, lawyer. * Rim- cerea Duniirii (1913) , War Cross nicu-Valcea. Educ.: University of (1916), Commander Roumanian Bucharest, and studies at Paris Crown Order. Addr.: Bucharest, and Munich. Former magistrate, Str. Gen. Budisteanu 10.Tel. : former State-lawyer. Former head 4-07-67. of Do lj district. Former MinisterOTETELE$ANU $erban, engineerof Industry and Commerce, for- agronom. * Sept. 27, 1889, Bu- mer Governor of the Roumanian charest. Educ.: Graduate of the National Bank. Member: Natio- High School of Agriculture at nal-Liberal Party. Former Deputy Berlin. He took part in the cam- of Do lj and Fagaras. Dec.: Great paigns 1913 and 1916-18, as cap- Cross of the Roumanian Crown tain in reserves. Member: Peop- Order, Commander Legion les Party ,head of Romanati dis- d'Honneur.Addr.:Bucharest, trict organization. Addr.: Bucha- $os. Jianu 10. Tel.: .2-01-02. rest, Aleea Alexandru 47. Tel.: OTETEA Valeriu, dr. of law, law- 2-16-35. yer, Prefect Ciuc district * Dec.OTIN Cristea, University Professor. 25,1890, Retis, Tarnava Mare * December, 5,1879,Ploesti, district. Educ.: Lyceum, dr.of Educ. Faculty of science of Bu- law University Cluj. Former ma- charest University. Doctor's and gistrate at Cluj 1919-30. Former Engineer's Degree of the Char- juridic councillor of Ciuc district lottenburg Politechnic. Served in 1920-33. Member: National Li- the wars of 1913 and 1916-18 beral Party,Vice-presidentof as combatant officer. Member: Ciuc district organisation.Pre- National Liberal Party (Gh. Bra- fect of Ciuc district since Nov. tianu). Addr.: Bucharest, Boul. 1933. Dec.: Knight Roumanian Tache lonescu 12. Crown Order, Reward for Cul-OTOIU Adrian, administrator de- tural Work, L Class. Addr.: Mier- legat of the National Bank of curea Ciuc. Tel.: I. Roumania. * 1884, Cetatea-Alba OTETELIMNU Alexandru, lawyer District. Educ.: University Buda- and University professor. * 1886, pest, Faculty of economical sci- Turnu-Severin. Educ.: Faculty of ences; faculty of political scien- law and philosophy at Bucharest, ces, University Berlin. Professor dr. of law University Paris. Se- at Budapest 1912-18. Director of cretary General of the Ministry the Central Bank in Cluj, 1929. of Interior 1919. Author of many Has written many articles about books about civil rights, compa- economical andpoliticalques- rative rights, etc. Collaborator of tions. Former member of Natio- many juridical reviews. Member: nal-Peasants Party. Senator 1930. PeopleR Party, Secretary Gene- Dec.: Officer Ferdinand I. Order. ral of the Party, Vice-president Addr.: Bucharest, Spl. Indepen- of the BucharestOrganisation, dentei 52. Tel. : 3-54-89. President of the Do lj district or-OTTESCU L Nicolae,lawyer. ganization.Former deputyin 1885, Galatzi. Educ.: Faculty of 1920-22, 1926-27 and 1931-32. law. Former SecretaryGeneral Vice-president of the Chamber of the Ministry of Finances and

501

www.dacoromanica.ro of the Ministry of Agriculture. rian Party. Dec.: Great Cross of Former auditor of the National the RoumanianCrownOrder, Bank of Roumania. Former Un- Commander of Faithful Service dersecretary of State of the Mi- Order. Addr.: Bucharest,Boul. nistry of Interior. Member: Agra- Carol 31. Tel. :3-51-51. P PACALA George, mag. pharrn. * Former Prefect of Oradea Town 1876, Ffigfiras. Educ.: Lyceum at and district in 1921. Former se- Brasov. Mag. Pharm. Colonel in nator of Olt in 1931. Dec.: Com- reserves. Member: National-Libe- mander of Roumanian Crown, ral Party. Senator of Bihor since Officer of Roumanian Star Or- 1933. Dec. : Roumanian Crown der, Jubelee Medal of 1906, War Order with sword. Addr.:Ga- Cross1918. Addr. :Bucharest, latzi, Boul. Regele Ferdinand 2. Str. Griidina cu cai 1. PALEOLOGU Mihail, lawyer. *PANTELI St.Mihai, pharmacolo- March27, 1886,Bucharest. Educ. Dr. of law, University Pa- gist. * February 21, 1879, Br Sae. ris. Chief of Cabinet Ministry of Educ.: Faculty of Pharmacology. Finances 1914, later lawyer of Colonel for Pharmacy, in reser- this Ministry. General Secretary ve. Former President of Cham- of the Ministry of Justice 1930, bers of Commerce and Industry of the Ministry of Finances 1932. of Brasilia1929-1933. Member: Member of the High State Coun- National Peasants Party. Deputy cil since 1933.Haspublished in Legislative periods 1918-1928 many articles in the newspaper and1932.Dec.:Commander Revista Vremei" and Pandec- [Roumanian Crown,Officerof tele Romane". Member: Peasants RoumanianCross,Officerof Radical Party. Deputy 1928-31 RoumanianEagle,Rewardof and 1932-33. Dec.: Roumanian WorkinEducation,Sanitary Star of the War, with ribbon Mi- Merit,Commercial and Indus- litary Virtue. Addr.: Bucharest, trial Merit. Addr.: Bri la,Str. Str. Armeneasci 34. Tel.: 2-33- Mirgsesti I. Tel.: 3-94. 26. PAPACOSTEA Cezar, Dr. in lite- PANI5CA Gheorghe,Lawyer. * rature,universityprofessor.* June 1893, Focsani. Educ.: Jassy Jan. 1887, Moloviste (Machedo- University.Member: National nia). Educ.: Licentiate in litera- Peasants Party. Head of Orhei ture and law. Dr. in literature District Organization. Deputy for and classical philology. Professor Liipusna in 1927.Dec.:War Jassy University for greeklan- Medal. Roumanian Crown Order. guage and litterature. Former Addr.: Kishineff, str. Gen. Bert- Secretary General of the Minis- helot 46. try of Education. Author of va- PANKU Radu, Lawyer. Councillor rious historical, literary and phi- of Ministry of Agriculture and losophical works, about ancient Domains. * February 5,1880, Greece. Member: Peoples Party. Bucharest. Educ.: Licentiateof Addr.: Bucharest,Str. Visarion Law. Member: AgrarianParty. 20. 502

www.dacoromanica.ro PAPACOSTEA G. Petre, lawyer.PARASCHIVESCU Bosnief, lawyer. 1918, organized theyellow aJan.30, 1878,Bucharest. syndicates of the State Officials. Educ.: Dr. of. Law, Head of the Twice arrested as Leader of this juridical section of the National organization. Member of the Peo- Bank of Roumania 1902-19. Cap- ples League and after of the Peo- tain in reserves. Member: Natio- ples Party.Elected deputyat nal-liberalParty.Deputyof 1920 at Caliacra. Later named Vaslui1931 .32. Addr. :Bucha- as director of the Credit Bank of rest,Str. Traian 171.Tel.: 3- the Employees of the Post. 1922 63-99. charged by General AverescuPARASCHIVESCU Vintill, lawyer. with functions of thepersonal Febr. 7,1890,Bucharest. and political secretary of Gene- Educ.: Faculty of law. State law- ral Averescu. Since this data, he yer since 1914. Author of the has taken part in all manifesta- volumeCascadeleLuminei", tions of the Peoples Party. 1926 laureate of the Roumanian Aca- deputyand named Postmaster demy 1923 and of several other of Roumania. Deputy 1926. In- publications. Member:National troduced the law Papacostea", Christian Party,Head ofCiuc which preconizes the automati- district organization. Dec.: Offi- cally advancement of the emplo- cer Roumanian Crown Order, yees of the State. Creator of the Knight Roumanian StarOrder. Cheques and Clearing-Service of Addr.:Bucharest,Str.Eroului the Post. Addr.: Bucharest, Str. 15. Tel.: 3-59-71. Caragea Voda 19. Tel. 2-22-42.PARECZ Bela, Dr. of Law, lawyer. PAPACOSTEA G. Victor, profes- a Febr. 28, 1873. Arad. Educ.: sor. * January 21, 1900, Viziru, Bachelor of Arts. Dr. of politi- Braila District. Educ.: Doctor of cal science. Dr. of law. Head of Literature and Philosophy at Bu- Arad Bar 1914. Member: Magyar charest Faculty. Member: Natio- Party. President of the Party in nal Liberal Party,(Gh. Bratia- Arad. Deputy in 1926-27and nu). Head of CaliacraDistrict 1928-31. Addr.: Arad, Str. Con- Organization. Deputy of Caliacra, sistorului 2. Tel.: 456. 1932. Addr.: Bucharest, Str.. Pa-PARVULESCU Al. Constantin, U- ris 22. Tel. :2-25-48. niversity professor.* August PARASCA Leo, Dr., Physician.a 1891,Ploe§ti.Educ. :Dr.in Oct. 17, 1873. Josenii Bargaului, mathematics, Sorbonne. Member: Nasaud District. Educ.: Lyceum, National Democrate Party. Head University Former physician of of the Bucovinian Organizations. Hateg town.Member: National Mayor of Czernowitz 193 I. Dec.: Peasants Party. Senator in 191 9- Aeronautical Virtue, Legion 20, and 1932-33. Dec.: Knight d'Honneur,CroixdeGuerre, Franz Iosef Order. Officer and Cross of St. Georges (Russian). Commandor of Roumanian Addr.: Czernowitz,Str.lancu Crown. Pe le§ Medal. Knight Rou- FlondorI 9. manianEagle.SanitaryMeritPASCA Remus, Dr. of Law, Pu- Class I. Addr.: Hateg, Hunedoara blic Notary. * March 17, 1881. District. Albac,TurdaDistrict.Educ.: 503

www.dacoromanica.ro Cluj Faculty of Law. Dr. of Law versity at Dorpat, Faculty of law. from 1907. Organizer and com- Delegateof Roumania atthe mander of national guards of the Peace Conference and Vendin, Muntii Apuseni in 1818-19,at Paris1919 - 1920 and Geneva the taking over of Transylvania. 1922. In 1902-1903 he was in Member: National Liberal Party. prison at Dorpat for political agi- Deputy in 1922andSenator tation, in. 1904-1905 he was exi- 1927. Prefect of Turda district led to Archangelsk and Viatta, 1933-34. Dec.: Commander and under tha Tzarist regime. Former officerofRoumanian Crown, Minister of the Moldavian Repu- Addr.: Cluj, Str. Regina Maria blic, 1918. Minister of Bessara- 45. Tel.: 696. bia. Member: National Pgasants PASCU Th. Dimitrie,lawyer. * Party. Deputy in1918,1919, 1889, Bar lad. Educ.: Licentiate 1920, 1922-26, 1927, 1928 and of Bucharest Faculty of Law. Dr. 1932. Dec.: Great Officer of the of Law of Leipzig. Former assis- Roumanian Star, Crown and Fer- tant to the Mayor of the Capital. dinandI.Orders,etc.Addr.: Member in the Disciplinary Coun- Kishieneff,Str. Viilor,67 and cil of the Ilfov Bar. Member: Na- Bucharest, Str. Romané 55. tional Liberal-Party (Gh. Brétia-PLNCIULESCU C. Nicolae, council- nu). Senator in 1930. Quaestor of lor delegate of the town Bucha- Senate. Dec.: Officer Roumanian rest,agriculturist,great landed Star, Officer Roumanian Crown, propritor * 1869,Rosiori-de- AvântulTarii"from1913. Vede, Teleorman district.Ed.: Commemorative Cross, 1916-18. Lyceum, Licentiate of the Fa- Addr.: Bucharest, Str. G-ral Ma- culty of law, Bucharest President nu 15. Tel. 4-12-02. of the Court of Appeal Kisheeff PAVEL Pavel, lawyer, writer * May until 1922, when he retired. Pre- 24, 1901 Moftinul-Mic, Salaj dist- sident of the I. 0. V., Kisheneff rict. Ed.: Lyceum, B. A., Dr in organization and of several cultu- law of the University Cluj, Gra- ral associations. Member: Natio- duate of the Institutefor High nal-Liberal Party, Chief of the International Studies of the Paris Section IV (Green) if Bucharest, University.Former Attache of town-councillor, member in the Pressat the Paris Legation of permanent delegation of Bucha- Roumania.Member :National rest.President and member of Peasants Party. Deputy of Bihor several committees, with a pro- 1932-33. Author of the works : digousactivity. Auditor of_ the The Confederation of the Danu- LocuinteEftine"Ltd.Dec.:: bian States" and Crisis and the CommanderRoumanian Star, international Confusion". Former Knight Roumanian Crown, Re- Editor of the newspaper Drep- ward for Educational Work,I. tatea".Dec.:Officerof of the Class, Commercial and Industrial Roumanian Crown, Knight of the Merits, Jubilee Medal. Addr.: Bu- Roumanian Eagle, Peles Medal. charest, Str. Sft. Constantin 30 a. Addr.: Bucharest, Splaiul Unirii, Tel.: 3-76-53. 73. Tel.: 3-94-54. PENESCU S. Nicolae, secondary PELIVAN Gh.,loan,University professor and asistantatthe professor 1876, Rezeni. Ed.: Uni- Commercial Academy. * Febr. 504

www.dacoromanica.ro 11, 1894. Bucharest. Educ.: Su- Member:Conservative Party. perior Commercial School,Bu- Head of Dambovitza Organiza- charest,Commercial Academy, tion.Member oftheCentral Dr. of commercial science. Bu- Committee of the Party. Addr.: charest. Independent. Senator of Cazaci, Dambovitza district. Post the Chambers of Commerce, Re- office Nucet. gion Bucharest, in1933. Dec.:PETALA Nicolae, General. * 1869, Officer Roumanian Star. Addr.: Vaslui. Educ.: lassy Lyceum, Mi- Bucharest, Str. Bolintineanu 9. litary School for Officers. School PERIETEANU Gr.I., lawyer. * of ArtilleryPractice.Superior March24, 1879,Bucharest. School of War of Turin, Italy. Educ.: Licentiateof Bucharest Marksmanship School of Bruck Faculty of Law. Former Gene- L. (Austria) Military Attache of ral Director of National Theatre, Roumanian LegationatSofia. Bucharest. President of Union of Was attached to Regiment 5 of Lawyers of Roumania. President Austro-Hungarian Army. Made of the Superior Council of House himself remarked during the war of Correction. Director of review as successivecommander ofa Curierul Judiciar" and Biblio- Division, an Army Corps and an teca marilor procese". President Army, fightingon almostall of the Society for the protec- fronts. In 1925 he was nomination of animals".President of tedGeneralInspectorofthe Board of the Company Progre- Army. Senator by law.Dec.: sul Economic", of the Company Grand Officer: Roumanian Crown Otel si metal". President of the Order, RoumanianStarOrder Association of the Juridical Press with the ribbon of Military Vir- of Roumania. President ofthe tue,Po IoniaRestituta,Italian League of the Friends of France. Crown Order, Papal Orderof Member on the Board of Rouma- GregoriusMagnus; Legionof nian Writers. Member of the Rou- Honour, Pour le Merite, Bulga- manian Athenaeum. Lauriate of rian, French War Cross, Czech. the Roumanian Academy in 1933 War Vedal, PolishWar Cross (Glasul Apelor, Sonets). Mem- with bars. Addr.: Bucharest, Str. ber: Roumanian Front. Minister Cobelcescu 46. Tel.: 3-68-72. of Communication in 1932. De-PETRESCU Constantin, pensioner. puty of Ilfov in 1928-30, 1931- * Oct. 7, 1873, Campulung, Mus- 32-33.Vice-presidentofthe cel. Educ.: Normal School of Bu- Chamber of Deputies twice. Dec.: charest. Former school inspector Grand officer of Roumanian Star, of Covurlui District and Prahova Bene Merenti Class1. Medal in District. Former School Inspector remembrence of King Carol 11, and General Inspector of primary ClassI. Addr.: Bucharest,Str. State and private Education. Ini- Cobelcescu 13. Tel. 4-16-79. tiator of the founding of the first PER5INARU G. Stan, agriulturist. School for grown up persons of *Cazaci,Dambovita district. Galati in 1901 and Director of Educ.: Secundary School Military itin1907. Member: Peoples Schools of Infantry and Cavalry. Party. General Secretary of Pra- 505

www.dacoromanica.ro hova District Organization. Dec.: gust 6, 1888, Toraculnic. Educ.: Reward for work in Education. University Cluj, faculty of law. Class I. Jubileum Medal Carol Former Magistrate. Member: Ra- 1" and Avantul Tern" Medal. dical Peasants Party.President Addr.: Ploesti, Str. Plevnei 3. of Timis-Torontal district orga- PETRESCU C. Emile, agriculturist, nization. Addr.: Timisoara I., Pa- great landed proprietor. * Febr. latul Cioban. 19, 1858, Bucharest. Educ. : Ly-PETROVICI Ion,University pro- ceum, Faculty of Law. Prefect fessor. * June 14, 1882, Tecuci. Prahova District1897,Prefect Educ.: Philosophical studiesat of PoliceBucharest 1903and Bucharest and Leipzig.Univer- 1907, Mayor of Bucharest 1914. sityteacher 1906,Professor Commander in reserves. Arres- 1912 at Jassy. Admitted to the ted and expulsed by the Germans Sorbonne 1934. A varied acti- during the War. Member: Natio- vity in literature, philosophy and nal-Liberal Party. President h, c. politics. Twice Minister of Edu- of Yellow SectionOrganization cationand for PublicWorks. Bucharest.Deputy and Senator Member: National Christian inalllegislativeperiodsuntil Party. Head of the Jassy district 1928. Dec.: Commander Legion organization. Deputy in several d'Honneur, Roumanian Crown, legislations. Dec.: Great Officer Great Officer RoumanianStar, RoumanianStar, Great Ribbon Italian Crown, Franz Josefs Or- Roumanian Crown, Bene Merenti den, Bulgarian Civil Merits, Pru- I. Class, Officer Cultural Merits. ssian Crown. Reward for Work Addr.: Bucharest, Boul. BrAtianu I.Class, Avantul Tfirii"1913, 7. Tel.: 3-24-74. Commemorative Cross 1916-18,PHILIPPESCU Dubin George, law- Reward for CulturalWork,I. yer. * May 10, 1900Jassy. Class, etc. Addr.: Bucharest, Str. Educ.:Faculty of Law,Jassy. Gen. E. Brosteanu 18. Tel. 2-25- Former Magistrate. Member of 43. the Bar CouncilofDurostor. PETRESCU N. Paul-Lacke, public Member: National Liberal Party. notary. * March 9,1886. Cala- Deputy since 1933. Dec.: Knight rasi, Jalomita District. Educ.: Su- Roumanian Eagle. Addr.: Sinatra, perior Commercial School. Mem- Str. Carol 13. Tel. 70. ber: National Liberal Party. De-PIENESCU V. Mircea, Professor. * puty since 1933. Dec.: Rouma- January 15, 1899, Dorna, Cam- nian Star. Addr.: Serata, Cetatea pulung District.Educ.: Doctor Alba. District. of Academy of High Commercial PETRESCU Titel Constantin, law- studies of Bucharest. Member: yer. * Nov. 30, 1888, Craiova. National Corporatist League. Educ.: UniversityParis.Vice- Addr.: Bucharest, str. Ronda 36 president of the Roumanian So- bis. Tel. 4-31-5 2. cial-Democratical Party.Secre-PILLAT, I.loan, writer,agricul- tary General of the Federation turist. * March 31st, 1891. Bu- of the Social Democratic Party charest. Educ.: Licentiate of li- 1922-27. Addr.: Bucharest, Str. terature and law, Paris. He has Brezoianu 29. Tel. :3-56- 71. publishedmanyvolumesof PETROVICI Cornel,dr.oflaw, poetry. Dramatic Author. Colla- lawyer, retired magiatrate. * Au- borator in various Roumanian li- 506

www.dacoromanica.ro terary reviews. Former Vicepre- tal District, elected in 1933. Dec.: sident of Roumanian Writers So- Braul Rosu" (Church Order), ciety. Member of the Committee Knight Roumanian Eagle. Addr.: of Roumanian writerssociety. Sinersig Timis-Torontal District. Member of the Roumanian PENPLAMADEALAGrigore, winegro- Club. Member of,,Roumanian wer. * April 22, 1895, Pitusca, Association for League ofNa- Lapusna District.Educ.: Com- tions", which he represented at mercial Lyceum. Military Trai- various international congresses. ning School for Officers, Odessa. Vicepresident of the Roumanian President of District Commission Interparliamentary Group. Rou- of expropriation, and putting into mania's Delegate in September possession of peasantry, 1920- 1935 to the League of Nations, 22. Director of Bank of Orheiu Geneva. Member: National Liberal 1926-27. President of Agricultu- Party. President of Dorohoiu Dis- ral Cooperations Union of Or- trict Organization. Former Vice- heiu. Member: National Liberal. president of the Chamber of De- Mayor of the town Orheiu 1926- puties. Elected Deputy in 6 le- 27. Deputy of Orheiu in 1922, gislative periods, once as Sena- 1927, and 1933. Dec.:Officer tor. At present Deputy of Doro- Roumanian Star and Roumanian hoiu. Reporter to the Budget of Crown, Ferdinand Medal. Addr.: the Ministry for Foreign Affairs. Orheiu, Boul. Unirii 74. Dec.: Roumanian Crown,Rou-PLATAREANU M. Mihail, profes- manian Star, Roumanian Eagle, sor and lawyer. * Oct. 6, 1899, Bene Merenti ClassI.Cultural Plitaresti,Ilfov District. Educ.: Merit for literature. Knight Le- Dr. of Law of Bucharest Faculty. gion of Honour. Croix de Guerre. Professor of economic and social Addr.: Bucharest,Ill, Str.Pia policy at Bucharest Polytechni- BrAtianu 9.Tel. 2-05-11. cal School. Former lecturerof PIRTEAVichentiu, orthodox priest. finance and commerce at Poly- * 1871, Ogradina Veche, Seve- technical School. Member: Na- rin District. Educ.: Lyceum, Aca- tional Liberal. At present Deputy demy of Theology. Priest deco- ofIlfov. General Secretaryof rated in 1908 for Curch Merits. Budget Commission. Reporter to He built churches, schools, pa- the Budgets of the Ministryof rochial houses, cultural houses. Labour and Social Insurance and Former member of therouma- Ministry of Industry and Com- nian national party in Hungary, merce. Dec.: Roumanian Crown he took an active part inthe with War Bars, Roumanian Star. National Assembly of Sibiu of Addr.: Bucharest, Parcul Filipes- 1905. Active member in coope- cu, Aleea Sofia 22. ration, he founded popular banksPLATTNERHermann, editorof and consumption cooperatives in paper Siebenb. Deutsches Ta- 1900, being up to the present geblatt". * March 11, 1885. Re- their President. President of the ghin, Mureo District. Educ.: Si- Federation Bgna'teana" of Timi- biuLyceum,Philosophyand soara. Supplementary member of TheologyattheUniversities the Board of the Central Bank of Jena, Giessen, Cluj, Berlin. Edi- Bucharest.Member.:National tor of paper Siebenb. Deutsches Liberal. Senator of Timis Toron- Tageblatt" of Sibiu, since 1910. 507

www.dacoromanica.ro He took part in the World War mender Roumanian Crown Or- as lieutenant in the Austro-Hun- der, of St. Sylvester Order, Po- garian Army. Member: German IoniaRestituta,St.Sava,etc. Party. Elected Deputy of Tarna- Addr.: Bucharest, Str. Po lona 28. va Mica in 1933. Dec.: Rouma- Tel.: 2-25-38. nian Eagle.Addr.: Sibiu,Str.PODOLEANU Clement, teacher. * Gh. Cosbuc 6. Tel.: 223. April 23, 1885,Tazlitu-Neamt. PLE5 Gheorghe, teacher. * Febr. Educ.:Jassy NormalSchool. 21, 1881, Barzava, Arad District. Teacher in Margineni (Neamt) Educ.: Gyrnnase, Normal teachers from1908-1925,and then at school Arad. Consistorialcom- Buhugi, Former Mayor of Buhugi missioner, inspector of the con- town, installed water and elec- Jessional schools.Presidentof tric light in the town. Served in the teachers association at Rad- campains of 1913, 1916-18as na. Elected member of the church captain of reserve. Member: Na- corporations. Member: National tional Peasants Party. Head of Liberal Party. Deputy 1927-28, Buhugi District Organization. Senatorof Arad since1933. Dec.:KnightofRournanian Dec.: Roumanian Crown, Reward Crown Order and other War De- for Educational Work I.Class, corations. Addr.: Buhugi, Boul. Knight Rournanian Eagle. Addr.: Ferdinand. Barzava, Arad district. POGONAT Petru, lawyer. * Jan. PLESOIANU George,lawyer. * 23, 1880, Bar lad. Educ.: Licen- 1889, Ramnicul Valcea.Educ.: tiate of the Faculty of law, Uni- Faculty of law, Secretary gene- versity Bucharest and Dr. of law, ral of the Ministryof Labour University Paris. Former Profes- 1926-27. DeputyofValcea sor of the Faculty of law at Jassy 1920 Former Quaestor ofthe University. Former Mayor of the Chamber of deputies.Member: town of Jassy. Prefect of Jassy National Christian Party. Addr.: district 1920. Member: Peoples Bucharest, Str. Donici 19. Tel.: Party, head of Jassy district or- 2-14-43. ganization. Deputy of Jassy 1926. PLE5OIANU I.tefan, lawyer. * FormerVicepresidentofthe Sept. 22, 1895, Bucharest. Educ.: ChamberofDeputies.Addr.: Faculty of law, University Bu- Jassy, Str.1. G. Duca 17. charest. Magistrate 1925-27.POMARLEANU Aurel, lawyer.* Member of Council of the State Oct. 16,1896, Popegti,Jassy Iron Works Rimma. Auditor of district. Educ.: Licentiate of law the State Monopolies C. A. M., and agriculturalsciences.Uni- Member: National Liberal Party, versity Jassy. Magistrate1921- member of the CentralCom- 23. Former President of the agri- mittee. Chief of cabinet and di- cultural chamber of Baia district. dector of politics at the Presi- He took part in the War as lieu- dency of Council ofMinistries tenant in the reserves. Member: 1922-26 and 1927-28, under the National Peasants Party. Deputy governments of Ion and Vintilii of Baia 1928-31 and1932-33. Bratianu. Dec.: Roumanian Dec.: Roumanian Crown Rouma- Crown Order withswordand nian Eagle, Pe leg Medal. Addr.: ribbon of Military Virtue, Corn- Pagcani, Baia district. 508

www.dacoromanica.ro POMPEIU D. Dimitrie, UniversityPOP Ionel, dr. of Law, lawyer. * professor. * 1873, Broscauti, Do- Nov. 24, 1889, Gherla.Educ.: rohoidistrict.Educ.:Dr.of Lyceum at Blaj,Universityat mathematical sciences, Sorbonne, Budapest, Berlin, Munich. Since 1915. Dr. h.c. of the Warsaw 1910 collaborator in various po- University.FormerUniversity litical newspapers. Editor of the teacher and professor at the Jassy magazine Carpatii".Secretary University. Former generalin- of the National Assembly Dec. 1st spector of secundar and high e- 1918 at Alba lulia. Member: Na- ducationProfessor at theBu- tional Peasants Party, headof charest University, admittedto the Turda district organization. the Paris University. Member of Deputy at 1919, 1928, 1932 and the Roumanian Academy. Mem- 1933. Former Vicepresidentof ber: National Democratic Party. the Chamber of Deputies. Dec.: Deputy 1931-32, President of the Officer Roumanian Star, Knight Chamber of Deputies1931-32. Ferdinand I. order. Addr.: Cluj, Dec.:Pour leMerite, Legion Str. Avram lancu 23. Tel.:2- d'Honneur, White Eagle(Ser- 58-59. vian) etc.Addr.:Bucharest,POP lustin, dr. of law, lawyer. * Str. Barbu Vacarescu 101. Tel.: June 15, 1875, Petridul de Mij- 2-27-68. loc, Turda district. Educ.:Ly- POP A. Virgil, priest. * Febr. 21, ceum, faculty of law, Cluj. Is an 1901,Morlaca,Clujdistrict. distinguished penalist First Head Educ.: Lyceum, theological aca- of the bar of Hunedoara district. demy at Blaj and Institut Catho- He worked as juridical council- lique at Paris. Member: National lor at the department of Justice Peasants Party. Deputy 1931-33. of the Cluj Council of Direction. Dec.: Officer RoumanianStar, Author of several articles about Sanitary Merits I.Class, Knight political and juridical questions. Roumanian Star, Roumanian Ea- Member: National Peasants Party, gle, Peles Medal. Addr.: Morla- President of Hunedoara district ca, Cluj district. organization. Senator of Hune- POP Ion, Dr. of law, lawyer.* doara in 1926-27, 1928-31 and Febr.I,1882. Bucerdea, Alba 1932-33. Dec.: Commander Rou- District. Educ.: Cluj Faculty of manian Star, Officer Ferdinand Law. Organizer of National As- I. Order. Addr.: Deva. semblies of Alba lulia, from Dec.POP Romul, Dr. of law, lawyer. * 1,1918, May 6, 1928 and May Nov.2,1899. Oradea.Educ.: 20, 1929. Member: National Pea- Lyceum, Oradea Faculty of Law, sants Party. Vicepresident of Or- Cluj, Geneva, Grenoble,Paris. ganization of Transylvania. Pre- Dr. of Law. Author of various sident of Alba District Organi- studies amongst which we will zation. Undersecretary of State cite: ,,Financial Organization of at the Ministry for Interior 1932- League of Nations", Reform of 1933. Deputy in 1926-27, 1927- Local Finances", ,,Code of Lo- 28 and 1932-33. Dec.: Comman- cal Finances", ,,Communal Bud- der of Ferdinand Order and Rou- gets". Assistant Mayor of Ora- manian Star, Grand Officerof dea in 1930. Member: National Roumanian Crown. Addr.: Alba Peasants Party. Vicepresident of Julia, Str. Coanda 6. Tel.: 40. Bihor District Organization. De- 509 www.dacoromanica.ro puty of Bihor in 1932-33 and re- atthe Chamberof Deputies. porter of LocalFinanceLaw. Dec.:CommanderRoumanian Dec.: War Decorations, Knight Crown, Reward for School-Work, Roumanian Eagle. Addr.:Ora- I. Class. Addr.: Cluj, Str. Avram dea, Str.I. C. Bratianu 2. Tel.: lancu 14. Tel.: 10-25. 10-20. POP Valer, dr. of law, lawyer, Mi- POP $tefan, professor. * June 30, nister of Justice. * Aug. 26, 1892, 1876, Blaj, Tarnava Mica district. Budus, Somas district. Educ.: Dr. Educ.: Facultyliteratureand of law, University Cluj. Officer philosophy,UniversityBucha- in the Roumanian Legion in Italy rest.Licentiateofphilological 19 18-19. Member : National Libe- science. Professor of the Rouma- ral Party. Minister of State 1931, nian language and literature and Minister of Justice 1932, Minis- director of the National College ter of State 1934. Vicepresident St. Sava at Bucharest. Librarian of the Chamber of deputies 1931. oftheRoumanianAcademy Deputy in 1926-27, 1931-32 and 1898-1915. Has published :Or- since 1933. Dec.: Great Cross of thographicalDictionary of the Roumanian Crown Order, Great Roumanian Language(3edi- Officer of Ferdinand I.Order, tions, 1909-1936) , many school- Officer Roumanian Eagle, Knight books and articles about peda- Order Pius IX, Magistral Knight gogical problems. Member: Na- of the Malta Order, etc. Addr.: tional Liberal Party, Senator of Bucharest, Str. Salcami 23. Tel.: Turda 1922-26, Deputy of Tur- 4-48-96. da 1927-28 and since 1933. Dec.:POPA Adam, dr. of law, lawyer. * Knight of Roumanian Star with August 10, 1897, Jam, Carat dis- sword and ribbon Military Virtue, trict. Educ.: Dr. ol law. Presi- KnightofRoumanian Crown dent of the Cercle of Students with sword and ribbon Military Petru Maior" 1922. Prefect of Virtue,CommemorativeCross, Cluj district 1928-31. Member : Victory Medal, Avantul Tarii", Roumanian Front, President of St. Anna with sword (Russian), Turda district organization. De- Commandor Roumanian Crown, puty 1931-32and 1932-33. Roumanian Eagle, Reward for E- Dec.: Officer RoumanianStar, ducational Work I. Class. Addr.: Knight Roumanian Eagle, Peles Bucharest, Str. Aurel Vlaicu 154. Medal. Addr.: Cluj, Str. Andrei Tel.: 2-34-04. Mureganu 55. Tel.: 1489. POP Traian, dr. University profes-POPA Augustin, professor of the sor. a Fehr. 11, 1885, Sines Ve- Theological Academy. * Dec. 3, che, Ffigaras district. Educ.: Ly- 1893, Ciugudul de jos, Alba dis- ceum, University Cluj and Vien- trict. Ed.: B. A., faculty of theo- na. Member of the International logy at the Budapest University, Association for Penal-Law, Paris. Dr. degree of theologyatthe Author of several works on pe- Vienna University. Member: Na- nal problems of the Juridical Dic- tional Peasants Party, Vicepresi- tionary, of the Penal Law (3 vo- dent of Tarnava Mica district or- lums)etc.Member:National ganization. Deputy 1928-30 and Peasants Party. Deputy 1928. Se- 1931-32. Dec. :Officer Rouma- nator1932.Reporterofthe. nian Star, Reward for Church- Roumanian Penal Code of 1933 Work, ClassI. Addr.: Blaj. 510 www.dacoromanica.ro POPA Aurel, lyceum professor. * nistryof Education. Member: March 27, 1888, Arpasul de Sus, National Liberal Party. Deputy Fagarap District. Educ.: B. A., li- of Fagarap 1922-26 and1927. centiate of theology,Sibiu,li- Vicepresident of the Chamber of centiate of philosophy and lite- Deputies 1924. Dec.: Roumanian rature, Cluj. Director and pro- Star and Crown Order, Bene Me- prietor of review Facia" at O- renti, Legion d'Honneur,Polo- radea. Former confessional tea- nia Restituta etc. Addr.: Bucha- cher, professor of religion and rest, Ca lea Plevnei 23, II. Tel.: moral up to 1916 at Sighisoara. 3-84-81. In 1916, he was condemned toPOPESCU D. Dimitrie,industrial death by the Hungarians there- agent,economist. * July 29, fore he took refuge in the Old 1889, Bucharest. Ed.: Dr. of fi- Kingdom, taking part in the War nancial sciences. Captain in re-- for the Union. In 1919 he was serves. Member:Conservative appointed as Control organ for Party, Secretary general of the schools, up to1923, when he Bucharest Yellow Section Orga- was appointed as teacher of phi- nization. Dec.: Roumanian Star losophy and Roumanian literature and Crown Order. Addr.: Bucha- at Oradea. Member National Ch- rest, Str. Nic. Filipescu 57. Tel.: ristian Party. Chief of Bihor Dis- 2-44-02. trictOrganization.PrefectofPOPESCU D. Nicolae, lawyer. * Tarnava Mica District 1926-27. Nov. 8, 1869, Pitepti. Ed.: Licen- Addr.: Oradea,StateLyceum tiate of the Bucharest and Paris Ern. Gojdu". Faculties of law. Former Head POPA P. Apostol, maritime agent, of the Arges Bar. He took part delegated administrator of Schen-- in the War. Commander in re- ker Ltd., Bucharest. 3 March 2, serves. Member: Peoples Party, 1878 Galatzi. Educ.: Commercial President of Arges district orga- studies in Roumania and abroad. nization. Prefect of Argep district Consul h. c. of Finland for Mol- 1911, 1912 and 1918. Deputy of davia, Bessarabia and Dobrudgea Argep 1913 and 1926. Dec.: Of- Twice President of theGalatzi ficer Roumanian Crown Order, Chamber of Commerce. Vicepre- Faith and Valour I. Class, Ay:in- sident of the Union of the Cham- tul Tarir.Addr.: Pitepti,Str. bers of Commerce. Independent. erban Vocla. Senator of the Bucharest Cham-POPESCU G.Vasile,lawyer. ber ofCommerce, commercial 1892, Spirna, lalomita.Educ.: section in 1928, 1931, 1932 and Seminary,Lyceum, theological since 1933. Dec.:Commander faculty of Bucharest, faculty of RoumanianCrown,Industrial law Jassy. He took part in the and Commercial Merits I.Class. War. Mayor of the town Slobo- Addr.: Bucharest, Ca lea Victoriei zia 1929-31. Member: National 11. Tel.: 3-20-90. Peasants Party. Senator of lalo- POPA-LISSEANU G., professor and mita 1932-33. Dec.: Knight Rou- writer. 1866, Lissa,Fagarap manian Eagle. Addr.: Slobozia, district. Ed.: High normal school, Str. Alexandru 6. University. Former generalin-POPESCU Grigore, industrialist. * spector, generaldirectorand Nov. 20, 1891, Curtea de Argep. technicalcouncillor of the Mi- Ed.: Lyceum, Military School of

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www.dacoromanica.ro Artillery and Marine. Leftthe the district committee since 1933. Army after the War and began Dec.:Roumanian Eagle Order, hiscommercialand industrial Pe les Medal. Addr.: Valea Lunga- career.Member:National-Pea- Cricov,PostofficePucioasa, sants Party. Deputy in 1927-28, Dambovita district. 1928-31,1932-33. President ofPOPESCU Spiridon Constantin, the Severin districtcommittee. lawyer. * Dec. 11, 1895, Curtea Dec.: Knight of Roumanian Star de Arges. Educ.: Licentiateof with ribbon Military Virtue, In- law, University Jassy, 1916. Stu- dustrial and Commercial Merits, dies for doctor-degree at Paris I.Class, Officer of Roumanian 1919-20. Assistant prefect at Ce- Eagle.Pe lesMedal etc.Addr.: tatea Alba 1918. Magistrate at Lugoj, Str. Unirii 13. the Court of Lapusna 1920-23, POPESCU I.Ilie, proprietor, agri- District Councillor 1929-33. Cap- culturist and industrialist. * Gre- tain in reserves. Member: Radi- ci, Romanati district. Educ.: gra- cal Peasants Party. President of duate of thehighcommercial Lapusnadistrictorganization. school. He took part in the War Deputy of Lapusna 1928-31 and of 1913 and 1916-18.Captain 1931-32. Dec. Officer Rouma- in reserves. Member: National- nian Star. Addr.: Kisheneff, Str. Liberal Party. Senator 1927. De- M. Kogalniceanu 65. puty of Slatina since 1933. Dec.: Officer of Roumanian Star withPOPESCU Ste lian,journalist,edi- sword, Officer Roumanian tor of the newspaper Univer- Crown. Addr.: Slatina, Boul. lo- sul". * Febr. 19, 1874, Prahova nel Bratianu 2. district. Educ.: Licentiate in law. POPESCU Lazar, lawyer and wri- Former Minister of Justice Pre- ter. * Febr. 3,1879, Racovita, sident of the Roumanian Anti- Valcea district. Educ.: Lyceum revisionists League. Deputyof and faculty of law at Bucharest. Prahova inseveral legislative Former member of the Society periods. Independent. Dec.: Great of Roumanian Writers. Member Cordon of Roumanian and Ita- of the Roumanian Institutefor lian Crown Orders, Po Ionia Res- administrative sciences. Member: tituta, Sft. Sava (Servian), Civil Peoples Party. President of the Merits (Spain), Commander Le- Valcea district organization. Se- gion d'Honneur. Addr.: Bucha- nator 1920-21,Deputy 1926. rest,Str. Dionisie10. Tel.: 2- Dec.: Officer RoumanianStar, 09-07. Knight Roumanian Crown. Addr.:POPESCU-CE1CA Gheorghe, law- Ramnicul Valcea,Str. Doamna yer. * April 25, 1895,Jassy. Florica I. Educ.: Faculty of Law, Jassy U- POPESCU Policarp, priest. * Febr. niversity. Graduate of the Faculty 23,1889, Vales Lunga-Cricov, of Literature and Philosophy of Drambovitadistrict.Educ.: Ly- the Bucharest University.For- ceum, Theological Faculties at mer Magistrate, Former Royal Bucharest and Czernowitz. Licen- Commissionner. He took part in tiate of the Bucharest Theologi- the campaigns 1916-18. Member : cal Faculty. Member:National National Peasants Party, Vice- Peasants Party. Senator of Dam- president of the Bihor district or- bovita 1932-33. Councillor of ganization. Deputy 1928-31 and 512 www.dacoromanica.ro 1932-33. Dec.: Officer Rouma-POPOIU Constantin, lawyer * July nian Star, Roumanian Eagle Or- 18, 1895 Tulcani, Covurlui dis- der. Addr.: Oradea,Str. Dela- trict. Ed.: Licentiate of law, for- vrancea 16. mer magistrate (1921-26) .He POPESCU-GRUIA Constantin, pro- took part in the campaign 1916- fessor and lawyer. * 1889, Bre- 1918 as lieutenent. Member: Na- zoaiele, Dambovitza district. tional Christian Party. President Educ.: Licentiateofliterature, of Orheidistrictorganization. philosophy and law of the Bu- Deputy since 1933. Dec.: Rou- charest University. Collaborator manian Crown Cornmmorative of the review Viata Romaneas- Cross. Add.: Orhei, Bessarabia. ca". Author of didactical worksPOPOVICIAndrei, commander- forprimaryand secondary flier, vicedirector general of the schools. Awarded the Bucharest Society I. A. R. Secretary Gene- Universityprize J. Halfon. He raloftheRoumanian Royal took part in the campaigns 1913 Aero-Club. * Aug. 1883,Foc- and 1916-18. Member :Rouma- pani. Ed. :Lyceum,Military nian Front. Vicepresident of Pra- School and Academy, schools of hove district organization.De- aviator in Roumania, France, En- puty of Prahova 1928-31and gland, school of observator. Reti- 1932-33. Dec.: Officer Rouma- red from active military service nian Star, Virtue Cross, Rouma- 1923 as colonel (commander). nian Eagle, Medalia Peles, Faith Former director of the Airplane and Valour with sword. Addr.: factry Astra at Arad. President of Ploepti, Str. Paris 1. Tel.: 18-28. the Aeroclub Brapov. Indepen- POPESCU - NECSEFTI Alexandru, dent.Deputy1926-27.Dec. : lawyer,journalist. * Dec. 17, Roumanian Crown and Star Or- 1889, Necsepti, Teleorman dis- ders, AeronauticVirtue Legion trict. Ed.: Faculty of law, litera- d Honneur, Russian, Greek, Spa- ture and phiolosophy of the Bu- inish etc. orders. Addr.: Bucha- charest University. Military rest, Boul. Lascar Catargiu 15 a. School for Artillry and Enginee- Tel.: 2-22-66. ring.Secretary General of thePOPOVICI Constantin, shoemaker. Ministry of Justice,1927- I 928. * June 1 1876, Malini, Suceava Member: National-Liberal Party. district. Ed.: Gymnase at Jassy. nistry of Education and of Cults Member: Socialist Party. Secre- Subsecretary of State of the Mi- tary General of the Party-Deputy 1933 - 1934. Deputy of Hotin 1920-1922. Entered the Party since1933.Dec.: Commander 1894. Former delegate of the Roumanian Star, Great Officer Syndicate to the Conference of RoumanianCrown, St.Sava the III. International at Moscova. (Servian), Commander Spainish 1920 and at Hamburg 1923, Bu- Republic",Legiond'Honneur, carest, Str. Romanii No. 8. Victory Medal, War Cross. Addr:POPOVICI Eufimie, public notary. * Jan. 19 1879Glodeni, Bald Bucharest, Str. Gogu Cantacuzino district. Ed.: Lyceum and law. No. 25. Tel.: 2-07-38. President of the Federation of POPESCU-RAMNICEANU Virgil - Popular Banks of theBalti dis- v. under Ramniceanu - P. Virgil. trict, 1917-27. President of the

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www.dacoromanica.ro Red Cross, Balti branch. Prefect tiona. Minister of Finances 1927. of Balti districtI 922-23. Deputy Nov 1928, as Minister of Finan- 1919, Senator 1920, 1924, 1926. ce, he stabilized the Leu;1930 Dec.: Knight Roumanian Crown, Minister of Interior and later Mi- Officer Roumanian Star. Addr.: nister of Finances. 1932 Minister Balti, Tribunalul jud. Balti. of Justice. Dec.: Great Cross of POPOVIC1 N. loan, general, gene- Roumanian Star and Crown Or- ral inspector of Army. * Nov. 23 des, Great Officer Legion d'Hon- 1868, Ruginoasa Ed.: B. A., En- neur, 34 Great Cross St.Sava, gineer, School of Officers, Spe- etc. Addr.: Bucharest, Parcul Fi- cial School for Artillry and Engi- lipescu, Aleea Sofia 34. neering, High War School. For-POPOVICI Sava, priest. * June 24, mergovernorofBassarabia, Sipote, Jassy district. Educ.: Nor- 1918-1923.Minister for Agri- mal School, Seminary. President culture and Domains 1919. Inde- of the District Council Jassy. Pre- pendent. Senator by Right, from sident of the Church Consisto- April1 st1927.Dec. : Great riunm Jassy. Captain in reserves, Cross with ribbon of Roumanian formr military confessor.Inde- Crown Order, great Officer Rou- pendent. Deputy of Jassy 1920- manian Star, Commander Legion 21 and 1926-27. Dec.: Officer d'Honneur,Polish,Italian etc. Roumanian Crown, Avântul Ta- decorations, in the rank of great rii, Commemorative Cross, Re- officer.Addr.:Bucharest,Str. ward for Church-Work, I. Class. Stirbey Vode, 71 Tel.: 3-63-77. Addr.: Letcani, Station Cucuteni POPOVICI Mihai, proprietar. * Oct Jassy District. 21, 1879 Brasov. Ed. :GraduatePOPOVIC1 Stefan * Sept. 8, 1895. of the Facultyof Philosophy, Focsani. Educ.: Faculty of Law, Vienna University, dr in law of Jassy. Member: National Liberal the Vienna University. Participa- Party. Deputy since 1933. Dec.: ted in all political actions of the Golden Cross of Aeronautic Vir- Transylvanian National - Rouma- tue, Roumanian Star Order, St. nian Party until the War. Was Anna. Addr.: ChisineuCris, Arad charged with different important district. missions and has written articlesPOPOVICI Stefan, lawyer. * Nov. inall newspapers of Transylva- 11,1885, Piatra Nearnt. Educ.: nia. 1916 entered the Roumanian Lyceum and Faculty of law at Army; 19 17-1 918 he organized Bucharest. He took part in the the corps of Roumanian volun- campaign 1916-18 as captain in teers in Moldavia. Participated in reserves. Former magistrate. the national assambly at Alba Head of the Cahul Bar 1921-22. lulia,1 st Dec. 1918. Head of the Elected Head h.c.of this bar Industrial and Commercial depar- 1932. Member: National Liberal tement of the Dirigent Council. Party (Gh. Briltianu), President 1919 Minister for Public Works. of Cahuldistrictorganization. 1919 Minister ad intrim of fi- Deputy of Cahul 1931.Dec.: nance. Member: National Pea- Knight Roumanian Crown Or- sants Party. Vicepresident of the der,OfficerRoumanianStar. Party and President of the Tran- Addr.: Cahul, Str. V. Conta I. sylvanian and Banat Organiza- Tel.: 48. 514

www.dacoromanica.ro POPOVICI Titus,lawyer.*Ja- ne district. Educ.: Lyceum of Bra- nuary 5,1890, Lugoj.Educ.: f0v. University at Budapest and Lyceum and University Cluj and Vienna. Barrister. His activity as Budapest, faculty of Law. Mem- journalist he began with Tribu- ber:National LiberalParty. na", Arad, where he was for Chief Lugoj DistrictOrganiza- many years and editor. Former tion. Deputy of Severin. Dec. : professor at Ploesti. Member: Na- Knight Roumanian Crown and tional Peasants Party. Deputy and Roumanian Eagle. Addr.: Lugoj, Senator in 1919, 1922-26, 1926- Str. Timisorii 40. Tel.: 28. 27,1927-28, 1928-31, 1932,33 POPOVICI Traian,dr.oflaw, and since1934. Addr.: Bucha- lawyer. * Oct.17,1892, Rusii rest, Str. C. A. Rosetti. Mangstioarei, Suceava. Educ.' Ly-PORESCU Florian,Dr.ofLaw, ceum, faculty of law, University lawyer. * Berceni-Dobreni Farm, Czrnowitz. Prefect of Campulung Ilfov District. Educ.: Dr. of. Law. Bukowina 1926-1927. Volunteer Laureate of Bucharest University. in the War in the Roumanian Ar- Member: National Liberal Party my. Member: National Christian (Gh. Brgtianu). Chief of Section Party. President of Campulung IV (Green), Bucharest. Addr. : district organization. Dec.: Offi- Bucarest, Str.tefan Mihaileanu cer of Roumanian Star, Knight 33. Tel. 3-20-11. Ferdinand L Order. Addr.: Czer-PORUBSKI Francisc, lawyer. * nowitz, Str. Avram lancu 8/bis. March 19, 1893, Craiova. Educ.: POPOVICI-LUPA 0. Nicolae, pro- Licentiate of the Faculty of Law. fessor of the agronomicalaca- Bucharest University. Former Ma- demy Bucharest.*Oct.25, gistrate of the Do lj und Mures 1864, Nicoresti, Tecuci district. Court.. Member: National Liberal Educ.: Gymnase, Central agricul- Party. Prefect of Mures district, tural school of Bucharest. Agro- from Nov. 15 1933. Dec.: Mili- nomical Institute at the Univer- tary Virtue of the War, Knight sity Halle a/S. Author of seve- Roumanian Crown, Faith and Va- ral books. Writer. Member: Ra- lour with sword, St. Georges Or- dicalPeasants Party, president der (Russian). Addr.: Tirgu-Mu- of Tecuci districtorganization. rep, Str. Nic. lorga 8, Tel. 5. Senator 1919. Dec. : CommanderPORUTIU Petre, Universitary Pro- Roumanian Crown, Knight Agri- fessor. * 1884, Timisoara. Educ.: cultural Merits. Addr.:Bucha- B. A., Dr. of Law. Dr. of politi- rest, Str. Aviator Drosu 24. Tel.: cal sciences, licentiate of Com- 4-10-58. mercial studies. Member of Board PAPARCIU loan,agriculturist. * of Autonomous Monopolies Re- July15,1895, Semlacul Mare, gie (1929), Member of Great Na- Timis Torontal District.Educ.: tional Council of Transylvania. Medium School for winegrowers. Chief of Section in Head Coun- Member: Agrarian Party. Presi- cil of Transylvania (1918-1920) dent of Severin district organiza- Collaborator at the voting and tion. Addr.: Gavodjda, Severin di- forming of the agrarian reform, strict. combatantofficerinreserve POPP Ghia, journalist and lawyer. (1914-18) .Councillor Delegate * 1883, Poiana S'arata, Trei-Scau- to the Peace Conference of Pa- 515

www.dacoromanica.ro ris and London (1920). Admi- Victory Medal, BeneMerenti, nistrator of National Bank (1929- CommanderPoloniaRestituta, 3 I ). Member: National Peasant Knight Legion d'Honneur, etc.: Party. Dec.:Officer ofFerdi- Addr.: Craiova. nand Order, Commander Rouma- nian Star. Great Officer of Rou-POTARCA Virgil, lawyer. * July manian Crown. Addr.: Cluj, Str. 16, 1888. Educ.: Faculty of literature, ParisUniversity1914. Regalfi 10 a. President of the Union of Agri- POSESCU Ion, winegrower * April cultural Chambers of Roumania. 29,1858. Tg.Neamt.Educ.: Has wirtten several studies about Central Seminary, Socola, Jassy. agricultural questions. Member: President of Pitepti Chamber of National Peasants Party. Subse- Commerce in 1918. Mayor of cretary of State of the Ministry Pitepti in 1921. In 1897 he foun- of Agriculture 1928-31,Minis- ded the review Calea Ferata" ter of Justice 1932. Deputy and (Rail Road), at Bucharest. In Senator since 1920 in all legis- 1906 he founded at Pitepti the lative periods. Addr.: Bucharest, regional viticultural society Sf. Boul. Dacia 15. Tel.: 2-36-59. 5tefan",whichin1923was transformedintoasyndicatePRALEA Adalf, lawyer. * Jan. 29, under the name of Viticultural 1886, Eeticeni, Baia District. Ed.: SyndicateArgep-Muscel.From Lyceum, Faculty of Law, Jassy 1907-12 he edited at Pitepti the University. Former Head of the review Podgoreanur (The .wi- L.A.N.C. of Neamt district. He negrower), and from 1913to took part in the campaings 1913 1916 he collaborated to the Re- and 1916-18. Member : National vista de Viticulturà" review, of Christian Party, president of the Bucharest, central organ of the Neamt district organization. Dec.: winegrowers association ofthe Roumanian Crown with sword country As Member of the Peo- and ribbon ofMilitaryVirtue. ples Party he was elected De- Addr.: Piatra Neamt, Str. Petru puty in thelegislativeperiod Rare§ 73. from 1926-27. Independent.PREZAN Constantin, field-marshal. Addr.: Pitepti, Str. Teiuleanu 6. *1861. Former royal aid de POTARCA lacob,physician-gene- camp. 1916, as general of divi- ral of division, officer in pension. sion he cammanded the IV. Ar- * Oct. 4, 1866, Plenita, Dolj di- my-corp. On 1 sth January 1917 strict. Educ.: Faculty of medi- general of Army-corp and named cine Bucharest University. Special chief of the Etat Majeur, in which surgeon-studies at Paris. Former quality he functioned until 1920. head-physician of the I. Army- After retiring from the Army, Corp (Marapepti). General Ins- 1920, named as head of the Re- pector of sanitary service of the giment 21.1930 named field- Army, 1924-28. Senator of Dolj marshal. He was charged by King 1931. Dec.: Great Cross Rou- Carol II with the formation of manian Crown, Commander of an national government, but dich the Roumanian Star and Crown not succeed. Dec. with the high- Order of the War, Cross Queen est Roumanian and foreign de- Mary, I,Class, Sanitary Merits, corations. 516

www.dacoromanica.ro PRIBOYANU Mihail, mining engi- DeputyofCimpulungsince neer. * Jan. 26, 1892, Bucharest. 1933. Dec.: Commander Rouma- Educ.: Graduate of the High Na- nian Crown, etc. Addr.: Czerno- tional School of Mining, Paris. witz, Str. Aviator Gagea 3. Tel.: Member of the High Mining Co- 255. uncil since 1929 and delegate asPROTOPOPESCU Nunuca, landed member to the High Technical proprietor. * 1884,Bucharest. Council at the Ministry of Public Educ.: Engineer agronom, Dr. of Works. Captain in reserves. Mem Philosophy Berlin University. ber:NationalPeasantsParty. One of the founders of the La- President of the Durostor district bour Party in 1917. Member: organization. Prefect of Arges di- Radical Peasants Party, President strict 1929-30. Deputy of Arge§ of the Olt and Satu Mare dis- 1928-31 and 1932-33. Dec: Rou- trict organizations. Deputy 1916 manian Crown and Star with and 1928. Addr.: Bucharest, Str. sword and ribbon ofMilitary Aurel Vlaicu 101. Tel.: 2-43-55. Virtue, Commander RoumanianPROTOPOPESCU R.Alexandru, Star. Addr.: Bucharest, Str. Can- lawyer. a Dec. 24, 1877, Tând5- tacuzino 52. Tel. 4-03-91. rei. Educ.: Faculty of law, Uni- versity Bucharest. Member: Na- PRIE Octavian, dr., professor of the tional Peasants Party, President Commercial Academy of Cluj. * of the Organization Bucharest II 1875, Sacate, Sibiu district. Ed.: (Black), member in the perma- Theological faculty and faculty nent delegation of the Party and ofliterature University Bucha- of executive committee. Mayor of rest. Secretary general and chief the 11. sector of Bucharest 1929- of the Transylvanian School 1920 31 and 1932-33. Deputy 1932. 9121. Member: National Peasants Dec.: Officer RoumanianStar, Party. Deputy in four legislative Commander Roumanian Crown, periods. Former Vicepresident of St. Sava, PhOnix, St. Alexandru, the Chamber of Deputies. Dec.: etc. Addr.: Bucharest, Str. Popa Commander Roumanian Star Or- Soare 13. Tel. 3-21-71. der. Addr.: Cluj, Str. Bisericii 18PROTOPOPESCU-PAKE Emanoil, Tel. 14-10. lawyer. a July 5,1881, Bucha- rest.Educ.: Bachelor ofArts, PROCOPOVICI Alecu,University Paris Faculty of Law.Former professor. a March26,1884. AssistantMayor of Bucharest. Czernowitz.Educ.:University. Member: National Christian Correspondent member ofthe Pary. Chief Section I. Yellow Or- RoumanianAcademy.Former ganization, Bucharest. Dec.: Rou- member of the National Council manian Crown, Officer Rouma- of theconstituantAssembly nian Star. Avfintul Pirir Me- which decided the Union of Bu- dal, War Cross 1916-18.Jubi- kowina. Former General Direc- lee Medal, CarolI. Addr.: Bu- tor of Education inBukowina. charest, Boul. Bratianu3.Tel. Author of numerous worksof 3-68-55. language, history, literature etc.PUCEREA J. Ta4cu, prefect of Du- Member National Liberal Party rostor district. * Perlepe (Mace- (Gh. Briitianu).Chief Campu- donia). Ed.: Lyceum, Faculty of lung (Bukowina)Organization. pharmacology, Bucharest. dr. of 517 www.dacoromanica.ro chemistry, University Grenoble. sul BucovineV" and at Cluj the Former professor of the Rouma- review Culture and the paper nian Lyceum at Bitolia (Macedo- Drumul Nou".Developped a nia1903-05). Member: Natio- great cultural and scientifical ac- nal Liberal Party. President of tivity. The Dictionary of the Rou- the Durostor district organization. manian Academy ispublished Deputy 1920 and 1927. Dec.: under his leadership. Founded in Officer Roumanian Crown and Cluj the Museum for Roumanian Roumanian Star,Reward for Language and the revue Deco- Church-Work, I. Class, Faith and romanie. Dec.:GreatOfficer Valour, I.Class. Addr.: Prefec- and Great Cross of Roumanian tura Judetului Durostor, Caliacra. Crown, Commander Roumanian PUSCARIU Sextil, University pro- Star, Great officer Ferdinand I. fessor. * Jan. 4,1877, Bra*ov. order, Officer Legion d'Honneur. Educ.: Lyceum at Brasov. Univer- Addr.: Cluj, Str. Elisabeta 23. sity studies at Leipzig, Paris andPUSCASIU C.loan,greco-cath. Vienna. University, teacher Vien- roum. arch-priest. * July 3, 1882 na University, 1904. Professor of Sasari, Satu Mare district. Ed.: the Czernowitz University 1906. Theological Academy, faculty of Organisator and first rector of law. Member: National Democra- Cluj University,1920.Corres- tic Party. President of the Satu ponding member of the Rouma- Mare disrict organization. Pre- nian Academy, 1905, and mem- fect 1931-32. Addr.: Satu Mare, ber of the Academy, 1919. Vi- Str. Cuza Vocla I. Tel. 3-82. cepresident and Secretary of StatePUSCASIU losif, dr. in law, lawyer, for Foreign Affairs of the Bu- bank-manager. * Jan. 25, 1900, kowinean Government I 918. De- Silivas, Some* district. Ed.: Dr. legate of Roumania at the League in law. He took part in the War of Nations 1922-25. He develop- as Captain in reserves. President ped in Bukowina an intense cul- of the Union of Officers in Re- tural activity and had a promi- serves, Somes district. Member: nent political role in the moment National Christian Party, Presi- of the union of Bukowina with dent of the Some* distric. orga- the old Kingdom. Foundedin nization. Addr.: Dej, Some* dis- Czernowitz the newspaper Gla; trict. R

RACOVITA Emil, University Pro- of Cluj University 1929-31. Pre- fessor.* Nov. 5,1868,Jassy. sident of Roumanian Academy Educ.: Licentiate of Paris Faculty 1927-29. President of Society of of Law. Dr. of natural science Science, Cluj from 1920. Direc- Sorbonne. Naturalist of Belgian tor of Archives de Zoologie Ex- antarctical Expedition ,,S. S. Bel- perimentale Paris". Director of gice 1897-99.Subdirectorof Speology Institute of Cluj from laboratory at Sorbonne 1900-20. 1920. Independent. Senatorof Professorof ClujUniversity Cluj University in 1922-26. Se- from 1920. Rector and Prorector natorbylaw asPresident 518 www.dacoromanica.ro of Roumanian Academy (1927- Severin 1931-32, of Do lj1933 29). Dec.: Grand OfficerRou- and since 1933. Chief of the Ca- manian Star, Great Cross Rou- binet of the Ministry of Interior, manian Crown, Commander 1923. General Secretary of the Pentru Merit" Medal. Comman- AgrarianCommittee1927-28. der Legion d'honneur. Knight Under-secretary of State of the Leopold Crown (Belgium). Ministry of Agriculture, 1931- Addr.:Cluj, Str. Elisabeta 3. 32, charged with thetechnical Tel.: 853. preparations of the law of con- RACOVITA Mihail, general in re- versionofagriculturaldebts. serves. * Nov. 16, 1868, Ciorata, Dec.: Great Officer Roumanian Vaslui district.Educ.: Military Crown, Commander Roumanian School at Jassy, School of Offi- StarandAgriculturalMerits. cers at Bucharest Special School Addr.: Bucharest, Boul.Elisa- of Artilery at Bucharest. In War beta 42. 1916-18 he wasColonel.InRADOVAN Maxim,dr.inlaw, 1920-22 General, Commander of lawyer. * March 2, 1893, Ciclo- the Gendarmes and General In- va Romana, Cara* district. Educ.: spector. Member : Agrarian B A. at Blaj, law at Cluj. He Party.Cashier general ofthe took part in the War. He was Party. Deputy of Putna 1928-31 arrested because of political ac- (President of the Committee for tion at Belgrade, during the Ser- communication and vicepresident vian occupations of the Banate, of the military Committee) and for 3 month. Member: Peasants of Ismail 1931-32 (President of Party. President of the Cara* dis- the Military Committee and Vice- trict organization. Deputy 1928, president of the Financial Com- Prefect of Cara* district1932. mittee).Dec.:Officerofthe Dec.: Officer RoumanianStar, Roumanian Crown and Star Or- Commander Roumanian Crown ders, all the War Medals,etc. Order. Addr.: Oravita. Tel.: 37. Addr.: Bucharest, Str.DionisieRADOVICI F. Const.,proprietor, 55. Tel. 2-03-20. Colonel, War-invalid. * Apr. 16, RADACEANU Lotar, journalist. * 1879, Pite*ti. Educ.: School for May 19, 1899. Ridauti, Bukowi- Officers. Faculty of law, Bucha- na.Educ.:Dr. of Phylosophy. rest. Prefect of Eagiira* district, General Secretary of Social-De- 1922-26, when lonel Bratianu mocratic Party 1927. President was deputy of the district. Dis- of Private Employees Federation tiguished himselfatthe War. of Syndicates from 1929. Mem- Member: Agrarian Party. Presi- ber: Social-Democratic Party. De- dent of the Eigfiras and Ilfov puty in 1928 and 1932. Addr.: district organizations. Deputy in Bucharest,Str.Isvor 37.Tel.: several legislative periods of Ti- 3-27-66. ghina and Fiig'ara*. Dec.: Com- RADIAN Alexandru, lawyer and a- mander of the Roumanian Star griculturist. * Jan. 10, 1895, and Crown, Officer of Rouma- Ffilticeni.Educ.:Licentiateof nianEagle.Addr.: Bucharest, law, University Bucharest. Mem- Str. Spiru Haret 2. Tel.: 3-38-41. ber:Agrarian Party. SecretaryRADOVICI Grigore, Public notary. General of the Party. Deputy of * August9,1892,Kishineff. 519

www.dacoromanica.ro Educ.: Lyceum at Odessa. Juri- Industry and Commerce 1918- dical studies. Member: National 20. Bank Director. Expertac- Liberal Party. Deputy since 1933. countant. President of Chamber Dec.: Knight Roumanian Eagle. of Commerce and Industryof Addr.:Ceadir-Lunga,Tighina Olt 1927-28. Member: National District. Liberal Party. Prefect of Praho- RADOVICI St. loan,lawyer. * va in 1919. Prefect of Olt Dis- Nov. 7L1879, Focsani.Educ.: trict 1933 - March 1 ,1936. Dec. Licentiate of Bucharest Faculty Commander Roumanian Crown, of Law. Member in Central Com- officer Roumanian Star, Commer- mission of LawyersUnion of cial Merit Class.I. Nassau &O- Roumania from 1924-30. Mem- range, etc. Addr.: Bucharest, IV, ber: National Peasants Party. Se- Str. Stefan Mihàileanu 19. Tel.: nator of Constanta from 1928- 4-27-65 3 I. Dec.: CommanderRouma-RADUCANU Ion,Prof. and rtc- nian Star. Addr.: Constanta, Str. tor of the High Commercial and Traian No. 39. Tel.: 317. IndustrialStudies Academy.* RADU C. Alexandru, industrialist, Nov. 21, 1884, Bucha'rest. Educ.: merchant. * Dec. 9,1894, Ba- Dr. of philosophy(economical ce.u. Ed.: Dr. in chemistry. Mem- sciences)ofBerlinUniversity. ber: Radical Peasants Party, Ge- Graduate of the Commercial A- neral Cashier of the Party. Pre- cademy of Graz. Former Minis- sident of the Section for com- ter of Labour, Health and Pu- mercialpolicy" and Secretary blic Welfare (1928-1930). Mi- general of the Circle of studies nister of Finance(1930).Mi- of the Party. Addr.: Bucharest, nisterofCommunications and III. Aleea Blank 10. Tel.: 2-23- Public Works ( 193 1 ). Member : 02. National-PeasantsParty.Presi- RADU Isidor, Dr. of Law. lawyer. dent of Jalomita and Tecuci Dis- * May 24, 1899, Beldiu. Educ.: trict Organizations. Former de- B. A. Dr. of Law Cluj Univer- puty and senator. Deputy of Ja- sity. Capacity Examinationfor lomita District since 1933. Dec.: Magistrates.Former Mayor of Grand Ribbon Roumanian Crown, Orestie town. Belonging toan Phonix" (Greek), ,,Civil Merit" old well-known peasants family. (Bulgarian).Addr.:Bucharest, Member: National Liberal Party. Aleea Ankara 10. Tel. : 2-1 1-4 I . DeputyofHunedoara. Addr.:RADULESCU Anghel, Lawyer. * Orastie, Hunedoara District. Tel.: March 1st. 1884, Copaciu. Educ.: 8. Bucharest Faculty of Law. For- RADUCAN-POPESCU Nicolae, pro- mer Head of Vlasca Bar (1926- prietor. * June 6, 1877, Slatina, 1932). Member: National Libe- Olt District. Educ.: Licentiate of ral Party. Prefect of Vlasca Dis- Superior gradue of Commercial trict since Nov. 15, 1933. Dec.: and consular sciences of the Su- Roumanian Star, Commander Ci- perior Commercial Institute, Ant- vilMerit(Bulgarian).Addr.: werp. Former CommercialAt- Giurgiu, Str. G-ral Berthelot 15. tache of Roumania in the OrientRADULESCU $t. Toma, Lawyer. * 1909-14, in Belgium and Hol- Sept. 1879, Bucharest. Educ.: Li- land 1914-1918. Director of Ex- centiate of Bucharest Faculty of port Service in the Ministry of Law. Former State lawyer 1912- 520

www.dacoromanica.ro 13. Took part in the campaigns Jan. 10 1934; Mr. Savel Radu- 1913 and 1916-18. Member: Na- lescu has been for the 4th time, tional Liberal Party. Former se- Under-Secretary of State to the nator in 1920, former deputy in Ministry for Foreign Affairs, in 1926-27. Dec.: Officer Rouma- the National Liberal Cabinet of nian Crown. Addr.: R.-Valcea. Gh. Tatärescu. RADULESCU Savel. * in 1895. HisRADULESCU-MOTRU Constantin, first studies were made at the UniversityProfessor. *Febr. Lyceum of Focsani. He is a li- 2,1 8 68, Butoesti, Mehedinti Dis- centiate of the Bucharest Univer- trict. Educ.: University. Profes- sity and Doctor of the Paris Fa- sor of Bucharest University since culy of Law. His thesis for his 1901. Member of Roumanian A- doctor'sdegreebore the title cademy since 1923. Member: Na- The Financial Policy of Rouma- tional Peasants Party. Deputy in nia since 1914 2 vol.). On his 1912. Former senator infour return to Roumania he was ap- legislative periods: 1918, 1926, pointed Reporter to the Bucha- 1929 and1932.Dec.: Grand restLegislativeCouncil. From Cross Roumanian Crown, Grand 1925-1928, he was Financial Co- Officer Roumanian Star. Addr.: uncillor of the Roumanian Lega- Bucharest, Boul. Ferdinand47. tion at London. In 1928, he was Tel. 2-52-02. appointed Director of the Econo-RADULESCU-RAMN1C P. I.,Ly- mic Section of the Ministry fox ceum Professor. * January 30, Foreign Affairs. In 1930 he was 1879, Budesti, R.-Sarat District. appointed Minister Plenipotentia- Educ.: B. A., Licentiate of Lite- ry. Since 1927, he has continuelly rature Faculty, Section of modern Philology, of Jassy Univer- represented Roumania at the Lea- sity. President of Cultural Lea- gue of Nations, as expert and gue, Section Focsani, since 1913. substitute delegate. He has taken Took part in the campaigns 1913 part in all internationalconfe- and 1916-1918, retired with the rence concerning Roumania since rank of Major. Member: Nat.-De- 1927, including the two confe- mocratic Party. Chief of Putna rence of the Hague. As delegate District Organization since 19 18. to the Disarmament Conference Former deputy in 1919, former he was elected President of the senator in 1931. Dec.:Knight Technical Committee for National Roumanian Crown and Rourna- Defence Expenditure. He was Un- nian Star. Addr.: Focsani,str. der-Secretary of State to the Mi- Postelnicu 6. nistry for Foreign Affairs fromRALEA D. Mihai, University Pro- Oct. 19 1932, under the National fessor, Director of the newspa- Peasants Government ofI. Ma- per,,Dreptatee. * April30, niu, from Jan. 14 1933, Under- 1896, Bucharest. Ed.: Dr. of law Secretary of State to that Minis- of Paris, Dr. of Literature, Sor- try under the Naional Peasants bonne. Member: NationalPea- Government Al. Vaida; and from sants Party. Chief of Ffilciu Dis- Nov. 14 1933, Under-Secretary trict Organization.Former de- of State to the same Ministry puty in 1928 and 1932. Former under the National Liberal Go- vicepresident of the Chamber of verrment ofI.G. Duca. Since Deputies. Dec.: Commander Rou-

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www.dacoromanica.ro manian Crown and Roum. Eagle.RA$CANU Gheorghe, prefectof Addr.: Bucharest, str. C. A. Ro- Vaslui District. * June 24, 1880, setti 38. Tel.: 2-25-56. Hurduci, Falciu District. Educ.: RAMNEANTU Patrichie, School In- Normal School of Jassy. Mem- spector. * July 25, 1879, Opa- ber: National Liberal Party. Pre- tita, Timis-Torontal District. fectin1922-26.Senatorin Educ.: Pedagogical Instituteof 1927-28. Dec.: Commander and Caransebes. In 1905 was elected Officer of Roumanian Crown, to the Congregation" of Timis Officer Roumanian Star, Reward district, in consequence of which for School Work, Class I and II. he was removed from the Edu- Addr.: Vaslui,Str.Cogalnicea- cationalStaff by theMagyar nu 28. Authorities.Member: National Liberal Party. Deputy from 19 I 9-RA$CANU loan, divisionery gene- 26 and Senator from1928-29. ral. * Jan. 4, 1875, Cahul (Bes- Dec.: Officer Roumanian Crown. sarabia). Educ.: School of Offi- Addr.: Freidorf, Timis-Torontal cers, School of Artilry and En- District. gineering and High War School RAMNICEANU P.Rene,Lawyer at Bucharest. Military Attache at of theRoumanianNational Berlin 1907-11. In the War, Nov. Bank. * May 4, 1900, Ramnicul- 1916,he was attached tothe Sarat. Educ.: Dr. of law and lau- FrenchEtatMajeur.Former reate of Law Faculty ofParis. commander of a brigade at the Member: National Christian Marasesti battle. Member: Natio- Party. Addr.: Bucharest, Str. Dr. nal Liberal Party. Three times Herescu 16. Tel.: 4-30-96. Minister of War, twice Minister RAMNICEANU-POPESCU Virgil, of Bessarabia. Deputy in 1920, engineer. * March 16, 1873, 1926, 1928 and 1931. Senator Ramnicul-Sarat.Educ.:Mines 1920,and since1933. Dec.: Academy of Leoben (Austria). Great Cross Roumanian Crown, Former prefect of Näsaud Dis- Great Officer Roumanian Star trict in 1921-22. Member: Na- andRoumanianCrownwith tional Christian Party. Deputy in sword,GreatOfficerLegion 1926. Dec.: Roumanian Crown d'Honneur. Many foreign orders withswords.Addr.:Pardosi inthegradeofgreat cross. commune, R.-Sfirat District. Addr.: Vaslui, Str. Cogalniceanu RANETESCU M. Dimitrie, Lawyer. 18, and Bucharest, str. Cobalces- *July20,1882,Bucharest. cu 28. Educ.: Lyceum.BucharestFa- culty of Law. Former prime-pre-RAUCA-RAUCEANU V. Dr., law- sident of Jalomita Trib. At pre- yer, Bank Manager. * December sent Head of Jalomita Bar. Mem- 18,1888,Haghic,Treiscaune ber: Roumanian Front. President District. Educ.: Dr. of State scien- of Jalomita District Organization. ces and law, of the University SenatorofJalomita in1926. of Budapest. Member: National Dec.: Roumanian Crown and se- LiberalParty(Gh. Bratianu). veral War Medals of the cam- Chief of Treiscaune District Or- paigns 1913and1916-1918. ganization. Deputy in1927-28. Addr.: Calarasi, Str. M. Canta- Prefect of Treiscaune District in cuzino 47, Jalomita. 1922-26. Dec.: Officer Rouma- 522 www.dacoromanica.ro nian Star, Commander Rouma- the society I. E. M. C." Czer- nian Crown.Addr.: Sf. Gheor- nowitz. President of the Jewish ghe, Str. Gen. Averescu 11. Historical Society"Czernowitz. RAUTU A.Alexandru,lawyer, Member: Jewish Party.Deputy proprietor. * January 19, 1881, in 1930-3 1 .Addr. :Czernowitz, Herta, Dorohoi District. Educ.: Str. Massaryk 9. Tel.: 653. Lyceum at Botoshani.LaureateREITTER Emmerich, Dr., lawyer, of Conservatorium of Jassy. Fa- agriculturist. * Sept.18,I 875, culty of law and literature at the Lovrin. Educ.: Lyceum. Univer- University of Jassy. Lawyer of sity at BudapestandGeneva. Ministry of Agriculture and Do- President of Swab Agricultural mains, 1909-10. Lyceum profes- Association. Member of Toron- sor 1913-19, Mayor of Dorohoi- tal District Council. Former vice- Town 1929-30. Boy Scout in the president of Agricultural Cham- War. Member: National Peasants ber of Timiv-Torontal. Member: Party. Chief of Dorohoi District German Party. Deputy in 1922- Organization. Prefect of Dorohoi 26, 1928 and 1931. Senator in District 1932. Deputy of Doro- 1932 and 1933. Dec.: Comman- hoi in fourlegislative periods. der Roumanian Eagle ClassII, Dec.: Grand Officer, Knight, Of- Knight Rournanian Star, Knight ficer and CommanderRouma- nian Star, Commemorative Cross AgriculturalMerit. Addr.: Lo- of the War, Sanitary Merit Cl. vrin, Timi§-Torontal District. I. and II. Addr.: Dorohoi. Tel.: 9. RAUTU N. Dumitru, lawyer and a-RETY Imre, Dr., journalist. * Nov. griculturist.* 1895,Boto§ani. 6,1892, Cenad District (Hun- Educ.:University of Jassy,fa- gary). Educ.: Theological Faculty culty of law. Member: National- of Budapest. Former professor of Liberal Party. President of the Theological Academy and direc- Boto§anidistrictorganization. tor of several Schools (1916-25) . Deputy 1927and since1933. Former newspaper director Dec.: Officer of the Roumanian (1926-29). Mayor of Odorheiu- Crown and Knight of the Rou- Town in1929-33. President of manian Star Order. Addr.: Boto- the Magyar Peasants Party. Chief giani,Str.I.G. Duca 16. of the Odorheiu-Town Organi- zation. Former deputy in 1932- REIFER Manfred,Dr.,writer. * 33.Dec.:Officer Roumanian Jan. 31, 1888, Banila p/S. Bu- Eagle. kowina.Educ.:Universityof Star, Knight Roumanian Czernowitz and Vienna. Corres- Addr.:Odorheiu,Str.Regele pondent and collaborator of se- Ferdinand 60. veral newspaper in the CountryRIMNICEANU Nicolae,lawyer. * and foreign, author ofWeiz- Now.I 1,1892, Ramnicul Sarat. man, der juedische Staatsmann" Educ.: University at Jassyand arid Der 100 jahrige Emanzipa- Rome. Lawyer-councillor of the tionskampfderJudenRurnii- Rournanian National Bank. Uni- niens". Collaborator of the Je- versity teacher at the Bucharest wish Enciclopedia" (Berlin). Edi- Polytechnical School.Member.: tor of the review,,Neuejiid. Peoples Party. Secretary Gene- Rundschau". Former president of ral of the Ministry forPublic 523 www.dacoromanica.ro Works 1926-27.Addr. :Jassy, of Transylvania. Educ.: Dr.in Str. Buzdugan 2 and Bucharest, law, Cluj University. Former bar- Str. Batistei 29. Tel.: 2-22-23. rister at Cluj and Bucharest. Bar- RIZESCU-BRANE5TI Nicolae,in- rister before the High Court of dustrialist. * Nov. 12, 1894, Bu- Cassation. Former Secretary Ge- charest. Educ.: High Commercial neral of the Ministry of Justice. School of Bucharest.Studies at Member: National Liberal Party. Leipzig. Member: National Libe- SenatorofAlbasince1933. ral Party. Deputy of Dambovita Dec.: Officer Ferdinand I. Order. District in 1932. Dec.: Rouma- Addr.: Bucharest. Boul.Vintila nian Star, Commercial and In- Bratianu 49. Tel.: 2-45-04. dustrial Merit, ClassI. Addr.:ROMNICEANU Mihail,lawyer. * Bucharest, Boul. Pache 15. Tel.: Nov. 17, 1891, Bucharest. Educ.: 3 -64-36. Licentiate of law, University Bu- ROBU C. Vasile, Military pensio- charest, magna cumlaude", ner. * August 12,1879, Cosu- 1915. He took part as officer in la, Botosani District. Educ.: Mi- reserves in the campaigns 1913, litary Schools. Member: Rouma- 1916-18 and 1919. Member: Na- nian Front. Chief of Roman Dis- tional Liberal Party. Member of trict Organization. Dec.: Officer the executive committee of the Roumanian Crown, with swords, Party, since1932.Senatorof Officer Roumanian Star,Loyal Hunedoara from 1933. Former Service Cross (25 yeais),and reporer of the law for the con- otherMedals.Addr.: Roman, versionof debts,for the new Str. Miron Costin 33. statuts of the Roumanian Natio- ROCSIN Nicolae,Dr.,lawyer. * nal Bank, etc. Dec.: Knight Rou- August 17, 1888, Hungary. manianEagle,Commemorative Educ.: Theology, Dr. of Law. In- Cross 1913 and 1919 with bars. dependent. Former Chief of Sa- Addr.: Bucharest, Str. Dumbrava lonta Section Organization of the Rosie 3. Tel.: 2-26-52. Peoples' Party. Deputy intheROPCEANU Lazar,Directorof ConstituentAssembly1918-19 School. * Nov. 12, 1887, Plaiul and in 1927. Addr.: Salonta, Bi- Cosminului. Educ. : Normal hor District. School.Lieutenantin reserve. ROIU N. Constantin,Lawyer.* Member: National Liberal Party Jassy. Educ.: University of Jassy. Deputy of CzernowitzDistrict. Former magistrate. Head of Ro- Dec.: Knight Roumanian Eagle. man District Bar. Deputy in 1911 Addr.: Plaiul Cosminului. and 1927 and president of theROSENKRANZ David, Lawyer.* Ad-Interim Commission ofRo- Febr. 10, 1905, Bucharest. man-Town. Dec.: Officer Rouma- Educ.:LyceumatBucharest nian Crown. Addr.: Roman, Str. (1924). Licentiate of Bucharest M. Eminescu 3. Faculty of Law (1927). Former ROMAN Valeriu, lawyer, Underse- president of the Jewish Students cretary of State at th Ministry Assoc. of Bucharest (1928) and of Labour, PublicHealthand of Roumania (1929). Former se- Welfare. * Jan. 6,1887, Vima cretary of Noua Fraternitate" Mica, Some; district. Descendent Society (1933-34). Member: of an old family of intellectuals Roumanian Jews Union (U. E. 524 www.dacoromanica.ro R.) .Vicepresident of U. E. It., together wit4x Dr. George Crisan, Bucharest - TownOrganization. to present to King Ferdinand at Founder and president of the U. Jassy a report about the activity E. R. Youth 1933-34. Addr. : Bu- of the Roumanians of Transylva- charest, Str. Labirint 34. Tel. 3- nia and their action towards the 61-19. Unionwith the Old Kingdom. ROTH Otto Hans, dr. in law, law- Commissioneer of the Roumanian yer. * April 29, 1890, Sighisoa- Governmentattheoccupied ra. Educ.: University studies in Hungarian territorities. Member : Budapest, Vienna, Zurich,Ber- National Peasants Party. Deputy lin. Dr. in law. 1917-18 editor 1928-31 and1932-33.Dec. : ofthe newspaper Siebenbiir- KnightFerdinand I. Order. gisch-Deutsches Tageblatt".Se- Addr.: Oradea, Parcul Alba lu- cretary general of the German lia 8. Tel. : 6-75 and 7-52. Party 1918. President (first cu-ROZNOVAN Teodor,printer. * rator) of the evangelian Church March 18,1889, Costana,Su- of Roumania, President ofthe ceava District.Educ. : Lyceum. Union of all the European Ger- Member : Social - Democratic man Minorities, 1933. President Party. Former deputy in 1928 of the German Party. Deputy of and 1931-32. Addr. :Bucharest, Sighisoara in alllegislative pe- Str. A, 22, Vatra Luminoasa. riods since 1919, Dec.: Comman-RUSSINDELARIU Orest,military dekoftheRoumanianStar, pensionerandproprietor. * Crown and Eagle Orders. Red 1880, Radauti. Educ.: High A- Cross (German). Addr. : Bucha- gronomical School. Austro-Hun- rest,Str.Lutherana 19.Tel. garian Military School. Former 4-28-68. captain in the Austro Hungarian ROTTA D. Alexandru, lawyer. * Army. Former president of Dis- Sept. 8,1888, Focsani.Educ. : trict Council. Former Mayor of Licentiate of the Bucharest Fa- Radauti-Town. Member: Peoples' culty of law. Former State Attor- Party. Chief of Radauti District ney at Slatina and Cetatea Alba, Organization. Dec. : several Aus- from 1918 to 1922. President of tro-Hungarianmedals. Addr.: theCetateaAlba Zemstwe Radauti, Str. Iuliu Maniu 178. 1922-23 and of the Chamber ofRUSU Dimitrie, lawyer. * Oct. 20, Agriculture1925-27.He took 1893, Sadova, Campulung Dis- part in the campaigns 1913 and trict. Educ. : Lyceum at Campu- 19 I 6-18. Member:Roumanian lung. Licentiate of Jassy Faculty Front. Deputy of Cetatea Alba of Law. Former volonteer in the since 1933. Addr. : Cetatea Alba, Roumanian Legion in Italy Str. Vasile Alexandri 10. (1918).Member:Roumanian ROXIN Theodor, dr. in law, lawyer. Front. Former prefect of Storoji- * Dec. 6, 1885, Tamasda, Bihor netDistrict1932-33.Former district. Ed.: Faculty of law. For- Deputy in 1928-31. Dec.: Rou- mer member intheNational manianStar,Ferdinandwith Council of Alba Iulia(1918) . swords.Addr.:Storojinet,Bu- In Nov. 1918 he was delegated, kowina.

525

www.dacoromanica.ro s SABARU Alexandru,Lawyer. * whithRoumaniaatSoroca, Oct.1885, Ploesti. Educ. :Fa- March 13,1918. Member: Na- culty of Law. Magistrate in 1909 tional Liberal Party. Prefect of and 1910. Member of the So- Soroca district,1918. President ciety ofRoumanian Dramatic of the Soroca district organiza- Authors.Authorofdramias tion. Deputy of Soroca 1918 and Cain" and Fabia presented 1919-21. Dec. :different Rouma- on the Stage of Roumanian Na- manian orders. Addr. :Soroca, tional Theatre. Member: Peo- Str. Chisinfiu 29. ple's Party. Deputy of Jlfov Dis-SADOVEANU Mihail, writer, Uni- trict in 1926-27. Addr. :Bucha- versity professor. * Nov. 5, 1880, rest, Str. Muzelor 2. Pascani. Educ.: University.Di- rector of the Iasi National Thea- SABARU A. Constantin, dr., physi- tre1900-10. The great master cian. * April 30, 1884, Ploesti. of the Roumanian Novelty Lite- Educ.: Faculty of medicine. Spe- rature. Member and Laureate of cial studies at Paris. Veteran of theRoumanianAcademy. A the War 1913 and 1916-18. Co- great singer of the Roumanian lonel in reserves. Member: Peo- Past. He has written themost ple's Party. Member of the exe- beautiful Roumanian language in cutive committee of the Praho- the Novels Hanul Ancutei and va districtorganization. Dec. : Imparatiaapelor-. Member: Roumanian Crown with smords Agrarian Party.Deputy 1926 and ribbon Military Virtue, Offi- and 1931. President of the Sena- cer Roumanian Crown.Addr. : te1931. Dec.: Pour le Mérité, Ploesti, Str. Gh. Gr. Cantacuzino Great Cordon Roumanian Crown 9. Tel. :15-84. Order. Addr.: Iasi, Copou. SACARA Ion, teacher. * June 8,SAMSONOVICI Nicolae, general in- 1882, Niorcani Soroca District. spector of the Army 1877. Educ.: Educ.: Normal School. Teacher Military School, War Schools. of the Boys primary Schoolof Chief of the General Staff of the Kishineff. Member: Radical-Pea- 7th division during the War. He sants Party. Senator in 1828. distinguishedhimselfatMara- Dec.:CommanderRoumanian sesti. Appointed Colonel, Chief Crown, Reward for Work for 25 of the General Staff under Ge- years. Addr.: Kishineff, Str. Uni- neral Eremia Grigorescu;1920 rii13. Vice-Chief of the General Staff, SACARA Vasile, teacher.March 1921 Commandor of theWar 26, 1881, Rudi, Soroca district. School; 1926 commander of the Educ.: Pedagogical Instituteat 19th Division,TurnuSeverin, Tiflis. Roumanian national figh- 1926-27 studies in France,for ter during the Russionrevolu- organizing theWar Schools. tion,1917-18. He foundedthe 1928 Chief of the General Staff. first Association of the Molda- Minister of War, 1932. Dec.: Mi- vian teachers and fought for the hai Viteazul and many Rouma- nationalising of education in Bes- nian and foreign orders. Addr.: sarabia. He organized the mee- Bucharest, Str.tirbey Voda 81. ting which proclamed the Union Tel. 3-82-93. 526

www.dacoromanica.ro SAN-GIORGIU Ion, University pro- Secretary General of the Ministry fessor 1893, Boto§ani. Educ.: Ly- of Interior 1931. Member: Agra- ceum, Licentiate of Literature of riar Party. President of the Co- thela§i University. Dr. of the vurlui district organization. Cap- University Basel. President of the tain in reserves. War Volunteer National Liberal Group from 8 1916-18. President of the Naval June 1930, created after the re- League Galati section. Dec.: Kni- signation from the National Li- ght Officer and Commander of beral Party, of Gheorghe Bra- the Roumanian Star and Crown tianu. Dec.: Roumanian Crown Orders, War Cross, Cross Elisa- Order with swords and ribbon beth. Addr.: Galati, Str. Victor of Military Virtue, WarCross, Macri 30. Victory Medal, Pe les Medal, Cul-SASSU P. Vasile, minister of agri- tural Merit, II. Class. Addr.: Bu- culture anddomains. * Oct. charest, Str.Armeneasca 19. Educ.: Faculty of law and lite- Tel.: 2-22-21. 1878, Satul Lung, Brason district. SANDOR DE PACKE Josif, pen- rature at UniversityBucharest. sioner. * 1853, Bucharest. Educ.: Member: National Liberal Party. University of Budapest, Bucha- He took part in the Constituante rest and Cluj, Faculty of Medi- of Jassy and in the Committee cine. Founder, secretary general of the Chamber of Deputies for and vicepresident of teh Magyar Agrarian reforme. Minister of CulturalAssociation EMKE". Industry and Commerce 1922-24 Member: Magyar Party. In 1896 and 1934.Honorary president Deputy of the MagyarParlia- of the Vaslui and Caliacra dis- ment. Deputy in 1922-26 and trict organizations. Chief of the senator since 1926 in alllegis- Constanta districtorganization. lative periods. Addr.: Cluj, Cal. Deputy elected inall legislative Mare§al Foch 44. periods since 1907. Dec.: Great Cross Roumanian Starand SANDULESCU Alexandru, journa- Crown, Commander Roumanian list.President of the Syndicate Eagle, Great Cross White Eagle, ofjournalists.Editor of news- etc. Addr.: Bucharest, Aleea Ale- paper Viitorul". Member: Na- xandru 9. tional Liberal Party. Senator. Vi- cepresident of the Senate (1936).SAUCIUC-Saveanu Nicu, Dr., lawyer.* Nov. 2 I,188 7,lorda- Addr.: Bucharest, Str. Gen. Stan nesti, Storojinet District. Educ.: Poeta§ 32. Tel. 4-17-35. Lyceum at Czernowitz. Licentia- SARATEANU Dan, lawyer, great te of Law, Czernowitz. Dr.of agriculturist.* Sept. 2,1897, Law at Graz. Former Head of Foc§ani, Son ofG.Sarateana, Gura-Humorului Court and jud- former AttorneyGeneral and ge of Czernowitz Court. Former Member of the Legislative Coun- Mayor of Storojinet and of Czer- cil. Educ.: Primary School at Bu- nowitz-Town, 1929-33. Member: zau, Lyceum at Galati, Univer- National Peasants Party. Head of sity at la§i.Formerjuridical ClocucicaSect. Organization. Councillor of the Ministry of A- Dec.:Commander Roumanian griculture. Prefect of the Galati Crown, Officer Polonia Resti- police 1921, Prefect of the Co- tuta". Addr.: Czernowitz, Str. vurlui district 1928 and 1931, Dr. Petrino 3. 527

www.dacoromanica.ro SAUCIUC-Saveanu Teofil, Univer-SAVIN Gh. loan, University profe- sity professor. * Oct. 21, 1884, ssor. * Dec. 21,1885, Joraste, Bosance, Suceava district. Educ.: Covurlui District. Educ.: Licen- Lyceum, Philosophy Faculty of tiate Bucharest University. Dr. Vienna and Czernowitz, 1902-06, of Heidelberg University. Gene- Secundary Professor,1907. Dr. ral Inspector in the Ministry of inliteratureand Philosophy, Cults and Arts 1920-30. Mem- 1909, University teacher at Czer- ber: National ChristianParty. nowitz, 1913. Studies in Greece Head of Tutova District Organi- and Italy. Corresponding mem- zation. Addr.:Bucharest,Str. ber of the Austrian Institute of Vaselor 30.Tel.: 2-25-82. Archeology. Member of the Ar-SAVINESCU C. Ramiro, lawyer. cheological Institute of Germany, * Oct. 12, 1872, Botosani. Educ.: Dean of the Faculty of Philo- Licentiate of Law, Bucharest Fa- sophy at the University Czerno- culty. Member of theGeneral witz, 1922and Rector ofthe Council of Baristers' Union. Head Czernowitz University, 1924. of Botosani Bar 1912-18. Prefect Member. National Peasants Par- of Botosani District 1917-19. ty. State Minister 1928-29 and Former Mayor of Botosani-Town. 1932-33. Ministerial Director at Member: National Liberal Party. Czernowitz I 930-31. President of Head of Botosani District Orga- the Bukowinian Organizations of nization 1922-33.Deputyin the National Peasants Party. De- 1914, 1919-27 and 1931, Former puty 1926 and 1928,Senator vicepresident of the Chamber of 1931, 1932 and 1933. Dec.: Deputies. Dec.: Commander Rou- Commander Roumanian Crown, manian Crown and Roumanian Great Cross of Roumanian Crown Star,St. Anna (Russian)and great officerFothfulService, other Orders.Addr.: Botosani, Officer Roumanian Eagle, Re- Str. Liceului 19. ward for Curch Work, I.Class.SBIERA Radu, University professor. Addr.: Czernowitz, Str. Episcop * Dec.17,1875, Czernowitz. Herescul 7. Tel.: 9-55. Educ.: Lyceum, Dr. in literature SAVA Dimitrie;lawyer. * 1893, and philosophy, University Czer- Stefanesti,Botosani. Educ.: Ly- nowitz. Former Secretary Gene- ceum and University of Jassy. ral of the National Council, which Member People's Party. Deputy decided the Union of Bukowina of Ba lti in 1926. Addr.: Ba hi, with Roumania. Secretary of Sta- Str. Voevodul Mihai 13. te for Public Educations of Bu- SAVA Vasile, eparchial councillor. kowina, 1918-19 I 9. Former dean * 1888, Idicel,Mures district. of the University Czernowitz, Fa- Educ.: B. A., Institute of Theo- culty of literature and philoso- logy, dr.in law. Eparchial re- phy. Independent. Senator 1926- porter of the Cluj Diocese. In- 27, Mayor of the town Czerno- dependent. Deputy at 1919 and witz 1926-27. Addr.: Czernowitz, 1931. Dec.: War Cross, Reward Str. Sbiera 4. Tel.: 5-21. for Church-Work, I. Class, Fer-SCHAEFFER Gabriel, lawyer. * dinand I with swords, Knight of 1894, Braila. Educ.: Faculty of Roumanian Star, Officer of Rou- literature, Licentiate of the Fa- manian Crown. Addr.: Cluj, Str. culty of law. Former President luliu Maniu 31. of the Confederation of Jewish 528

www.dacoromanica.ro Students in Roumania.Author War, Commander Italian Crown of the book: Compendiupri- and PoloniaRestitutaOrders. vind istoricul problemei evreepti Addr.: Bucharest, Str. Gen. An- in Romania" (1932). He took ghelescu 2. Tel.: 3-23-41. part in the War I 916-18. Officer in reserves. CouncilloroftheSEI5ANU Romulus, journalist. * town Bucharest, 1930-33. Dec.: Oct. 14, 1884, Tecuci. Editor of Commemorative Cross with bars. Addr.: Bucharest, Str. Sf. Apos- the newspaper Universul". For- toli 84. Tel.: 3-73-42. mer editor of the newspapers Actiunea" Bucharest and Ac- tiunea Romana" 1917-18. Author SCRIDON Leon, Dr. of Law, law- of the book: Romania in timpul yer. * June 28,1897, Bistrita. Educ.: Dr. of Law, Bucharest razboiului 1916-18",Dobro- University. Member: National gea", Take lonescu", Princi- Christian Party. Deputy of Na- piul Nationalitatilor", Ideea U- situd District since1933. Dec.: nirii", Studiu istoric pi de drept Roumanian Eagle, Pelep. Addr.: international public". Member: Bistrita. National Liberal Party.Deputy of Mehedinti 1933. Dec.: Com- SEBESI Janos, Dr. dipl. of engineer, mander Roumanian Crown, Offi- lawyer,proprietor. * July 8, cer of the Academie Francais, 1876, Odorheiu. Educ.: Faculty Knight Roumanian Crown. Addr.: of Law, Budapest. High Techni- Bucharest, Str. Bateriilor 22. cal School Budapest. Former Dis- Tel.: 3-92-45. trict Notary. Sub-prefect 1908- ] 9. Vicepresident of Agricol Syn- dicate (1908-25). Member: Ma-5ELARIU EEmil, Dr. lawyer. * gyar Party. Deputy in 1926, se- Dec. 20, 1884, Hateg. Educ.: Dr. nator in 1928. Addr.: Odorheiu. of Law. Former vicepresident of the National Committee. He was the first Roumanian Mayor of SECAREA Dumitru, ort.-roumain Hateg Town. Member: National archpriest. * Mai 5, 1889, Sibot, Peasants Party. Vicepresident of Hunedoara District. Educ.: B. A. Hunedoara District Organization. Theological Academy ofSibiu. Deputy in 1928 and 1932. Dec.: Member:NationalDemocratic Officer Roumanian Star, Knight Party. Head of Hunedoara Dis- Roumanian Eagle, Pelep". trictOrganization. Deputyin Addr.: Hateg. I 931-32. Addr. : Baita, Hunedoa- ra District. SELTEA P. Al., major, lawyer, a- griculturist. * 1889Muereasca 5EICARU Pamfil, lawyer, editor of de jos, Valcea district. Educ.: the paper Curentul". Educ.: Fa- Lyceum, High Military School culty of law. Has worked about and Military School of Applica- twenty years as Roumanian jour- tion. Licentiate in law. President nalist. Independent. Deputy in of the Union of of Plumgrowers 1928, 1931 and since 1933. Deci: of Roumania. War Invalid. Inde- Mihai Viteazul, Croix de Guerre, pendent. Senator 1931.Addr.: Roumanian Star and Crown of Bujoreni, Valcea district. 34 529 www.dacoromanica.ro SENTNER Ferdinand,pharmacist, the parliamentary group of agri- manager of the Salvarea" phar- culturist in1929. Former dele- macy, Buzau. * June 1886, Cra- gate of Roumania to several in- iova. Educ.: Lyceum at Craiova, ternationalconferences.Hono- Faculty of Medicine and pharma- rary member of the Union mon- cology at Bucharest.He took diale of the Czech Socols. Presi- part at the War 1916-18. Lieu- dent of the Rotary-Club, 1936. tenant-Colonel Pharmacist in re- Member: Roumanian Front. Pre- serves. Member: People's Party, sident of the Mures district orga- Vicepresident of the Buzau or- nization. Under-secretary of Sta- ganization.SenatorofBuzau te of the Ministry of Agriculture, 1926-27. Dec.: Dec.: Commemo- 1932 and of the Minorities, 1933. rative Cross. Addr.: Buzau, Pieta Deputy in 1928. Senator at 1931 Dacia 10. and 1933. Dec.: Great Officer of the Roumanian Crown, Comman- SERACIN Liviu, Dr., Physician. * der of the Roumanian Crown, Aug. 11, 1900, Leucusesti,Se- Ferdinand I. with swords, Agri- verin District. Educ.: Faculty of cultural Marits, Officer ofthe medicine. Member: People's Roumanian Eagle, Great Officer Party. Head of Severin District of the Italian Crown, German Organization. Addr.: Lugoj, Spl. Red Cross etc. Addr.: Cluj, Str. Bratianu 3. Tel.: 204. A. Muresanu 15.

SERBAN Mihai, Dr., University pro-SERBANESCU I. Dumitru, engineer. April 6,1896, Caracal. fessor. *1887, Szeged (Hun- Educ.: National School of Bridges gary).Educ.:Lyceum.High and Roads. Engineer 1921. Assis- Commercial School atVienna. tent professor at the High Poly- Enginner agronom, Halle. Dr. in technical SchoolofTimisoara law, Jassy. Author of numerous 1924-30. Director of the Society political, social, economical and Arad-Brad Ltd. Vicedirector of financial works inRoumanian, the Railway Arad-Podgoria. Sub- German and Frenchlanguages. lieutenantofreserves,1917. Member: National Democrat Par- The most important, in foreign ty. Deputy 1932. Dec.: Rouma- languages, are: Le role de la nian Crown with swords and rib- coop,ration dansl'organisation bon of Military Virtue, Commer- de la petite proprieté agricole et cialandIndustrialMerits,I. dans l'intensification de sa pro- Class. Addr.: Arad, Boul. Carol duction" (report for the XIV in- 55. ternational congress of agriculture, 1929). Laureate of the Rou-SERBANU Gheorghe, Dr.,head manian Academy, 1915. Inspec- physician of Hospital. *1886, tor of the Ministry of Finance, Caransebes. Educ.: Faculty of 1915. Professor of National Eco- medicine of Cluj andVienna. nomy. Former volunteer in the President of the Physicians Col- War and delegate to the Peace lege of Arad. President of Rou- Conference. Organizor and rec- manian Circle" Arad. President tor of the Academy for Agricul- of Rotary-Club" Arad, 1935 ture at Cluj, 1919. Founder of 36. Member:AgrarianParty. 530 www.dacoromanica.ro Head of Arad District Organi- Political Bureau of the late Pri- zation. Prefect of Arad 1931-32. me-Minister lonel I. C. Brkianu. Dec.: Agricultural Merit. Addr.: Member: National Liberal Party Arad, Str. Co§buc 5. Tel.: 7. (Gh. Brkianu). Head ofIlfov SERBESCU Sebastian, lawyer. ' District Organization. Dec.: Offi- February 28, 1892, Galati. Ed.: cer Roumanian Star, War Cross. Dr. of Faculty of Law,Paris. Addr.: Bucharest, Boul. Brkianu Member: National Liberal Party. 9. Tel.: 4-35-52. Deputy of Arad. Addr.: Bucha-SIBILA Menelas, pharmacist. a rest, Str. Gogu Cantacuzino 36. 1876, Barsesti, Vasluidistrict. Tel.: 2-02-92. Educ.: Lyceum, Faculty of Phar- SERGESCU Petre, University pro- macology, University Bucharest. fessor. a Dec. 3,1895, Turnu He took part in the War 1913 Severin. Educ.: Dr. in mathema- and 1916-18. Major of reserves. tics,licentiate ofphilosophy, Member: National Dmocrat Par- Member of the International Aca- ty. Mayor of the town Vatra Dor- demy for the History of Scien- nei,1931-32. Presidentof the ces (Paris), oftheAcademy Vatra Dorna Organization. Dec.: Massaryk (Prague), Correspon- Avantul Terii,Jubilee Medal. ding member of the Royal So- Addr.: Vatra Dornei, Bukowina. ciety of Sciences, Liege arrd of the Stientific SocietyWarsaw.SIMIAN Dinu, lawyer. a Oct. 22, Organizor of the first two Con- 1887, Sfilise. Educ.: Faculty of gresses of Roumanian Mathema- Law, Bucharest. Commercial A- ticians. Editor oftheReview cademy of Vienna. Member: Na- Matematica". University teacher tional Peasants Party. Head of of the University of Paris, Poi- Valcea District Organization. Vi- tiers, Montpellier, Clermont, Bru- cepresident of the Chamber of xelles. Published the books: Les Deputies. Deputy of Vfilcea Dis- sciences mathemathiques en trict since 1933. Dec.: Comman- France au XX-e siecle-, L'Evo- der Roumanian Star and Rou- lution des Sciences Physiques et manian Eagle. Addr.: R.- Valceil, Mathernatiques'', Candirea Ma- Str. Stirbey Voda. 2. tematicV, Matematica la Ro-SIMIONESCU Ion, University pro- minir etc. Member: National De- fessor. a July 10, 1873, Fanté- mocrat Party. President of the nele, Bacitu District. Educ.: Uni- Circle of Studies. Secretary of versity of Jassy,Viennaand the Cluj district organization and Grenoble.FormerRectorof of the Transylvanian Organiza- Jassy University. Former secre- tions. Councillor ofthetown tary general of Ministry of Edu- Cluj 1930. Deputy of Sfilajin cation. Member ofRoumanian 1931. Dec.: Commander Po Ionia Academy. Member: National Li- Restituta, Knight Legion d'Hon- beral Party. Former Head of Bo- neur, RoumanianStarOrder, totani District Organization. For- Cultural Merits, II. Class. Addr.: mer Deputy of Boto§ani. Sena- Cluj, Str. Berde 3. tor of Lapu§na District.Dec.: SERGHIESCU Alexandru, agricul- CommanderRoumanianStar, turist. * January 27, 1887, Plo- ,,Bene Merenti", Cultural Merit. ,e§ti. Educ.: Dr. of Law, Paris Fa- Addr.: Bucharest, Str. Londra culty. He was attached to the 19. Tel.: 2-37-20. 531 www.dacoromanica.ro SIMON Alexandru, Dr., pensioner,SLATINEANU Emanoil, lawyer.* general consul. * February12, Oct. 5,1878, Bucharest. Educ.: 1881, Sangeorgiul de Cimpie. Faculty of Law, Bucharest. Mem- Educ.: Military School of Sibiu. ber: National Liberal Party. Se- University of Cluj. Former gene- nator ofllfovDistrict. Dec.: ral Consul of Roumania at Pra- Roumanian Crown,Roumanian gue. Former Commander of the Star. Addr.: Bucharest, Str. Mus- Roumanian LegionatPrague solini 21. Tel. :2-12-25. (1918). Former activeOfficerSLAVESCU Gh Mihail, lawyer. * (Major in Reserves). Member: Febr.10,1895, Zorlegti, Gorj Agrarian Party. Head ofCluj district. Educ.: Faculty of law, DistrictOrganization.Former Bucharest. Member of the disci- Assist. Mayor of Cluj.Deputy plinary committee of the Gorj (1920), Senator (1930). Dec.: Bar, and Cashier, 1930. Pro- Knight Ferdinand Order. Addr.: Head of the Gorj Bar. Member: Cluj, Str. Mico 34. National Christian Party, Presi- SKUPIEWSK1 Lucian, Dr., physi- dent of the Gorj district organi- cian. * Jan. 8, 1876, Bucharest. zation. Deputy in 1926-27. Dec.: Educ.: Dr. of the Faculty of me- War Cross with bars. Addr.: Tar- dicine, Bucharest. Assistent magu Jiu, Str. Frumugeanu 8. yor of Bucharest 1914. First As-SLAVESCU Mihai, agriculturist. * sistent Mayor 1920, Vice-Mayor Slavesti, Teleorman district. Ed.: 1922. General director ofthe Military Lyceum at Jassy, School Central Cash of Social Insuran- of Cavalry at Tg. Viste and ot- ce1922-23. Head of Hospital. hers, of military specialities. De- Member: National Liberal Party. legate of the Roumanian Cham- Deputy 1927-28, Senator since ber at the International Interpar- 1933. Dec.: Great Officer Rou- liamentary Congress 1934 at Is- manian Crown, Po Ionia Restitu- tanbul, and 1935 atBruxelles. ta, Commander Roumanian Star, Member: National Liberal Party. Silver medalPour les Epide- Prefect of the Teleorman district mies" (France). Addr.: Bucha- 1927-28. Deputy of Teleorman rest, Str. Grigore Mora 6. since1933. Addr.: Bucharest, SLAMA Gheorghe, lawyer. * Dec. III.,Str. Suvenir 8. Tel.: 2-22- 3,1892, Buchaest. Educ.: Ly- 92. ceum, Faculty of law, Bucharest.SLAVESCU Olivier,enginner.* Military School forArtillery. February 23, 1893,Giurgiu. Officer in active service until Educ.: Polytechnical School, 1921 when he retired with the High Technical School Berlin- rank of Captain. Magistrateat Charlottenburg. Technical-Direc- Bucharest 1922-26. Town Coun- tor of the Iron Works Reshit- cillor of Bucharest 1930-34. za. Member: NationalLiberal Member: National Liberal Party Party. Deputy of Cahul District (Gh. Bratianu). Chief of the Ill. since 1933.Addr.:Bucharest, (Blue) SectionofBucharest. Parcul Bonaparte, Str. Londra 22. Dec.: Knight RoumanianStar Tel.: 2-07-55. with swords, Officer RoumanianSLAVESCU Take, lawyer and a- Star and Crown, AvântulTarn griculturist. * Oct.17, 1880, Commemorative Cross,Victory Slavegti, Teleorman District. medal. Addr.: Bucharest, Cal. Educ.: Faculy of Law, Literature Rahovei 108. Tel.: 4-06-47. and Philosophy, Bucharest Uni-

532 www.dacoromanica.ro versity. Member: National Liberal ral books about urbanistic pro- Party. Senator 1931-32. Deputy blem. Former Mayor of Ploepti. in 1911-13, 1920-22, 1926-28 Member: National Democrat Par- and since 1933. Addr.: Turnu- ty. Former deputy. Dec.: Officer IVI5gurele. Roumanian Crown, Cross Queen SLAVESCU Victor, General-Direc Mary of the War. Addr.: Ploepti, tor of the National Society of In- Str. Regina Maria I. dustrial Credits. * 1891, Campu-SOCOR Emanoil, journalist, direc- lung. Educ.: Dr. of commercial tor of newspaper Zorile". * Po- and economical sciences, Berlin pepti, Jassy District. Educ.: Fa- University. Former Directorof culty of Law. Independent. De- the Banca Romaneascfi. Member: puty of llfov District in 1932. National Liberal Party. Head oi Dec.: Several Roumanian Orders. Galati District Organization. Sta- Addr.: Bucharest, Str. Dr. Ro- te Undersecretary in1933 and che 3 Minister of Finance in 1934-35.SOFRON1E George, Dr., University Former deputy in five legislative professor and lawyer. * April 23, periods. Dec.: Grand Cross Rou- 1901, Timipepti,BaiaDistrict. manian Crown, Grand Cross O- Educ.: Dr. of. Law and licentia- range Nassau",GrandOfficer te of Literature. Part.: Nationa- French Legion of Honour,etc. list-DemocraticParty. Former Addr.: Bucharest, Aleea Alexan- prefect of Bihor District and Ma- dru 43. Tel. :2-11-18. yor of Oradea-Town. Deputy in I 93 1-32. Addr.: Cluj, Str. Mico SOCOL Aurel, lawyer. * 1878, 16. Baudul de Citmpie. Ed.: Lyceum,SOLACOLU Barbu, dr. in law. * University at Cluj, Prague, Vien- March 5, 1897, Bucharest. Educ.: na, Berlin. Secretary General of Lyceum and Faculty of law, Bu- the Roumanian National Council, charest. Dr. of law and econo- 1918. Member : National Peasants mics of the UniversityBerlin. Party, President of the Cluj dis- Former technical councillor of trict organization. Vicepresident the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of the Transylvanianorganiza- and of Finance, of the Union of tions. Deputy of Cluj in 8 legis- the Chamber cif Commerce, for- lative periods. Former Vicepre- mer commissioner of the Govern- sident of the Chamber of Depu- ment at the National Industrial ties. Dec.: Commander Rouma- Credit Society Ltd. Author of se- nian Star and Ferdinand Iorders. veral studies and articles. Secre- Addr.: Cluj,Str.Elisabeta 37. tary general of the Society So- Tel. :7-77. cietatea Bancarii RomarCa". Edi- SOCOLESCU T. Toma, architect, tor of the newspaper Pgman- University professor. * July 20, tul Nostru", officialpaperof 1883, Ploepti. Educ.: Lyceum the Agrarian Party. He took part Graduate of theArchitectural in the War 1916-18.Member: Academy of Bucharest. As archi- Agrarian Party. Dec.:Rouma- tect he built the Palace of the nian Crown with swords and rib- CommercialSchools,theCa- bon of the Military Virtue, Offi- thedral Sft. loan and many apart- cer of the RoumanianCrown, ment-houses in Ploepti. Lauriate Iron Cross, Victory Medal Addr.: several times at officialpublic Bucharest, Boul. Vintilà Bratia- examinations. Has publishd seve- nu 7. Tel.: 2-48-10. 533

www.dacoromanica.ro SOLACOLU-Troian Aurel, agricul- rest. Dr. of Law of Paris. Former turist. * Bucharest. Educ.: Mili- General-Director of the Ministry tary School of Cavalry. From his of Industry and Commerce. Mem- youth, until the end of the War, ber: People's Party.Head of he was an officerandretired Constanta District Organization. from the military career as Co- Deputy in1926. Dec.: Rouma- lonel of Cavalry. Member: Natio- nian Star. Addr.: Bucharest, Str. nal Liberal Party. Prefect of la- Armeneasca. 40.Tel.: 2-26-75. lomita, 1918, Prefect of Ilfoy in 1926 and since 1934. Deputy inSPRINCEANA Florea, lawyer. * I 912 and 1919. Dec. :different March 16, 1882,Alexandria. Roumanian and foreign decora- Educ.: Faculty of Law, Bucha- tions. Addr.: Bucharest, Str. Dio- rest. Former Head of Teleorman nisie 34. Tel.: 2-10-49. Bar. President of the Ad Inte- ONERIU Ion, lawyer,councillor rim Commission of Turnu-Magu- of C. F.R. (Roumanian State rele-Town 1921-22. Captainin Railways) .* Oct. 20, 1896, Reserves.Member :Nationalist- Herta, Dorohoi District. Educ. : Democratic Party. Head of Te- Lyceum at Jassy. Faculty of Law, leormanDistrictOrganization. Jassy. Dr. of Law in Paris. For- Deputy of Teleorman 1931-32. mer chief of cabinet of the late Addr.: Bucharest, Str. Mihai Vo- Minister of Finanche Matei Can- da 49. tacuzino,in1920. General In-STAN Teodor, pensioner C. F. R. spector of the Prisons in 1922. (Roumanian State Railways). * Secretar general of theAgra- Aug. 18, 1865, Carporal Alexa. rian Circle"(1928). Secretary Educ.: Lyceum. President of the general of the Ministry of Inte- AgriculturistsUnionofArad. rior (1931). Member: Agrarian Town and District. President of Paty. Head of Dorohoi and Ho- the Mutual Assistance Society of tin District Organizations. De- Pensioners of Arad, Town and puty in1931-32. Dec.: Grand District. Independent. Deputy in Officer Roumanian Crown, Grand 1931.Addr.: Arad, Str.loan Officer of Phönix" (Greek), Calvin 30. Cross of Malta, etc. Addr.: Bu-STANCA Constantin, Dr., Primary charest, Str. Polon'a 16. Tel.: 2- Physician ofHospital. * 1889, 13-88 and 2-0622. Petrosani. Educ.: Lyceum. Fa- SPINANT1U Eugen, School Direc- culty of medicine (1914 ). Assis- tor. * April 7,1892, Savarsin, tant of Gynecological and Obste- Arad District.Educ.:Normal trical Clinic. Director of the Can- School and Notary School. For- cer Studies Institute, Cluj. Uni- mer Schol Under-Revisor and Re- versity-Teacher forGynecology visor. Took part in the World and Obstetrics, Bucharest. Took War. Independent. Deputy of A- part in the campaign 1916-18. rad in1926-27. Dec.: Rouma- Member: National Liberal Party. nian Crown, Reward ofWork Dec.:CommanderRoumanian for School. Addr.: Arad, Str. Ci- Crown, Ferdinand", etc. Addr.: cio Pop 14. Cluj, Piata Unirii7. Tel.: 382. SPINEANU Alexandru, lawyer. *STANCA Sebastian, Eparchial Dec.14,1886, Turnu-Severin. Councillor. * Oct. 17, 1878, Pe- Educ.: Licentiate of Law, Bucha- troseni, Hunedoara District. Ed.: 534

www.dacoromanica.ro B. A., Dr. of Philosophy. Mem- 1 (Greek), Holy Treasure (Ja- ber: National Liberal Party. Se- ponese), St. Stanislas, Roumanian nator of Cluj since 1933. Dec.: Star and Crown Orders.Com- Knight Roumanian Crown, Fer- mander: RoumanianStarand dinand", Knight Roumanian Ea- Crown, Civilised Tiger (China), gle, Reward for ChurchWork Holy George and Michael (Bri- ClassI.Addr.: Cluj, Str.luliu tish), St. Vladimir, St. Anna, St. Maniu 31. Stanislas and other Roumanian STANCIU Victor, University profe- and foreign orders: Ferdinand I, ssor. * Oct. 28, 1884, Vistea de Legion d'Honneur Pour le Me- jos. Educ.: UniversityStudies. rite, Aeronautical Medal,War Member: Agrarian Party.Head Cross(Czech),CrossQueen of Hunedoara District Organiza- Mary etc. Addr.: Bucharet, Ca- tion. Former State Undersecre- lea Mosilor 190. Tel. 2-12-97. tary. Senator in 1930-31. Dec.. Commander Roumanian Crown.STEFANESCU-Goangi Florian, Uni- Addr.: Cluj, Pieta Cuza Voda 5. versity professor. * April 5 1881, Tel.: 424. Curtea de Arges. Educ.: Licen- STANOIU I. Mircea, lawyer. * tiate of Law and Philosophy of 1896, Craiova. Educ.: Licentiate Bucharest University. Dr. of Phi- of Bucharest Faculty of Law. losophy ofLeipzigUniversity. Member: Agrarian Party. Prefect Professor at Galati in 1906. Pro- of Romanati District in 1931-32. fessor of the University of Cluj Dec.: War Cross. Addr.: Craio. from 1920. Rector of theCluj va, Str. Brandusa 8. University. Member: National Li- beral Party. Senator of Cluj Uni- 5TEFANESCU . AmzaConstantin, versity in 1926-27. Dec.: Com- divisionary general,getteralin- spector of Army. * 1875, Bucha- mander Roumanian Star. Addr.: rest. Educ.: Military Lyceum at Cluj, Str. Regal& 11. Tel.: 870 Jassy. Military School for Artil-STERE Constantin, University pro- lery and Engineering, School of fessor. Born in Bessarabia, Rou- Application of Artillery, High manian of origin, connected with War School, complementary Ge- the Russian revolutionary move- neral Staff studies.He served ment, condemned and sent to Si- also in foreign Armies. Secretary beria, while he was still young, General of the Ministry of War, from here he escaped and came, 1920-22, former general inspec- after long vicissitudes tosettle tor of the Engineering-Corp. For- in Roumania. He was made pro- mer Commanderofthe2nd fessor at the Jassy Faculty ol Army-Corp Former Professor of Law, from where he directed the the High War School. Minister National movement in Bessarabia. of War 1931 and 1932 (Govern- Before the war he formed part ment lorga and Vaida). Deputy of the general staff of the Li. of Radauti 1931 and Senator of beral Party and was the intimate VMcea 1922. Great landed pro- friend of Ion I. C. Bratianu. His prietor. Dec.: Great Crosses of role was immense in the calming theRoumanianCrown, of the without bloodshed, of the peasant White Lion, White Eagle, St. Sa- revolt of 1907 in Moldavia. He va; Great Officer of the Polonia was one of the first te give out Restituta, Italian Crown, Georges the idea of the land reform, ad- 535

www.dacoromanica.ro vising a radical programme of a- not hide his dissatisfaction and grarian policy, and naturally he criticised to the best of his po- was profoundly influenced by the wers the action of the national ideology of the Russian Revolu- peasants whom he accused of tion. A talented writer, founder slipping towards the right and of of the Popular Literary School inapplying their democratic program- Roumania, sociologist and poli- me feebly. In the Spring of 1930 tical theoretician of great value, at a festival given in honour of he was before the waratthe the twelfth anniversary of the re- head of the left branch of the union of Bessarabia to Rouma- Liberal Party and it was chiefly nia, an orator recalled the rale thanks tohisactivity that on played by Mr. Stere; as a pro- the eve of the war, that Party testation against the offense ma- entered in ist programme, the a- de to their nationalsentiment, grarian reform and universal suf- three Generals in active service, frage. He opposed Roumania's en. demonstrativelyleftthehall, tering the war on the side of Rus- although the Regents were pre- sia, foretold the dawnfall of tza- sent. There was great emotion rism and the Russian Revolution, on the followin day at Bucharest. remained during the German oc- The Maniu Government did not cupationat Bucharest,where dare to suppress the political mahe edited a paper largely utilized nifestation of the Generals. Mr. by the enemy. For this reason Stere resigned from the National he was accused of treason, but Peasants Party and his resigna- immediately after the armistice tion was accepted. He then pu- he went to Bessarabia, where he blished in a great paper of the had many friends andenjoyed left, a series of articles, in Ivhich incontestable autority. He played he accused Messrs. Maniuand in the Union of that province Mihalache of betraying the de- with Roumania a rale that King mocratic idea. The Bessarabians Ferdinand recognized in confer- were divided into two camps: the ring on him a decoration of high Steregroupwithoutentirely rank. However the country de- breaking with the party formed manded that his attitude during a fraction apart. A yearafter- the war should be punished. But wards it founded the democrat in the meantime the Bessarabians peasants party",who fusioned had elected Mr. Stere deputy with with the Radical Peasants Party plebiscite majorities. He organi- of Mr. Grigore lunian. zed the Peasants Party of Bessa- rabia and united itwiththat$TETIU Victor, archpriest. * Jan. of the Old Kingdom, worked to 15,1880, Seini, Satu-Mare Dis- obtain its fusion with the Natio- trict.Educ.: B.A., Faculty of nal Party of Transylvania, crea- Law Theological Academy. Mem- ted the doctrine of the newly fu- ber: National Peasants Party Se- sionedPartyandtracedits nator in 1927. Addr.: Viseul de tactics". sus. His attitude during the war andFTIRBET Victor, Dr., lawyer, pre- his unpopularityatBucharest fect of Tirnava Mare. * Aug. 3, prevented his becoming Minister 1894, Dealul-Frumos. Educ.: in the Maniu Cabinet. He did Faculty of Law Cluj. Member: 536

www.dacoromanica.ro National Liberal Party. Deputy of 1916-18, as Sublieutenant. Mem- Tarnava Mare District 1927-28. ber :NationalChristianParty. Dec.:CulturalMeritClassI. Vicepresident of Tutova District Addr.: Sighiqoara. Organization. Dec.: Avântul TA- STOEANOVICI A. Nicu, lawyer rii-, Commemorative Cross with and land-proprietor. * Febr. 1st, bars. Addr.: Beorlad, Str. Venia- 1889, Jassy. Educ.: Dr. of Law, min Costache 34. Paris. Member: National LiberalSTOICA Vasile, plenipotentiary mi- Party. Vicepresident of Dorohoi nister. * Avrig. Educ.: Licentiate District Organization. Prefect of of Literature.19 17-18 he con- Dorohoi 1918. Deputy in 1919, ducted in the United States the 1927 and 1933. Dec.: Comman- Roumanian National Movement, der Roumanian Crown and Rou- collaborating with Massaryk and manian Star of War. Addr.: Do- Paderewsky. Former member of rohoi. the Roumanian Delegation to the STOENESCU Calistrat, Colonel in League of NationsPlenipoten- reserves, agriculturist.* Sept. tiary Minister at Tirana and So- 26, 1883, Terpezita, Do lj district. fia. Member:National Peasants Educ.: Military School for Infan- Party Addr.: Sofia, Royal Rou- try Officers, He served for one manian Legation. year in the French Army. Cen-STO10ESCU Constantin, professor tral of Studies for Colonels and of the Faculty of Law. * Aug. Generals at Versailles. He orga- 23, 1881, Bucharest. Educ.: Dr. nizedand commandedfor4 of Faculty of Law, Paris. Elected years the IVth Bata lion of Moun- Dean of BucharestFacultyof tains Chasseurs (Light Infantry) Law, on 15 November 1934. at Predeal commandor of the 2nd Member: National Liberal Party. Regiment of Chasseurs Queen Former deputy of Vaslui District. Elisabeth.During the Warhe Senator of Cara9 District. Addr.: commanded a regiment and a ba- Bucharest,Str.A. D. Xenopol tallion,ofChasseurs. Member: 13. Tel.: 2-06-71. National Liberal Party (Gh. Br5.-STROESCUNicolae,lawyer. * tianu).Dec.:MihaiViteazul. 1880, Brfiila. Educ.: Faculty of Addr.: Bucharest, Str. Capsa 30. Law. Member of the Disciplinary STOICA Gheorghe, lawyer. * 1878. Council of Prahova Bar. Member: Redactor of the newspapers Tri- Social-UnitaristParty Headof buna- Arad, Lupta" Budapesta, Prahova DistrictOrganization. Foaia Poporului"Sibiu,Pa- Addr.: Ploeqti, Aleea Enescu 2. tria Cluj etc. He was jailed se-SUFLERI Constantin, Dr.,Physi- veral times because of some irre- cian, Sanitary Chief of district. dentist articles, published under * 1884, Furca (Macedonia). Ed.: the Hungarian regime. Member: Lyceum, Licentiate of Pharmaco- People's Party. Deputy inI 920- logy, Dr. of Medicine, Surgeon. 22. Addr.: Cluj. University of Bucharest.Politi- STOICA Vasile, proprietor. * Aug. cal, national and cultural activity 8, 1890, Mice§ti Educ.: Laureate of 20 years standing. Member: ofNormal School.Pretorin National Liberal Party, President 1920,1921and 1922. Prefect of the Cetatea Albfi district or- of Tutova District 1926-27. Took ganization. Formerandactual part in the campaigns 1913 and deputy, since 1933. Dec.: Knight 537

www.dacoromanica.ro Roumanian Crown, with ribbon district organization. Dec.: Com- of Military Virtue, Officer Rou- memorative Medal. Addr.: Deva, manian Star, Commander Rouma- Hunedoara district. nian Crown, Sanitary Merits,I.SULYOK 5tefan, Dr., journalist. * Class and II. Class, Greek Cross January 29, 1891, Lugoj. Educ.: of War etc. Addr.: Cetatea Albá, University of Budapest. Dr.of Str.I. G. Duca. Tel.: 30. Faculty of Law, Cluj. In1925 Chief-Editor of thenewspaper $UIAGA Victor, dr.in law, law- EllenzeIC. Editor and Founder yer. * Oct. 25, 1899, Teiu, Hu- of reviewMagyar Minority. nedoara district.Educ.: B. A., Member: Magyar Party. Deputy Dr. of law, University Cluj. He 1932-33. Addr.: Cluj, Piata Uni- was one of the first promotors of rii13/11. the national movementoftheSZELE Bela, Dr., lawyer and Chief- RoumanianstudentsofCluj, Editor. * Nov. 4,1878, Brasov. 1922. Former Secretary General Educ.: Dr. of Law, Laureate. of the Students Circle- (Club) Member: Magyar Party. Head of Petru Maior" of Cluj. Member: Brasov District Organization. De- National Christian Party, Presi- puty in 1926.Addr.:Brasov, dent of the Deva town organiza- Str. Regele Carol 56-58. Tel. : tion, Vicepresident of the Deva 6-77 and 6-70. T TACIT Corneliu, Administrative Di- Austrian Dicta. Member: Natio- rectorofMatador"Factory nal AgrarianParty.Chiefof Ploesti.* Sep. 24,1874, Bra- Czernovitz District Organization. sov.Educ.:Lyceum,Superior Senator in 1920-21 and 1926-27. School of Pharmacology, Bucha- Dec.: Grand Officer of Rouma- rest. Retired Pharmological Co- nian Crown Order and of Holy lonel, Served in Campaigns of Sepulchre Order. Addr.: Czerno- 1913 and 1916-1918. President witz, Ceminul Preotesc. of Cultural League, Ploesti Sec-TAKA Gheorghe, University pro- tion. Member:National Demo- fessor. *1875, Tutova.Educ. : crat Party. Former Senatorof Dr. of economical sciences of the Prahova. Addr.: Ploesti, Str. Ale- Faculty of law, Paris. Professor xandru 11, No. 8. of the University Bucharest. Rec- tor of the Commercial Academy, TAMA5IU Simion, Lawyer. * July Bucharest, 1929. Plenipotentiary 18,1869, Aschileul Mare.Ed.: Minister at Berlin, 1930. Publis- Lyceum. Dr. of Law. Member : hed many studies about econo- National Peasants Party. Prefect micalandfinancial problems. of Cluj in 1919-20. Senator of Member: National Peasants Cluj in 1928 and 1932. Addr.: Party. Minister of Commerce and Hida, Cluj District. Industry 1932. Dec.: Comman- TARNAVSCHI Ipolit, Doctor, Con- derRoumanian Crown,great sistorial Councillor. * 1868, Vij- cross Gediminas Order of Litua- nicioara, Storojinet. Educ.: Czer- nia, etc. Addr.: Bucharest, Boul. nowitzUniversity.Deputyin Carol 37. Tel. :3-84-52. 538

www.dacoromanica.ro TASSIAN Gr.erban, proprietor, the Government, at first holding agriculturist. * March 14,Bu- also the portfolioof Industry charest. Ed.: Leipzig Faculty of and Commerce. Addr.:Bucha- Philosophy. Prefectof Dambo- rest, Str. Silvestru 55. Tel. 2-22- vita in 1920-21. Secretary gene- 56 and 2-12-06. ral of Ministry of Labour,-1921.TATARU Coriolan, physician and Member: National Christian professor. * 1889, Corneni. Ed.: Party. Deputy in 1931-32. Addr.: University at Cluj, special stu- Zarafoaia, Pucioasa, Dambovita dies at Vienna and Paris. Since District. 1912 he has worked at the me- TATARESCU Emanuel, general ma- dical faculty of Cluj University. nager of the Bub fishing Co. Scri- University professor since 1923, sul Romanese. * March 4, 1892, dean 1928-29. He is one of the Craiova. Lieut.-Colonel in reser- promotors of the Physical Edu- ves. Mayor of the town Craiova cation of Youth in Transylvania. 1927-28. Former member in the Member: Agrarian Party. Under- directory committee of the Cra- secretary of State 1932. Addr.: iova Chamber of Commerce. Ma- Cluj, Str. Rahovei 2. nager of the great publishing so-TATOMIR Anghel, Colonel in re- cietyScrisulRomanese,in serves ( pensioner) . * 1876, which quality he take part in the Vaslui. Educ.: Lyceum. Military cultural and educational work of School of Jassy. Infantry School the country. Editor of two proof Bucharest. Member: Rouma- fessionnal reviews: Grafica Ro- nian Front. Senator in 1928 and mani)." and Almanahul Grafie. 1932. Dec.: Commander Rou- Former Officer of General Staff manian Crown, Officer Rouma- during the War. Member: Natio- nian Star with swords and rib- nal-Liberal Party. Deputy since bon Military Virtue, Officer Rou- 1933. Dec.: Great Officer Rou- manian Star, Knight Roumanian manian Crown, Officer Rouma- Eagle,Peles,VictoryMedals, nian Star,Reward for Cultural War Decorations. Addr.: Doro- Work, Reward forEducational hoiu, Str. Alex. Cuza 41. Work, I. Class and different WarTEGANEANU C. Constantin, law- decorations. Addr.: Craiova, yer. Prefect of Buzau District. * Boul. Mihai Viteazul 4. March 19,1899, Buzau. Educ.: TATARESCU Gheorghe, Prime-Mi- Faculty of Law. Member: Natio- nister. * 1887. Tg. Jiu, Gorj dis- nal-Liberal Party. Dec.: Knight trict. Educ.: Doctor of Law, Pa- Roumanian. Star. Addr.:Buzau, ris University. Member of Natio- Str. Nae Stanescu. nal Liberal Party, UndersecretaryTEIANU N. lonel, Lieutenant Co- of State to Ministry of Interior, lonel, Agriculturist. * Oct.30, 1923-26 and 1927-28. In 1931 1886. Teiu, Dolj District. Educ.: was appointed secretary general Lyceum, Special School of In- ofNationalLiberalParty.In fantry Officers. Prefect of Braila Nov. 1933, Minister of Industry District 1920-21. Mayor of Brai- and Commerce inI.G.Duca la Municipality, 1926-28. Served Cabinet, and in Cabinet of Dr. in Campaigns of 1913 and 1916- Angelescu in Dec. 1933. In Jan. 1918. Member People's Party. 1934, was charged with forming President of Braila District Or- 539

www.dacoromanica.ro ganization.DeputyofBraila of the Arad district organization. 1926-27. Dec.:Officer Rouma- Senator 1928. Dec.: Officer Rou- nian Crown Order and Rouma- manian Star. Addr.: Arad,Str. nian Star Order, Commander of V. Go ldis 6. Po Ionia Restituta" Reward forTEODORESCU C. Nicolae, rentier. Educational Work Class I. Addr.: * April 12,1884, Radomiresti, Briiila,Str. Vapoarelor 2.Tel.: Olt district. Educ.: Licentiate of 233. the faculty of physico-chemistry TEODOREANU A. Osvald, lawyer of the University Bucharest, For- andwriter. * Nov.23,1869, mer professor. Former industria- Jassy. Educ.: B. A., Licentiate of list and president of the Gene- the Faculty of law, JassyUni- ral Association of the Druggist versity. An enthusiastic amateur in Roumania. Member: National- of his profession, he has fought Peasants Party, secretary general for 45 years for all the poor and of the Romanati district organi- weak, without distinction of their zation.SenatorofRomanati religion and political colour. Se- 1928. Dec.: Officer Roumanian nator of Falciu 1932-33. Dec.: Crown, War Cross,Avantul Officer Roumanian Star. Addr.: Tarii", Jubilee Medal 1866-1906. Jassy,Str.Buzdugan3. Tel.: Addr.: Caracal, Str. C-tin Bran- 3.73. coveanu 7. TEODORESCU Anibal, UniversityTEODORESCU I. Alexandru, tea- professor. * Febr. 21, 1881, Foc- cher, former School revisor.* sani. Ed.: Lyceum, University at Dec. 22, 1892, Copuzu-Jalomita. Paris. Dr. in law. Professor at Educ.: Normal School.Former the Bucharest University. Mem- president of the regional School ber of the Institute of adminis- Committee. President of the Di- trative law, member h. c. of the dactic Corps Bank ofCetatea juridical society of Vilna(Po- Alba. Member: National-Liberal land). President of the adminis- Party (Gh. Bratianu). Chief Ce- trative council. Member of many tatea Alba District Organization. internationaljuridicalsocieties. Dec.: Knight RoumanianStar, Dec.: Knight Roumanian Crown, Commemorative Cross,Reward Knight and Commander Legion of Work Class I and II. Addr.: d'Honneur Great Cross Rouma- Cetatea nian Star, Italian Crown, WhiteTEODORESCU Sebastian, law- Lion (Czech) etc. Addr.: Bucha- yer. *1880, Priseaca, Olt dis- rest, Str. Simonide 4. Tel.: 3-2 7- trict. Ed.: Faculty of law,Bu- 10. charestUniversity.Mayorof TEODORESCU A. Constantin, pro- Tulcea 1908. Assistent commis- fessor. 1882, Smeeni, Buzau sioneer of the Government in the District. Ed.: Faculty of physico- Quadri later1914.Commander chemistrysciences,University in reserves, commander ofan Bucharest. Former University As- batallion in the War. Member : sistent teacher. Expert chemist Peoples Party. President of the of the town Bucharest 1912-19. Lapusna district and of the Bes- He has published some valuable sarabian Organizations. Member studies about the acids in Rou- in the central committee of the manian petrols. Member: National Party of Tulcea 1913. Mayor of Peasants Party, secretary general Kishineff 1926-27. Dec.: Knight 540

www.dacoromanica.ro Roumanian Star and Crown Or-THEOHARIDE Anton-George, dr. ders with sword, Commemora- physician, surgeon. * Jan.16, tiveCross, Avantul Tarii,etc. 1879. Ed.: Dr. of medicine Pa- Addr.:Kisheneff, Str.Gen. ris,practical studies in French Bertha lot 69. hospitals, and of hospital C.A.M., at Bucharest. Independent. Depu- THENEA I. Teodor, lawyer. * Ga- ty of Vlasca 1931. Dec.: Officer lati. Educ.: Dr. of Law Bruxelles of the Roumanian Star, of the University. Former Head of Co- Italian Crown, Knight of the Le- vurlui District Bar. Former Ma- gion d'Honneur. Addr.: Bucha- yor of Galati-Town. Member: Na- resht, Str. Sborului 17. Tel. No. tional Liberal Party.Honorary 3-94-87. president of Covurlui District Or- ganization. Senator of CovurluiTIBIL loan, Doctor of Law. * 1883, since 1933. Dec.: Grand Officer Posta, Satu Mare District. Educ.: Roumanian Crown, Commander Lyceum of Baia Mare, and Bu- Roumanian Star and Roumanian dapest University. In his youth, Eagle, Reward for School Work he took part in National Struggle. Class I, Reward for Work Class As a University Student he was I. Addr.: Galati, Str. Holban 28. at the head of the Society of Roumanian UniversityStudents THEODORESCU Dimitrie, lawyer, Petru Maior". Immediately af- Bank Manager. * Oct. 1790, Uli- ter the War, during the ensuing esti, Dâmbovita District. Ed.: Li- revolution,heconstitutedthe centiate of Law. Member: Natio- first Roumanian National Council nalLiberalParty. Deputyof in Transylvania in the Chioarului Dambovita. Dec.: Officer Rou- District, which he later represen- manianCrown withswords, ted at the National Assembly at Knight Roumanian Star, Merito Alba lulia. In 1925, he was elec- di Guerra" (Italy). Addr.: Bu- ted member in the Central Co- charest, Boul. Lascar Catargiu uncil of Popular Banks, and held 16A. Tel. 2-42-71. this position for 5 years. He is the at the head of the Satu Mare THEDORESCU-VALAHU I. C., District Organization. Deputy in lawyer, agriculturist. * June 1st 1922-26, 1926-28 and since 1933 1889. Popoveni-Dolj. Ed: Faculty Dec.:OfficerofRoumanian of law. Member: Agrarian Party. Crown Orderand Roumanian President of the Constantza dis- Sar Order. Addr.: Baia Mare, trict organization. Mayor of Con- Piata Unirii1 1. Tel. 21. stantza 1920 and 1931-32. Head of the ConstantzaBar,formerTIGAU M. Constantin, prefect of President of the Chamber for A- Tulcea district. * Febr. 6, 1879, griculture. Former Head Attor- Foltesti, Covurlui District. Educ.: ney of the Court of Constantza. Licentiate of the Faculty of law, Dec.: Commander: Roumanian Bucharest. Former town notary, Crown, Po Ionia Restituta, Knight chief of bureau of the prefects of the Roumanian Crown with office Covurlui. Former adminis- sword and ribbon of the Mili- trative chief of the prefects of- tary Virtue. Addr.: Constantza, fice and chief, of police Tulcea. Boul. Ferdinand 6, Tel. 3-87. Member: National Liberal Party.

541 www.dacoromanica.ro Senator of Tulcea 1927-28. Dec: mania, during World War. Chief Commander RoumanianStar, EngineerofSuceavaDistrict Addr. Tulcea, Str. Gloriei 2. 922-27. Member: National Libe- TILEA Viorel Virgil, lawyer. * A- ral Party.. Deputy since1933. pril 6, 1896 Sibiu. Ed: University Dec.: VariousRussianOrders. studies at Bratislava, Vienna, Cluj, Addr.: Suceava, Tel. 30. London. Dr. of law. 1918 Secre-TIREA Mihaiu, dr. in law, lawyer. tary of the Roumanian National * Febr. 26, 1881, Salasul de Sus, Council at Vienna, 1919 private Hunedoara district. Ed.: Dr. in secretary of Mr.luliuManiu law, lawyer with examen of ca- 1919-22 secretary of the Rou- pacity. Former President of the manian Delegation at the Peace Roumanian National Council of Conference, London. 1926 initia- Hunedoara 918-19. Member: Na- tor of the Chemaree, the national Peasants Party, Vicepresi- tional-peasant organization of the dent of the Hunedoara district youth in Transylvania. Ne wrote organization. Deputy in 1926-27, several books on different pro- 1928 and1932. Dec.Officer blems, one about the activity of of the Roumanian Star and Eagle the Roumanian Delegate at the Orders. Addr.: Pui, Hunedoara PeaceConferenceatLondon. district. Member: Roumanian Front, Pre- sident of the Sibiu district orga-'PROW I. Vasile, Landowner, Agri- nization. Deputy in 1928, 1931 culturist. Prefect of Putna Dis- and1932.Under-secretaryof trict. * Sept. 8, 1890, Bolotesti, State of the Presidency of the Putna District. Educ.: Licentiate Council of Ministres in 1930-31, of Law, Faculty Bucharest. Mem- 1932-33. President of the Fede- ber: National Liberal Party. Ap- ration of Roumanian Football As- pointed Prefect of Putna District sociations, since 1933. Captain of on June 1 st, 1934. Dec.: Knight Cavalery in Reserves. Dec.:Great Roumanian Star. Addr.: Prefec- Cordon RoumanianStar,and ture of Putna District, Focsani. Skander Beg, Commander of theTIRON N. Neculai, lawyer. * Nov. Carol L Roumanian Star, Offi- 8, 1882, Bohotin, Falciu district. cer of Ferdinand I, Pour le me- Ed.: Faculty of law, University rite, Great Officer of St. Sylves- Jasyy. In the period 1914-18 he tre, Po Ionia Restituta,Orders. organized the miltary hospitals Addr.: Bucharest,Str.Capitan at Husi and the relief of the re- Mircea Petre 15, Parcul Mornand fugees. He developped a prodi- en 2-58-55. gious activity as Mayor of Husi TILLEMAN-PRUNCUL Alexandru, 1918-20. Member: National Li- Engineer, Director of lIcani Su- beral Party, President h.c.of gar Factory. * June 5, 1886, Pe- the Falciu district organization. trograd. Educ.: Institute of Ways Prefect of Ffilciu 1922-26. De- ofCommunication,Petrograd. puty of Falciu 1927, 1931 and Former Engineer for the Building 1933. Dec.: Commander Rouma- of Railways in Russia, until 1914. nian Star and Crown Orders. Ju- Head of Service of Roads, of Rus- bilee Medal, Avantul Tfirii, etc. sian Army General Staff in Rou- Addr.:Husi, Falciu district. 542 www.dacoromanica.ro T1TEANU Eugen, Dr. of law, law- and went to London as Minister yer. * July 24, 1900, Bucharest. Plenipotentiary.Atthesame Educ.: LicentiateofBucharest time he was appointed Perma- Faculty of Law. Dr. of Law of nent delegate for Roumania at Paris Univertiy. Journalist. Au- the League of Nations. thor of the book La competence Apart from his mission at Lon- de la Societe des Nations et la don and at Geneva, Mr. Titules- SouverainetedesEtats" Paris. cu has represented Roumania at Member: of the Syndicate of the all post-war interantional confe- Press, of the Association of Cor- rences: at Spa in 1920, at Lon- respondents of the Foreign Press, don in May 1921, at the Hague etc.Member: NationalLiberal in 1920. etc. Besides all this, he Party. Former Undersecretary of has been given the heavy duty State of the Ministry of Interior. ofnegotiating the payment of Addr.: Bucharest, Str. Gr. Ale- the Roumanian war debts to En- xandrescu 23. Tel. 2-00-96. gland and to the United States T1TULESCU Nicolae. * 1883, Cra- of America. iova, where his Father was Pre- Geneva, is more especially, howe- sident of the Court of Appeal. ver was to offer to the Rourna- He made his studies at the Cra- nian Statesman, a field of acti- iova Lyceum, obtaining the first vity where he could develop all prize in eachdasss foreight his talent as diplomatist, orator years running. He then went to and jurisconsult. Paris to study Law and was pro- It was at Geneva that the was moted as Laureate of the Fa- called upon to work side by side culty of Paris". On his return with other great European Sta- to the country he soon became tesmen, to carry out the work one of the glories of the Bucha- of Peace, based on the respec- rest Bar. Having made the acting of the present Treaties. quaintance of Take lonescu,he He has succeeded in making the entered the Conservative Demo- Roumanian point of view triumph crat Party, and became the prin- in the question of the Hungarian cipal collaborator of that great Optants", which was favourably Roumanian Statesman. resolved for Roumaniaat the During the War, when he was Conferenceofthe Haguein only 34 years of age, he became 1929. Minister of Finance in the Na- At the beginning of 1933, we tional Cabinet presided by Jean see him placing the bases of the Bratianu. We next find him as new Statutes of the Little En- Minister of Finance in the Ca- tente.Itisin 1933 also,that binet of General Al. Averescu in during the Economic Conference 1920. It was then that he pre- of London, he signed the Pact pared the great reform of the for the Definition hof te Aggres- taxation regime in Roumania. His sor,thanks to which, he was most important work is still the able, a year later, to resume di- basis of the financial organiza- plomatic relations with Russia. tion of Roumania. In 1927, we find him as Minister In 1921, after the death of Take for Foreign Affairs, in the Vin- lonescu, he left internal politics, tile Bratianu Cabinet. Since then 543 www.dacoromanica.ro he has kept the Portofolio for Sector.. Deputy since 933. Dec.: Foreign Affairs, almost uninter- Knight Roumanian Eagle. Addr.: ruptedly in all tee succeeding Ca- Chisoda, Timis District. binets, and is to-day recognizedTOMESCU G., lawyer. * 1881, Plo- by allpoliticalParties as the esti. Lyceum, Faculty of law, U- Stateman who is alone destined niversity Bucharest. Professor of to direct the Foreign Policy of the latin language at the Lyceum the country. The fact that he Ploesti, 191 1 . Former councillor himself belongs to no Political of the Prahova Bar, Former chief Party gives him a superiority of the juridical department of the which allows him to play also, town Ploesti. Former President the part of arbitrator in the In- of the League for the Rights of terior Policy of the country. the Man Prahova district and Plo- TODORAN Nicolae, Dr., Lawyer. esti organization. President, since * Febr. 4, 902, Pianul de jos, 1926, of the Association of the Alba District. Ed.: Lyceum. A- Demobilized. Member: People's cademy for Commercial and In- Party. First member of the per- dustrial Studies of Cluj. Faculty manent delegation of the organi- of Law of Cluj. Member: Natio- zationPrahova.Dec.:Officer nal Peasants Party. Deputy of Roumanian Crown, etc. Addr.: Alba, 1932. Dec.: Knight Rou- Ploesti, Str. Soarelui 2. manian Eagle. Addr.: Alba-Julia,TOMESCU Petre, professor at the Str. Plevnei 1. Faculty of medicine. * Nov. 4, TOLCA Pompeiu, Lyceum profes- 1890, V5lenii de Munte. Ed.: Bu- sor. * Nov. 2, 1889, Dumbr5vita, charestFacultyofmedicine. Some§ District. Ed.: Lyceum, U- Member: National Liberal Party. niversity of Cluj. Professor at Ly- Senator in 1931. Addr.: Bucha- ceum Simion Barnutiu" of $im- rest, Str. Olari 15, Tel. 2-39-43. leul Sylvaniei. Member: Rouma-TOMESCU Tiberiu, lawyer. * July nian Front.Deputy in1926. 6,1888, Tecuci. Ed.: Lyceum, Addr.: Zaliu, Str. Traian 45. University of Jassy. Former State TOMA Ilie University assistent pro- lawyer. Took part in the cam- fessor. * Oct. 18, 1904, Chisoda paign 1913 and 1916 18. Mem- Timis Torontal district. Descen- ber : Roumanian Front. Senator dent of a peasants family. Ed.: of Teleorman District in 1928- Faculty of medicine at Cluj, as- 1931. Dec.: Officer Roumanian sistent professor of the children- Star, Commemorative Crossof institute of Bucharest. President the War. Addr.: Turnu Mggu- of the national liberal youth of rele. Cluj. Member: National LiberalTOMOVICI-PLOP5OR P. Nicolae, Party. Deputy since 1933. Dec.: lawyer,agriculturist-proprietor. Knight of the Roumanian Crown, * Sept. 3,1887, Plopsoru-Gorj. Star and Eagle Orders. Addr.: Ed.: Lyceum. Bucharest Faculty Bucharest, Ca lea Grivitei133. of Law. Former vicepresident of Tel. 3-11-08. Roumanian Students Union and TOMA Petru, Proprietor, Bank Di- president of the Students Circle rector. * Chi§oda, Timi§ District. of Gorj. Member: People's Party. Ed.: Private Scool. Member: Na- President of Gorj District Orga- tionalLiberalParty Head of nization. Prefect of Gorj District 544 www.dacoromanica.ro 1926-27. Deputy of Gorj 1920-TRESTIANU Nicolae, lawyer * July 22. Dec.: Commemorative Cross 27, 1899. Ed.: Licentiate of Law. of War 1916-18. Addr.: Plopsoru Officer inreserves. Councillor Gorj District. in the Communal Council, 1930- TOPA Petre, surgeon. * June 15, 32. Former Assist. Mayor in the 1889, Moloviste (Macedonia). E- Ad-Interim Commission in 1933- duc.: Dr. of medicine and sur- 34 for Sect. 11 (Black) Bucharest geon of the Faculty of medicine, Member: National Liberal Party Bucharest. Head-surgeon of Ho- Member: of permanent Delega- spital. Former Vicepresident of tion of Bucharest-Town. Vicepre- the Association of Surgeon. Vi- sident of Organization II (Black) cepresident of the Association of Bucharest. Deputy since1933. Roumanian Physicians. Member Dec.: Roumanian Star, Rouma- of the French Surgeons Associa- nian Eagle, Commemorative Me- tion. President of the Cultural So- dal with bars. Addr. Bucharest, ciety Macedo-Roumanian. Mem- Str. Austrului 9. Tel. 3-h77-I4. ber: National Democrat Party. Se.TRIFU Vasile, dr. pysician, Univer- cretary General of the Party. sity teacher. * May 10,1892, President of the Caliacra district Bucharest. Ed.: Faculty of me- organization. Deputy 1931. Vi- dicine, Bucharest. Member of the cepresident of the Chamber of International, French, Italian and Deputies, 1931. Dec.: Roumanian BelgianSocietiesofUrology. Crown, Ferdinand I. Medal, etc. Head-Physician. Member: Natio- Addr.: Bucharest,St.IIlunie nal Christian Party. President of 17. Tel. 3-17-56. the Teleorman district organization. Deputy of Storojinet, 1931. TOKES Ernest, Archpriest of the Dec.: Roumanian Crown with Reformed Church. * 1880, Vice- sword and ribbon of Military Vir- presidentofMagyar Peasants tue, Commemorative Cross, Rou- Party of Romania. Deputy of Trei manian Crown, Polonia Restituta, scaune in1927-28. Addr.: Bu- Addr.: Bucharest, Boul.Lascar charest, str. Sf. Voivozi 50. Catargiu 9b. Tel. 2-43-50. TRANCU-IA$I Gr. L.,professor,TULBURE Gheorghe, professor. * lawyer. * Oct. 23,1873, Tg.- 1880. Former inspector of Pri- Frumos, Jassy District. Ed.: Jassy mary Education in1922-1926. Faculty of Law. Dr. in economi- Former Mayor of Oradea-Town, cal sciences. Founder of the La- 1926-27. He published many lite- bour Party at Jassy,1917. He rary and historical articles. For- created the Ministry of Labour, mer Mayor of Oradea-Town in former Minister of Labour and 1926-27. Member: People's Par- Social Welfare. Member: People's ty. Deputy in 1920-22. Addr.: Party. Chief of Bucharest Orga- Oradea. nization. Honorary president ofTUTOVEANU George, Inspector of Covurlui DistrictOrganization. the Royal Foundations Prince Deputy of Covurlui andIlfov. Carol". * Nov. 20, 1872, Ballad. Dec.: Grand Cross Roumanian Teachers SchoolofBucharest. Crown, Grand Officer Maurizius Founder-member of the Rouma- and Lazarus (Italy), etc. Addr.:I nian Writers Society. President Bucharest, Str. Toarnnei 48a. L of the literary society Academia

3 6 545 www.dacoromanica.ro BarFedeanA". Author of the vo- Prefect of Tutova in1931-32. lumes Albastru",Ba lade", Dec.: Bene Merenti",Officer Tinerete", Poezii alese", Pe- Roumanian Crown, Officerof trie", Logodnica lui Vifor", etc. Ordre Universel du Merite Hu- Member: Agrarian Party. Chief main" Geneve. Addr.:Bar lad, TutovaDistrictOrganization. Boul. Epureanul 42. u UGLI5Petre,teacher-director.* ofFranz JosefsOrder, Great Sept.1,1881, Recica, Arad Di- Cross St. Sava, Commander with strict. Ed.: Normal School of A- stars of St. Staanislas (Russian), rad. Officer in the World War, Commander of Osmanie" and he took part as volonteer legion- Medjidie-, Knight St. Anna and ner in Italy in the battles of Pia- Prussian Crown, etc. Addr.: Cluj, ve.Member:NationalLiberal Str. Motilor 115. Party. Chief of FISlmagiu com-UICA Nicolae, General of Division. mune Organization. Senator since * Febr. 5, 1877, Vlasca District. 1933. Dec.: Roumanian and Ita- Ed.: Military School of Infantery lian Commemorative Cross, and War School. Former Minister Knight Roumanian Crown, Fer- of Army. During the War he dinand I, and Eagle Orders. Adr.: was Head of General Staff, Ge- Gura Hontului, Arad District. neral of an Army Corps, and UGRON 5tefan de, ab Abrfinfalva, Head of the Inspection of the retired ambassador and plenipo- Army. Dec.: Pour le Write", tentiary minister, former Prime-RoumanianStarandCrown, Councillor. * Sept. 30, 1862, Zau Grand ribbon Roumanian Crown, de Campie, Ed. B. A. at the Ly- Bulgarian Military Merit. St. Ale- ceum of Sighisoara, Consular A- xander,etc.Addr.:Bucharest, cademy at Vienna. Councillor of Str. Traian 179. Tel. 2-21-58. the Austro-Hungarian Ambassy at Bucharest in 1908-10, pleni-UNGUREANU M. Ion, Expert Ac- potentiary minister at Belgrade, countant of Creditul Minier". * 1910-13, representativeofthe Sept. 24, 1888, Cusmirul, Mehe- Austrian and Hungarian Govern- dinti District. Ed.: High School ments at Warsaw, 1917-18. Pre- of Commerce. State Science. For- sident of the Magyar Party 1923- mer Bank-Director. President of 26. Prime-Curator of the Calvi- the private employees Union of niste Theology at Cluj and for Roumania. Director of the news- the Calvinist church-circumscrip- paper Buletinur si Dreptatea" tion of Transylvania since 1923. Director-proprietor of the news- President of the Association of paper Drapelul". Lieutenant of the Transylvanian Museum, for- Engineer in reserves. Member in mer President of the Cooperative the Central Committee of the Hangya". Memebr: Magyar Par- reserves Officers Union of Rou- ty. Dec.: GreatCross Rouma- mania. Member: Nationalist-De- nian Crown, Crossof Merits mocratic Party. Sector Chief of (Hungarian) I Class, Great Cross PrahovaDistrictOrganization. 546

www.dacoromanica.ro Former prefect of Prahova Di- kowina. Dec.: War Medals. Addr: strictin1931-32.Dec. :War Czernowitz, Str. Regina Maria 7. Cross with bars, Victoria", St.URZICEANU Gheorghe, lawyer. * George Cross (Russian). Addr.: Nov. 1904, Letea Veche, Baceu Ploe*ti, Str. Carol I, 21. District. Ed.: JassyFacultyof URSACHE Mihai, lawyer. * Nov. Law. Former President of Chris- 3, 1882, Cordereni, Dorohoi Di- tian Students Association of the strict. Ed.:Licentiateof Law. University of Jassy(1927-28). First Assist. Mayor of Czernowitz Member: National Christian Par- Town in 1931-32. He took part ty. Chief Baceu District Organi- in the campaigns 1913-18 as cap- zation. Deputy of Baceu in 1932- tain in reserves. Member: Agra- 33 and since 1933. Dec.: Knight rian Party. Chief of Czernowitz Roumanian Eagle. Addr.: Baceu, District Organization and of Bu- Str. Alexandru cel Bun 2.

VACARESCU HELENE, *1866 nianFront. DeputyofBaceu Bucharest. Descendent of a fa- 1919, 1928 and 1932. Dec.: all mily of poets and political men. roumanian and interalliate war Her father, was John Vacarescu, decorations. Addr.: Baceu, Cal. former plenipotentiary Minister. Mere*e*ti 27. Has Lived at Paris, since 1893.VAIDA-VOEVOD Alexandru,Dr. Maidenof Honour of Queen proprietor. * Febr. 27, 1872, 01- Elisabeth (Carmen Sy Iva). Dele- pret, Some* district. Educ.: Uni- gate of Roumania attheLea- tary Private School at Cluj, Sa- gue of Nations. Honorary mem- xon Lyceum of Bistrita, and Rou- ber of the Roumanian Academy. manian Lyceum of Bra*ov, me- Publishedseveralvolumesof dical Faculty of Vienna Univer- poetry and novels, also transla- sity. Here the young student took ted in to English.Dec.:Great part in all national movements. Officer of the Roumanian Crown At the banquet given in honour Order,OfficeroftheLegion of the Roumanian Delegation by d'Honneur, Commander of White which the Memorandum" was Lyon. Addr.: Paris, Ave. Kleber brought to the Emperor, at Vien- 39. na he made a fervent speech. In VAGANESCU I. Mihail, lawyer, a- 1896 he initiated and convened griculturist.*Sept.171880, at Vienna, an important congress Chiojdeanca,PrahovaDistrict. of arian students, at which he Ed.: Licentiate of the Faculty of vehemently criticised the Hunga- Law, Bucharest. Lieutenant-Co- rian dominion, showing te inhu- lonel in reserves. President of the man means used to crush the na- Invalides and Mutilates of War tionalities and more especialy the of Roumania. Member in the In- Roumanians. In 1896 he was e- ternational Central Committee of lected in the Committee of the former soldiers. Prefect of Baceu Transylvanian National Party. He district and Mayor of Baceu, 1920 practiced medicine more espe- and 1932-33. Member: Rouma- cialy at Karlsbad as Doctor of the 547 www.dacoromanica.ro baths. He was one of these who Hungarians, lived chiefly in Vi- demanded the abandonment of enna and Switzerland. In the Au- the Roumanians' passive attitude tumn of 1918 he took part in and the adoption of an active po- the conference ,of the Committee licy in 1903. In 1905 he fell in of the National Roumanian Party the elections at Ighiu in conse- at Oradea, and in October 18, quence of the terror exercised by of the same year, declared in the Government, but in 1906 he the HungarianParliament, the was electedas deputyof the free right to decide on their own Hungarian Chamber, with a great destiny, of the Roumanian people majority. of Transylvania and Hungary. From Parliament, Vaida-Voevod By this historic act the Transyl- sent the echo of the sufferings vanian Roumanians freed them- of the Roumanian People, into selves from their former mas- the world. In 1906-907, the pe- ters. At the great national As- riod of the most lively agitation sembly of Alba Julia, he was e- for Vaida-Voevod, he spoke of lected to the Council of Direction the Agrarian Reform, the Uni- in the Department for Foreign versal Vote and the Women to Affairs and was delegate to the be admitted to the Universities, Commission by which the Act of and also against the School Law Union was presentedtoKing of Apponyi who wished to crush Ferdinand. In 1919 he particap- Roumanain Education. Excluded ted in the Peace Congress, and from the Chamber of Deputies in the Autumn of 919 he was in 1907 for having dared to quote a deputy, and president of the certain versesinsultingto the nevi Chamber of Deputies of Rou- Hungarians, Vaida-Voevod on his mania; some days later he was return to his studies in the Cham- charged with the forming of the ber, founds his popularity increa- Government which however las- sed. In 1910, the votes at lghiu ted only about 4 months, being having been stolen, be was elec- replaced by thatof Averescu, tedfor Fagaras and remained shortly after Vaida Voevod had in the Hungarian Chamber up obtained from the Allies the re- to 1918. congnition of the Union of Bes- Vaida-Voevod moreespecially sarabia with the Mother Country. enjoyed the confidenceofthe Deputy in all Legislative Periods Austro-Hungarian Heirtothe from 1919 to 1929, in the Maniu Throne, Franz Ferdinand, from Government he was Minister of whom he hopedfor the impro- the Interior. In 1932 was again vement of the situation of the Prime Minister up to November Roumanianinte Monarchy. 1933. Through Vaida Voevod the Aus- During his term of office in the trian Imperial House, after the departmentoftheInteriorin deathofthe Metropolitan Sa- 1928-1931,theAdministrative guna, which occurred in 1873, Law and the New Law for the again got into touch with the Organization of the Gendarmerie Roumanians of Transylvania and and of the Police were voted a- Hungary. During the war, Vaida- mongst the more important of Voevod, who was hated by the the bills brought in during his 548 www.dacoromanica.ro administration. Both as MinisterVALAORI Iuliu, University profes- of the Interior in the Government sor. * 1868, Moscopole (Mace- of 1928, and as Prime Minister donia). Ed.: Pupil of the Hautes in 1932, he presided at free ge- Etudes, Paris. Faculty of litera- neralelections. As had of the ture, University Bucharest, dr. of Government in 1932-1933 he ini- philosophy,UniversityBerlin. tiated a whole series of laws to Secretary general of the Ministry assure the consolidation of the of Education since 1933. State. He brought new improve- Former secundary inspector, di- ments to the administrative law, rector of secundary and high e- and introduced a new convertion ducation. Member: National Li- law to lighten the burdens of a- beralParty, deputyin1919, griculture by variousfinancial 1927, 1928. Dec.: Great Officer and the exchange; to raise the Roumanian Crown and Rouma- the general crisis, and being at nian Star Orders. Addr.: Bucha- price of agricultural products, he rest, Str. Popa Soare 53 Tel. No. introduced the law for the rnarke- 3-70-25. as Prime Minister, he introducedVALCOVICI Victor, University pro- ,the control of import and exriort fessor. * Sept. 22, 1885, Galatz. to assure the balance of trade and Ed.: University of Bucharest, Dr. the echange; to raise the price in mechanics and mathematics of of agricultural products, he in- the University Gottingen. Former troduced the law for the marke- Secretary General of the Ministry ting of wheat. of Education. Former President On May 12,1933, he created of the Council of Cadastres. Land the organization Frontul Roma- Surveys on Registres.Former nese', of which he is the leader. rector of the Politechnical High Addr.:Cluj,PiataStefancel School of Timisoara. President Mare 3. Tel. 9-28. of the Council of the Politechni- VAITOIANU Arthur, Army-Corp cal High School of Timisoara and General. * 1864, Ismail. Educ.: of the Roumanian Society of Sci- School of Artillery and Enginee- /ences. Several works on mecha- ring. Professor of the School of nical problems, many articles and War. During the War he com- Lectures. Independent.Minister manded an Army-Corp. General of Public Works and Commual- Commissioneer ofBessarabia. cations 1931-32. Deputy of Co- Member: National Liberal Party vurlui 1931-32. Dec: Great Cross (Gh. Br5tianu). Former Prime- of RoumanianCrown, Nordst- Minister, MinisterofInterior, järneorden Korn. Nord stora kor- War and Communications. Sena- set,etc. Addr.: Bucharest, Str. tor by law. Dec.: Mihai Viteazul, Londra 44. Tel. 2-33-99. Great Cross Roumanian Star andVALLEANU Gheorghe, retired ge- Crown Orders. Commander Le- neralof division.* Febr.25, giond'Honneur, Knight St. 1864, Bucharest.Ed.: Military Georges (Russian). Commander School at Bucharest. Politechni- of the Bath, French War Cross, cal Schol Poris. Artillery School great crosse of Italian, Serbian, of Fontainebleau. Professor du- Polish orders. Addr.: Bucharest, ring 18 years of the school of Str. Otetari 2. Tel. 2-08-94. Artillry at Bucharest, and during 549 www.dacoromanica.ro 5 years, at the High School of viste since1919. Member: Na- War. Member: People'sParty. tional Peasants Party. Senator in Former Minister of Public Works 1932-33.Dec.: JubileeMedal and Communications. Senator in 1906. Knight of the Roumanian 1920-21 and 1926-27. Dec. Grea Star, Crown and Eagle Orders. Cross of Roumanian Crown, of Pe les Medal. Addr.: Targoviste, Roumanian Star with sword and Str. Cetatii I. ribbon of Military Virtue, Off-VASILESCU Al. Jean (Valjean), cerLegiond'Honneur.Great lawyer. * Dec. 16, 1881, Turnu- Cross Takova Order (Servian), Magurele. Ed.: Dr. of Law, Paris GreatOfficer of theSalvator Faculty.GeneralDirectorof (Greek). Addr.: Bucharest, Str. Theatres in 1923. Former Pro- Al. Lahovary 7. Tel. 4-45-13. Head of Ilfov Bar. Chief of Na- VANCEA Victor Ion, dr. of law, tional Agrarian Party. Deputy in public notary. * March 28, 1882, 1922-28 and 1931-32. Former Blaj. Ed.: Dr. of the law faculty, vicepresident of the Chamber of University Cluj. Former Judge in Deputies. Dec.: Commander Rou- Careii. President of several Sport manian Star. Addr.: Bucharest, and Cultural Associations.Ins- Str. Culmea 8. Tel. 3-07-11 pector of Hunting of the AlbaVASILESCU-KARPEN Nicolae, Pro- district. Captain of Artillery in fessor and Rector of the Po li- reserves. Member: National Libe- technical School * 1870, Craiova. ral Party. President h. c. of the Educ.:Polytechnical School of Aiud Organization. Prefect of Al- Bucharest. Dr. in Sciences of Pa- ba district 1921 and 1927-28. ris (1904). Electro-Engineer, Pa- Deputy in 1920-21. eDc.: Offi- ris (1899). Appointed professor cer Roumanian Crown,Knight Ferdinand I. Order. Adr.: Alba of the Polytechnical School, and Iulia. Rector of this Scool until 1920. VARNAV Spiridon, lawyer.* Dec. President. of the High Technical 12, 1899, Focsani. Ed.: Faculty Council. Former Minister of In- of law at Bucharest. School of dustry. Member of Roumanian A- Officers of Artillery in reserves. cademy. Senator of Mures 1931- Member: National Christian Par- 32. Dec.: Grand Cross Rouma- ty. Vicepresident of the Roman nian Crown, Grand Officer Rou- district organization. Former pre- manian Star and Po Ionia Resti- sident of the Roman organization tuta". Addr.: Bucharest, Ca lea of the National Agrarian Party Grivitei 132. Tel. 3-67-54. (0. Goga). Addr.: Bucharest, Str.VASILESCU-NOTTARA loan, law- Dionisie 65. Tel. 2-18-70. yer. * Jan. 3,1881, Bucharest. VASILESCU A. Alexander, secon- Ed.: University at Bucharest and dary professor. * Albesti, Do lj Rome. Writer and author of ma- district. Ed.: Dr. of literature of ny works about commercial law. the University Bucharest. Assis- Member: National Peasants Par- tent archivist at the State Ar- ty. Deputy 1928-31 and 1932- chives, 1909-14. Professor at the 33. Former reporter of law about Military Lyceum NicolaeFilipes- concordatul preventiv and presi- cu",Manastirea Dealu, 1914 and dent of the committee for redac- at the Normal School of -Fargo- tiorofthecommercialcode.

550 www.dacoromanica.ro Dec.: Comm. Roumanian Star Member: People's Party. Presi- and Italian Crown Orders. Addr.: dent of the Fagaras, Brasov and Bucharest, Str. Stirbey Voda 78. Tarnava Mica districts organiza- Tel. 3-16-00. tions.DeputyofFagarasin VASILIU Al. Matei, lawyer, director 1919,1922,1926,1930,1931 ofCreditul Carbonifer"and and 1932. Addr.: Fagaras. Tel. Lignitul". * Jan. 15, 1887, Tul- 15. cea District.Ed.: Licentiate ofVELEANU E. I., lawyer, Prefect of Law, Bucharest Faculty. Member: Romanati District.* July24, National Liberal Party. Senator 1891, Caracal. Ed.: Licentiate of of Bihor since1934. Secretary Law Took part in the World War, of the Senate three times. Dec.: wounded twice. Member: National Mihai Viteazul" Class II, Knight Liberal Party. Deputy in 1927- Roumanian Star with ribbon Mi- 28. Dec.: Knight Roumanian Star, litary Virtue, Military Virtue" Knight RoumanianStarwith (Polish). Military Cross" (En- swords, Officer and Commander glish).Addr.:Bucharest,Str. of Roumanian Crown. Addr.: Ca- Roma 7. Tel. 3-12-67. racal, Str. Qen. Averescu 19. VASILIU Haralamb Dr., Physician.VELEHORSCHI Boris, engineer, Fo- * Febr. 10, 1884, Potosani. Ed.: restry inspector. * May Ist. 1870 Lyceum, Faculty of medicine Bu- Bukowina.Ed.: Polytechnical charest. Director-Founder of the School Vienna. Former Forestry newspaper Chemarea" of Boto- councillor of the Church Fund. sani, until 1925. Member: Natio- Director. Czernowitz 1895-1930) nal Christian Party. President of Took part in the World War. BotosaniDistrict Organization. Member: People's Party. Deputy Former deputy in 1926-27, 1931 1926-27. Dec.: Officer Rouma- 1932. Dec.: Officer Roumanian nian Crown. Roumanian Star. Eagle, Officer Roumanian Crown. Addr.: Czernowitz,Str.Petru Addr. Botosani, Str. Cuza Voda Rares 19A. 29. VELESCU Nicolae, manager of the VASIU Nicolae, archpriest and pro- Mercur" Ltd. * Oct. 16, 1901, fessor. * 1895, Dramnariu. Ed.: Buzau. Ed.: Military School for B.A., Teo logical Academy at Officers. Former offcer of the Sibiu, University at Cluj and Bu- Army. Councillor of the town. dapest. Secundaryprofessor at Member: NationalCorporatist Timisoara until 1925, archpriest League. Addr.: Oravita, Tel. 15. of Cluj and since 1928 professorVELICAN Camil, dr. in law, law- of the latine and greek langua- yer. * Dec. 18,Targu-Mures. ges at the Lyceum of the Uni- Ed.: Lyceum, School of Officers, versityCluj.Independent. De- Dr. in law, University Cluj and puty in 1931. Dec.: Reward for Budapest. Under the Austro-Hun- Church-Work,I.Class.Addr.: garian regime he took part in Cluj, Str Biserica Ortodoxfi 6. all nationalist mooments. Former VASSU DE ARPA5 Danila, dr. in member of Congregation of Al- law, lawyer. * April 14 1885, ba. Former president of the Rou- Horta-Fagaras. Ed.: Dr. of Law manian artisans of Alba lulia. He of the UniversityofBudapest. took part, as defender at all po-

551

www.dacoromanica.ro litical trils of the Roumanian le- President of the Painters in Bu- aders of Transylvania. Mayor of kowina. Lieutenant in reserves. Alba lulia, 1918, prefect of the Member: Agrarian Party. Presi- Alba district 1922-26. President dent of the Dorohoi district orga- of several cultural and welfare nization. Deputy of Dorohoi 1931 societies. Member: National Li- 1932. Dec.: Officer Roumanian beralParty.President of Alba Star, Knight Roumanian Crown, district organization. Deputy in War Cross withbars,Victroy several legislative 'periods. Dec.: Medal. Addr. Herta, Dorohoi di- Officer Roumanian Star and Fer- strict. dinandI.Order, Industrial andVERZIU Diomed, lawyer. * 1898, Commercial Merits, I. Class. Adr: Comoara, Vlasca District. Educ.: Alba lulia. Lyceum. Faculty of Law and Li- VELICIU Emil Dr., lawyer. * July terature of Bucharest. Member: 13,1888, Chisineu-Cris,Arad National LiberalParty.Dec.:. District. Educ.: Lyceum at Beius White Eagle (Czehosl.). Addr.: and Sibiu. University of Budapest Giurgiu, Str. Maior N. Marinescu Former volonteer in the Rouma- No. 6. nian Legion in Russia. Member:VIDRAKU V. Constantin, lawyer National PeasantsParty.Dec.: and winegrower. Gaureni de sus, War Cross, Ferdinad with swords Lapusna District. Educ.: Military Addr.: Ara, Str. Dumbrava Ro- School(Russian).Facultyof sie 29. Law, Jassy University. Former presient of the Commission for VELLIMAREANU Gheorghe, lawyer the Expropriation of Land and *1895, Craiova. Ed.: Lyceum its Distribution to the Peasants, at Craiova, Licentiate in law, U- of Tighina. Former Assit. Mayor niversity Bucharest. Member: Na- of Tighina. Former prefect of Ti- tional Liberal Party. Deputy sin- gina in 1924-25. Member: Natio- ce 1933, Braila. Dec.: Comme- nal Liberal Party (Gh. Bratianu). morative War Cross, White Lyon. President of Tighina District Or- Addr.: Bucharest,Str.Grigore ganization. Deputy in1926-27. Alexandrescu 3. Tel. 2-26-40. Dec.: Roumanian Star, Rouma- VENIAMIN Anastase, Lawyer. * A- nian Crown, Sanitary Merit Class pril, 1879, Galati. Educ.: Faculty I,St. Anna with swords (Rus- of Law,BucharestUniversity. sian). Addr. Tighina, Str. Pug- President of the Cultural Lea- chin 32. gue",SectionGalati. Member:V1DRIGHIN Stan, Engineer. * 1876 National-Democratic Party. Chief Rfisinari. Educ.: Lyceum. Poly- of Galati Organization. Former tecnical School at Budapest and deputy in 1931-32. Dec.: Knight Vienna. Former Rector of Poly- Roumanian Crown and Rouma- technicalSchoolof Timisoara nian Star. Addr.: Galati, Str. Lo- (1926-29). Former director of gofatul Taut 17. the communal Works of Timisoa- VERONA Paul, agriculturist, pain- ra. Former general director of P. ter. * April 9, 1897, Herta. Ed.: T. T.(Post, Telegraph, Tele- Lyceum, Licentiate of Law of the phon). Former general director Jass University. Painters Acade- ofC..F. R. (Roumanian State my lulian"ofParis.Former Railways).Member:National 552 www.dacoromanica.ro Peasants Party. Mayor of Timi- Dean of Sciences Faculty 1915- soara-Town from 1919-23. Se- 30. Member: Conservative Party. natorofTimis-Torontal 1932- Former MinisterofEducation 33. Addr.: Bucharest, Boul. Vie- and Cults on the Conservative tila Bratianu19.Tel. 2-06-58. Government. Minister of Agricul- VI5AN Alexandru, journalist, edi- ture in 1921. Former Vicepresi- tor of newspaper Epoca". Di- dent of the Chamber of Deputies. rector of Memo" Press Cuttings Dec.: Grand ribbon Roumanian Service. * June 26, 1905, Bucha- Crown. Addr.: Bucharest. rest.Educ.:Licentiate of Law.VLASA Vasile, Dr., lawyer. * Oct. Member:Conservative Party. 30,1889, Valea Larga, Turda Ac ldr.: Bucharest, Boul Marasesti District. Educ.: Lyceum at Blaj. 119. Tel. 3-81-68. Cluj Faculty of Law. Former ac- VLAD Alexandru, general, War in- tive Officer in rank of captain valide. * Dec. 5,1876, Brasov, of artillery. Member: National Li- Ed.: MilitarySchoolatSibiu, beral Party (Gh. Bratianu) Chief Vienna and Graz. During the re- of Turda District Organization. volution commander of all the Dec.: Commemorative Cross with Roumanian guards in Transsyl- bars, Ferdinand". Addr.: Turda, vania and Banate. Deputy of A- Turda District. rad 1928 and Senator Hunedoa-VOIA Mihai, Lt.-Colonel in reser- ra 1932. Dec.: Mare Officer Rou- ves,agriculturist.*April7, manian Crown, Commander Fer- 1889,Ploesti. Euc. :Lyceum, dinand I. Order, Knight Rouma- School for Officers of cavalry, nian Eagle, Commemorative Special School of cavalry. Mem- Cross,PalesMedal,Industrial ber: National Liberal Party. For- and Commercial Merits, I. Class. mer prefect in 1925 and 1931. Addr.: Arad, Ca lea Romanilor 29 Former deputy 1927. Prefect of VLAD Aural Dr., agriculturist. * Lapusna District. Dec.: Comman- 1875, Orastie. Educ.: Faculty of der Roumanian Star. Addr.: Kis- Law, University of Budapest. For- hineff, Str. Nic. Jorga1 7. Tel. mer Head of the Financial De- I 4-67. partment in the Dirigent Council.VOICULESCU-Darvin, agricurturist Minister of Finance in 1919-20, and cooperator. * Viisoara, Te- Miister of Cultes and Minister of leorman district.Ed.: Lyceum. Industry and Commerce in 1928- Presidentofseveralpopular 29. Memmer: Roumanian Front. banks and cooperatives, federa- Chief Hunedoara and Severin Di- tion of cooperators. Member: Na- strict Organizations. Former de- tional Liberal Party. Senator of puty in sixlegislative periods. the district councils of Teleorman Dec.: Grand Cross Roumanian since 1934. Dec.: Roumanian and Crown, Ferdinand Order, Rou- Star, Cultural Merits Addr: Com- manian Eagle, Pe les", etc. Addr: mune I. G. Duca, former Lissa, Orastie Hunedoara District. Teleorman district. VLADESCU Mihail, professor. * A-VOICULESCU N. Marin, lawyer. * pril 25, 1865. Educ.: University Oct.2,1886, Caracal. Educ.: of Paris and Wiirzburg. Former Faculty of Law Bucharest. Prefect Rector of Bucharest University. of Romanati District in 1922-24 553

www.dacoromanica.ro and 1927-28. Member: National delegate of the district. Turda. LiberalParty(Gh. Bnitianu). Member: National Peasants Par- Dec.: Officer Roumanian Star. ty. President of the Raciu Orga- Addr.: Caracal, Str. Carol 3. nization. Deputy1 920, Senator VOICULESCU Tome, Professor and 1928 and 1933.Dec.:Officer Expert Accountant. * 1880, 0- Roumanian Star Orde.Addr.: gretin, Prahova District. Educ.: Raciu, Mures district. Superior Commercial School andVULCU Simion Dr., prefect of Alba practice in the Country and ab- District. * Febr. 5, 1890, Pianul road. Author of didactic books de sus, Alba District. Educ.: Ly- for commercial education. Served ceum. Dr. of Law. Captain in rein War for the Union, with the serves, passed into the Rouma- rank of lieutenant. Member: Na- nian Army as volonteer. Mem- tionalist-Democratic Party. For- ber:NationalLiberalParty. mer deputy in 1919 and senator Chief of Sebes-Alba Organization. in 1931. Dec: Roumanian Crown, Former deputy 1922-26. Addr.: Commemorative Cross with bars. Prefecture Alba-Iulia. Tel. 51. Addr.: Ploesti, Str. Al. VlahutgVULPE RADU, University teacher. 15. * Dec.: 29,1899, Albesti-Ialo- VOITECH $tefan, publisher * 1900 mita. Ed.: Licentiate and Dr. of Corabia.Educ.:Polytechnical Literature, University Bucharest. School. Editor of the newspaper Former member of the Rouma- Proletarul". Member: Social U- nian Schools at Rome and in nitarist Party. Secretary of the France He made archeological Party. Addr.: Bucharest, Str. Dr. researches. Secretary of the per- Obedenaru 8. manent Roumanian Committee of VULCU Nicolae, proprietor. * July the International Congress of pre- 22,1870,Saliste.Ed.:B.A., historical and protohistorical Sci- Officer in reserves. He fought un- ences. Member: National Liberal der the Hungarian regime for the Party (Gh Brkianu). Dec.: rights of the Roumanian popu- Knight Roumanian Star Order lation. He took part of the Natio- Addr.: Bucharest, Str. Mihail Ko- nal Assembly at Alba lulia, as gglniceanu 11. W WEISS Aureliu, lawyer and writer. puty of Ilfov 1932. Dec.: Faith * Sept. 26, 1893, Bucharest. Ed.: and Valour, with sword, 1, Class; Lyceum, Faculty of Law, Univer- Knight Roumanian Eagle, Peles sity Bucharest.Collaborator of Medal. Addr.: Bucharest, Str. Nic the Reviews Viata RomaneascA" Filipescu 35. Tel. 2-30-04. and AdevArul Literar". Author of the volumes: Studii literare"WEISSMAN Mita', lawyer. * Dec. and Autorii Pfireri", with cri- 28, 1892, Buhalnita, Neamt Dis- ticalstduies.Juridical publica- trict. Educ.: Lyceum. Faculty of tions: 1,Gajulcommercial" and Law Jassy and Paris. Former pre- Contractul de transport". Mem- sident of Zionist Organization of ber: National Peasants Party. De- Roumania 1931-33. Member: 554

www.dacoromanica.ro Jewish Party. Vicepresident of gyar Party. Secretary General of Party. Former deputy of Hotin the Party since 1926. Deputy in 1932-33. Addr.: Bucharest, Str. 1926-27, 1927-28, 1928-31, Negustori 25. Tel. 3-21-12. 1931-32, 1932-33 and since 1934 WILLER losif, lawyer. * May 22, Addr.: Bucharest, Cal. Victoriei 1884, Kecskemét (Hungary). E- 65. Tel. 3-02-09 and Lugoj Str. duc.: Dr. of law. Member: Ma- Avram lancu. x XENI Constantin, lawyer. * Oct. 23, and later successively in almost 1887, Bucharest. Educ. : Faculty all legislativeperiods. Dec. Grand of Law and Philosophy Bucha- Officer Roumanian Star, Grand rest. Member:National Liberal Party. Former Minister in 1922 Officer Legion d'Honnour (Fran- and 1934 .Elected deputy for the ce), etc. Addr.: Bucharest, Str. first time at Constantza in 1912, Atena 27. Tel. 2-11-86. z ZABOROVSCHI Ion, SecondaryZADIG Ion, lawyer, dr. in law. * professor. * March 5, 1888, Bu- Jan. 30, 1900, Roman. Ed.: Fa- charest. Educ.: Faculty oflite- culty of law, Jassy and Rome. rature and philosophy, Bucharest Dr. with the specialty of com- University. Chief Inspector of mercial law. GeneralSecretary Education of Bessarabia 1928- of theUniversity Association 29. Commissary general of gene- Friends of Italian Arts, Scien- ral census of Bessarabia in 1930. ces and Literature". Juridical Member: National Peasants Par- councillor of the Italian Legation ty. Secretary general of Lapugna and Consulate. Collaboratorof District Organization. Former se- the Review Commercial Right nator in 1932. Dec.: Knight Rou- and Economical Studies", Ideea mania Crown and Roumanian Liberala" etc. Administrator de- Eagle, Pe les". Addr.: Kishineff, legate of the Society Tipogra- Str. Cuza Voda 15. fia Miscarea".Member ofthe ZACIU, Gh. Felician, Lawyer. * Royal Roumanian Automobil May 30, 1900, Pomi, Satu-Mare Club.Lieutenantinreserves. district.Educ.:Licentiate of Member: National-Liberal Party Law, Barrister's degree. Lawyer (Gh. Bratianu). Secretary Gene- for penal affairs, head of many ral of the Muscel Organization. cultural and sport associations. Second candidate on the Natio- Member: Radical Peasants Party. nal Liberal Party (Gh. Bratianu) Head of Maramures and vice- lists at the elections 1931, 1932 president of Satu-Maredistrict and 1933 in Muscel. Addr.: Bu- organization. Addr.: Satu-Mare, charest, Aleea Alexandru 8. Tel. Str, Alexandri 33, 2-21-13. 555

www.dacoromanica.ro ZAHARESCU Petre, professor and Graz. ,,Charge d'affaires" of U- director of the Lyceum-Internate kraina in Switzerland1919-20. Petru Zaharescul" of Buzau. * Member: National Ucrainean July 20, 1867, Buzau. Educ.: Fa- Party. Chief of Czernowitz Or- culty of mathematical sciences of ganization. Former senator and University Bucharest. Former ge- deputy. Dec.: Roumanian Eagle, neral inspector of secondary e- several Austrian orders and de- ducation. Forner technical coun- corations. Addr.: Czernowitz. cillor of the Ministry of Educa-ZAMFIRESCU Stelorian, lawyer. * tion. Former general inspector of Jan.19, 1901, Ploesti. Ed.: Fa- primary and normal primary e- culty of law. Member: Rouma- ducation. Member: People's Par- nian Front. Former assitent ma- ty. Farmer President of the Bu- yor of Ploesti. Dec.: Sanitary Me- zau district organization. Prefect rits,I. Class. Addr.: Ploesti, Str. of Buzau district1920-22.Se- Puscasi. Tel. :14-54. nator 1927. Dec.: Officer of theZELTER-Sariteanu M., ziarist. * Roumanian Star and Crown Or- 1886, Lipovat, VasluiDistrict. ders, RewardforEducational Educ.: LyceumBucharest,Fa- Work, I.Class. Addr.: Buzau, culty of Law Zurich, Geneva and Str. Carol II No. 67. Montpellier. Collaborater of se- ZAHARIA C. Mihail,lawyer. * veral newspapers andreviews. Nov. 9,1895, Jassy. Educ.: Ly- Member: Roumanian Jewish U- ceum. Faculty of LawJassy. nion (U. E. R.). Founder of the Lawyer at the Ilfov Bar,with Association of Roumanian Jews, an intense journalistical activity. which became later theactual Member:NationalCorporatist U. E. R.Secretary general of League. Chief Orheiu District U. E. R. and of Central Coun- Organization. Former deputy in cil of Jews in Roumania. Addr.: 1931. Dec.: Officer Roumanian Bucharest,Str.Apolodor23. Crown. Addr.: Bucharest, Str. Tel.: 3-25-32. Povernei 10. Tel.: 2-37-62. ZIGRE Nicolae, dr. in law, lawyer. ZAHARQFloan, journalist. * * July 20, 1882, Oradea. Educ.: March 23,1873, Giurgiu, Via-- B. A., University, dr. in juridical ca District. Educ.: Licentiate of science. Head, of the Oradea Bar. Law, Bucharest Universityand Vicepresident ofthe Unionof Dr. of Law, Paris. Director of Roumanian Barristers. Vicepresi- the newspaper Universul". De- dent of the National Council of puty in1904,1912, 1927 and Bihor district,1918. Member in since1933. Dec.:Commander all autonomouS corporations of Roumanian Star and Roumanian the orthodox Roumanian church. Crown, Grand Ribbon of Holy Member: National Liberal Party Sepulchre, Grand Officer St. Sa- (Gh. Brfitianu). President of the va,CommanderL'ordredu Bihor district organization. Pre- Christ", Commander Republica fectof Bihor district1919-20. Espagnola". Addr.:Bucharest, Undersecretary of State ofthe Str. Plantelor 27. Tel.: 3-80-91. Ministry of Interior 1922. Deputy ZALOZIECKYI Wladimir, Dr., for- in1922-26, Senator 1927-28. mer professor, proprietor. * July' Dec.: Officer Ferdinand I Order. 27, 1884, Czernowitz. Educ.: U- Addr.: Oradea, Str.I.C.Bra., niversity at Vienna, Firenze and tianu 12. Tel. :8-19.

556

www.dacoromanica.ro ZOTTA Paul, general, pensioner, Valour, Class I; Sanitary Merits, agriculturist. * 1876. Educ.: Spe- all War medals. Addr. :Bucha- cial school of Artillery and En- rest, Str. Aviator Muntenescu 40. gineering. Faculty of law,Uni- Tel. 3-63-26. versity Bucharest. Pretor of theZUIAC Coriolan, priest. * Ian. 26, 2nd Division 1913, and of the 1875, Doman, Carag district. 1st Army-Corp 1916- i 8.Cord- Educ.: Lyceum, theological Aca- mander and Professorofthe demy at Caransebeg. Member: Officers and Sergents School of National Corporatist League. De- the Gendarmery, 1916-22. Mem- puty of Carag 1931-32. Dec. : ber :National Liberal Party. Se- Rewardfor Church-Work, I. nator of Ilfov since 1933. Dec. : Class. Addr. : Vagiova, Carag dis- Roumanian Crown,Faithand trict.

557 www.dacoromanica.ro CONTENTS

Preface 5

THE CONSTITUTION

The Constitution 9

THE ELECTIONS

Elections 31 The Election Law of 1926 34 Results of the Elections 1926-1933 55

INTERNAL POLITICS

History of the Internal Policy 63 The Chamber of Deputies and the Senate 85 The Question of the Minorities 97 Rights of Women in Roumania 112 What is a Political Party? 119

THE POLITICAL PARTIES

The National-Liberal Party 129 National Peasants Party 146 The National-Liberal Party (Gheorghe Bratianu) 155 The National Christian Party 171 TheRoumanianFront 179 RadicalPeasantsParty 186

558

www.dacoromanica.ro ThePeople'sParty 189 TheAgrarianParty 199 National Corporatist League 208 The Conservative Party 223 NationalDemocratParty 228 The Party All for the Country" 231 Agrarian League 234 Liberal Democrat Party 237 Citizens Block for the Salvation of the Country 238 The Social Democratic Party of Roumania 241 Unitary Socialist Party of Roumania 262 Roumanian Socialist Party 266 The MagyarParty 268 The Magyar Peasants Party 274 Union of Magyar Peasants and Workers of Roumania 282 The Union of Roumanian Jews 283 The Jewish Party of Roumania 288 The Central Coumcil of Roumanian Jews 296 Ukrainian Party of Roumania 300 The Ukrainian Peasant Party of Bukowina 304

ROUMANIA'S FOREIGN POLICY Roumania's Foreign Policy 309

THE ROUMANIAN POLITICAL PRESS

Universul 349 Adevdrul 354 Dimineata 356 Curentul 357 Viitorul 359 L'Indépendance Roumaine 361 Nasha Retch 362 Le Moment 363 Dreptatea 366 Miscarea 366 Tara Noastra 369 Indreptarea 370 Pamantul Nostru 373

559

www.dacoromanica.ro Epoca 374 Neamul Românesc 375 Lumea Nou'd 376 Elöre 377 Keleti Uiság 379 Siebenbtirgisch-Deutsches Tageblatt 380 Dj Ke let 381

ROUMANIAN POLITICAL BIOGRAPHIES RoumanianDynasty 385 Who's who in Roumanian Politics? 395-557