Cemiss-Osservatorio Strategico 2014 Numero 7

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Cemiss-Osservatorio Strategico 2014 Numero 7 Numero - 7 2014 http://www.cemiss.difesa.it/ Osservatorio Strategico Anno XVI numero VII - 2014 L’Osservatorio Strategico raccoglie analisi e reports sviluppati dal Centro Militare di Studi Strategici, realiz- zati sotto la direzione del Gen. D. Nicola Gelao. Le informazioni utilizzate per l’elaborazione delle analisi provengono tutte da fonti aperte (pubblicazioni a stampa e siti web) e le fonti, non citate espressamente nei testi, possono essere fornite su richiesta. Quanto contenuto nelle analisi riflette, pertanto, esclusivamente il pensiero degli autori, e non quello del Mi- nistero della Difesa né delle Istituzioni militari e/o civili alle quali gli autori stessi appartengono. L’Osservatorio Strategico è disponibile anche in formato elettronico (file PDF) nelle pagine CeMiSS del Centro Alti Studi per la Difesa: www.casd.difesa.it Sommario EDITORIALE Massimo Arigoni MONITORAGGIO STRATEGICO Regione - Danubiana - Balcanica - Turchia 2015: le spine dell’ISIS e del PKK nell’anno di Erdogan Paolo Quercia 9 Medio Oriente - Nord Africa - MENA Il conflitto Libico, parallelo a quello Iracheno, vede l’ISIS favorire un avvicinamento tra Teheran e Washington Nicola Pedde 15 Sahel e Africa Subsahariana I modelli internazionali di partenariato economico con l’Africa Marco Massoni 21 Russia, Europa Orientale ed Asia Centrale Né vincitori né vinti: sviluppi della crisi ucraina Lorena Di Placido 27 Cina Il ritorno della Guerra Fredda tra Oriente ed Occidente Nunziante Mastrolia 35 India Oceano Indiano I primi cento giorni di Modi Claudia Astarita 42 Pacifico (Giappone, Corea, Paesi ASEAN, Australia) La difficile estate di Cina e Vietnam Stefano Felician Beccari 49 America Latina Cuba: un eterno Baraguà? Alessandro Politi 55 Iniziative Europee di Difesa Le sanzioni dell’Unione Europea e i rapporti con la Russia Claudio Catalano 61 NATO e teatri d’intervento Nuove tensioni nei rapporti russo-americani Lucio Martino 67 Sotto la lente AFGHANISTAN: l’instabilità politica che avvantaggia l’Emirato islamico dei taliban LIBANO – Effetti della guerra in Siria e del conflitto Israele-Hamas Claudio Bertolotti 73 Osservatorio Strategico Vice Direttore Responsabile C.V. Massimo Arigoni Dipartimento Relazioni Internazionali Palazzo Salviati Piazza della Rovere, 83 00165 – ROMA tel. 06 4691 3204 fax 06 6879779 e-mail [email protected] Questo numero è stato chiuso 31 agosto 2014 Anno XVI - n° VII - 2014 EDITORIALE Moralismo esteriore ed ateismo. Sono queste le chiavi attraverso le quali interpretare le ideologie che alimentano i processi di crisi crescenti nella regione mediterranea? Fin dal 2012 erano percepibili i segnali del progressivo malessere della comunità sunnita in Iraq. La spirale quindi innescata dalla marcia del “Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham” (ISIS), ha visto all’opera un vero e proprio esercito professionale, sostenuto da gran parte di popolazione non mi- litante, che non lo percepisce come un soggetto invasore straniero, bensì come entità irachena con una fitta rete di connessioni tribali sul territorio. La sua differenza rispetto alle già esistenti cellule terroristiche di al-Qaeda, caratterizzate da una relativa autonomia operativa, risiede nella capacità di gestire il passaggio di numerosi gruppi militanti sotto l’unica strategia, consistente nell’avviare un’efficace spedizione di conquista. L’Ideologia e il credo, dipingono l’ISIS come un gruppo estre- mista che segue la linea dura dell'ideologia di Al Qaeda e aderisce ai principi dello jihadismo to- tale-internazionale. Anche le contiguità con l'ideologia dei Fratelli Musulmani, non impediscono tuttavia una sua propensione a promuovere la violenza religiosa, considerando infedele e apostata chi professa un differente credo. Il progetto finale è di fondare uno stato islamista puro, orientato al salafismo, che solo un’autorità legittimata possa promuovere attraverso la jihad, eliminando gli attuali confini tra i paesi islamici del Medioriente. La purificazione della società islamica è altresì considerata talmente prioritaria, da porre in secondo piano anche la lotta contro paesi non musul- mani, incluso Israele. Il sequenziale sfaldamento delle Iraqi Security Forces (ISF) e le diserzioni di soldati sunniti e curdi, rischiano poi di trasformare le Forze Armate Irachene in una vera e pro- pria enclave sciita, complicando ulteriormente una possibile riaggregazione del paese secondo principi di legittimità, facilitando addirittura il processo verso una dolorosa guerra civile. Lo stimolo principale è pertanto di comprendere come questo processo, apparentemente irrever- sibile, sia potuto accadere e, soprattutto come possa essere arginato. In questo indirizzo, giova ac- cennare a Movimenti come il Wahabismo ed il Salafismo, soprattutto come quest’ultimo sia subentrato al Partito nazional-popolare Baath, specialmente in Siria. Pur accettando il rischio di una eccessiva schematizzazione, è plausibile condensare le differenze tra Salafismo sunnita, ideo- logia baathista e Wahabismo (saudita), attingendo dalla ricca letteratura già esistente. “Salafi” è la radice del movimento contro la diffusione della cultura occidentale in Egitto nel di- ciannovesimo secolo e, in origine, ispira un profondo e sincero recupero dell’Islam, depurandolo da ogni browser interpretativo di tipo letterale o fondamentalista. Il Salafismo in genere esige di predicare il vero Islàm: l’Islàm delle origini, corretto dalle deviazioni ed innovazioni apportate da altre correnti teologiche mussulmane. Il Salafismo è considerato essenzialmente sunnita e rifiuta lo Sciismo. Osserva Infatti la “Sunna” (Tradizione), tratta dall’insegnamento e dalla vita di Mao- metto e dei suoi più fedeli compagni, valutata come unica fonte dell’Islàm autentico. Il Sunnismo si fonda sulla dottrina della scuola teologica degli Ibn Hanbal. In chiave moderna, il Salafismo sostiene un’interpretazione non puramente letterale della legge coranica, da adeguare alle necessità del presente, rifiutando tuttavia di accettare una libera interpretazione del testo coranico che im- plichi il rischio di una visione laica dell’Islàm stesso (come poteva affiorare dall’orientamento del partito Baath, poi imploso sia nella sua versione irachena che siriana). Questa impostazione, ap- parentemente rivolta ad una modernizzazione dell’Islàm, mantiene comunque il Movimento su posizioni “ufficialmente” anti-occidentali. Ad oggi possono distinguersi almeno tre raffigurazioni schematiche salafite: la prima, di profilo “quietista”, che tende ad isolarsi dalla politica e si im- merge in un misticismo incentrato sulla vita individuale, disapprovando una lettura militante e po- Anno XVI - n° VII - 2014 EDITORIALE litica dell’Islàm; la seconda, di profilo “politico” (Sahwa o Risveglio Politico), originatasi come reazione in Arabia Saudita dopo l’appoggio fornito agli Usa nella “Prima Guerra del Golfo”; la terza, di profilo “jihadista”, di carattere rivoluzionario, sostanzialmente sostenitrice di una guerra santa armata. Quest’ultima espressione del Salafismo include a sua volta due anime, in ragione della prospettiva locale-nazionale o totale-internazionale che la guerra santa dovrà avere. Il Wahabismo risulta invece un movimento fondamentalista, marcatamente caratterizzato dal fon- damentalismo moralistico, impegnato contro i malesseri sociali e i vizi importati attraverso le ma- glie del moderno Salafismo, giudicato per questo insufficientemente ostile alla cultura occidentale. Il Movimento wahabita è intimamente legato alla dinastia regnante in Arabia Saudita, poiché svi- luppatosi in seno alla comunità islamica fondata nel diciottesimo secolo da MUHAMMAD IBN ʿABD AL-WAHHÂB, che ebbe stretti rapporti con l’Emiro MUHAMMAD BIN SAʿÛD, fonda- tore della Casa di Al Saud. Gli eredi sauditi elaborarono in seguito la strategia che diede luogo alla costituzione di uno stato fortemente religioso-teocratico, definito a partire dall’inizio del ven- tesimo secolo con l’ascesa al potere di ABD AL-ʿAZÎZ IBN SAʿÛD, con il wahabismo adottato appunto come dottrina ufficiale. Traendo legittimità dal possesso di due fra i tre grandi luoghi santi per l’ Islàm, il Regno della Famiglia Saud, assolve quindi costituzionalmente alla sua missione spirituale. La Wahhâbiyya è conseguentemente assunta come insegnamento e osservanza intran- sigente del Corano. Rigorosamente ostile ad ogni interpretazione personale e soggettiva del credo, il Wahabismo diffida anche le pratiche del Sufismo quale mistica islamica, pur accettando una let- tura sia pragmatica che metafisica della shari’ah. L’influenza del Wahabismo si rivela molto forte sui movimenti militanti contemporanei arabi e islamici, in particolare quelli che, in assenza di forti opposizioni, propongono nuovi equilibri geo-strategici planetari in virtù dell’eccellenza del mo- dello islamico nel Medio Oriente. Questa estensione d’influenza, lascia trasparire un ruolo poten- zialmente attribuibile all’Arabia Saudita (ma anche di altri paesi che ne assimilano la concezione): in Tunisia, Libia, Egitto e Siria. Giacché l’approccio speculativo del pensiero wahabita-saudita, offre efficaci strumenti per affrontare positivamente il rugoso problema del rapporto fra “modernità occidentale” ed Islàm, esso si presta ad una conveniente applicazione in situazioni di caotica ur- genza, soprattutto dovute all’entrata in crisi dei sistemi istituzionali esistenti. La Monarchia saudita, infatti, pur auto-legittimandosi a proporre un Regime di tipo tradizionale, teocratico e fondamen- talista quanto ad assetti politici e a costumi interni, si scosta
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