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COMBAT AVIATION Flight Path 1968-2018

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COMBAT AVIATION Flight Path 1968-2018 COMBAT AVIATION Flight Path 1968-2018 COMBAT AVIATION Flight Path 1968-2018 Kishore Kumar Khera KNOWLEDGE WORLD KW Publishers Pvt Ltd New Delhi Copyright © 2020 Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, New Delhi All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without first obtaining written permission of the copyright owner. Disclaimer: The views expressed in this book are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, or the Government of India. Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses No. 1, Development Enclave, Delhi Cantt. New Delhi-110 010 Phone: +91-11-26717983 Website: www.idsa.in ISBN 978-93-89137-44-6 Hardback Published in India by Kalpana Shukla KW Publishers Pvt Ltd 4676/21, First Floor, Ansari Road Daryaganj, New Delhi 110 002 Phone: +91 11 23263498/43528107 Marketing: [email protected] Editorial: [email protected] Website: www.kwpub.com Printed and bound in India The content of this book is the sole expression and opinion of its author(s), and not of the publisher. The publisher in no manner is liable for any opinion or views expressed by the author(s). While best efforts have been made in preparing the book, the publisher makes no representations or warranties of any kind and assumes no liabilities of any kind with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the content and specifically disclaims any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness of use of a particular purpose. The publisher believes that the contents of this book do not violate any existing copyright/intellectual property of others in any manner whatsoever. However, in case any source has not been duly attributed, the publisher may be notified in writing for necessary action. Dedicated to My Parents for giving me my life, My Parents-in-laws for giving me my wife; My Wife for giving meaning to my life, My Children for always supporting my wife. Contents List of Figures, Tables and Maps ix Acknowledgements xiii Abbreviations xiv Introduction: Flight Plan xx Part I Facets of Combat Aviation 1. Start, Taxy and Take Off 3 2. Scanning Rear Airspace: Historical Perspective of Combat Aviation 17 3. Mission Plan: Imperatives of Combat Aviation Application 33 Part II Five Decades Trajectory of Combat Aviation 1968-2018 4. Cruise Climb – Range Descent: Combat Aircraft Inventory (1968-2018) 51 5. Changing Mission Profile: Technological Innovations in Combat Aviation 71 6. Trigger Live: Air-Launched Weapons: Expanding Capabilities of Combat Aviation 93 7. Mission Buddies: Evolving Alternatives and Combat Enablers 116 8. Top View: Mapping Combat Aircraft Inventory 151 viii • COMBAT AVIATION: Flight Path 1968-2018 Part III Dynamics of Combat Aviation 9. Cockpit View: Human-Technology Interface and Training 167 10. Gravy Check: Economics of Combat Aviation 193 11. Frontal Scan: Emerging Contours in the Field of Combat Aviation 220 Part IV Combat Aviation Trajectory in India 12. Close Quarters: Combat Aviation Trajectory in India 239 13. Wings and Wheels: India’s Internal Factors 257 14. Dry Cranking Engine: Indian Indigenous Defence Industry 278 15. Touch Down 292 Annexures 1. Team Concept 301 2. Battle Space Transparency Spectrum and Techniques 303 3. Threat and Capability - Definitions and Dimensions 308 4. Force Structure Planning Process 311 5. Geopolitics and Military Expenditure 317 6. Development of UK Combat Air Strategy 322 7. Trends in Military Expenditure in Africa 326 8. India’s Combat Aircraft Fleet 341 Index 345 List of Figures, Tables and Maps Figures 4.1: Total Combat Aircraft in the World from 1968-2018 52 4.2: Total Types of Combat Aircraft in the World from 1968-2018 53 4.3: Number of Countries with Combat Aircraft in the World from 1968-2017 55 4.4: Number of Countries with Combat Aircraft in the World 2018 56 4.5: Average Number of Combat Aircraft/Country in the World 2018 56 4.6: Number of Countries with Combat Aircraft in the World in 2018 57 4.7: Track of the Top Four Nations with the Number of Combat Aircraft in the World from 1968-2017 58 4.8: Number of Countries with Combat Aircraft in the World in 1968-2017 60 4.9: Continental Distribution of Combat Aircraft in the World in 1968-2018 61 4.10: Continental Share of Combat Aircraft in the World in 1968 and 2018 62 4.11: Percentage Reduction of Combat Aircraft Strength from Peak Strength 63 4.12: Share of Manufacture of Combat Aircraft of the World 64 4.13: Chinese Aircraft Industry Performance 65 4.14: Number of Employees in Chinese Aircraft Industry 66 4.15: Number of Employees in Hindustan Aeronautical Limited, India 66 4.16: Relative Strength of Combat Aircraft of the World 68 4.17: Annual Task for Boeing Company and Lockheed Martin related to Manufacturing/Modification of Combat Aircraft F18/F15 and F16 respectively 68 x • COMBAT AVIATION: Flight Path 1968-2018 5.1: Composite Material Share in Structural Weight of Combat Aircraft 73 5.2: MiG-21 and F16 Inventories of the World 79 5.3: Plan and Production of F-22 for the USAF 86 5.4: F-22 Programme Cost Breakdown 86 6.1: Types of Air-to-Surface Missiles in the World 1991-2017 99 6.2: Types of Air-to-Surface Missiles in the World 1991-2017 100 6.3: Effective Range of Air-to-Surface Missiles of the World 102 6.4: Change in Air-to-Surface Missiles Attributes 1991-2017 103 6.5: Kurtosis Analysis of Air-to-Surface Missiles of the World 1991-2017 103 6.6: Air-to-Surface Missiles Matrix of the World 1991-2017 104 6.7: Country-wise Air-to-Surface Missile Matrix of the World 1991-2017 105 6.8: Air-to-Surface Missile Manufacturing Countries of the World 1991-2017 106 6.9: Air to Air Missiles Composition 1991 and 2017 109 6.10: Lethal Range of Air-to-Air Missiles 110 6.11: Lethal Range of Air-to-Air Missiles 110 6.12: Countries Manufacturing Air-to-Air Missiles 111 6.13: World Air-to-Air Missile Matrix 1991 111 6.14: World Air-to-Air Missile Matrix 2017 112 7.1: 2019 US Defence Budget Demand for Aircraft 126 7.2: AEW&C Inventory 2018 132 7.3: Countries with Combat Aircraft and Aerial Refuellers 1998 and 2018 135 7.4: Aerial Refuellers Inventory 1998 and 2018 136 7.5: Countries with Combat Aircraft and Aerial Refuellers 1998 and 2018 137 7.6: USAF Current Force Structure 139 7.7: USAF Accretion Plan 140 7.8: USAF Planned Force Structure 141 7.9: USAF Accretion Plan 142 7.10: Number of Aircraft in the USAF 1950-2008 143 7.11: Schematic Representation of USAF Expansion Plan 144 8.1: Worldwide Arms Deliveries from 1989-1996 in million $ at 1996 Prices 155 List of Figures, Tables and Maps • xi 8.2: Worldwide Arms Deliveries from 1989-1996 in million $ at 1996 Prices 156 8.3: Worldwide Arms Deliveries from 1997-2004 in million $ at 2004 Prices 157 8.4: Worldwide Arms Deliveries from 1997-2004 in million $ at 2004 Prices 157 8.5: Worldwide Arms Deliveries from 1989-2015 in million $ at 2015 Prices 158 10.1: World Defence Expenditure as the percentage of Gross Domestic Production 195 10.2: World Defence Expenditure as the percentage of Gross Domestic Production 197 10.3: World Defence Expenditure as the percentage of Gross Domestic Production and number of Combat Aircraft in the World 198 10.4: World Defence Expenditure as the percentage of Gross Domestic Production and Number of Combat Aircraft in 19 Countries with more than 200 Combat Aircraft in 2018 198 10.5: World Arms Trade in 1968 200 10.6: World Arms Trade in 1993 201 10.7: World Arms Trade in 2017 201 10.8: World Arms Trade in 1968-2017 201 10.9: Value of World Arms Trade in 1968-2017 202 10.10: Share of the Value of Aircraft in World Arms Trade in 1968-2017 203 10.11: Arms Imports by India in 1968-2017 203 10.12: Indian Share in World Arms Imports 1968-2017 205 10.13: Major Arms Importers 2017 205 10.14: Major Arms Importers 1968-2017 206 10.15: Major Arms Exporters 2017 206 10.16: Operational Cost per Flying Hour (in US $) for the United States Air Force from 2008-2012 210 11.1: Satellites in Orbit 224 11.2: Forecast Strength of Combat Aircraft in the World 230 xii • COMBAT AVIATION: Flight Path 1968-2018 12.1: Government Authorisation of Combat Squadrons for Indian Air Force 242 12.2: Government Authorisation of Combat Squadrons for Indian Air Force 242 12.3: Aircraft Accident Rate per 10,000 Flying hours for the Indian Air Force 247 12.4: Share of Top 19 Countries and India in World Combat Aircraft Inventory 249 12.5: Projected Indian Combat Aircraft Strength 2018-2047 250 14.1: HAL-Value of Production/Manpower Cost 285 An 6.1: Military Expenditure 2017 in US Dollars 319 An 7.1: Military Expenditure as the Share of Government Expenditure 327 An 7.2: Average Per Capita Military Expenditure (at current US $ rate) 328 An 7.3: Military Expenditure as Share of GDP 329 An 7.4: Military Expenditure in Africa from 1988-2017 329 An 7.5: Military Expenditure in Africa in 2018 330 An 8.1: IAF Combat Aircraft Squadrons 343 Tables 3.1: Combat Aircraft Potential Assessment Parameters 45 5.1: The Contrast in Material Application Proportions of Some Combat Aircraft 73 5.2: Classification of Combat Aircraft 76 9.1: Comparison of Results of Events in 2008 and 2016 Olympic Games 176 12.1: Combat Aviation Fleet in the Region 252 13.1: Classification of IAF Combat Aircraft 261 13.2: Combat Aircraft Requirement Matrix until 2039 268 14.1: Major Contracts for Aerial Warfare and Training Assets Imported by India since 2000 278 Map 4.1: Map showing 19 countries with more than 200 Combat aircraft in 2018 60 Acknowledgements Institutions Indian Air Force Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, New Delhi Communities Air Warriors and Air Veterans Individuals Adil Rasheed Alok Deb Amit Vij Ashok Mitra Atul Pant Bhawna Mungali Chandra Mohan Thakur G Balachandran Hitakshi Neha Kohli S Kalyanaraman S.
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