Analele Universităţii Din Craiova, Seria Istorie, Anul XIX, Nr. 2(26)/2014
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Analele Universităţii din Craiova, Seria Istorie, Anul XIX, Nr. 2(26)/2014 CONTENTS STUDIES AND ARTICLES Anișoara Băbălău, THE FISCAL ORGANISATION OF WALLACHIA IN BRANCOVAN ERA .................................................................................................................................. 5 Elena Steluţa Dinu, HEALTH LAWS IN THE PERIOD 1874-1910 .............................. 15 Adi Schwarz, THE STRUGGLE OF THE JEWS FOR THEIR POLITICAL RIGHTS IN THE VIEW OF WESTERN JOURNALISTS (1876-1914) ............................................. 23 Cosmin-Ştefan Dogaru, LE PORTRAIT DE CHARLES DE HOHENZOLLERN- SIGMARINGEN. UN REPERE DANS L’HISTOIRE DE L’ETAT ROUMAIN ............. 31 Stoica Lascu, THE SITUATION OF THE BALKAN ROMANIANS REFLECTED IN “REVISTA MACEDONIEI” MAGAZINE (BUCHAREST; 1905-1906) ...................... 43 Gheorghe Onişoru, MAY 15, 1943: DISSOLUTION OF THE KOMINTERN AND ITS EFFECTS ON THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF ROMANIA .......................................... 75 Cezar Stanciu, CHALLENGES TO PROLETARIAN INTERNATIONALISM: THE COMMUNIST PARTIES’ CONFERENCE IN MOSCOW, 1969 .................................. 85 Lucian Dindirică, ADMINISTRATIVE-TERRITORIAL ORGANIZATION OF ROMANIA UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF NICOLAE CEAUŞESCU ........................................... 101 Virginie Wanyaka Bonguen Oyongmen, ARMÉE CAMEROUNAISE ET DÉVELOPPEMENT ÉCONOMIQUE ET SOCIAL DE LA NATION: LE CAS DU GÉNIE MILITAIRE (1962-2012) ................................................................................ 109 Nicolae Melinescu, THE MARITIME PIRACY IN ITS SECOND YOUTH ................. 129 Rodica-Doina Georgescu, DES REPERES HISTORIQUES ET CULTURELS DANS LES MANUELS ROUMAINS DE FLE ........................................................................ 143 Filip-Lucian Iorga, THE MEMORY OF THE ROMANIAN ELITES ........................... 157 BOOK REVIEW Cтo гoдини oд Baлкaнcкитe вoјни. Пpилoзи od Нaучниoт Coьиp oдpжaн нa 3-4 дeкeмвpи 2012 гoдинa (Maкeдoнcкa Aкaдeмиja нa Нaукитe и Умeтнocтитe) [Hundred Years of the Balkan Wars. Proceedings of the Scientific Meeting. Held on 3-4 December 2012. Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts], Cкopјe/Skopje, no publisher, 2013, 532 p. (Stoica Lascu).......................................................................... 173 3 Analele Universităţii din Craiova, Seria Istorie, Anul XIX, Nr. 2(26)/2014 4 Analele Universităţii din Craiova, Seria Istorie, Anul XIX, Nr. 2(26)/2014 STUDIES AND ARTICLES THE FISCAL ORGANISATION OF WALLACHIA IN BRANCOVAN ERA Anișoara BăbăLău* Abstract The fiscal organisation of Wallachia in Brancovan era was characterized by economic recovery categories of taxpayers through fair taxation to cover the payment of taxes fiscaL effort exceptional; obtained from direct taxes of the main income of the state, the existence of joint and severaL LiabiLity to pay the taxes, in the same social categories and category become fiscal debts distribution is proportional to wealth, the economic obligations Porte permanently influenced the amount of internal debts. Partially influenced Ottoman rule tax system, meaning that the old taxes in kind were converted into monetary obligations and tax immunities (from early century XVI) were gradually eliminated. Key words : Tax System , Era Brancovan , Ottoman Porte , the Treasury , the Pantry A. General aspects of economic life in the era Brancovan Age Brancovan by its economic and social issues, political and cultural, recorded in the documents prepared by or Brâncoveanu lord 1 was a solidity relevant historical moment, progress and considerable influence throughout the Romanian territory 2. Secretary writings, Anton Maria deL Chiaro and those reported by foreign travelers in the eighteenth century Wallachia showed that “ the earth was aLL that couLd be more fertiLe and deLightfuL, with an extensive and deLicious pLain between the Danube and Targoviste, with more and beautifuL forests, * Associate Professor, Ph.D., University of Craiova, Faculty of Law and Social Sciences, Departament of Public Law, no. 107 D, Calea București Street, Dolj County, tel. 0040351177103, e-mail: [email protected] 1 Dinu C. Giurescu, AnatefteruL. Book of the commandments of Constantine Brancovan , in “Studies and history material medium”, V, 1962, p. 353-503. 2 Adina Berciu Drăghicescu, Dinică Ciobotea, Economic Life of WaLLachia during the reign of Constantine Brancovan , Slatina, Universitaria Publishing House, 2004, p. 11. 5 Analele Universităţii din Craiova, Seria Istorie, Anul XIX, Nr. 2(26)/2014 mountains and evergreen trees covered with Large deposits of saLt mines of goLd and siLver and other metaLs ”1. Romanian population on the verge of the eighteenth century, after a rough calculation, was between 750 000 and 1 200 000 inhabitants 2. Therefore, the country was well populated with over 3 000 villages, which prompted Caesar Daponte write that in the days of Constantin Brancoveanu WaLLachia was crowded with peopLe as a pomegranate 3. PopuLation of the country meet several additional occupations related to specific geographic area in which he lived and the needs of everyday life. Major internal and external factors have influenced the development of the country's agricultural romanian production. Thus, population growth, security, settlements in the plain, substantial quantities of grain exported to supply neighboring states are almost constant state of war after 1683, led to increased production and increasing surface mapping cuLtivate. The spring since 1707, inspired by Constantin Cantacuzino map (printed in Padua in 1700) score for the first time, large areas of the country cultivated Romanet. Export grain in Transylvania, Habsburg Empire or the Ottoman Empire (as monopoly) had an important role in the transformation of feudaL domains in companies producing goods in the late seventeenth century and the first half of the eighteenth century 4. Terms documentary evidence that Romanian Country produced large quantities of wheat brâncovan..Thus that era, in 1696 Mr. Zaher of preparing a 100 000 Kilos in Bucharest and Targoviste, and in 1719 Michael Schendos, who lived some time in Bucharest, wrote that “Oltenia can be called, rightly garner Dacia”5. Leader of the country was concerned to ensure domestic consumption and trade monopoly. Free trade in wheat was only approved by it and aim in particular MoLdova and TransyLvania (Brasov, Sibiu, Caransebes), and the Ottoman Empire. Balanced policy and restrictions on the marketing of wheat by mercantilist measures in Transylvania (1703) have raised prices and increased the role of feudal domains in the supply market. SociaLLy ,villages landlords were forced to sell the lands but without landlords be subservient. Thus multiplied free peasants LandLess specific social 1 Constantin C. Giurescu, Romanian forest history from ancient times untiL today , ed. II, Bucharest, 1976, p. 167-168. 2 Șerban Papacostea, Romanian popuLation on the eve of Constantine's reforms Mavrocordat. A new document , in “Studies. Magazine of History”, XIX (1966), no. 5, p. 929-939. 3 C. Erbiceanu, Greek chronicLers who wrote about the Phanariot Romanian , Bucharest, 1888, p. 172. 4 Constantin C. Giurescu, ControversiaL Issues in Romanian historiography , Bucharest, 1977, p. 48-50. 5 Dragoș Ungureanu, Aspects of agricuLture in the country in Light Româneascp Condicii treasury income and expenditure (1694-1703) , in “Argessis”, tom XIV, 2005, p. 369-397. 6 Analele Universităţii din Craiova, Seria Istorie, Anul XIX, Nr. 2(26)/2014 category of the eighteenth century and the first half of the eighteenth century. On these masters of estates increased work obligations. After wheat plants grown in the age of Brancovan had an important role: millet , barley , rye , flax and hemp , tobacco and maize 1. Lord Brâncoveanu incomes squeezed in pantry reign as “tobacco customs”. Also, the Romanian Country has been recognized internationally for growing grape vines , and the quantity of wine exported . The maps produced in the first decades of the eighteenth century were the most important vineyards in Pitesti , Targoviste , Scăieni , Cernatesti (Călugărească Valley), SLatina and CaracaL etc. Constantin Brancoveanu possessed vineyards in Lişcioara (Pitesti), Brown (now common Aninoasa Dâmboviţa) Scăieni, SLatina, HiLL Cândesti and those of the VaLLey of Voivod (Razvad common today near the city of Targoviste). Recovery royal wine vineyards in Targoviste, Bucharest (Văcăreşti) and Hodivoaia account was made royaL pantry . Along with farming, an occupation quite profitable growth was represented by cows . Thus, the Ottoman Empire was interested in buying sheep . As in the case of wheat, the Turks requirements were quite high. Only in 1696, had to honor the ruler of the Ottoman acquisition of 20 000 sheep, number “iaste not least thing” and who commandeered and 1000 sheep from Transylvanian shepherds are sheep in Wallachian plains 2. However there was a surplus and free trade. The sale of sheep, plus the large cattle to TransyLvania , but also to the Ottoman Empire and CentraL Europe . The big merchants were the great feudaL , headed by Preda Brancoveanu Brâncoveanu's grandfather, who was known beyond the borders of the great herds of horses, herds of sheep, cattle and pigs, beehives etc. The landlords from Oltenia region were dealt with priority growing of cattle and pig herds, but there were large herds of horses owners. The economic and commercial life of the country have added other great riches, bees , fish and game , highlight this era