AEROSPACE December 2018

REGIONAL AIRLINES BATTLE TURBULENCE REBUILDING UK COMBAT AIR REINVENTING THE PISTON ENGINE www.aerosociety.com December 2018 Volume 45 Number 12

OVER THE HORIZON REGULAR BVLOS DRONE OPERATIONS EDGE CLOSER Royal Aeronautical Society Spotlight on: Fundamentals of Accident Investigation Upcoming courses in aerospace, advanced vehicle engineering and manufacturing:

14 January–1 February 2019 2019 Sensor Fusion: Architectures, Algorithms and Applications: 14–18 January This course focuses on the fundamental Aircraft Accident Investigation: skills required by an accident 4 January–22 February investigator, and draws upon the Applied Aircraft Accident Investigation: experiences of the air, marine and rail 4–22 February transport industries to give a balanced Air Transport Engineering – Maintenance view of the accident investigation Operations: 11–15 February process. Investigating Human Performance: 25 February–1 March Gas Turbine Appreciation: 4–8 March Asset Management: Coupling Business and For more information or to book Technology: 12–14 March your place: Flight Data Monitoring and Flight Operational Quality Assurance in Commercial Aviation: E: shortcourse@cranfi eld.ac.uk 11–14 March T: +44 (0)1234 754189 Fundamentals of Aircraft Engine Control: www.cranfi eld.ac.uk 11–15 March Introduction to Avionics: 8–12 April Mattenet Steve Houldsworth Volume 45 Number 12 A new ERA for December 2018 European flight Drone control Report on the Results of the UK European Regions 14 Government initiative to 34 Airline Association seek industry views on (ERA) General future UAS regulations. Assembly in Edinburgh. Contents Correspondence on all aerospace matters is welcome at: The Editor, AEROSPACE, No.4 Hamilton Place, London W1J 7BQ, UK [email protected] Comment Regulars 4 Radome 12 Transmission The latest aviation and Your letters, emails, tweets aeronautical intelligence, and feedback. analysis and comment. 58 The Last Word 10 Antenna Keith Hayward considers the Last exit for Bombardier? Howard Wheeldon looks prospects of the UK’s Team at the recent commercial Tempest future fighter. performance of Boeing Defense. The news that Bombardier has sold its Q400 programme to the parent group of Viking Air, its flight training arm to CAE and is shedding some 5,000 jobs in the process, is another example of how the global aerospace Features environment continues to shift and evolve. Viking Air already owns the Twin DHL Otter which it has successfully refreshed for the 21st century and is now Virgin Galactic working on an updated CL415 amphibian. The Dash8/Q400 may be in 18 good hands with a new owner dedicated to turboprops – as opposed to being an orphan product among a line-up of jets. But what does this mean for ’s foremost aerospace OEM? After selling the CSeries to Airbus, the airframer is left with the CRJ700/900 and its bizjet business. 26 The CRJs have had a tough job in the biggest single market for regional jets – the US, which is tightly bound by scope clause restrictions and the Out of sight, not out of company is already said to be exploring options to divest this too. Shedding A safe space mind its Q400 and flight training divisions, therefore, may allow Bombardier What are the safety How far are we away from standards for space tourist UAVs being able to fly and to focus more tightly on one civil programme and its bizjet arm, vehicles? operate beyond visual line reversing the previous situation where it overextended itself and had to be of sight? bailed out by the Quebec government. However, this is only the latest sell-off of the family jewels, as the company has struggled to manage its cash-flow. 30 Thirty years of hurt Is UK combat aircraft design Since 2003 it has sold its Ski-Doo arm, military maintenance and flight coming home? training divisions, as well as airport real estate. Although it may be premature 22 to conclude that this means it is now inevitable that Bombardier will exit the MoD airliner business completely, it is difficult to imagine how it could return to the Ilmore Engineering product range it once boasted of. Tim Robinson, Editor-in-Chief 38 [email protected] Clean sky thinking Motorsport specialists Ilmore The Trenchard touch NEWS IN BRIEF Engineering work to improve How the founder of the the power density of a GA RAF will inspire future Editor-in-Chief Editorial Office Printed by Buxton Press Limited, piston engine. generations into the 21st Tim Robinson Royal Aeronautical Society Palace Road, Buxton, Derbyshire century. +44 (0)20 7670 4353 No.4 Hamilton Place SK17 6AE, UK [email protected] London W1J 7BQ, UK Distributed by Royal Mail Deputy Editor +44 (0)20 7670 4300 [email protected] 2019 AEROSPACE subscription 41 Afterburner Bill Read rates: Non-members, £170 +44 (0)20 7670 4351 www.aerosociety.com [email protected] AEROSPACE is published by the Royal Please send your order to: Chris Male, RAeS, No.4 Hamilton Place, 42 Message from our President Publications Manager Aeronautical Society (RAeS). London W1J 7BQ, UK. 43 Message from our Chris Male Chief Executive +44 (0)20 7670 4352 +44 (0)20 7670 4352 Sir Brian Burridge CBE FRAeS [email protected] Chief Executive [email protected] Advertising Any member not requiring a print 44 Book Reviews Online Production Editor John Minassian version of this magazine, please Wayne J Davis +44 (0)20 7670 4346 contact: [email protected] 47 Library Additions Additional features and content are +44 (0)20 7670 4354 +44 (0)773 331 4725 [email protected] [email protected] USA: Periodical postage paid at 48 Young Persons’ available to view online on www.media. Champlain New York and additional Conference aerosociety.com/aerospace-insight Book Review Editor Unless specifically attributed, no offices. Brian Riddle material in AEROSPACE shall be taken 49 Obituary – Laurie Price Including: to represent the opinion of the RAeS. Postmaster: Send address changes Disrupting the military trainer market, Reporting on to IMS of New York, PO Box 1518, 50 Ballantyne event the end of WW1, ERA 2018 General Assembly, Reproduction of material used in this Champlain NY 12919-1518, USA. In the November issue of AEROSPACE, BVLOS publication is not permitted without the 52 Diary written consent of the Editor-in-Chief. UAVs, Replacing the Soyuz launch system, ISSN 2052-451X 55 Corporate Partner Events Tackling the pilot shortage, Mind the 56 Elections (LEO) gap.

Front cover: DHL Parcelcopter 4.0. DHL

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INTELLIGENCE / ANALYSIS / COMMENT

Silent take-offs Two forward-facing 60kw electric motors driving multibladed propellers will give ‘near silent’ take-offs and landings, according to VoltAero.

Electric taxiing On the ground, the VoltAero would divert power to an electric nosewheel to taxi – giving added safety benefits by having no blades turning.

W GENERAL AVIATION ex-Airbus CTO unveils hybrid French start-up VoltAero has revealed a new hybrid-electric aircraft with a 'push-pull' configuration that it aims to put in production in 2021-22, with an assembly line in Nouvelle Aquitaine, France. The firm, headed by ex-Airbus CTO Jean Botti and Technical Director Didier Esteyne, brings their experience from developing the previous electric E-Fan demonstrator. For the VoltAero, the company plans to validate its hybrid-electric power system in late 2019 with a ground-based ‘Iron Bird’ and a flying demonstrator – converted from a Cessna 337 Skymaster. VoltAero anticipates an annual demand for its five-nine seat light aircraft of around 150.

4 AEROSPACE / DECEMBER 2018 Rear power Providing power to the rear multiblade propeller is a dual-hybrid power module, with a 170kw piston engine and a 150kw electric motor. The internal combustion engine provides cruise power and also charges the onboard batteries – with the whole 440kw engine power controlled by a single power lever.

Composite construction While the VoltAero shares its ‘push-pull’ configuration with the Cessna 337, it will ultilise advanced lightweight composites.

Specifications Passengers 5-9 Endurance Up to 3.5hr MTOW 2t VoltAero

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AEROSPACE DEFENCE Lion Air 737 MAX crash kills 189 Eurofighter fleet passes 500,000hr milestone

Eurofighter Typhoon has policing and combat announced that the global operations accelerated Eurofighter fleet has now this milestone, with passed the half a Eurofighter saying million (500,000) that almost 500

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Indonesian National Agency for Disaster Countermeasure Indonesian National Agency markings. Recent air to join. On 29 October a Boeing 737 MAX 8 from Indonesian carrier Lion Air crashed shortly after take-off from Jakarta Soekarno-Hatta International, killing all 189 on board. The aircraft, a brand-new MAX 8, had taken-off as flight JT610 bound for Pangkal Pinang at 06.20 in AIR TRANSPORT the morning local time, when it crashed into the sea 11 miles north of Karawang with no survivors. The airframe in question had reportedly developed technical issues on its previous Icelandic carriers flight, though the airline says that these had been resolved by the time of the fatal flight. consolidation Shortly before the accident, the pilot had requested air traffic control for permission to turn back to the airport. The crash is the first fatal accident involving the 737 MAX. Icelandic flag carrier However, the two airlines The US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has issued an emergency airworthiness Icelandair has announced will continue to operate directive to airlines operating Boeing 737 MAX 8s and 9s. The directive says that there is a it is to takeover its under separate brands potential problem where incorrect angle-of-attack sensors input can cause the flight control loss-making low-cost from their main base at system to send commands to the horizontal stabiliser to push the nose down. If the condition competitor WOW Air in Keflavik Airport. The new is not addressed, it could cause the flight crew to have difficulty controlling the aircraft, an all-share deal worth merged enterprise will possibly with significant loss of altitude. The directive requires operators of the MAX 8 and approximately $25m, as have a 3.8% share of the MAX 9 to revise the aircraft’s flight manual to provide the crew with horizontal stabiliser rising oil prices and weak key transatlantic market. trim procedures to follow under certain conditions. The announcement follows preliminary demand have eaten into The acquisition is subject investigations into the crash after divers recovered wreckage and the aircraft's flight data profits of the long-haul to approval from Icelandair recorder. low-cost business model. Group’s shareholders.

NEWS IN BRIEF

up a previous order for replace its fleet of Boeing satellite from French prototype electric powered Japan’s Mitsubishi Heavy an additional 50 Airbus CF-18A/B Hornets. The Guiana. MetOp-C was racer. The initiative will Industries has agreed to A321neo airliners. The suppliers selected are lifted into orbit aboard see the University develop a $.94bn (¥220bn) cash order, originally signed as Dassault (Rafale), Saab a Soyuz rocket on 6 a ‘plug and play’ electric injection to its aircraft a MoU at the Farnborough (Gripen), Airbus Defence November where it will propulsion system to division for its heavily Air Show in July, brings the (), join MetOp-A which was replace the existing engine, delayed MRJ programme. number of A320 family Lockheed Martin (F-16 launched in 2006 and with the intent to fly the MHI will also cancel Yen aircraft ordered by the and F-35) and Boeing MetOp-B launched in aircraft in the first electric 50bn in debt, in an effort airline up to 171 – with (F/A-18 and F-15E). 2012 to form the space aircraft Air Race E in 2020. to finish development of 46 having already been Canada hopes to award a segment of the Eumetsat the MRJ, which is running delivered. contract in early 2021 with Polar System. Airbus conducted the six years later than initially initial deliveries by 2025. maiden flight of its latest scheduled. First delivery to The Royal Canadian Air The University of A330neo the -800 ANA is set for 2020. Force has issued a draft The European Space Nottingham has partnered on 6 November from request for proposal (RFP) Agency (ESA) has with air sports organiser Air Toulouse. Powered by two Vietnamese low-cost to five manufacturers launched the third MetOp Race 1 to convert a piston- Rolls-Royce Trent 7000 carrier VietJet has firmed for 88 new fighters to weather-forecasting powered aircraft into a engines, the -800 is due to

6 AEROSPACE / DECEMBER 2018 AIR TRANSPORT GENERAL AVIATION Istanbul superhub now open AW169 crash kills five Five people, including in 2015. The UK’s AAIB the owner of the UK’s is now investigating the Leicester City football crash. In the interim, EASA club, died when a VIP- has issued an emergency configured Leonardo directive requiring AW169 helicopter, operators of Leonardo operated by Amadeus AW169/189s to inspect Aviation, crashed into the tail rotor servo-actuators. On 29 October, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan officially car park next to the club’s Leonardo has also issued inaugurated the giant new airport for Istanbul. The $12bn Istanbul Airport stadium on the 27 October. an emergency service project, set to become operational later this year, will take over flights This is the first ever fatal bulletin advising operators from the current Ataturk International Airport. The 76.5m m2 superhub will accident involving the of the AW169 to check the eventually handle some 200million passengers, with six runways in full AW169 medium twin installation and functioning operation. since it entered service of the same component. Istanbul Airport SPACEFLIGHT AEROSPACE First commercial satellite easyJet reveals electric progress Budget airline easyJet says that the “transition towards an all-electric launch from New Zealand commercial passenger Space launcher start-up an Earth observation sat jet capable of flying Rocket Lab has made for GeoOptics, a student passengers across easyJet’s history with the first ever project and a de-orbiting UK and European network is commercial satellite launch sail experiment. Rocket in sight.” Its US partner, Wright from New Zealand Lab’s two-stage Electric, is set to fly a nine-seat on 11 November. Electron launcher, electric prototype in 2019 and P l a n Its Electron e which features has also filed a patent for t

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a rocket, named b a composite a larger electric motor ‘Its Business body and 3D able to be used in a Time’, launched printed engines, A320-sized airliner, a payload of has a payload of able to fly up to seven small satellites, only 500lb but costs 270nm. including two ship-tracking a tenth of the price of a Meanwhile, Heathrow Airport has offered to scrap the first year’s landing micro sats for Spire Global, SpaceX Falcon 9. fees for the first hybrid-electric airliner to operate from the airport. easyJet

commence 300hr of flight type, with an IRIS-T air- space probe is also set to tests. to-air missile over Visdel become the fastest-ever The US National Ryanair has rolled out Test Range, in Northern human-built object in the Transportation Safety new rules for carry-on Cyprus-based carrier Sweden. The tests also Solar System – reaching Board (NTSB) has luggage, reducing the size Cobalt Air has suspended saw a jettisoned peak speeds of 190km/s recommended regulators allowed without checking flights after only two years by the fighter for the first or 428,700mph. to extend the required items in. Only those with in operation. Funded partly time. recording duration of priority boarding will be by Chinese investors and Air New Zealand has cockpit voice recorders now allowed to bring a based at Larnaca airport, NASA’s Parker Solar signed an agreement (CVRs) from two hours small suitcase onboard of the airline operated a small Probe has now become with Zephyr Airworks to to 25 hours. The NTSB up to 10kg, a reduction fleet of Airbus A320-family the closest ever human- create the world's first is advising that the 25hr of the previous rules that aircraft. made object to the Sun, autonomous electric standard be applied to all allowed one small bag and passing 42.73million km air taxi service in New new commercial aircraft one wheelie bag for free. Saab has announced that away, beating a previous Zealand. Zephyr Airworks required to have CRVs The airline says that the its new Gripen E prototype closest approach set is the New Zealand with existing in-service new rules are designed to has conducted the first in 1976. In its mission operator of Kitty Hawk’s aircraft being retrofitted reduce flight delays and ever missile firing for the to ‘touch the Sun’ the Cora VTOL taxi drone. by 2024. turnaround times.

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SPACEFLIGHT DEFENCE

ThalesAleniaSpace has announced the first satellite Belgium selects F-35 as First electric electric propulsion system from its new facility in Belfast, Northern Ireland, is nearly ready for next fighter satellite integration. The factory, opened propulsion in 2016, has now completed the first Xenon Propulsion Belgium has become the The selection saw the from System (XPS) for the latest and 13th partner F-35 win over rival offers company’s new all- in the global Lockheed from Eurofighter with the Belfast electric Spacebus Martin JSF Typhoon and Dassault NEO satellite. It will programme, with the Rafale. Both be integrated with after selecting L Boeing (offering o

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has secured four its existing n (with the Gripen) customers for its F-16 fleet. had withdrawn from new satellite, the first The Belgian Air the contest earlier, over of which, Eutelsat, Component will acquire 34 concerns that the Belgium will see its satellite F-35As to replace its fleet MoD had already decided launched in 2019.

ThalesAleniaSpace of 52 aging F-16MLUs. on the F-35. AEROSPACE GENERAL AVIATION

Boeing lands in Sheffield Austria’s Diamond Aircraft, along with its partner, Siemens, has announced that it has successfully conducted the first flight of a multi-engine hybrid electric aircraft – a with new factory converted DA40. The maiden flight took place on the 31 October at Diamond's base in Wiener Neustadt, Austria. The demonstrator uses a hybrid-electric powertrain, with two Boeing has opened its first- employs 52 workers, builds 150kW electric engines mounted on a forward canard, and a 110kW diesel generator ever manufacturing facility in on Boeing’s partnership in the nose. This gives an endurance of five hours in hybrid mode or 30mins on pure Europe, with a new with the University of electric power. B o £40m factory e Sheffield’s Advanced in in Sheffield g Manufacturing that will Research Centre produce wing (AMRC) which was trailing-edge opened in 2001. The actuators for factory will produce the 737 and 767 8,000 components a month aircraft. The facility, which for 737/767 airliners. Diamond flies hybrid-electric twin Diamond Aircraft NEWS IN BRIEF

component for NASA’s certificated the new single- maintenance check 76-seat E175s will be The US has approved a next-generation deep- engine Thrush 510G flight from Lisbon on operated by AA’s Envoy potential sale of 16 CH- space human-rated Orion Switchback fire-fighting 11 November landed subsidiary, with deliveries 47 Chinooks for the UK spacecraft. The European aircraft. Available for single successfully at Beja, due to begin in 2020. in a $3.5bn FMS deal. The Service Module was built and dual cockpit-dual Portugal, after the aircraft potential acquisition also in Bremen, Germany, control, the Switchback is suffered a serious loss-of- Russia’s sole aircraft lists additional equipment and will provide power, fitted with a ‘gatebox’ to control situation. At one carrier, Admiral Kuznetsov, including FLIR and propulsion and support switch from crop-spraying point, having declared a is reported to have that indicates the for the Lockheed Martin applications to fire-fighting. mayday, the crew were received damage when helicopters may be special Orion crew capsule. It was In fire-fighting mode, it can considering ditching the a floating dry dock it forces variants for the delivered from Bremen to deliver 500gallons in two aircraft at sea but managed was being towed out of RAF, similar to the long- NASA at Kennedy Space seconds and can land on to recover control. sank due to a power cut, range MH-47Gs used by Center using an Antonov unimproved surfaces for collapsing a crane onto its the US. . reloading. American Airlines has deck. The carrier has been ordered 15 Embraer E175 undergoing an overhaul Airbus has delivered The US Federal Aviation An Air Astana Embraer regional jets in a deal and modernisation since a major European Administration (FAA) has E190 crew on a post- worth around $705m.The early 2017.

8 AEROSPACE / DECEMBER 2018 AEROSPACE AIR TRANSPORT COMAC puts CR929 mock-up on display Delta Air Lines gets first Airbus A220

On 26 October, Delta Air tariffs on the CSeries. This Lines received its first decision was then reversed Airbus A220-100, the by the US International aircraft formerly known as Trade Commission (ITC) in the Bombardier CSeries 2017, with Airbus taking CS100. It was Delta’s order over a majority share in for 75 then-CS100 in the programme. Delta 2016, that sparked off an Air Lines will configure international trade dispute, its A220-100s with 109 with Boeing lodging seats, with the airliner a protest and the US to begin services from Department of Commerce NewYork/La Guardia imposing 292% import airport. COMAC

At the Zhuhai Air Show longer and shorter versions Leonardo has signed a MoU After almost a decade in space, NASA’s in November, China's also to follow. with Kangde Investment planet-hunting probe Kepler is no longer  COMAC revealed a cabin Meanwhile, Italy’s Group of China to establish operational after running out of fuel. The and flight deck mock-up of Leonardo is to partner on a joint venture, Kangde space telescope was launched in 2009 to its new twin-aisle CR929 the CR929 widebody, with Marco Polo Aerostructures widebody airliner currently in the formation of a joint Jiangsu Co, which will supply search for Earth-sized exoplanets, finding development with Russia's venture to supply composite composite fuselage sections over 2,600 confirmed planets and another UAC. The initial variant of the structures for the airliner. for the airliner. 2,900 candidates. CR929, the -600, will seat 280 passengers and have DEFENCE a range of 4,980nm, with INFOGRAPHIC: Over 250 aircraft take part in ON THE Trident Juncture, NATO's biggest exercise since MOVE the Cold War. Airlines for America (A4A) has appointed Doug Mullen as VP and Deputy General Counsel.

eVTOL company Lilium has appointed Mirko Reuter, formerly Head of Automated Driving at Audi AG, as Head of Autonomous Flight and Jakob Waeschenbach, formerly Head of Equipment Installation at Airbus, as Head of Aircraft Assembly.

Exostar has added Philip E Goslin, VP Global Supply Chain, Lockheed Martin Rotary and Mission Systems (RMS) to its Board of Directors. NATO

@aerosociety i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com DECEMBER 2018 9 Global Outlook and Analysis with antenna: HOWARD WHEELDON Boeing Defense – flying high!

or Boeing to have won just one intention to grow military customer services activities, significantly important defence this is a strategy that has certainly worked. programme award this year was no bad Facing the prospect that its two combat jet achievement but to win three in the production programmes, the F-15 and F/A-18, space of just a couple of months with the would, over the next five to ten years, draw to a Fpossibility of a fourth from the UK now firmly on the close, Boeing strategy has in recent years placed horizon is quite remarkable. considerably more emphasis on innovation. Nowhere The string of recent awards to Boeing this year was this better exampled than in its challenge to win include 84 x MH-139 helicopters for the US Air the USAF Long Range Strike programme, Force, the $805m carrier-based MQ-25 Stingray one that in the end it lost out to . unmanned aerial refueller programme for the US Disappointed and having chosen to file a protest Navy and capping what had been by any standards with the US Government Accountability Office that a fantastic couple of months for Boeing Defense, challenged the $80bn award of that programme to winning the highly lucrative US Air Force T-X pilot Northrop Grumman and failed, Boeing redoubled training programme which is anticipated to have an its efforts to win the T-X training programme award, initial requirement for 351 aircraft. one that will not only provide trainer capability for the The raft of new orders could not have come at a USAF but that will potentially also become a major better time for the Berkeley, Missouri-based Defense export programme as well. Division which has, for several years, been struggling Even so, Boeing has no intention of being left with a much-publicised raft of issues, particularly out of sixth-generation military jet development and those relating to the KC-46 tanker programme for it isn’t done with legacy aircraft programmes either. the USAF. That programme does now appear to Indeed, just as the company was rethinking its overall be moving forward apace but, unlike its large US future defence-based strategy, the order backlog for competitor, Lockheed Martin, which can look to its F/A-18 legacy combat jet programme was eased being fully engaged building fifth-generation military – firstly by Kuwait in April ordering 22 F/A-18E jets over the next 20 years for the USAF, USMC, and six F/A-18F Super Hornets. Boeing also won USN and an ever-increasing number of international a $73m order to upgrade US Navy F/A-18 Super government customers, Boeing was looking at Hornets and the company said recently that the St a gradual winding down of orders for legacy Louis production line will now be kept busy until at programmes, such as its highly successful F/A-18 least 2025. Super Hornet and F-15 jets. As part of an ongoing reorganisation process, Sidestepping the fifth generation Boeing Defense, Space and Security CEO Leanne Caret announced plans to launch two additional Meanwhile, Boeing has only just started production business areas within the company's Defense Space of the order for 36 x F-15QA Eagle aircraft for Qatar and Security division. As well as the separately that are due for delivery by 2022 and the hope announced Missile and Weapon Systems Division, remains that this $6.2bn contract will be followed by Boeing has added a Space and Launch Division, one for a similar requirement further down the line. together with a Commercial Derivative Aircraft But with Lockheed Martin and its international division that would include defence-related partners dominating the fifth generation fast- programmes such as the P-8 Poseidon maritime jet market with the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter patrol aircraft, of which the 100th aircraft has programme, it is clear that Boeing is going to recently been delivered, together with the KC-46 struggle to achieve new orders in the combat jet tanker refuelling aircraft programme. market before a sixth generation manned/unmanned aircraft development programme evolves – one that Looking overseas Boeing is more determined than ever to be a major player in. With sequestration and its impact on Pentagon Knowing that it would likely need to play second defence spending having hit all US defence fiddle in the combat jet market over the next ten companies hard, Boeing Defense strategy has, years Boeing answered its critics by widening in recent years, placed a much greater emphasis its market offering to include on expanding international market sales to lessen programmes and support services. While Boeing reliance on Pentagon orders. Combined with the itself never been engaged in the production of

10 AEROSPACE / DECEMBER 2018 Royal Australian Air Force

military pilot trainer aircraft, McDonnell Douglas, a Saab aircraft offering for the T-X competition was A Royal Australian company that Boeing acquired back in 1997, has – actually the only completely new clean-sheet design Air Force Boeing E-7 in the form of the T-45 Goshawk trainer built under of aircraft offered by any of the final competitors. Wedgetail. licence from BAE Systems. As for the other big recent wins, part of what For the USAF T-X trainer programme for which will be an initial programme build of 84 × MH-139 Boeing partnered with Swedish aircraft manufacturer helicopters (a military version of Leonardo’s highly Saab, proved to be a worthy winner, the Saab/ successful AW139) to be acquired by the USAF, Boeing partnership has high hopes that it could worth $2.38bn which will replace an ageing fleet eventually dominate the fast-jet trainer market. of UH-1N Huey helicopters, the MH-139 award Boeing is also concentrating on the upgrade and is another great win for Boeing and its partner support of existing products and it hopes to win more Leonardo. The initial contract award is for $375m awards similar to the F/A-18 upgrade contracts and covers the first four helicopters to be built and it has recently won from the US Navy. Boeing has also includes the integration of non-developmental also maintained its strength in its weapons business items to meet Air Force programme requirements. and it hopes to further increase business here as The MH-139 win comes hard on the heels of defence budgets normalise after several years of Boeing having been selected by the US Navy for sequestration cuts. its carrier-based MQ-25 Stingray unmanned tanker aircraft. Within days came news that the US Air Pricing to win? Force had awarded Boeing a contract for the T-X pilot training programme. Partnered with Saab, with One reasonable question that needs to be asked the Air Force planning to acquire 351aircraft, 46 is whether the raft of recent programme wins are simulators and associated ground equipment, this simply representation of a more aggressive stance hugely important programme is worth up to $9.2bn. and determination to win or whether this has been Replacing a fleet of Northrop T-38C Talons, many about Boeing’s better pricing to win? The answer of which are now 57 years old, the T-X will allow the is most likely a combination of both, meaning that USAF to optimise training pilots for fifth generation investment in technical innovation and improved aircraft, such as the Lockheed Martin F-35 Joint production efficiencies have been combined with a Strike Fighter. Boeing says that 90% of the T-X will far more aggressive attitude and approach to win. In be built in the US. better pricing to win. Boeing has also placed much This raft of recent contract awards are an greater emphasis on through-life product support. important vote of confidence, not only for Boeing Another factor I sense is that Boeing appears and its relationship with the Pentagon, but also for more prepared today to take on a degree of risk – Boeing’s President and CEO of Defense, Space and evidence for this perhaps being that the Boeing/ Security, Leanne Caret.

Leanne Caret FRAeS, President & CEO, Boeing Defense, Space & Security, will deliver the 2019 Wilbur and Orville Wright Lecture to the Society on 4 December.

@aerosociety i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com DECEMBER 2018 11 Transmission

LETTERS AND ONLINE

Visions of the future – What’s missing? f RAeS Who wants to be an Not just a pilot shortage engineer? @AndrewGall2010 [On Regional report(3)] My father was avionics and tried to persuade me down that route but I chose to be a mechanical aircraft Dave McCormick mechanic as I couldn’t get my head round all [On Pilot light(1)] Good An interesting observation on the rate of change in aerospace today. What’s missing in the electrical stuff. Now I article. I hope the industry this ‘Future airshow’ CGI used on the cover of the July 2016 issue of AEROSPACE? understand avionics and can take effective (*Answer at foot of page) can crimp etc. People don’t initiatives to overcome seem interested in going the pilot shortage. I am @FSKrieger22 The @royh62 Looks like @SamWise24 Ooh I know. into it, STEM has helped. confident that they now supersonic transport- you are missing a HAPS The British flag. The CAA realise the scale of the looking bird? capability. will have successfully killed Kamov future helicopter problem. However, does off airshows by that point. image leaked the aviation industry

recognise the potential airbase.ru @JohnChinner The pointy @jetcitystar Who safety risks resulting from SST’s rear fuselage isn’t doesn’t have an aerial @mikaelgrev The four- the impending shortage sufficiently long enough to demonstration team flying ship fighters will have a of aircraft engineers? prevent yawing induced by in the airspace of a rocket close encounter with the the twin tail? Or am I over launch? Honestly, not doing starting airliner. The apron thinking it? this is just crazy because of just ahead has grass all the PR opportunities. around, making it a tad hard to get aircraft in there. @jonitan [On Kamov @davidvlynn I would say reveals high-speed the Osprey in the lower @stevecicluna Where are 700km/hr compound right that looks pretty much all the spectators? attack helicopter design] It like the current one. looks like it can’t make its i mind up what it wants to be. I think it’s awesome in a @iain_gray Must dig out bonkers sort of way. Dubai Police to fly SST economics eVTOLs all our old market survey End of WW1 @RunwayGirl [On information on fare elasticity Hoversurf

RAeS/NAL Supersonic economics for supersonic travel @michaeljpryce The loss debated at RAeS DC when we’re studying next of experienced designers is Branch] Boom has identified generation supersonic some universal it seems. 500 routes ‘based on current 20 years ago and see what premium transoceanic has changed ... service’ that it believes a Vickers Vimy bomber. @jtaylor1122 Wouldn’t the 55-seat supersonic aircraft wing get in the way of the will suit. It is targeting same @GuyG_boffin I suspect Geoffrey Wardle [On downforce from the blades? @TheBrit96 [On Dubai economics as roundtrip that in this connected world Reporting the war to Just doesn’t seem to stack police to start training with (2) business class & ‘talking it’s minimising ‘useless time’ end all wars ] My late up aerodynamically to Hoversurf eVTOL] It seems to dozens of airlines,’ says that matters far more than grandfather’s type of me – unless the Russians like a game of who wants Boom at @AeroSociety minimising journey time. aircraft, they should not be have perfected the airflow to be an amputee. briefing. forgotten. around the wing?

*What’s missing answer: The picture included references to UCAVs, drones, SSTs, BWBs, eco-airliners and space tourism but no eVTOL ‘flying cars’ or aerial taxis. That was only two years ago. Today, approximately 100+ urban aerial mobility projects are underway worldwide.

12 AEROSPACE / DECEMBER 2018 Team Tempest at RAeS Careers LIVE Cool Aeronautics Team Tempest @RAeSCareers [On Cool Aeronautics at Stansted] We’re having another fantastic time at #CoolAeronautics at #Aerozone @STN_Airport today – great talks with @easyJet and so many interactive #STEM activities to do! Thanks again to our supporters and programme sponsor @AARCORP.

Careers in Aerospace – LIVE

@TrottersDan [On Team @dmhase28 I like the @batsub1 ‘Once in 40 Tempest at Careers in mugshots along the bottom years’ really puts it in Aerospace LIVE] What are of that slide, having worked perspective, doesn’t it? the chances of Tempest with a few of them, I know getting off the ground ,so that anyone who can to speak? It would be great challenge them will be a @scottmox Ha. These if it did. great asset to TT. guys – I’ve personally @AeroShef [On Careers @GrahamClewes My worked with three of them in Aerospace LIVE 2018] daughter came back (two were my bosses!) – Inspiring talks at the buzzing from the @jeffdotlayton What they’re a very hard act to @AeroSociety @AeroSociety #careers about ‘older’ engineers? beat! #CIAALIVE18 event day yesterday. Proud she including @RollsRoyce sees #aerospace and @BAESystemsAir #aeronautics as the career and Team Tempest. A for her. Need to get more Chinese space launcher What Typhoons? Fly me a cab? commonality and theme Crown copyright women into #stem careers. Chinese Internet @NZAircraftFAn [On across the talks, there Boeing neXt chief says aerial are many new jobs and taxis ‘quite’ possible by early opportunities in this industry, @Leonardo_UK Thanks 2020s] Customer acceptance especially graduate level. to everyone who came to to me means safety. Do Our group are impressed! visit us @RAeSCareers people feel 100% safe #CIAALIVE18 today. It was travelling in a self flying taxi? great to meet you all. Find @hoang_luara Great out more about our career @theWoracle [On BVLOS UAVs to see the @AeroSociety opportunities in aerospace hypersonic space access YPC’s very own Vice at lnrdo.co/earlycareers. launcher spotted at Zhuhai @ElaineWhyte [On Out of Chairperson. (4) 2018] Sänger – is there @Rotorfocus [On MoD sight, not out of mind ] nothing they won’t copy? press release with caption Informative article by ‘Typhoon aircraft lead a @RAeSTimR. flypast during the Exercise Saif Sareea 3 firepower 1. https://www.aerosociety.com/news/pilot-light-industry-wakes-up-to-aircrew-shortage/ @martin_namara 2. https://www.aerosociety.com/news/reporting-the-war-to-end-all-wars/ Hmmmm doesn’t the demonstration’ but showing 3. https://www.aerosociety.com/news/regional-report/ re-entry vehicle look a F-16s] Oh dear 4. https://www.aerosociety.com/news/out-of-sight-not-out-of-mind/ dead ringer for the X-37? @DefenceHQ ... need to get REALLY, do they have any the aircraft recognition book original ideas at all? out again. Online Additional features and content are available to view online at http://media.aerosociety.com/aerospace-insight

@aerosociety i Findlinkedin.com/raes us on LinkedIn f facebook.com/raesFind us on Facebook. www.aerosociety.comwww.aerosociety.com DECEMBER 2018 13 GENERAL AVIATION Drone regulation

etween December 2016 and March posed by a mid-air collision between a light UAS 2017, the UK Department for Transport and an aircraft windshield, commissioned jointly (DfT) issued a call for responses to a by the DfT, Military Aviation Authority (MAA) and consultation concerning the safe use of British Airline Pilots Association (BALPA). Reported unmanned aircraft in the UK. A summary findings from the study were that a light UAS Bof the responses was published in the summer (~400g) may pose a ‘critical’ risk to the windshield of 2017 including the Government’s position on and tail rotor of a helicopter but not to an airliner, for various issues, several which have been revised as a which a critical risk would only be posed by a UAS result of this consultation(1). with a mass of approximately 4kg and only when In total, nine proposals were discussed in the travelling at high speed. However, it was noted consultation, with responses to 41 questions being that significant damage did occur to an airliner asked of the respondents within three key areas – windscreen when a collision occurred at speeds ‘Stimulating drone innovation’, ‘Ensuring safety and typical of approach/landing, although structural lawful operation’ and ‘Laying the foundations for a integrity was maintained. There is no mention of developed drone market’. the risk posed to the windscreen of a light fixed The Government has used this consultation to wing aircraft but it can be assumed that a similar seek specialist input from industry to shape future risk exists to that of a helicopter windscreen. These UAS regulation in the UK. The widely publicised findings form part of the basis on which a number of Price Waterhouse Cooper (PwC) report ‘Clarity from proposal decisions have been made. Above’(2) estimated the value of the global drone Unfortunately, the DfT has only publicly released ‘application market’ to grow in excess of £127bn at an extremely ‘light’ version of this report, with some the time of publication. The drone market is expected high level ‘headline’ results and no substantiating to continue to grow and getting the UK’s regulatory detailed results to support this report’s conclusions. approach right will be key to ensuring this growth Few details of the experimental methodology used happens in a sustainable and safe way. in the collision testing have been released, leading to criticisms from some UAS manufacturers and a The proposals number of other commentators about the validity of the report. In addition, the methodology It was clear from most responses that details that were released have the majority of proposals in the also attracted criticism, consultation were not sufficiently predominantly from UAS mature to warrant a primary legislation manufacturers. It has proposal. However, many could provide been argued by some a foundation for further research and UAS manufacturers that the development activities. The main evidence behind UAS configuration used in the the proposals that were suggested seems to have experimental investigations – a ‘javelin-shaped’ been obtained from a study(3) on the safety risk configuration – was not representative. Drone control How much regulation is too much regulation when seeking to open up a whole new sector of aerospace? JAMES DE BEAUVOIR-TUPPER looks into the proposals generated by the UK Government’s consultation on the safe use of commercial drones.

Main image: Boeing via its Boeing HorizonX Ventures, the aviation company’s venture arm, led $16m worth of investment (1) Unlocking the UK’s high-Tech Economy. The safe use of Drones in the UK- Government Response, Department in drone startup Matternet. Other investors include Swiss Post, for Transport, 2017. Sony Innovation Fund and Levitate Capital. Matternet started (2) Matternet Clarity from Above. PwC Global Report on the Commercial Applications of Drone Technology, May 2016. testing the first drone delivery system in Zurich, Switzerland to (3) Small Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (drones) Mid-Air Collision Study, Department for Transport, Military Aviation Authority, British Airline Pilots Association, 2017. transport blood and pathology samples to labs.

14 AEROSPACE / DECEMBER 2018 Regardless of whether the research methodology not likely to be commercial and therefore will not was valid, it was highly likely that many of the contribute in this way. proposed legislation changes would have been In May 2018, the Government updated the introduced anyway, particularly with such pressure Air Navigation Order, to come into effect in July from so many stakeholders. 2018, starting with updates suggested in the 2017 There is no doubt that updated UAS regulation is consultation. This update was reasonably significant essential and that improved enforcement of current and will hopefully not be buried in an otherwise ‘heavy’ associated legislation is necessary but it is important and extremely technical document. A significant for all stakeholders to agree on the framework number of UAS operators are unlikely to have read the within which the industry will operate. Any notion of relevant sections of the ANO, predominantly because a ‘conspiracy’ or biased study should have be quelled they do not think of their UAS as an ‘aircraft’, and partly by releasing a more transparent publication of results, because the document simply looks daunting. These such that the whole industry can move forward in a updates will have little effect if they are not visible to coherent way. To this end, a Freedom of Information the public – the accompanying comms piece delivered request was submitted to the DfT to obtain further jointly by NATS and the CAA is, therefore, vital to details of its study. After significant consultation with ensuring adherence to this legislation. relevant stakeholders, the full report was released – While still carrying out ‘further scoping activities’, albeit with significant redactions, including almost all there are a number of other areas that the test results and the overall conclusions regarding the Government are likely to implement in some form. threat of a UAS collision with a manned aircraft. These include increasing the maximum penalty for flying a UAS with a camera within 150m of a large A new registration scheme crowd without a CAA permission above £2,500. In addition, the Government has now banned the use The Government will introduce a registration of all drones within the vicinity of aerodromes and scheme for any user wishing to operate a UAS with from flying above 400ft above ground level without a a mass of 250g of more. The registration process suitable permission. This seems to be a response to will include a basic knowledge test on the relevant the DFT, MAA & BALPA study(3), cited above, and the legislative requirements to register and fly their possible threat to GA and other low-level traffic. UAS. It is understood that the regulator may levy The Government is also proceeding with the a small charge for this registration. The general identification of ‘no drone flying zones’, by means of feeling among the Consultation responses was specifically designed signage and publishing data that UAS registration costs should not be passed electronically on the latest no drone fly zones, in a on to the tax payer. Clearly, the public purse cannot similar fashion to NOTAMS. be expected to fund an activity enjoyed purely by a relatively small group of people and from which a Notification number of them might profit. While one can argue that the Exchequer will see some return from this Currently, the Government will not be pursuing activity (taxes on equipment purchase, sale of UAS- a system of electronic identification for UAS yet, based services etc), the majority of registrations are

DECEMBER 2018 15 GENERAL AVIATION Drone regulation ViktorHanacek

THE GOVERNMENT IS ALSO PROCEEDING WITH THE IDENTIFICATION OF ‘NO DRONE FLYING ZONES’, BY MEANS OF SPECIFICALLY DESIGNED SIGNAGE AND PUBLISHING DATA ELECTRONICALLY ON THE LATEST mainly for logistical and cost reasons. Instead, a complexity and detail. This prescriptive approach NO DRONE FLY system of pre-flight notifications will be investigated to regulation may be necessary, in an environment ZONES whereby users can notify ‘the Network’ that they are where operators do not necessarily come from about to fly. an aviation background. However, too much The primary use of a UAS electronic prescriptive regulation can be detrimental to safety. identification tool is to quickly ascertain to whom a A comparison to draw could be that of a car UAS belongs, particularly those operating where they and a pedestrian sharing the road. Many cities should not. A ‘launch app’ may provide nothing more are now starting to remove road markings and than a ‘vague idea’ where someone’s drone might be, right of way instructions in favour of letting road it doesn’t provide any way of linking a drone spotted users judge for themselves when it is safe to pull in the sky to a user. Also, the UK’s inconsistent 3/4G out of a junction, or what speed is appropriate network coverage may well prevent any details when surrounded by pedestrians and bicycles. making their way off the user’s smartphone and into As a result, drivers’ behaviours were observed the ‘UAS Network’. The Government is pursuing the to have changed – becoming more considerate idea of mandating such an app. almost immediately. Compare this to a road where rights of way and boundaries are clearly marked Is too much regulation unsafe? and the junction is controlled by traffic signals. Drivers assume that it is safe to speed through the The question of the level of regulation is also junction just because the light is green but they important. The aviation industry has almost have not seen the old age pensioner still crossing universally moved towards a performance-based the road just around the corner. Overtaking a approach. However, UAS legislation is growing in cyclist without allowing any additional room Department for TransportDepartment Some in the UAV industry criticised the UK DfT’s drone collison test as being unrepresentative and opaque, with a ‘javelin’ style projectile (right) standing in for a small consumer UAV.

16 AEROSPACE / DECEMBER 2018 Via author Can the idea of ‘shared spaces’ to allow cars and pedestrians to co-exist safely be used in allowing drones and piloted aircraft to share the same airspace?

Shared space along Exhibition Road in central London.

becomes perfectly safe, just because the two in a series of steps towards a more regulated and are separated by a white line. Remove the line controlled industry. and the car slows down and allows more space. The concept, known as ‘shared space’ or ‘naked What does Brexit mean for drone streets’ is well researched, and is being rolled out regulation? in many parts of the UK – such as Exhibition Road in London (as shown above). Currently, Brexit appears to be impacting every facet of life and the UAS regulatory debate is no exception. Onus on the operator The UK has continued to play an active part in the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) since the By clearly stating where it is unsafe to fly a drone, latter’s foundation in 2002 and has been instrumental we also state where it is safe to fly – with much the in the drafting of EASA policy and regulation – Civil same certainty. The fact remains that it still may not Drone regulation is no exception. Previously, criticism be safe. The senior citizen crossing the road ahead has been levelled at EASA for having too stringent an of a green light becomes a paraglider operating approach to UAS legislation, compared with the UK. at low level in the open countryside. Whilst the The reality, however, is that this is not the case. Many onus is always on the operator to ensure the European countries still operate their own domestic flight is safe and legal, regardless of not operating drone regulation(s), leading to an incoherent and in an explicitly prohibited area, the more clearly inconsistent framework across the EU. this is defined, the more the behaviour of the EASA is actively working to develop the ‘Prototype operator changes, and the assumption is made that Regulation’ following its own recent consultation, into operating at the legal limit – below 400ft along the a standardised and performance-driven framework 1km airfield boundary line is as safe as operating for implementation across Europe. The CAA has anywhere else. championed flexible and proportionate UAS regulation All in all, the new measures outlined in the and it is important that the UK continues to influence Government’s consultation response do not come as EASA regulation to do the same. Getting the a surprise. The government has been under pressure regulatory approach right across Europe is just as to put necessary regulation and legislation in place important as getting it right here. We fly throughout for some time, from many stakeholders; pilots, Europe as passengers and aircrew, visit Europe as airports, commercial UAS operators, airlines and the tourists, friends and family and sometimes settle there. public have all been demanding a more structured It is in all our interests to work together to ensure and stringent approach to UAS regulation in the UK. that the regulation which protects us, and all other These legislation updates are most likely the first Europeans, is safe, proportionate and fair.

@aerosociety i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook.com www.aerosociety.com DECEMBER 2018 17 SPACEFLIGHT Space tourism standards A safe space

Space tourism is going into low Earth orbit and deep space but what safety standards are the vehicle developers being held to? ROB COPPINGER reports.

lue Origin says it will sell passenger tickets private company has ever flown paying customers Main: An artist’s impression next year, Space Exploration Technologies into space with its own space vehicle. The beginning of SpaceX’s Big Falcon (SpaceX) has announced a 2023 lunar of commercial spaceflight could be traced back to the Rocket orbiting the Moon. tourism flight and Virgin Galactic is 1990 flight of Japanese journalist Toyohiro Akiyama to Below left: EADS planning to fly from Italy and the UK. the Mir space station, or the eight-day trip in 2001 that spacetourism concept. BHowever there are no regulations for spaceflight Dennis Tito had to the ISS, again through the Russian participants’ safety but one possible standard was the space programme but in both cases the safety regime focus of an SAE International conference in October. was set by a space agency. First announced in July, the International The first private flight into space using a Association for the Advancement of Space launch system operated by its developer was the Safety (IAASS) Space Safety Institute (SSI) 1700 SpaceShipOne ascent of 29 September 2004, which Commercial Human-Rated System standard was the subject of discussion at SAE International’s first space event, The Case for the Space Safety Institute, held in Washington DC from 4-5 October. SAE International is a Pennsylvania-based association of engineers with 128,000 members and roots in the car industry. The IAASS SSI 1700 standard sets out requirements covering quality and safety management systems, crewed manual flight control, failure propagation, pyrotechnics, Earth orbit and lunar descent systems. “One year ago, we were approached by SAE International…and basically they proposed to us to publish this standard with them,” says IAASS executive director, Tommaso Sgobba. The IAASS had already produced a standard and, after the SAE request, IAASS, “made quite an in-depth revision was followed five days later by that spaceplane’s Below: Virgin’s SpaceShipTwo of this standard but always with the spirit not to second successful flight on 4 October. The Mojave will allow passengers invent requirements or to manipulate requirements Aerospace Ventures, Scaled Composites team won to experience free fall (weightlessness) for about 4.5 but to review existing best practice in national and the $10m X-Prize because of those flights. In the minutes. They will be able to international programmes,” Sgobba explains. wake of SpaceShipOne’s success, the Commercial unstrap from their seats and National and international crewed space Space Launch Amendments Act (CSLAA), was float to the windows to view the programmes have always been government passed by the US Congress. That set out a Earth below them. operations, whether it’s NASA’s Space Shuttle, Russia’s moratorium on prescriptive safety rules relating to Soyuz or the International Space Station (ISS). No commercial space launch systems. Instead, tourists, defined as spaceflight participants, would fly with their NASA informed consent and the US government’s Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) would licence flights when the licensee demonstrated that uninvolved third parties on the ground would be safe.

Informed consent

That informed consent, uninvolved third-party safety

approach had a sunset clause of nine years but Galactic Virgin SpaceX

18 AEROSPACE / DECEMBER 2018 in 2012 the CSLAA was renewed along with the moratorium because the industry had not made as much progress as was expected. But, two years later, Virgin Galactic had its first fatal accident when, in December 2014, its spaceplane, Virgin SpaceShip Enterprise, broke up during its ascent. The co-pilot had pulled the lever too early to activate the feathering mechanism that changes the commercial vehicle’s configuration and the resulting aerodynamic human pressure ripped the craft apart. spaceflight In August of 2014, the FAA had produced its standards. Recommended Practices for Human Space Flight However, the Occupant Safety version 1.0, despite the moratorium company’s on regulation. To date, the FAA has not produced an founder and Chief updated version, despite the Virgin Galactic crash, and Executive Officer, the CSLAA moratorium will end in 2022, Jeff Bezos, commented If the moratorium is not renewed, the industry on requirements during hopes to replace it with consensus industry his keynote speech that standards. The Commercial Spaceflight Federation brought to a close the US Air (CSF) lobbies the US government on behalf of Force Association’s Air, Space its members, which includes, Blue Origin, Bigelow and Cybersecurity Conference Aerospace, Virgin Galactic, Mojave air and spaceport, on 19 September this year. Bezos Planetary Resources, SpaceX and Sierra Nevada said: “On writing requirements, I tell Corporation. CSF President Eric Stallmer says that our engineers at Blue Origin, good they are developing industry consensus standards engineers build to requirements, great and that these standards could use a lot of NASA engineers push back on requirements requirements. He expects to, ‘counsel,’ and, ‘educate,’ and that’s what you need to do. You need Congress between now and the potential end of the to say, ‘is this requirement really needed moratorium in 2022. because, if we can wave this requirement, Virgin Galactic says: ‘The Commercial then we can use this commercial system’.” Spaceflight Federation and its member companies have Commercial deep spaceflight designated ASTM (International), a leading international standards On 17 September, SpaceX’s Chief Executive organisation, to be the focal point Officer, Elon Musk, announced that the company for commercial space standards.’ would fly Japanese fashion businessman Yusaku ASTM International is an organisation Maezawa around the Moon in 2023 using its yet-to- with more than 140 technical standards be-built reusable Big Falcon Rocket (BFR). SpaceX writing committees and provides professional had previously announced a private circumlunar development. Virgin Galactic staff are members of the flight for two people on 27 February 2017 but had ASTM F47 Commercial Spaceflight committee which not stated who the customer was. That flight would is now working on consensus commercial space have used a SpaceX Dragon capsule launched on standards. a Falcon Heavy rocket. Falcon Heavy has launched While the clock ticks towards a possible end once, on 6 February this year. SpaceX has four more to the moratorium, the US Congress has passed Falcon Heavy launches, for satellites, manifested. On the FAA Reauthorisation Act 2018 that limits the 17 September Musk said that the Falcon Heavy lunar certification required for air launched systems. flight’s customer had been Maezawa but the fashion Motherships such as Virgin Galactic’s WhiteKnightTwo businessman had opted for BFR instead. and Stratolaunch’s aircraft will be exempt from Blue Origin has also said it will offer orbital airworthiness certification and can operate tourism. During the 5 October 2016 in-flight capsule with a, ‘special airworthiness certification in the escape test live webcast, the company’s Head experimental category’. The act creates a category of Astronaut Strategy and Sales and New Glenn of “space support vehicles,” which includes the Commercial Sales Director, Ariane Cornell, said: motherships, for this airworthiness exemption. The “When you come down (from your sub-orbital flight), FAA Reauthorisation Act 2018 has been sent to the that’s not the end of it. We’re going to make sure that President to be signed. our astronauts who fly on New Shepard will get first While it is preparing to sell sub-orbital passenger access to tickets on New Glenn, which is going to be tickets for its New Shepard rocket next year, our orbital vehicle which we hope to have flying by the Blue Origin was not available for comment about end of this decade.”

@aerosociety i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com DECEMBER 2018 19 SPACEFLIGHT Space tourism standards

To date, debris impact hazards cannot exceed an expected only Blue average number of 0.00003 casualties per mission Origin and for the risk to an uninvolved individual be no more and Virgin than 0.000001 per mission. have made During the 17 September press conference, substantial progress Musk touched on the issue of safety standards. Musk with sub-orbital flights and, stated that: “Safety wise, this (the Big Falcon Rocket since 2004, the FAA has mainly and its spaceship upper stage) will be built upon our been in discussions with sub-orbital work with the NASA crew Dragon design.” He also vehicle operators about launch licenses. said that; “I think, probably, we can mostly leverage However, under FAA rules for that licencing the work we’ve done for the NASA crew mission to for uninvolved third-party safety, lunar missions are the space station for the lunar journeys,” in reference included. to the life support system needed. Leveraging NASA The FAA’s Part 431 is for the launch and re-entry commercial crew requirements is a of reusable launch vehicles (RLV). Part 431.35 is for next step for the IAASS. acceptable reusable launch vehicle mission risk and Sgobba says: “We these risk levels are also applied to RLV re-entry, as are launching specified in Part 435.35, which is for ‘acceptable an re-entry risk for re-entry of a re-entry vehicle’. Part 435.35 says: “(the) risk for the proposed re-entry, when assessed in combination with launch of the re- entry vehicle, does not exceed acceptable risk for the conduct of an RLV mission as defined in paragraphs (a) and (b) of Sec. 431.35 of this subchapter.” Under CFR Part 431.35 there is a reference to, ‘outer space,’ in its Section A, so SpaceX’s lunar and Mars missions are included. Sections 1i and 1ii specify what risk level must be met. Section 1i of Part 431.35 says that the risk level to members of the public from vehicle, NASA

20 AEROSPACE / DECEMBER 2018 initiative to make a number of NASA standards used on (its) commercial crew programme into commercial standards.” NASA uses the word ‘commercial’ for its International Space Station crew and cargo programme but what the Agency means by commercial is simply that the contractual arrangements differ from the historical methods it has used; a cost price is agreed to and then any additional costs are also paid by the government. The NASA ‘commercial’ operations are also non- commercial because the government’s National Transportation Safety Board will not be involved in any NASA incident investigation and there is no legal Galactic Virgin requirement for the agency to obtain FAA licensing. VSS Unity’s third powered flight. However, the US space agency does apply for FAA third-party safety licences. “We could have done proposals that could be sent to the ICAO triennial the third-party safety function ourselves at NASA but assembly for further development. we felt like no, we want this to be as commercial as On 6 July, Virgin Galactic signed an agreement possible, we want SpaceX and Boeing to sell these with public-private partnership, Altec, a joint venture spacecraft to non-NASA customers,” explains NASA between the Italian Space Agency and Thales Alenia Commercial Spaceflight Division director, Philip Space, for flights from Italy. Earlier this year, the Italian McAlister. aviation authority, ENAC, designated the Taranto- Grottaglie Airport, near the South East tip of Italy, as European flight rules the location for horizontally-launched spaceflights. In September 2016, Altec had signed a memorandum On 16 July this year, Sir Richard Branson’s satellite of understanding with Virgin Galactic. In the July launching firm, Virgin Orbit, announced that it had announcement, Sir Richard Branson said: “This plans to conduct orbital rocket launches from partnership could see Virgin Galactic launch the first Cornwall Airport Newquay, also known as Spaceport person in history into space from Italian soil – and in Cornwall, by 2021. Branson has previously said he fact from any European territory.” would like Virgin Galactic to also fly tourists from ENAC was not available to comment on its the UK. The UK Government has the goal of space spaceflight rules. However, in the September 2017 launches from the British Isles from 2020 and its issue of the Journal of Space Safety Engineering, Space Industry Act became law on 15 March this year its Deputy Director General, Alessandro Cardi, to help realise that. The UK Space Agency and the co-authored a paper called for a model for setting UK’s Civil Aviation Authority referred AEROSPACE to a regulatory framework for the development of the Department for Transport regarding questions on suborbital operations in Italy, along with his colleagues UK regulation of commercial human spaceflight but in the airworthiness regulation and Turin operations the Department was not available for comment. CAA office. Its abstract says: “An adequate level of safety staff have previously publicly stated that they would for uninvolved people on the ground, in the air, at follow European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) rules sea and for critical infrastructures will be primarily for sub-orbital launches, treating that as only high- sought along with due considerations for the safety altitude flight and not spaceflight. However, Brexit of involved people onboard, in line with the state of raises the question of whether EASA rules would be the art and the technological development of the feasible. sector.” The first part of the abstract reflects the Virgin Orbit Special Projects Vice President, FAA’s approach, as does the use of the words, “due William Pomerantz says: “We have maintained an consideration,” for the spaceflight participants. active dialogue with the UK-along with Italy and a Since the 2004 flight of SpaceShipOne, the number of other nations. We are also participants commercial spaceflight industry has taken a lot longer in the ICAO (International Civil Aviation to develop its launch systems than it expected with Organization) Learning Group that the first tourist-carrying flights potentially taking is focused on commercial space place next year, 15 years later; but they also may not transportation.” ICAO’s 13th occur until 2020. The authorities that will enforce Navigation Conference, any human spaceflight standards, requirements held from 9-19 October or rules that will underpin the industry’s long-term in Montreal, Canada sustainability are not in any rush to commit to any considered air and standards either. It may be many years before it is space traffic known whether the CSF consensus standards or the integration IAASS, SAE standard, or any standard is adopted.

DECEMBER 2018 21 GENERAL AVIATION Engine technology

Clean sky thinking Safran UK company, Ilmor Engineering has been challenged to improve the power- to-weight ratio of the modern diesel-cycle engine by the EU’s Clean Sky 2 (CS2) programme, PAUL EDEN reports on progress made so far. nter the reception area at Ilmor Clean Sky public-private partnership between the Above: The four-stroke Engineering’s leafy Northamptonshire European Commission and European aerospace SMA SR305-230E was facility and it’s immediately obvious that industry and scheduled to run from 2008 to 2024, chosen as the piston engine to be upgraded. from here some of motorsport’s most under the wider Horizon 2020 research and innovation successful engines have emerged. The project. Launched in 2014, CS2 should be the primary All illustrations within text courtesy of Ilmor. Ecompany’s reputation is founded upon Formula 1 and contributor to the lofty industry goals established by the IndyCar – Ilmor has powered teams to championship Advisory Council for Aviation Research and Innovation victory in both series. It continues an extremely fruitful in Europe (ACARE) Flightpath 2050 initiative. IndyCar relationship with Chevrolet, while a MotoGP For its portion of the €4bn CS2 programme, bike and the table carrying the visitors’ book – a Ilmor was tasked to improve the power density glass top mounted on a Honda IndyCar engine – are (power-to-weight ratio) of a modern diesel-cycle, testament to wider racing interests. jet-fuelled piston aeroengine. Awarded through a Ilmor Engineering’s engines Among the engines and memorabilia, a small competitive process, the work ultimately came Ilmor’s are used in a variety of motor displayed alone in a corner is conspicuous for its way after contacts at SMA alerted the UK company specialist motorsport attached propeller. Modified from a motorcycle engine to its potential. The Piston Engine Division of Safran vehicles. for a UAV project, it’s evidence of Ilmor’s nascent Aircraft Engines, SMA, established in 1997 as a Right upper: Will Power winning for Team Penske at aerospace capability. Closer inspection reveals a trophy joint venture between Socata and Renault Sport F1, the 2018 Indy 500. sitting on the windowsill behind – a Boeing Silver had historic contacts with Ilmor after contracting the Below left: Ilmor Chevrolet Supplier award, no less, granted for Ilmor’s contribution British company to machine cylinder heads. Indy V-8 engine used to a programme that it’s reluctant to discuss in any The 227hp, four-cylinder, four-stroke, horizontally- in this year’s Indycar detail. opposed SMA SR305-230E engine was chosen Championship. as the programme’s basis. Most commonly applied Below right: Garry McCoy Motorsport excellence and aerospace to the Cessna 182, the unit received its EASA type riding the Ilmor X3 MotoGP experience certification on 24 January 2011 but is based on race bike at the 2006 the SR305-230, certified on 20 April 2001 and with Valencia Grand Prix. This blend of motorsport excellence and aerospace its design origins in the late 1990s. It was thus ripe experience equipped Ilmor perfectly for a role in the for improvement through Ilmor’s innovative, industry- EU’s Clean Sky 2 (CS2) programme. It’s part of the leading high-tech approach.

22 AEROSPACE / DECEMBER 2018 Top gears “We looked at the engine and identified areas that would cause problems as the power increased Power density is a function of engine – the cylinder head and crankcase were critical in mass and power. Reduce mass for the terms of strength. Then we considered mass. We same power and power density improves. reckoned we might be able to make the crankcase Increasing power for the same mass has lighter but, since it also needed to be stronger, we the same effect. The result is reduced fuel acknowledged that we might actually be doing well consumption, with a residual benefit in to keep it the same. On the other hand, we identified lower emissions and smaller operating plenty of scope to make the barrel significantly costs, plus potentially improved aircraft lighter.” performance. For the purposes of CS2, power Three design engineers took primary responsibility was to increase to 265hp while mass was for the CS2 project. Sitting in a ‘cube’ arrangement simultaneously reduced. That’s a tall order, since of four desks, David Robertson took care of the higher power levels generate increased stresses on cylinder barrels and heads; Tom Kirby the crankcase engine components, stresses that lighter parts are and lubrication modifications; and Ben Dodman the less able to withstand. pistons, gudgeon pins, rods and ancillaries and the Ian Whiteside, Ilmor’s Chief Engineer – Advanced finite element (FE) analysis work. Projects, led the CS2 effort and notes: “Increasing the Kirby recalls: “We had the first meeting with SMA power from a diesel engine is quite straightforward, in February 2016. They sent us CAD data and details you simply put more fuel in. But that generates of the specification they were aiming for.” Indeed, much higher loads so, while increasing the power SMA had already run a standard SR305-230E at is easy, ensuring the engine stays together at that higher power, encountering problems in the process. increased output is a challenge… and it was more of Data from that trial partially informed the Ilmor effort a challenge again because the requirement was to but also confirmed the team’s initial predictions for make it simultaneously lighter.” which areas would require improvement. Subsequent Geoffrey M Miller Ilmor Engineering

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communication was primarily through regular Webex employs a pair of cast aluminium ‘shells’, with separate and screen sharing. steel pieces around the crankshaft, supporting the Ilmor’s automotive work places it among the bearings. Looking to save weight and increase global leaders in motorsport engineering, the constant strength, we incorporated the steel elements into the quest for high power output, light weight and cast aluminium structure, while employing a revised fuel efficiency exposing the company aluminium alloy for improved fatigue strength. to technologies and engineering “Typically, when you use materials in solutions unfamiliar to the aerospace this way you see ‘fretting’ where the steel industry. Was the CS2 project moves around and wears the surrounding therefore little more than an application aluminium, often generating cracks. We’ve of advanced automotive technologies developed a technique, with our regular to a basic aeroengine? foundry, where molten aluminium is poured “No,” Kirby says, “there were a few around the steel. We’d used it on racing Ilmor pieces of detail design we hadn’t done engines and it worked well here; we created before. We approached the project from the point a structurally optimised crankcase that was almost of view of a new pair of eyes but, mindful that the identical in appearance to the original.” interface points between engine and airframe needed Ilmor’s world-leading experience in lightweight to remain unaltered.” racing engines generally translated directly across to CS2, although the team worked under assembly Iron out and serviceability constraints. “The engine runs four individual, identical barrels and heads, and SMA Considering the cylinder barrel, David Robertson was keen to retain that configuration, although we explains: “The existing engine includes an iron cylinder came up with concepts providing a better technical liner inside the cylinder barrel. Most of us are used solution. They were acknowledging compromises for to components smaller and lighter than those in the serviceability and we always kept those in mind,” Kirby SR305-230E but, even then, the cylinder liner wasn’t recalls. a slender component and iron is particularly heavy.” Other key criteria were less familiar. SMA “As far as the cylinder was concerned, we designed the SR305-230 as a more-or-less drop-in concentrated on reducing weight and removing replacement for traditional Continental or Lycoming the extra heat generated by the increased power. power units, adopting a wide-bore/short-stroke Replacing the liner material was among the greater configuration that ran at high pressures, even before technological challenges. It’s the interface between Ilmor worked its magic. Kirby reckons the redesigned the piston and barrel. We reduced weight by creating crankcase withstands some of the highest pressures an all-aluminium barrel, including the interface, which encountered across Ilmor’s entire engine portfolio. doesn’t generally work well because the piston rings The redesigned engine also took the full range wear the relatively soft aluminium away.” of aircraft operating temperatures into account. The “We knew of an Oerlikon technique where a very requirement was for the engine to fire up at -40°C and hard-wearing but exceptionally thin coating is applied to continue working at temperatures considerably higher the aluminium. We’ve used similar techniques on other than ambient, obliging Ilmor to employ a steel bearing engines. In this case a layer of steel is effectively plasma housing where it might use aluminium in a competition coated onto the aluminium surface. It’s employed in engine, albeit with the necessity for pre-heating some racing engines and a few high-end road cars but the racing engine block before starting, to ensure we think it is unique in its aerospace application.” adequate bearing clearance. With the cylinder head, Robertson faced the “The technique we applied in CS2 is fairly common challenges of lightening the component, while in road engines,” Whiteside reports, “However it didn’t managing the increased operating temperatures and seem well-known among aeroengine manufacturers, pressures that resulted from demanding more power. whose existing configurations also complicate Whiteside says the engine ran ‘quite hot’ machining and assembly. We also found that the and Ilmor worked hard to improve aluminium alloy we used, one we were familiar with its standard combination of air and from our racing engines, had previously been oil cooling, Dodman in particular unknown to SMA.” completing a great deal of analysis to optimise flows through and Small bore, long stroke around the unit. Aside from finite element analysis and Structural heart computational fluid dynamics, Ben Dodman’s CS2 work included optimising the gudgeon pin. “Diesel Tom Kirby explains how the crankcase comprises engines typically have a small bore and long stroke, two halves, the completed assembly acting as the with large-diameter, short gudgeon pins to resist

Ilmor engine’s structural heart. “The original SMA unit bending under large firing loads. The SMA engine had

24 AEROSPACE / DECEMBER 2018 Ilmor

a large bore and long pin of relatively small diameter. same technique with the CS2 engine, clamping the So, I looked at the pin’s shape under the increased parts, machining their insides, coating them, then firing load and some fine details in the piston bore clamping up again for the final surface finish, under and structure, as well as investigating a diamond-like load. It means the part is pre-deformed and then carbon coating that we use a lot in racing. It’s very machined nice and straight. hard, with good load-bearing capability and minimal “The deformations involved are actually very small friction, helping stop pins grabbing as the piston and the coating quite flexible, so the loading doesn’t moves. We also optimised a few small piston details, affect the coating’s integrity. What the technique does having ruled out piston replacement as too complex is ensure we have a perfectly cylindrical barrel at and beyond the programme’s scope and funding, even operating temperatures and pressures, optimising though it might have saved considerable weight. performance compared to a standard engine, “Looking at the connecting rod, with the where the opposite is true.” significantly higher firing pressures in mind, there was potential to significantly improve its strength. The More power, less weight existing rod was in forged steel, which made it quite heavy, and although we investigated its replacement, The CS2 SR305-230E project was never intended to we settled on using the SMA part. We designed a new create an airworthy, certifiable powerplant. Instead, the lighter rod in a higher strength material but using it aim was to identify and apply new design techniques had wider implications in terms of engine balance and and technologies, embodied in a highly modified propeller vibration in particular.” engine delivering 20% greater power compared to the Dodman’s thermal structural FE on the cylinder original, from a unit 10% lighter. Manufacturing that barrel assessed the differences between the new, engine’s components and their subsequently assembly coated-aluminium liner, and original iron component. was an important part of the process and led to a “The challenge really came down to how aluminium working power unit. A little under 100 hours of test ‘grows’ more with rising temperature than iron, so we bench running in France proved the power increase paid a lot of attention to the size of the bore and and basic reliability, at the same time highlighting its shape. The temperature of the elements that needed further refinement, many of air moving over the outside of the them already predicted by the Ilmor team. barrel varies because of different In the final analysis, Ilmor worked within the CS2 components – there’s an exhaust budget to increase the SR305-230E’s power as on one side and not the other, required but achieving the simultaneous, dramatic for example. The bore is shaped THE ‘NEW’ reduction in engine weight was always going to be to ensure the piston rings seal ENGINE WAS a tall order. Nonetheless, the ‘new’ engine was 2.6% effectively throughout the stroke. 2.6% LIGHTER lighter than the original, boasted a much smaller parts I also examined FE across the count and proved far easier to machine and assemble. operating temperature range, checking THAN THE Had there been sufficient budget, Ilmor would the interaction of piston and bore to arrive at the best ORIGINAL, have liked to see the revised unit tested to 2,400 compromise for all conditions. Compared to a racing BOASTED A hours, the SR305-230E’s prescribed time between engine, which is typically cooled by water at a fairly overhauls. “That’s a very expensive exercise,” Whiteside constant temperature, the SMA engine’s air cooling MUCH SMALLER says, “and I’m satisfied we did an exceptional job within was more of a challenge.” PARTS COUNT the project constraints.” That said, without engineering The work informed a technique that even AND PROVED constraints and with a larger budget, how would Whiteside was prepared to describe as exotic. “With FAR EASIER TO Whiteside and his team approach the problem of racing engines, we machine cylinder liners in a fixture creating a modern piston aeroengine? “We’d start from that clamps them with a load very representative of MACHINE AND scratch, with a completely different, optimised layout,” what they’ll experience in operation. We applied the ASSEMBLE. he says. “There’s so much more we could do.”

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Out of sight, not out of mind

With the commercial drone market now expanding around the world with an ever-more bewildering number of missions, roles and applications, one final challenge still looms – regular ‘Beyond Visual Line of Sight’ (BVLOS) operations. TIM ROBINSON takes a look at some of the highlights from a recent RAeS UAV Conference, ‘BVLOS Operations in the UK’ held on 19-20 September.

ow far away are we from the ‘Holy At the conference, organised by the RAeS UAS Above: DHL’s Parcelcopter Grail’ of UAVs being able to fly and Specialist Group, delegates heard from a variety 4.0 has delivered medicines in East Africa in work, out of sight from their operators? of speakers, including regulators from EASA and BVLOS trials. What challenges, whether technical, the CAA, drone manufacturers and users, as well regulatory or societal, remain? Today, as insurance, legal experts and other stakeholders Hcommercial UAVs are mainly limited to flying within about the challenges and opportunities in unlocking visual line of sight (500m) of their human operators this emerging sector. – restricting the utility and efficiency of these tools. Let’s take a look at just a few of the highlights. Though technically feasible (and routine within the military UAV world), concerns over safety and how Market potential drones will share airspace with other users has, so far, led regulators to adopt a cautious, phased approach. While the commercial drone market continues to However, trials and early demonstrations for civil grow exponentially (over two years ago, the FAA BVLOS UAVs, whether for surveying, inspections, recorded 181,000 registered consumer drone delivery of medical supplies, or postal services to users. In 2018 this passed the 1m mark), a major islands or remote areas, are underway around the question is how big the future drone market is and world and regulators are now beginning to permit what the opening up of BVLOS operations could testing in limited phases. do to this. Elaine Whyte, UK Drones Leader, from

26 AEROSPACE / DECEMBER 2018 consultants PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) gave an overview of the potentially massive economic benefits of drones to the UK but cautioned that public acceptance was vital. “There is substantial opportunity within the drone market but we must maintain and grow the level of trust” she said. PwC, she explained, is interested in drones because “it is a technology that is going to disrupt our clients” and, given the complex challenges of UAVs, it needed a specialist team within the company. How big, then, could this market be? A market study, commissioned by PwC, revealed some headline-grabbing figures – that drones could be worth £42bn (or 2% of UK GDP) to Britain by 2030. The top-down study predicts that some 76,000 commercial drones could be operating in UK airspace by 2030, supporting some 628,000 jobs and leading to £16bn worth of net cost savings

for the UK economy. “One thing is for sure”, said General Atomics Whyte, “These figures will only be realised when BVLOS flight becomes the norm.” General Atomics ASI’s International Air Tattoo. The MQ-9B SkyGuardian What needs to happen to unlock this massive MQ-9B SkyGuardian is the next generation of the Reaper MALE family market for commercial UAVs? Drawing comparisons made the first transatlantic and, crucially, has been designed from the outset crossing by a MALE-class with the development of manned aviation, Whyte UAV in July. Note civilian to be certificated to operate in civil airspace. It is says the industry needs to accelerate out of the FAA registration. thus self-deployable, features auto-take-off and ‘technical phase’ through the ‘human factors phase’ landing (where many UAV accidents occur) and into the ‘operational phase’. includes lightning and anti-ice protection, as well as Formerly a RAF engineer, herself with increased endurance. experience of airworthiness and safety, Whyte With the SkyGuardian prototype having flown argued that what is really needed is “more in 2016, King revealed that it was in January that airmanship” in the drone industry. “You don’t need the company decided to look into the concept of to be a big company to have that – I would contest flying into RIAT in the summer. The flight was made that there are some big companies that DON’T have from GA-ASI’s training centre in Grand Forks, North that pedigree of working in the air. Equally, there Dakota with the RPAS being controlled from there are some smaller companies that DO have that during its flight with a two-crew shift. The route saw airmanship, that test and evaluation background,” the SkyGuardian fly from Grand Forks, over Canada, she said. across the Atlantic, then flying south around Ireland, For risk mitigation in this fast moving and highly before entering UK airspace west of the southern innovative industry, “to build that trust we need tip of Cornwall at 27,000ft (with its diversion airfield people with those right credentials to be testing the being RNAS Culdrose). Once in UK airspace, the boundaries. We need to see that airmanship, that SkyGuardian also needed to hold for two hours and test and evaluation-type background to be able to meet a specific landing slot time due to the large push the BVLOS boundaries with confidence,” said numbers of aircraft arriving at Fairford for RIAT. Whyte, who warned: “Sadly, it would only take one The SkyGuardian was a GA-ASI owned asset, significant accident to destroy the trust that we are not a RAF/MoD UAV, but it already had FAA building as a community today.” certification. Thus the viability of this flight “hinged on the CAA recognising the FAA certification,” said The ultimate BVLOS flight? King, adding that: “The CAA was very forward- leaning and pragmatic” in its approach. What was While the focus of the conference was undoubtedly required, however, was an amendment to the FAA on commercial applications of UAVs, the event did certification to align with the CAA, which was duly hear from a military manufacturer via Dr Jonny King, granted. This allowed the CAA to then recognise MD, General Atomics UK, who, earlier this year, had FAA certification of the SkyGuardian. The CAA made history with the first transatlantic crossing was also briefed on the SkyGuardian’s operational by a MALE-class drone – the General Atomics ASI procedures, such as lost-link procedures – as well MQ-9B SkyGuardian. as pilot competencies and insurance. In July, this UAV, to be called the Protector RG1 The other half of this effort, explained King, in RAF service, made a 24hr 2min flight across was how the RPAS would be integrated into UK the Atlantic from Grand Forks, North Dakota, to airspace. Although the SkyGuardian does have RAF Fairford in in time for the Royal provision of a ‘detect and avoid capability’ on this

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PwC RNLI demonstration

Among the many companies and organisations now exploring the benefits of BVLOS UAVs is the UK’s maritime rescue charity, the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) and the UK Maritime and Coastguard Agency (MCA). Giving a presentation on a RNLI/MCA search and rescue (SAR) technology challenge using UAVs was Hannah Nobbs, from the RNLI’s Innovation Team. She explained that the RNLI and MCA believe that UAVs have potential for the SAR role, both in enhancing the search capability and in reducing

Above: PwC’s headline flight, the MQ-9B is yet not fitted with this radar. figures for the future UK Thus, in UK airspace while the SkyGuardian was civil drone market could be routed across a number of Upper Air Routes, the conservative. UK CAA created temporary airspace danger areas Main picture: Lockheed Martin Indago UAS making a ‘corridor’ that was collapsed behind quadcopter was used in the SkyGuardian as it flew towards the restricted the RNLI/MCA SAR trial. airspace of the Aberporth range, where the aircraft reduced its altitude from 27,000ft to 9,000ft – before heading to Fairford for its landing slot. Indeed, as an example of the ‘boringly flawless’ RNLI flight, the operators adjusted to a last-minute risk to its personnel in these rescues – whether runway change due to a change in wind-direction. they be far out at sea or on the shoreline. Said Though other UAVs have flown further (Global Nobbs: “It is about looking at where there is a Hawk trans-Pacific flights) and remained airborne need. There is no point in throwing toys at things, longer (Airbus Zephyr) the SkyGuardian’s BVLOS particularly when these are very expensive bits Atlantic flight was significant in that is a major step of kit. We’re looking where unmet needs can be to the unrestricted operation of these ubiquitous fulfilled by some of the capability that is there now MALE UAVs in all classes of airspace. It is also and in the future.” SenSat uses its drones to noteworthy in that the introduction of Skynet The technology demonstrator challenge – a build detailed 2D and 3D infrastructure engineering satcoms on the RAF’s Protector RG1 will provide a first for the lifeboat services – saw the RNLI and maps. leap in the UK sovereign control of this capability. MCA invite submissions from industry for four SAR missions (shoreline search, offshore search,

SenSat mud rescue and communications blackspot) in 2017. The RNLI/MCA received 27 applications from industry, which was then whittled down to five teams for the demonstration in South Wales in April 2018. The trial saw fixed-wing and multi-rotor drones from Tethered Drone Systems, Sky Watch Search Systems, Team Indago (Lockheed Martin UK and Scisys) and UAVE. These were integrated in the tests via a mini National Maritime Co- ordination Centre (which provided tasking and co- ordination) and other assets (inshore and offshore lifeboats, coast rescue teams). The demonstration, in the Bristol Channel near St Athan and Cardiff International Airport, also needed to deconflict with other airspace users – particularly the MCA’s SAR helicopter and NPAS police helicopter which

28 AEROSPACE / DECEMBER 2018 were based at St Athan and could be themselves needing roads or railways to be closed while the engaged on actual operational missions. sites are being mapped. The RNLI technology demonstration also Kirchhoff outlined how BVLOS operations provided useful ‘real-world’ feedback to industry promise to unlock even more time and cost saving taking part. For example, while UAVs now feature possibilities and transform this fast growing remote autopilots with search patterns, and many these sensing business even further. For example, he days will have sensor ‘field of view’ superimposed calculated that while aerial surveying of the 180km on ground control station maps, what also would HS2 London to Birmingham railway route would be useful, said Nobbs, was a ‘negative search’ take 14 weeks using existing UAV line of sight feature to show WHICH areas had been previously rules or six weeks using EVLOS rules, using BVLOS searched by the UAVs’ sensors. “As an end user, drones it would take only one week – a substantial we don’t really care where the platform is. What saving in time and money for customers (especially would be really useful is where the sensor has been,” she said. The RNLI/MCA trial was also important in another respect, in that it also tested the metaphorical waters of public perception with drones. With safety and privacy concerns around UAVs, public acceptance of routine BVLOS is thus vital and the RNLI saw a highly positive response to its lifesaving trial – showing how drones could be a social benefit.

Building digital replicas with drones Airbus Another case-study at the conference came from the commercial sector – and SenSat Surveying – the largest UK provider of drone data. Now able to stay airborne given that these figures are predicated on perfect Presenting at the conference, Romain Kirchhoff, for nearly a month, there weather). These applications, said Kirchhoff, were could be commercial, Head of Operations, SenSat, explained how likely to be the “tip of the iceberg” as far as the scientific and humanitarian digital photogrammetry mapping tools could now roles for Airbus’s Zephyr potential for UAS BVLOS operations – which generate 3D large scale ‘virtual twins’ of cities, HAPS UAV. could reduce the cost of aerial drone data with no roads, bridges and engineering construction reduction in quality, while opening up massive new projects from UAV sensors – whether they be services and analytics opportunities. optical cameras, LIDAR or hyperspectral – each combining millions of data points to create virtual Summary replicas with 2cm resolution. These data-rich digital models, collected by SenSat’s small fixed- This article can only provide a snapshot of the wide- wing UAVs, allow faster, cheaper collaborative ranging and varied presentations over the two days engineering projects. of the conference which, as well as the case studies SenSat is an early pioneer and has a UK above, covered regulations, airspace management, exemption to fly BVLOS flight up to 12km from the avionics and software testing, drones in cities and operator (EVLOS) and has been awarded Pathfinder even delivery of vital humanitarian relief using low- status by the UK Government. In 2017 alone, cost parachute systems from AirDropBox. SenSat covered over 9,000km of UK highways, In short, the conference presented a highly supporting over £2.8bn worth of engineering positive view of a sector that, after false starts, is infrastructure projects. UAVs are also much more on the cusp of big change with BVLOS operations. cost-effective than other aerial mapping from Home delivered pizza by drone may still be pie in manned aircraft and helicopters. Aerial surveying the sky for now but more socially useful benefits of is also safer for humans and less intrusive in not long-range drones are closer than we think.

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With TEAM TEMPEST, the UK has revealed its goal to stay in the manned fighter business. MICHAEL PRYCE, Academic Lead for Policy Engagement - Cranfield Defence & Security and member of the MoD Independent Scientific & Technical Advice (ISTA) register, advising on the recent Combat Air Strategy, gives the background to reviving Britain’s design capabilities. his past year marks the centenary of the What made these famous designers successful (RAF). Much has been was the ability of small, close knit teams of future Above: Future fighter made during this year of the heritage project designer at the heart of their wider design. concept from the UK’s of design and support that the UK These small design teams provided the fundamental Team Tempest. aerospace industry has provided during source of original aircraft design ability in the industry. Below: BAC TSR2 XR219 Tthat time. What this has masked is that for a full third on the apron at Boscombe of its life the RAF has not had an industry that can Design, cancel, design again Down in 1964. meet its needs for bespoke aircraft designs. Thirty years ago the design teams that had They did this by working closely with the RAF and produced the Harrier, Lightning and other famous the scientific Civil Service to evolve requirements and British aircraft were effectively destroyed by changes evaluate new designs. The relationship was far from in government policy and the changes in industry a cosy one. Cancellation of projects was a key part of that followed. As Britain seeks to revive its combat air the technical control of design. The infamous Sandys sector, can there ever be another fighter design team White Paper of 1957 followed from the RAF’s view like those led by R J Mitchell, Freddie Page or Ralph that changes in warfare meant were Hooper? no longer essential. The notorious cancellation of the

30 AEROSPACE / DECEMBER 2018 TSR2 was brought about by explosive cost growth and that 48% of the RAF’s direct resources, rising to 60% poor technical performance. The causes and effects of when indirect ones were added in, was attributable both were well understood by the RAF and were seen to maintenance. By early 1985 a proposal for a to lie in weaknesses in design teams. ‘Maintenance Executive’ in the MoD was being discussed, to reorganise the RAF’s support functions Aiming for second and to contract them out to industry where possible. Maintenance was now seen as a separate activity It was as a domestic supplier to a critical and informed from development. Rather than something of concern RAF that the British aircraft industry could still, by the to the designer, to minimise support costs at the mid-1980s, be the second largest in the West. Despite concept stage, it became another potential revenue cancellations, policy changes, governmental and stream for companies. Tempest mock-up at industrial reorganisations, and even nationalisation, the Cosford. private British aircraft industry succeeded because International collaboration of its intimate links to the procurement system of the state. All that changed from 1985. The fifth change in 1985 was a greater focus on The most notable procurement decision made that international collaboration and export sales, with a year was the agreement, with West Germany and Italy, view to limiting equipment costs through economies to go ahead with the European Fighter Aircraft (EFA) of scale. For Michael Heseltine, the EFA project had programme. The ‘Turin Agreement’ in August 1985 been an early priority. His desire for large European was the culmination of many years of lobbying by projects was to prevent the UK and Europe from parts of industry for a new fighter aircraft that the RAF being ‘like Toytown’ compared to the Americans. did not want. Unable to have the supersonic ‘jump EFA was to be ‘far and away the biggest industrial jet’ that it had decided in 1981 was the real future deal that Britain had ever done’. Similarly large was operational need, the RAF agreed to take the EFA the Al-Yamamah arms deal, initiated in September as an interim type in order to fill factory capacity. A 1985 and ‘then the largest contract ever won by combined Tornado and Harrier replacement, assumed British industry’. Earlier in the 1980s the experience to be a supersonic ‘jump jet’, was delayed until the of collaboration with Europe on projects like Tornado first decade of the 21st century. As an interim aircraft, had led to a belief that a purely national project might EFA was supposed to be easy and cheap and it was be preferable. This idea was swept away by EFA. expected to go out of service by 2015. The implications of these five changes became The second significant change, announced by clear as soon as work started on the next major RAF Michael Heseltine in 1984, was to centralise the programme, an advanced ‘jump jet’ to succeed the generation of military requirements. Allowing individual Harrier and Tornado. The loss of the small amounts services to draft their own ones was thought to have of money for design work for initial project work from allowed too many design projects to be started. In the RAF had, by 1988, led to the closure of all but future, greater analysis of basic technologies and the one design team within that could broad capabilities of the military were to proceed in tackle early concept work, with an associated lack of advance of project selection, with ministers far more diversity in thinking and approach in the early project involved in approving projects. However, this stopped design stage. early discussions with industry that had allowed The replacement of Tornado and Harrier led to an The Experimental Aircraft requirements to be informed by technical realities. The ever increasing number of broad studies rather than Programme, the EAP, was the technology small concept design teams were cut off from their the in-depth design of aircraft. Studies termed the demonstrator which ‘gave customer and starved of resources. Next Combat Aircraft (NCA) by British Aerospace, birth’ to the technology The third major change in the mid-1980s further and the Combat Aircraft Beyond EFA (CABE) by the behind Eurofighter distanced those who set requirements from those Royal Aircraft Establishment (RAE) were not part of a Typhoon. who could meet them. Led by the industrialist Peter Levene, who became Chief of Defence Procurement, a policy of greater competition for contracts put in place a more adversarial relationship in defence procurement. In line with wider government policy, this sought to eliminate the worst excesses of the previous, supposedly cosy relationship with monopoly suppliers. The pre-competition informal discussion of the detail of requirements and possible designs was made deliberately harder in order to make the competitive process work better commercially. A fourth area of change that made the relationship with industry more business-like was the separation of maintenance from procurement. A

National Audit Office report in 1984 had illustrated BAE Systems

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dialogue between those drafting a requirement and those developing designs for aircraft in response. Rather, they existed to explore the background technologies and their possible use in advance of incorporating them into a realistic design intended for development. NCA looked at manned and unmanned aircraft, technologies like stealth and the benefits of mixes of old and new aircraft. This included a 1988 study of how BAe might get more money by extending the life of aircraft and maintaining them in place of developing new aircraft. CABE was ‘an RAE initiative concerned with total systems requirements for the future’. It too looked at a range of possible solutions, with a view to identifying the type of technologies and capabilities that would shape future requirements. What is striking is that BAe and the RAE did not share their work on NCA BAE Systems and CABE. The changed procurement system had led to a separation between them. Market mechanisms That studies do not result in practical aircraft like competition and taut contracts, as well as the designs is due to a range of factors. Resources are change to broad concept exploration rather than the Team Tempest part of this – the US can always spend more on design of specific aircraft, had fundamentally changed envisages that the expensive development stage than the UK but what was done. studies are cheap. Stealth is a good illustration of this DEW weaponry – the UK had long explored this technology but did Advanced studies will be part of any not have the money to rapidly apply it in the 1980s. ‘sixth generation’ This inevitably led to the consideration of direct Since the late 1980s further studies, under acronyms fighter in the purchases of US as part of the CABE such as FOAS, DPOC and FCAS, have been carried studies and the resulting minor stake in the F-35 in line with this new approach. Such studies have 2040s. programme. produced very little hardware and nothing for front- At the heart of the pre-1985 approach to line RAF use. The EFA and Hawk models on the procurement was close working between those British Aerospace stand at the Paris Air Show in developing detailed requirements in the MoD and 1985 represent the most common aircraft in RAF small teams in industry doing early concept design service today and the ones still being built and that informed the requirements with engineering exported by BAE Systems. reality. Taking front-line experience, threat analysis

An artist’s impression of the 1990s’ BAE Systems Future Offensive Air System (FOAS) study.

32 AEROSPACE / DECEMBER 2018 BAE Systems and other factors into account, they worked to generate realistic aircraft designs. Despite a mixed track record of delivery in time, cost and performance terms, at least delivery occurred, and RAF requirements were broadly met. The changes in 1985 took away the ability of UK industry to deliver new designs to the RAF front line; only subcontracting on larger US programmes has been possible since EFA got the green light. Recent purchases and interest in US-sourced anti-submarine, airborne early warning and heavy lift helicopters further emphasise how the more commercial approach to procurement leads to reduced national development abilities.

Design capability

Current attempts to revive the national ability to

generate meaningful design capability seek to BAE Systems address these issues but do so with the legacy of 1985 still hanging around their neck. Changing the In the 1990s Replica generation’s view of an eco-friendly, electric future. managerial approach to working with industry does saw BAE Systems build If the real answer to the UK’s revival of Combat Air not get back to a truly close working relationship, a full-size stealth fighter industrial capabilities is the creation of small teams where requirements generation is informed by engineering mock-up to of highly skilled, experienced designers, then what test its radar cross section. experienced design teams who have recently is needed is the inspiration for the few, not the developed front-line aircraft. Team Tempest faces a many. The need for experience means that many of formidable challenge if something more than mock- those few will need to come from the current ranks ups are not to be the result of current work. of engineers inside and outside, aerospace; many For over 30 years the ability of the UK aerospace born well before the changes of the 1980s, rather industry to design and deliver new aircraft concepts than those who grew up in the world those changes has been effectively dead. Whether it can rise, created. Lazarus-like, from the tomb of studies and technology demonstrators will be a major challenge. As the UK Team work seeks to move back to being able to do this, through the Combat Air Strategy, it will take a concerted effort The leader of one of the old teams, Ralph Hooper, to change the context within which it tries to acquire has said that a good project design group is like capability. Much of that effort rightly focuses on the a football team. Skills are needed but so is an people needed and what they do. understanding of the individual team’s way of playing A recent Royal United Services Institute the game. Having carried out many years of study discussion on the Combat Air Strategy looked at of these design teams has shown me that a small some of the work carried out in recent years into number of capable, experienced people, who have sustaining UK aerospace skills. A RAND study has done work at the computer screen, on the shop identified almost 15,000 people in the combat air floor and who understand the front line realities, is sector who had some involvement in the ‘noble’ immensely valuable and their abilities are easily lost if work of design engineering. What is lacking are the the team is broken up. The number of people in such relatively small number of people able to carry out the FOR OVER 30 teams can be similar to a football team as well – a design of practical new aircraft projects, rather than YEARS THE core of between seven and a dozen seems to be modify existing systems or carry out broad technology ABILITY OF THE essential to communicating the early, fundamental studies. The UK aerospace industry has not seen design decisions that no amount of data driven multi- such ‘royal’ work, which generates the intellectual UK AEROSPACE variate analysis can replace. property that is truly valuable, for many years. The INDUSTRY TO The key to the future of UK Combat Air may lie replacement of the traditional small project design DESIGN AND in creating and sustaining a number of these small teams by broad studies of systems had replaced it. design teams, supported by a wider ecosystem of How can such teams be created if they have not DELIVER NEW engineering and operational expertise. It was the loss been at work in industry in recent decades? Attempts AIRCRAFT of these in the 1980s that stifled the plans to replace to inspire young people into the industry have CONCEPTS Harrier and Tornado with a UK-designed aircraft. If highlighted some of the challenges of attracting new HAS BEEN such a thing is to replace Typhoon in the future, if the talent – the recent problems of the Bloodhound SST 30 years of hurt is to end, then the basic approach to project have been partly attributed to jet and rocket EFFECTIVELY design will need to change to allow it to ‘come home’ powered vehicles not connecting with a younger DEAD once more.

@aerosociety i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook.com www.aerosociety.com DECEMBER 2018 33 AIR TRANSPORT European Regions Airline Association conference A new ERA for European flight Steve Houldsworth

Safety, regulations and Brexit were among the many topics discussed by the European Regions Airline Association (ERA) at its annual General Assembly in Edinburgh. BILL READ FRAeS reports.

ounded in 1980, the European Regions Bajić, CEO, Croatia Airlines; Mark Darby, CEO, ; Airline Association (ERA) is a non- Sandrine de Saint Sauveur, President and CEO, APG profit trade association representing Airlines; and Michael Weinstein, CEO, TUS Airways. the European aviation industry. The There was also a presentation from ‘inspirational association currently represents 50 speaker’ Matthew Syed from Black Box Thinking. Fairlines and 152 service providers, including airframe and engine manufacturers, airports, suppliers and Awards service providers from all over Europe. In addition to representing the interest of regional airlines to During the event, ERA guests participated in a gala Europe’s regulatory bodies, ERA enables members dinner during which the winners of the Airport of the to exchange information and learn from each other Year and Airline of the Year awards were announced. through different events and forums. This year, Airport of the Year was won by Shannon Airport in Ireland, an airport that has also won the award General Assembly in 2014 and 2015. The Gold Award for Airline of the Year was won by Scottish regional airline Loganair One of the Association’s major events is the ERA which used to operate as a subsidiary of but which General Assembly which is held in a different began independent operations last year. The Silver European country each year. This year, the event was award went to Canary Islands-based carrier Binter. Titan held in Edinburgh on 9-11 October where over 400 Airways received the Airline of the Year Bronze Award key figures from the European aviation industry met to which, in 2017, assisted the UK Civil Aviation Authority network, discuss key issues and learn from conference (CAA) with the repatriation of passengers stranded after sessions. In addition to a number of closed sessions for the bankruptcy of Monarch Airlines. airline CEOs and ERA members only, there were also press announcements from manufacturers and airlines. Current debates The meeting included presentations from the Director General of ERA, Monserrat Barriga, as well as an open ERA covers a wide variety of topics of interest to debate chaired by John Strickland talking to Jasmin members. Monserrat Barriga listed the current

34 AEROSPACE / DECEMBER 2018 subjects being studied by the Safety Focus Group provides aircraft, crew, maintenance and insurance as including: conflict zones, cyber security, airborne to another airline which pays for the hours operated. conflict RPAS, fire and smoke, lithium batteries, Bombardier’s VP Sales, Europe, Russia and CIS, Ryan instrument landing system localisers (LOCs), de Brusk, explained that, when ACMI is used, regional congestion, staff wellbeing, automation on flight deck, aircraft account for 46% of the market, followed terrain collision and avoidance (TCAS), drones, RNAV by air cargo with 29%, single-aisles with 17% and (aRea NAVigation) approaches, ground handling widebodies with 8%. De Brusk said that the past five oversights, unruly passengers and the European plan years had seen a 66% increase in ACMI flights. In for aviation safety. Delays have doubled this year. 2014, regional ‘standalones’ accounted for 62% of Other concerns included ‘excessive regulations’ and flights, in-house subsidiaries for 24% and ACMI for the risk of trade war tariff barriers hurting economic 14%. However, by 2018, this had changed to 53% for activity between countries. However, the main focus regional standalones, 25% for in-house subsidiaries this year was on commercial challenges, regulatory and 22% for ACMI. and political issues and safety. New designs Challenges and opportunities However, the good news is that regional airlines The past few years has seen both positive and will not be short of choice for new aircraft, as future negative developments for European regional airlines. years will see the introduction of several new regional According to figures from Bombardier, the number aircraft designs. The Pratt & Whitney Canada press of regional flights increased by 4% between 2014 conference at ERA included a mention of some and 2018. However, not all operators have stayed the interesting new upcoming turboprop designs which course, with Air Berlin going bankrupt in August 2017, they will be supplying engines for – including the followed by Monarch in October 2018 and Primeria in Antonov AN-132D which first flew on 31 March 2017 October this year. August 2018 saw the demise of two and has since completed 60hr of flight tests, the European regional operators when Swiss SkyWork Iluyshin IL114-100 which has a first flight scheduled and Belgian airline VLM both filed for bankruptcy. for 1Q 2019, AVIC’s MA700 (first flight due at the end of 2019 with entry in service in 2022) and the Dornier Fuel prices on the rise D328 which is due to have its engine certification in Q1 2022. The remaining operators face other challenges. John Manufacturers have noted an increased Strickland from JLS Consulting showed how fuel demand for larger turboprops. Colin Bole, Senior prices have risen 30% since last year back to around VP Commercial from Bombardier, noted a demand $80/barrel. “It will be a challenging winter ahead for for a higher seat-capacity Q400, with recent orders some,” he said, as some airlines have not hedged their including a 90 seat Q400 for Spicejet, an 86-seat fuel orders and it is difficult to pass the costs through Q400 for Nok Air, 82 seats for Ethiopian and 86 fare increases. Mark Darby from Guernsey-based seats for PAL Express. When asked if there would regional airline Aurigny is one of the airlines that has be any demand for a new smaller turboprop design taken precautions: “We’re 100% hedged with a hedge to replace ageing Saabs and Jetstreams, Ryan de on currency as well. This gives us certainty for years.” Brusk, Bombardier’s VP Sales, Europe, Russia and Above: A Flybe Loganair Twin Otter, in FlyBe livery, He explained how fuel costs this year were around CIS, replied that it would not be economically viable. at Barra airport. £4m but next year were expected to rise up to £5.2m.” “It would need a technical breakthrough to make Below left: An Aurigny ATR 20-30 seaters economical,” he said. Interestingly, 42-500. ACMI he then went on to suggest that this sector of the Below centre: A Loganair market would be ideal for the introduction of a hybrid Saab 340 G-LGNN. Another recent trend has been an increase in the use electric turboprop – an idea that is already being Below: right: A Binter of aircraft, crew, maintenance and insurance (ACMI) seriously considered by a number of developers and Canarias Boeing 737-400. for regional flights in Europe. ACMI is where a lessor manufacturers. While de Brusk could offer no timeline Adrian Pingstone MrAvgeek Tamás Vékony Tamás

@aerosociety i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com DECEMBER 2018 35 AIR TRANSPORT European Regions Airline Association conference

Skills shortage

Skills shortages was a hot topic of debate. Monserrat Barriga explained how, as the demand for more pilots continues to increase, regional carriers are finding it difficult to compete financially to recruit pilots and engineers. Some ERA members have not been able to fly aircraft due to shortage of pilots. There is also a shortage of mechanics and engineers. “Our biggest challenge is finding graduate engineers skilled in avionics,” said Mark Darby of Aurigny. “We can’t compete with the IT industry which not only offers them more money but they don’t get wet standing outside servicing aircraft.”

Above: The Airline of as to when electric aircraft might start to enter into the Year Awards were service, he did comment that the first hybrid electric presented by Stefano designs would most likely begin with smaller aircraft Bortoli, CEO of ATR. which could then ‘work their way up’ in size as Right: An Iberia Air technology progressed. Nostrum ATR 72-600 takes off. The B-word

Not surprisingly, one topic that kept arising during the debate was that of Brexit and what will happen to European airline operators after the UK leaves the

UK at the end of March 2019. The answer seemed ATR to be that no one knows. “The impact of Brexit is still unclear,” said John Strickland from JLS Consulting. “We need to end the uncertainty,” agreed Director Retention General of ERA, Monserrat Barriga. “Airlines need to start selling their summer tickets now. Brexit is not Another problem has been that pilots that do work just a UK problem, it is a European problem and we for regional carriers do not stay long before moving need a comprehensive agreement. I hope in the end on to larger carriers. “The revolving door is revolving that common sense will prevail.” Michael Weinstein of faster and faster”, remarked Mark Darby. “We still Cypriot charter carrier TUS airlines was not optimistic: get a fair number of applicants for first officers but “The EU will not make it easy for the UK. Brexit will it is more difficult to get captains. However, we can’t be used as a lesson for other countries not to leave keep people for long as the bigger airlines will make the EU.” a better offer. The impact of Brexit is expected to affect airlines “We are all flying schools,” said Michael Weinstein both within and outside the UK. “It is very difficult to from TUS Airlines. “You can’t stop pilots leaving plan when you don’t know what’s going to happen,” for other airlines.” He agreed that the number of said Jonathan Hinkles, MD of Scottish regional applications had gone down but added that the operator Loganair. “While 95% of our activity is UK challenge was not just to find pilots but to find good domestic, we have applied to the CAA for route pilots who were experienced, loyal and reliable. licences to fly outside UK. However, the UK has Sandrine de Saint Sauveur from APG Airlines said given more clarity to UK operations than EASA that most of her pilots came from flying private has.” Mark Darby of Guernsey-based regional airline aircraft. Aurigny also had no idea as to what would happen The conference speakers also discussed after Brexit, saying: “We’re outside the UK, so won’t different ways and means to try and address the be directly affected but uncertainty is not good, as issue of skills shortages. Monserrat Barriga said that people will become more cautious and stop travelling. ERA was launching a new focus group to find ways There has to be a commonsense solution.” to attract and retain more pilots. Árni Gunnarsson Even though his airline is not expected to be explained how Air Iceland Connect had set up a new directly affected, Arni Gunnarsson from Air Iceland cadet programme in Iceland, as well as recruiting Connect agreed that uncertainty is bad. “The deadline apprentices from a local engineering school. Other is getting very close. The UK wants to be outside EU ideas included trying to encourage more women to but yet still get all the benefits.” become pilots and hiring older pilots.

36 AEROSPACE / DECEMBER 2018 Safety culture were dropping routes because they were no longer financially viable due to a lack of money coming in and One particularly interesting session at the ERA the cost of compensation paid out to passengers. Assembly was from ‘inspirational speaker’ Matthew Every meeting where ERA delegates get together, Syed who focused on the issue of safety and there is always a fierce debate over the EU261 compared two safety critical industries – aviation passenger compensation regulations and this year and healthcare. He began by comparing the poor was no exception. Although the rules were created safety record of aviation in its formative years with with the aim of recompensing passengers for flight its excellent safety record today. The reason for this delays and cancellations, airlines have continuously improvement, he said, was that aviation learns from objected to the rules, as the compensation often its mistakes. Both aviation and healthcare, Syed exceeds the price the passenger paid for a ticket and explained, employed people who were both intelligent penalises carriers whose flights have been delayed by and experts in their professions. However, aviation The 2018 ERA meeting problems beyond their control. John Strickland said (in most cases) has a culture in which learning from was held at the Edinburgh that the cost for passenger compensation for KLM International Conference mistakes is more important than covering up or has risen from £15m a year to £47m while Mark Centre (EICC). attributing blame if things go wrong. Darby from Aurigny added that delay and diversion “Safety is important but you can never do enough,” costs for his airline had ‘rocketed’ over the past five he said. “Pilots are encouraged to publicise safety years to £1m of compensation per year. There were issues rather than to cover them up, so that everyone concerns that the cost of compensation could drive can learn by them. However, some professionals think airlines out of business. “I wonder how many of the that they know all there is to know and find it difficult recent airline insolvencies are due to increases in to admit they’re wrong and learn from their mistakes. compensation?” asked ERA DG, Monserrat Barriga. Everyone wants to be seen as best and, therefore, Speakers also expressed fears that EU261 everything is seen as a threat and you never learn could have a negative impact on safety. Mark Darby anything.” explained how Aurigny’s flights from Guernsey were While healthcare was ahead of aviation in certain often delayed by fog. “We try not to push people to areas, such as employment diversity, Syed considered depart and risk safety. Fog used to delay all flights for that the NHS was often guilty of being a ‘cover-up OUR BIGGEST set time but afternoon flights are subject to EU261 culture’ in which people get blamed for mistakes in compensation, so we cancel more flights.” the system and therefore don’t like to admit that they CHALLENGE Michael Weinstein was also concerned that made a mistake. “People will avoid learning because IS FINDING pilots and engineers may get conditioned to ‘fly on it will show that they were wrong,” he said. Aviation GRADUATE despite’ to avoid triggering flight delay compensation is also not blameless in this area, as accidents still ENGINEERS payments. happen due to captains thinking they know what to do “No other industry has got these rules,” said in an emergency and warnings or advice from co-pilots SKILLED IN Sandrine de Saint Sauveur from APG Airlines. “They or other personnel either being ignored or not voiced AVIONICS. need to change.” Delegates also expressed surprise due to defence to seniority. This situation was not WE CAN’T that the EU261 rules were being incorporated into UK helped by the media which has a tendency to try and regulations post Brexit. find a scapegoat to blame. However, a blame culture COMPETE doesn’t solve the root cause of a problem and makes WITH THE IT Environment people cover up mistakes. INDUSTRY “Talent isn’t enough to succeed,” Syed concluded. WHICH NOT Another issue discussed was aviation and the “You also need also discipline and self-evaluation. environment. ERA is looking at a number of Expertise is not about what we know but what we ONLY OFFERS environmental issues, including ICAO’s CORSIA don’t know. We need to move from a mindset of THEM MORE (Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme) to limit

‘know it all’ to one of ‘learn it all’. People only see MONEY BUT CO2 emissions from aircraft, noise reduction, bio fuels performance but you need practice – which is basically THEY DON’T and the development of electric aircraft. However, long-term trial and error learning. He quoted the despite growing environmental concerns, regional introduction of cockpit resource management (CRM) GET WET STAN airlines are also having to concentrate on staying in as an important step forward. “If you have a team, use DING OUTSIDE business. Mark Darby said that Aurigny was making it,” he advised. SERVICING its choices of aircraft from the point of view of fuel AIRCRAFT efficiency cost savings, rather than the environment ATC strikes and compensation while Michael Weinstein of TUS Airlines said that his Mark Darby main concern at the moment was coping with the Industrial disputes have become a problem, particularly CEO, costs of EU261. However, Jonathan Hinkles said with air traffic control in France and Germany. John that Loganair is currently working with Cranfield on a Strickland explained how recent ATC strikes had Aurigny project to develop an electric-powered version of the delayed thousands of flights and that some airlines Islander turboprop for flying to Orkney by 2021.

The 2019 ERA General Assembly will be held on 8-10 October 2019 in Juan Les Pins, France.

@aerosociety i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook.com www.aerosociety.com DECEMBER 2018 37 MoD DEFENCE ROTORCRAFTRAF Training and Education UK stealth helicopter concepts The Trenchard Touch

How the Royal Air Force aims to build a future legacy of education and skills by looking back to its founder’s aims. TIM ROBINSON reports.

n 4 October, a landmark passing out to harness this would be quickly left behind – no parade was held at Royal Air Force matter how brave and skilled its pilots might be The first joint officer and College Cranwell with a joint non- individually. NCO graduation parade commissioned Airmen and Officers at RAF Cranwell. graduation ceremony – a taste of Inspiring the next generation Othe future looking to the past. This is a fitting end to a year of centenary celebrations of what has led Fast forward to 2018 and the RAF had picked as its the way in less class-based and more meritocratic theme for its Centenary: ‘Commemorate, Celebrate military service – and one in which the seeds were and Inspire.” to link a series of events, air displays planted right in the beginning. and outreach that would happen throughout the One hundred years ago, the decision to develop year. However, while 50 years ago it was the a more egalitarian armed service was not driven by RAF Museum that was created as the legacy to modern concerns of ‘flattened corporate hierarchies’ the nation for the RAF’s half centenary, today the or ‘diversity champions’, but by experience forged decision was taken to create an enduring legacy in battle and a cold calculation from its founders by inspiring the next generation, whether those that the staggering pace of change of aeronautical young people eventually join the RAF itself as pilots, technology would need a different kind of personnel. engineers, battlespace managers, or even the wider Says Air Vice Marshal Warren James, Air Officer aerospace, aviation and space industry. Commanding No 22 Group, responsible for RAF Notes AVM James: “We recognise that we’re training: “Trenchard was far-reaching in his view of part of a wider aerospace sector and actually not what you needed and it was basically a generation everybody comes to us, but we should play in that of education and training and specialisation, space. It’s not only a moral responsibility, there’s particularly, that would propel a modern technical a social one as well. If you are in that space, and service forward.” people are getting help, or they are doing something ‘IDEAS’ WILL What is more, technicians (unlike, say, the Royal there for UK prosperity, or for social mobility; these SEEK TO PUT Engineers) would on the whole, not be expected are all good things.” THE RAF ONCE to fight themselves. Instead they would send their To that end, the Trenchard Group was created superior officers into battle, as a far larger support with the goal of drawing on the far-seeing vision MORE AT THE ‘tail’ to other services. of the RAF’s founder to meet the challenges of the CORE OF THE Trenchard correctly foresaw that rapid next 100 years and leave a lasting human legacy CONCEPTUAL developments in aero-engines, radio, armaments, for the RAF itself and indeed the wider nation. The safety and other technology needed a technical Trenchard Group’s activity is centred around three STUDY OF AIR class of personnel and that any air force unable strands: Ideas, Youth and Pathways. POWER

38 AEROSPACE / DECEMBER 2018 MoD RAF Air Cadets

Ideas single ethos at the start of a new recruit’s career. Meanwhile, the Tedder Academy will be the The first strand, Ideas, sees the RAF regaining ‘Golden Thread’ that will develop leadership in air The UK MoD’s ‘Cyber and strengthening its position at the leading edge power – aimed from the Air Cadet to Air Marshal. Cadets’ programme will of thinking about air power and its practice. Since Perhaps the most innovative of all is the Robson see 2,000 cadets a year the end of the Cold War, ‘permissive environments’ Academy, which will focus on human resilience. from cadet organisations and emphasis on COIN has arguably diluted the Says AVM James: “Here, we’ve developed a given cybersecurity missions and messages of air power away from the framework that is something we genuinely education and skills. RAF. ‘Ideas’ will seek to put the RAF once more at believe no other organisation in this country has the core of the conceptual study of air power – with got close to.” Resilience, he explained, would run the RAF Centre of Air Power Studies as its single the spectrum from ‘spiritual resilience through ‘brain’. wellbeing, mental health, fitness, sport, challenge/ Says AVM James: “The idea stream is, in adventure, operations through to survival’. “By essence, that we have for a long time educated and spiritual resilience I don’t necessarily mean religion. trained people in a variety of ways, all the way to What is it that under stress or difficulty, you or I go master’s level or beyond in many different places, back to? What is the rock that we hold on to?” The and they’ve been generating a plethora of really aim of this, says James, is to foster “the ability to good, high-quality thought. These are smart people. bounce faster, adapt more quickly, accept change So, one, how do we direct it? Two, if they’re writing more readily and look after themselves and their all this stuff, and it’s probably pretty good and well fellow individuals better than we ever have before.” researched, how are we or any of the partners While armed services have traditionally emphasised using it?” This will be supported by fellowships and physical fitness and health, mental health (or academic placements. In addition ‘Ideas’ will seek resilience) has been long neglected and here the to roll-out a training transformation for the RAF, RAF is breaking new ground. making it modular, IT-enabled and aiming to shorten Finally, the Pathways strand also includes the time that people are training – with the goal of pathways into aviation with technical training, cutting residential training down by 30%. skills and youth education as a whole with the Aaron Aerospace Academy (in partnership with Youth ASP) aimed at 16-20 year olds, and the Whittle Engineering Academy. Traditionally, the RAF’s flying scholarships, (whether through Air Cadets or University Air Squadrons) Summary have played a key part in attracting young people to the Service and getting them hooked on flight – Some 100 years after the formation of the Royal whether or not they then ended up as pilots or not. Air Force, technology has moved on, challenges While the Trenchard Group is set to build and may be different and the society it defends may expand on this, providing an umbrella for 200+ have changed, but the need for talented, skilled cadet solo scholarships per year and 130+ UAS individuals remains the same as in Lord Trenchard’s scholarships (with the intention of growing to day. Indeed, the exponential pace of change in AI, 300+ a year) it is also set to move into new areas. drones, cyber and space, among other areas, means For example, a ‘Cyber Air Cadet’ programme, that any organisation unable to attract innovators could provide scholarships with a GCHQ National able to embrace these will quickly be left behind. Cyber Centre syllabus being rolled out across Meritocracy and opportunity will be at the heart of Cadet Forces. Other areas, such as space, artificial the RAF in the next 100 years. intelligence, and virtual/augmented reality or drones AVM James sums it up: “Where you came from could all get bespoke programmes in the near didn’t matter and it absolutely still doesn’t. I don’t future. These then will continue to attract new talent care today what your background is, what your into the RAF, to all trades including pilots but also religion is, what your ethnic mix is, what your diverse help fill the service with future cyber, AI and space characteristics are. I do care that you care about warriors. this; you want to develop your talent, have a passion and interest and we can help you turn that into Pathways something better.” MoD The final overarching strand – Pathways, of which the joint graduation ceremony is part, is about ways in, training and continued professional development, preparing RAF personnel for life beyond the Service. As noted earlier, work is underway to turn Cranwell, the spiritual home of the RAF, into a single-point of entry for both officers and airmen, strengthening a

@aerosociety i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com DECEMBER 2018 15 Meetings & Events in the heart of London

Home to the Royal Aeronautical Society, No. 4 Hamilton Place is a stunning venue, centrally located in Mayfair, with a choice of event spaces. The venue offers:

• Room Hire discounts – 10% for members and 20% for Corporate Partners • State of the art conference facilities for up to 250 • Versatile meeting rooms • A beautiful west facing terrace • Catering by Blue Strawberry, where innovative food and creative design become an exceptional experience

Let our dedicated team take care of your event requirements.

For more information visit www.4hp.org.uk or contact the Venue Team on 020 7670 4314 or [email protected] | No. 4 Hamilton Place, London W1J 7BQ

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Diary 4 December Wilbur and Orville Wright Lecture Connect, Protect, Explore, Inspire: Innovation and Leadership for the Future of Aerospace Leanne Caret FRAeS, President & CEO Boeing Defense, Space & Security The Boeing Gateway concept. Boeing.

Meetings & Events in the heart of London 42 Message from RAeS 44 Book Reviews 49 Obituary - President Airport Competition Regulation in Europe and Laurie Price FRAeS. American Air Power Strategy in World War II. Home to the Royal Aeronautical Society, is a stunning venue, centrally located in Mayfair, “Aviation is a global business and the UK’s position 50 Ballantyne event No. 4 Hamilton Place as both a strong partner with the US and a full with a choice of event spaces. The venue offers: member of the European aerospace community has 47 Library Additions Over 120 young people attended this year’s event given us a unique position as an aerospace nation which is aimed at secondary schools. and contributor to global aviation.” Books submitted to the National Aerospace Library. • Room Hire discounts – 10% for members and 20% for Corporate Partners 52 Diary - Chief Executive 48 Air Transport Revolution • State of the art conference facilities for up to 250 Find out when and where around the world the “The Society has been invited to join the All-Party This year’s Young Persons’ Conference looked latest Society aeronautical and aerospace lectures • Versatile meeting rooms Parliamentary Group on General Aviation STEM firmly into the future to give young people at and events are happening. Jobs and Skills Working Group plus a sub-group on the beginning of their careers an insight into • A beautiful west facing terrace drones to assist in achieving the aim of making the developments in the aerospace industry. 55 Corporate Events • Catering by Blue Strawberry, where innovative food and creative design become an exceptional experience UK the best country in the world for GA.”

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For more information visit www.4hp.org.uk or contact the Venue Team on 020 7670 4314 or [email protected] | No. 4 Hamilton Place, London W1J 7BQ Find us on Twitter i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com DECEMBER 2018 41

210x280_4hp_aerospace_nov2018_ad.indd 1 29/10/2018 09:37 Afterburner Message from RAeS OUR PRESIDENT

Rear Admiral Simon Henley I have just returned from a hugely interesting and educational visit to Pakistan hosted by the Pakistan Division of the Society, with considerable support from the Pakistan Air Force. I was able to meet members from the Karachi and Islamabad Branches at dinners in those cities, to see at first hand the facilities and capabilities the Pakistan Air Force has built up at its aviation MRO facilities at Kamra, and to join in a seminar co-sponsored between the Society’s Pakistan Division and the Pakistan Air Force discussing and promoting the Pakistan government’s ambition to build an Aviation City centred around the existing facilities at Kamra. The ambition of the Pakistan nation is clear RAeS President Simon Henley is shown around the cockpit of a JF-17 during his visit to the Pakistan Aeronautical Complex at and is underpinned by the current levels of Kamra. capability attained in recent years. The Pakistan Aeronautical Complex at Kamra already builds Aviation is a global business and the UK’s the JF-17 lightweight fighter from raw materials position as both a strong partner with the US and a and has extensive software design and integration full member of the European aerospace community capabilities to update and sustain the aircraft, has given us a unique position as an aerospace including integration of new capabilities and nation and contributor to global aviation. The tenets indigenous production of avionic LRUs. The of freedom of movement and barrier-free movement Branch dinners were attended by a strong body of knowledge and goods within the EU have been of young aviation professionals in the early stages fundamental to ensuring the competitiveness of the of their careers in civil and military aviation. Their UK’s capabilities. During our time as full members enthusiasm and ambition was absolutely evident, as of the European Union, UK companies have made was their dedication to building aviation capability an unfettered contribution to the advancement of in the region. It was very satisfying to see the role aviation and space worldwide as an equal or lead of the Pakistan Division in bringing the community partner in European aviation and space projects. together and supporting very high-quality discourse Largely through participation in those projects, the to advance the cause of aviation in that country. UK has developed and sustained capabilities which I have managed to date to ‘sit on my hands’ and have translated into strong positions as suppliers refrain from commenting on Brexit through this on US programmes, building a sector which, in column. As a Society, we must preserve above all 2017, saw £32bn in turnover, of which £28bn was else our ability to be seen as a source of impartial, exported, and supported 120,000 direct jobs and fact-based advice to governments and ministers, 3,800 apprentices. AS A SOCIETY, free from political agendas and bias. That must There are still massive hurdles to overcome WE MUST not stop us from speaking truth to power and, in before we can relax the pace on contingency PRESERVE the case of Brexit, it is time for a healthy dose of planning for the ‘no deal’ scenario. The challenging realism. We are already seeing the impact of UK arithmetic in Parliament and the difficulties of ABOVE ALL ELSE firms being excluded from participation in EU- securing buy-in both internally and externally to the OUR ABILITY funded projects, even where their contribution to terms of the proposed Withdrawal Agreement mean TO BE SEEN date has been pivotal, and the uncertainty which has that we must be prepared for the worst. We are told persisted for too long has caused expensive and that no deal is better than a bad deal, from which AS A SOURCE distracting contingency planning across the sector. we must assume that no deal remains a potential OF IMPARTIAL, At the time of writing, I very much welcome outcome and thus we must be well prepared for FACT-BASED the news that the Prime Minister has secured that, both in the UK and on the EU side. With ADVICE TO collective Cabinet agreement on the draft terms of pan-European supply chains and operations, EU withdrawal which, subject to winning the support of institutions and Member States have a vested interest GOVERNMENTS Parliament and the backing of the 27 other Member in ensuring that the terms of exit and the subsequent AND MINISTERS, States, will at least lift in the short term the cloud negotiations focus on sustaining the ability of the FREE FROM of uncertainty impacting aerospace and aviation on sector to operate. Debate and quality research within POLITICAL a daily basis. I am also pleased that the Chancellor the Society will continue to enable us to advise and of the Exchequer and the Business Secretary have contribute factual evidence to ensuring both the AGENDAS AND rapidly engaged with industry on the conclusion of terms of withdrawal and the subsequent trade deal BIAS the Cabinet deliberations to discuss the implications. negotiations support a vibrant global sector.

42 AEROSPACE / DECEMBER 2018 OUR CHIEF EXECUTIVE

Sir Brian Burridge  This month we are delighted to welcome the UK leaving the EU. The Shadow Minister Leanne Caret FRAeS, President & CEO of asked what steps the Government was taking Boeing Defense, Space and Security, to the to ensure continued UK participation of EASA Royal Aeronautical Society as our guest and a Government transport minister reaffirmed speaker for the Wilbur & Orville Wright Lecture the Government’s desire to maintain reciprocal on Tuesday 4 December. In a broad look at the and liberalised access between the UK and EU, forces that are shaping the aerospace industry, alongside UK participation in EASA. the 2018 lecture will preview future challenges  We are very much looking forward to be and identify trends with examples of how teams working with Blue Strawberry as our new onsite today are already working to build the future for Caterer from 2019. They are one of London’s commercial and government customers around leading catering companies, renowned for their the globe. innovative events with creative menus expertly  Later in the month on Wednesday 12 prepared by a highly-skilled chef brigade. Their December, we have a Corporate Partners’ events team has a reputation for going to great breakfast brief by Rt Hon Ben Wallace MP, the lengths in delivering customer expectations. Security and Economic Crime Minister on the  Still compiling your list to Father Christmas? theme Aviation security: getting ahead of the There are thousands of our aero images which threat. The UK is deemed to have established can be reproduced as poster, framed prints, one of the strongest aviation security systems cushions, jigsaws and much more – even on in the world. However, the threat continues to a mug for the perfect cup of tea for an aero evolve and we cannot afford to be complacent. enthusiast. Visit www.aerosociety.com/ THE SOCIETY The key is to get ahead of these threats both printsandposters to search and order. domestically and overseas.  Finally, to repeat my entreaty from last month, HAS BEEN  The Society has been invited to join the All- the Council has a vital role in ensuring that your INVITED TO JOIN Party Parliamentary Group on General Aviation Society maintains its learned output, provides THE ALL-PARTY STEM Jobs and Skills Working Group plus relevant advice in the sector and represents the a sub-group on drones to assist in achieving interests of the wider membership. Members PARLIAMENTARY the aim of making the UK the best country in interested in standing for Council in the 2019 GROUP ON the world for GA. The APPG GA is one of the election to be held next spring should look at GENERAL largest groups in Parliament with over 174 MPs www.aerosociety.com/councilelection. and Peers in its membership. To be effective, we need a diverse membership AVIATION STEM  In October, the Society provided a briefing on embracing the necessary skills, knowledge JOBS AND SKILLS aviation and aerospace regulation, particularly and experience to represent all sectors of the WORKING the benefits of continued participation in aviation and aerospace community with the key GROUP PLUS A EASA. Hosted by the Shadow Minister for aim of sustaining the relevance of the Society Schools, Mike Kane MP, this input was part by heightening our profile. Please consider this SUB-GROUP ON of a Westminster Hall debate in Parliament carefully: nominations close on 31 January DRONES entitled: The effect on the aviation sector of 2019.

RAeS AND CSAA SIGN MoU

A delegation from the Chinese Society of Aeronautics and Astronautics (CSAA) visited Hamilton Place in July for a discussion on areas of potential collaboration. The delegation included CSAA General Secretary Mr Junchen Yao and the event was hosted by Martin Broadhurst, Chairman of the RAeS Board of Trustees. At the meeting the RAeS and the CSAA agreed to establish a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to better serve the common interests and welfare of their memberships. The MoU was duly signed on 7 November at a ceremony held during the Zhuhai Air Show. This MoU is intended to enhance the good relations between both institutions and provide a framework for future engagements.

CSAA General Secretary Mr Junchen Yao and Martin Broadhurst, Chairman of the Board of Trustees.

Find us on Twitter i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com DECEMBER 2018 43 Afterburner Book Reviews AIRPORT COMPETITION REGULATION IN EUROPE By S Varsamos

Kluwer Law International, PO Box 316, 2400 AH Alphen aan den Rijn, The Netherlands. 2016. xv + 257pp. $200.

This book provides a clear overview of the issues that impact airport competition in the EU. The author shows that the EU Airport Charges Directive did not achieve the wanted harmonisation. He compares the Regulatory Charging Systems and forms of economic regulation and shows that the Directive had limited impact on the structure and the level of airport charges. The Directive was implemented in a different way in the individual Member States, different strategies continue to be applied by airports. Reference is made to the positive aspects Terminal 5 at Heathrow of the Directive (introduction of consultations, with an analysis of the airports’ economic activity following the evolution of the Commission’s approach Airport. Tony Hisgett. establishment of independent supervisory in its Guidelines which take account of different authorities, more transparency), nevertheless, levels of airport competition: distortions due to state unsolved issues are: insufficient carrier participation aid thus must be assessed taking these differences in the consultations, insufficient exchange of into account. Vertical agreements furthermore, information, consultations being conducted in including incentive schemes, are considered different manners in different Member States, important for airline competition. The author explains sometimes with supervisory authorities being with a thorough analysis that discounts or incentives present, sometimes not. There is no common are permitted if they are justified on objective understanding on the transparency requirements grounds and do not lead to discrimination. and no common dispute resolution process. The author clearly has shown that the EU Although the cost-relatedness principle is Airport Charges Directive did not have a real mentioned in the recitals, the Directive does not impact and believes that this may be due to the contain specific provisions imposing this, so that chosen legislative tool, ie a Directive, with generic this principle also is interpreted in a different way provisions. He seems to believe that it will be in different Member States. Lack of independence difficult for further regulation to take into account of supervisory authorities is considered as one the complexities, the different types of airports and of the shortcomings. The threshold of five million systems and suggests a monitoring system rather passenger movements for application of the than increased regulation. Directive is considered as unjustified (airports The author concludes that an evolution from below this threshold may enjoy a dominant position regulation to monitoring is unavoidable, because if evidenced by a market power test). The author of the increasing differences in airport and airline believes that because the Directive remains neutral strategies and between passengers, the fact that as to the form of economic regulation or the till airports are no longer natural monopolies and an basis to be adopted, it failed to have real impact. increasing trend of vertical relationships. The author The book shows the complexity of the airports favours just and reasonable commercial agreements market, the difficulty to determine the airports’ between airports and airlines on airport charges, market power, which flows from a combination of with published tariffs as a basis of reference. A market position, constraints imposed by competitors, system of monitoring the charges, together with constraints coming from the passengers and the application of competition law, in his opinion constraints imposed by buying power of airlines. would be sufficient to deter abusive behaviour in the The author The degree of competitive constraints varies airport sector. shows that the depending on the size of the airport, location, airline The book has the merit of providing a complete presence and available capacity. The level of airport and clear analysis of the issues that impact EU airport EU Airport competition can take different forms as to types competition. It shows the growing complexity of the Charges of airports, needs of the passengers, needs of the market and the increasing difficulty for regulators Directive did airlines and their service and the airlines’ models, to deal with the subject matter. Monitoring systems not achieve location of the airport and nature of its services. will undoubtedly arise, depending on whether The Commission’s decisions and the CJEU case Member States’ legislations allow this. However, the the wanted law on state aid to airports are further examined, analyses show at the same time that today regulatory harmonisation

44 AEROSPACE / DECEMBER 2018 initiatives to guarantee fair airport charges remain Airport law of the wider dimensions of airport competition law, indispensable to ensure a level playing field. never stands in particular, drawing comparisons with US and Even though the author mentions that Australian regulatory approaches to that of the “regulatory intervention is necessary to a degree still and a EU. For aviation competition law practitioners, the proportionate to the identified market power of second edition most beneficial part will be Chapter 4 covering dominant undertakings”, the question remains that would be ‘Airport Competition in EU: Evolution and Basic a degree of harmonisation of systems is needed for Characteristics’. This chapter offers a detailed a sound airline activity, while Member States remain welcome, coverage of EU case law on market power and reluctant to adapt their economic regulations. particularly if it dominance in airport services but, as the author Individual Member States continue to regulate addresses new notes, EU law on inter-airport competition is still airport management in their own local ways, ‘frontier’ areas undeveloped. Chapter 5 covers state aid to airports, influenced by local historic evolutions. We believe an area that has seen significant regulatory activity that the analyses in the book show that an EU of aviation in recent years. legislative initiative to bring further harmonisation competition law The book, however, is let down by editorial remains necessary at this stage of the EU airport issues. First, the citation of case law falls short of sector evolution. established form as the author constantly cites the web page at http://curia.europa.eu/juris etc, Catherine Erkelens rather than citing the case number with court report Erkelens Law, Brussels reference. The bibliography section also needs editing – looking for Professor Mendes de Leon’s articles proved frustrating until he was identified Airports are self-evidently a key part of air services under ‘P’ as Prof Dr P M J Mendes de Leon rather and EU competition law has gradually produced a than under ‘M’. significant body of case law addressing the problems Airport law never stands still and a second that access and use of facilities create. This valuable edition would be welcome, particularly if it addresses study by Stamatis Varsamos, a legal adviser to new ‘frontier’ areas of aviation competition law Athens airport, is an expanded version of his MA such as the Commission June 2017 proposal for thesis at Leiden University and fills an important gap a Regulation to address discrimination against EU in the literature, blending his practical experience carriers in third country airports, recently approved of airport operations with EU competition law. The by the European Parliament in March 2018. book covers a wide range of practical subjects from airport charges to issues of market dominance and Philippe Ruttley essential facilities (in particular relations between Partner airlines and the airport operators). Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Head of EU and Competition Law A valuable aspect of the study is its awareness qwesy. Ince & Co LLP, London

Find us on Twitter i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com DECEMBER 2018 45 Afterburner Book Reviews AMERICAN AIRPOWER STRATEGY IN WORLD WAR II Bombs, Cities, Civilians and Oil By C C Crane

University Press of Kansas, 2502 Westbrooke Circle, Lawrence KS 66045-4444, USA. 2016. xv; 272pp. Illustrated. $34.95. ISBN 978-0-7006-2209-2.

This is a well-researched and engaging book that looks at all aspects of the application of US strategic airpower in WW2. Comprising 12 chapters, an appendix, endnotes and bibliography, the central theme of the book covers the morality of strategic bombing and how US Army Air Forces’ bombing strategy evolved during the war. The first two chapters consider the development of the US bombing doctrine and its early application against Germany. The author reflects on the US approach of the daylight precision bombing “of key economic and military targets” that was developed by the Air Corps Tactical School compared with the RAF’s “terror bombing” to “de-house the German Above: USAAF B-24 Japan. The Tokyo firebombing raids do not make worker”. The arguments for and against the RAF’s Liberators bomb the Trystian a good case for precision bombing and the author policy of area bombing largely fall outside the scope Lock and the inner end of the eastern jetty at Dunkirk on 15 raises the interesting point of race and Japanese of this book. February 1943. brutality in his argument, as well as the expected As the war progressed and the USAAF had Below: A Consolidated fanaticism of the Japanese in defending their to face often poor European weather, smoke B-24J-145-CO Liberator homeland against invaders. His conclusion is that the obscuration of targets and tenacious defence from in the European theatre, USAAF thought there was no choice but to end the 1944/45. RAeS (NAL). German fighters, its doctrine of precision bombing war quickly by opting for area bombing. was frequently challenged. This doctrine was The book also casts light on the friction between frequently unfulfilled as the author highlights, due the UK and US when it came to strategic bombing to a lack of effective radar bombing aids that would doctrine, particularly in the politics of the process eventually make an appearance later in the war. and here, the US were well ahead of the game. These radar aids, notes the author, also marked “a As the war in Europe was ending, Churchill was departure from the spirit of precision bombing.” distancing himself from Bomber Command while Clearly the daylight bombing of Europe by 8 the USAAF thought, “the RAF want very much to and 15 USAAF took a major toll on aircraft and have the US Air Forces tarred with the morale (sic) personnel. The author highlights that, during the bombing aftermath which we feel will be terrific.” first six months of 1944, the USAAF had 89% of This is a well written book that would appeal to its crews reported as killed, wounded or missing; air power historians and the general reader alike. It precision bombing came at a cost. comes highly recommended. By 1944 the USAAF was engaged with the RAF in finishing the war in Europe with raids most notably Trevor Nash on Berlin and Dresden and independently bombing MRAeS

46 AEROSPACE / DECEMBER 2018 Library Additions BOOKS

AIR TRANSPORT of aircraft radio and radar Leonardo: the Machines. a key offensive of WW2, where Phoenix Squadron: HMS equipment in support of the C Pedretti. Giunti Gruppo the identities of aircraft lost Ark Royal, Britain’s last AERODYNAMIC: Inside Telecommunication Research Editorale, Florence. 1999. (Allied, German and Italian) topguns and the untold the High-Stakes Global Establishment (TRE) at 95pp. Illustrated. ISBN 88-09- and their crew members are story of their most Jetliner Ecosystem. K Malvern – and the subsequent 01469-3. individually recorded. extraordinary mission. Michaels. American Institute of post-WW2 history of each Includes detailed colour R White. Corgi Books, London. Aeronautics and Astronautics, site – describing the work of reproductions of the early 2010. 540pp. Illustrated. ISBN Reston, VA. 2018. xi; 403pp. the Telecommunications Flying aeronautical manuscript 978-0-552-15290-7. Illustrated. Distributed by Unit (TFU), Special Installation designs of Leonardo da A detailed account of Transatlantic Publishers Group, Unit (SIU) and Radar Research Vinci, including his studies the long-range mission of two 97 Greenham Road London Flying Unit (RRFU) among of the mechanics of wings, fighter N10 1LN, UK. £39 [20% others. Includes a Foreword by ornithopters and his aerial to British Honduras discount available to RAeS Dr Chris Pell. screw helicopter. (later renamed Belize on 1 members on request; E mark. June 1973) from HMS Ark [email protected]]. ISBN My God! It’s a Woman. G-ARDE: the Royal on 28 January 1972 978-1-62410-402-2. N Bird. Angus & Robertson, 104 Dove. The Flying Few. as a show of force to deter Pymble, NSW. 1992. 240pp. c.1986. 28pp. Illustrated. Guatemala from invading the AIRCRAFT DESIGN AND Illustrated. ISBN 0-207- The individual aircraft territory. CONSTRUCTION 16824-5. history of DH104 G-ARDE The experiences of is supplemented by a listing Klu vliegtuigen: de Aircraft Design: a learning to fly in Australia in of DH104 aircraft converted Vliegtuigen van de Conceptual Approach – the 1930s and of long- to military specifications, a Koninklijke Luchtmacht Sixth edition. D P Raymer. distance flying across the history of Cranfield airfield vanaf 1913. W Schoenmaker American Institute of continent and beyond are from its opening as a RAF and T Postma. Uitgeverij de Alk Aeronautics and Astronautics, vividly recalled in the informal station on 1 June 1937 and of Bolts from the Blue: from B.V. c.1988. 160pp. Illustrated. Reston, VA. 2018. xxx; memoirs of Nancy Bird the British European Airways Cold War Warrior to Chief A well-illustrated 1062pp. Illustrated. Distributed who in 1933 obtained her (BEA) Gust Research Unit of the Air Staff. Sir Richard compilation of the service by Transatlantic Publishers commercial pilot’s licence at (GRU) established at Cranfield Johns. Grub Street, 4 Rainham histories of over 70 different Group, 97 Greenham Road the age of 19. in 1947. Close, London SW11 6SS, UK. aircraft types and their variants London N10 1LN, UK. £111 2018. 352pp. Illustrated. £25. that have been operated by the [20% discount available to Revolution in the Sky: the PRODUCTION AND ISBN 978-1-911-621-09-6. Royal Netherlands Air Force RAeS members on request; Lockheeds of Aviation’s MANAGEMENT (RNLAF) and its forerunners E [email protected]]. Golden Age – Revised ‘This is No Drill’: the since 1913. ISBN 978-1-62410-490-9. edition. R S Allen. Orion Arming the Luftwaffe: the History of NAS Pearl Books, New York. xii; 255pp. German Aviation Industry Harbor and the Japanese SPACE ASTRODYNAMICS Illustrated. ISBN 0-517- in World War II. D Uziel. Attacks of 7 December 56678-8. McFarland & Company, Inc, 1941. J M Wenger et al. Naval Originally published in Box 611, Jefferson, NC Institute Press, 291 Wood CAMBRIDGE 1964, a revised and enlarged 28640, USA. 2012. vii; 303pp. Road, Annapolis, MD 21402, AEROSPACE edition of this well-illustrated Illustrated. $45. ISBN 978-0- USA. 2018. xxiii; 261pp. SERIES APPLIED history of the key role which 7864-6521-7. Illustrated. $44.95. ISBN 978- NONSINGULAR Lockheed aircraft designs A detailed historical 168247-181-4. ASTRODYNAMICS played in long-distance study – based upon official A detailed history of the Optimal Low-Thrust Orbit Transfer aviation flights between reports and eyewitness Japanese aerial assault on 7

JEAN ALBERT KÉCHICHIAN 1927-1937, piloted by such accounts – of the organisation December 1941 on the Naval famous names as Charles and operational effectiveness Air Station (NAS) Pearl Harbor and Anne Lindbergh, Wiley of German industry in on the Pacific island of O’ahu, Post, Will Rogers, Amelia accelerating aircraft and Hawaii, a pivotal event which Earhart, Roscoe Turner and aircraft equipment production led directly to the US entering Jimmy Doolittle. Concluding during WW2 overseen by the WW2. appendices record various Reichsluftfahrtministerium aircraft marking schemes (RLM) and the experiences After the Flood. J Nichol. for the Lockheed Vega/Air of those who worked on Williams Collins, London. 2015. Applied Nonsingular Express/Altair/Sirius/Orion, the factory floor, over two xii; 366pp. Illustrated. ISBN Astrodynamics: Optimal individual aircraft histories of million people – including an 978-0-00-810084-1. 524pp. Willy Ley: Prophet of Low-Thrust Orbit Transfer. all single-engine Lockheed increasing number of foreign Incorporating the the Space Age. J S Buss. J A Kéchichian. Cambridge aircraft (Construction and slave workers – ultimately recollections of those who University Press of Florida, University Press, University Numbers 1-214), registrations, to be employed in the industry. were involved, a history of the 15 Northwest 15th Street, Printing House, Shaftesbury performance data and famous ‘Operation Chastise’ Gainesville, FL 32611-2079, Road, Cambridge CB2 production numbers. SERVICE AVIATION Dambusters raid against the USA. 2017. xiii; 322pp. 8BS, UK. 2018. xvii; 461pp. dams of the Ruhr valley during Illustrated. $34.95. ISBN 978- Illustrated. £89.99. ISBN 978- Centenary of British A History of the the night of 16-17 May 1943 0-8130-5443-8. 1-108-47236-4. Aviation: 100 years of Mediterranean Air War and the aftermath of what Aviation at Brooklands 1940-1945: Vol 4 – Sicily became of 617 Squadron and Spaceflight in the HISTORICAL – Special Collector’s Edition. and Italy to the Fall of its aircrew. Shuttle Era and Beyond: A Winn et al. Brooklands Rome 14 May 1943 - 5 Redefining Humanity’s Top Secret Worcestershire. Museum, Weybridge. 2008. June 1944. C Shores et al. Target Tirpitz. P Bishop. Purpose in Space. V Neal. S Burrows and M Layton. 67pp. Illustrated. Grub Street, 4 Rainham Close, Harper Press, London. 2010. Yale University Press, New Brewin Books, 56 Alcester A concise history of the London SW11 6SS, UK. 2018. xxvi; 390pp. Illustrated. ISBN Haven. 2017. xii; 278pp. Road, Studley, Warwickshire development at aviation at 696pp. Illustrated. £50. ISBN 978-0-00-731924-4. Illustrated. £30. ISBN 978-0- B80 7LG, UK. 2018. 216pp. Brooklands is followed by a 978-1-911-621-09-6. 978-1- A detailed account of 300-20651-7. Illustrated. £14.95 ISBN 978- series of articles reviewing the 911-621-10-2. the Tirpitz battleship and the 1-85858-581-9. history of the company A very detailed day-by-day numerous Allied attempts to Incorporating the and in detail the early flight history of the air operations destroy it between 1940-1944 For further information recollections of those claims of A V Roe which that supported the Allied – including the use of British contact the National who were involved, an were to be subsequently invasion of Sicily and southern midget X-craft submarines – Aerospace Library. informative history of the investigated by the 1928 Italy (including the assault on and the ultimate success of T +44 (0)1252 701038 key role which the airfields Gorell Committee. Includes Monte Cassino) – and the RAF 9 Squadron in sinking it or 701060 at Defford and Pershore a Foreword by HRH Prince subsequent occupations of hidden deep in a Norwegian played in the development Michael of Kent. Sardinia and Corsica – during fjord on 12 November 1944. E [email protected]

Find us on Twitter i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com DECEMBER 2018 47 Afterburner Society News YOUNG PERSONS’ CONFERENCE 2018

new wage or position. This portrayed the importance of negotiation within the industry and provided an The Air Transport opportunity for the groups to experience negotiating on both sides in which they will use in the future. Revolution Workshop two involved ‘Emotional Intelligence in The Workspace’, presented by Marc Atheron MRAeS, Managing Partner, Allaxa. The group discussed emotional intelligence and the significance it will play during their engineering careers. The groups covered the key elements that made up emotional intelligence and the relationship it had with IQ and personality. Emotional intelligence will play a key part among young engineers’ careers, working towards an efficient way of working within the workplace. The final workshop ‘Communication is more than just words’ was jointly presented by Katherine Opening the Young Persons’ Conference 2018 on Paynter, Defence and Security, PA Consulting Group 7 September was Laura Hoang, Training Systems and Laura Hoang. The groups were segmented for Design Engineer, BAE Systems, who introduced the them to discuss multiple ways to communicate in the keynote speaker Karl Gibson CEng MRAeS, MD, modern world and how we effectively communicate Willis Asset Management. Karl provided an insightful within the workplace. This was followed by a small lecture about the growth profile of the global civil practical exercise where the groups were randomly aviation sector and how, during the lifetime of an given personalities that they had to act as to provide airliner, it is only the engines which really maintain feedback to an employee, some members fitted close to their original value. better into their roles than others, although this Next on stage was Sameer Savani, Head provided a great way for people to leave their comfort of Innovation and Engineering, ADS Group. zone. Sameer spoke about ‘The Future of Aerospace’, To end an eventful day, Sophie Harker, an appropriate topic considering it featured ideas Aerodynamics & Performance Engineer, BAE that the young professionals in the audience could Systems, presented a lecture on ‘SABRE – A someday be working on. New Class of Propulsion’. Sophie is a great role Sameer’s discussion flowed towards the final model for young engineers, as she has received few lectures before lunch. These lectures touched commendations in the form of the BAE Systems on the future of aerospace, involving ‘Electric Technical Graduates of the year 2016, SEMTA Aviation – The opportunities, pitfalls and how it Graduate of the year 2017 and has been listed in could play out in the very near future’ presented by the 2017 Top 50 Women in Engineering Under 35, Darrell Swanson. Darrell’s presentation examined as well as the BAE Systems Bee Beamont Award the key characteristics of fixed-wing electric aircraft 2017. The lecture involved an overview of SABRE’s and eVTOL, assessed against current and future progress and testing to date, it also explored potential aviation infrastructure. This was followed by ‘UAVs in applications beyond the Skylon spaceplane concept. Humanitarian Aid and Development’, presented by This lecture was of great interest to me, as it was one Daniel Ronen which explored the application of UAV of the engineering activities that fascinated a younger technology for humanitarian aid being developed by version of myself after watching a documentary about UAVAid and how such technologies could act as key THAT MANY OF Skylon and the SABRE engine which subsequently enablers for improvements in the delivery of aid. Both THE LECTURES lead to me choosing a path in engineering. lectures intrigued the audience, as was proven by the WERE ABOUT The lectures provided a great way to showcase number of questions after both lectures. what is underway within engineering. That many of After lunch the interactive aspect of the day THE FUTURE OF the lectures were about the future of the aerospace started. The audience was split into three groups, THE AEROSPACE industry was well received by the audience who will each would attend one of three workshops before INDUSTRY WAS be part of the same future. All in all, it was a great day heading onto the next. to have been a part of. I can guarantee that many of Workshop one involved ‘The Power of WELL RECEIVED the young engineers present took much away from Negotiation: Creating & Capturing Value’, this was BY THE it that they can implement within their workplace presented by Daniel McKenna, Strategic Sourcing AUDIENCE WHO and their engineering careers. I highly recommend & Contracts, Leonardo Helicopters. During the WILL BE PART attending a Young Persons’ Conference in the future workshop everyone was split into pairs in which one as well as similar events. was given a manager’s position and the other an OF THE SAME employee to which the employee had to negotiate a FUTURE Dominic Hill, Leonardo Helicopters

48 AEROSPACE / DECEMBER 2018 NEW ONSITE CATERER AT No.4

‘goes the extra mile’ to ensure that every tiny detail Blue Strawberry: matches the brief and is perfectly executed. Their unparalleled menus are intelligently designed and expertly prepared by a highly skilled the new onsite chef brigade, many of whom hail from a Michelin- star background. caterer at No.4 Regularly found within many of the UK’s most prestigious venues, the team works with a discerning clientele which include global brands, Renowned for their high quality, creative events dynamic agencies and high-profile individuals, and innovative menus, Blue Strawberry has been at including global brands such as Google, Ralph the forefront of the events industry, in London and Lauren, Barclays, Ernst & Young and Condé Nast, beyond, for 30 years. and high-profile individuals to include royalty, high- Founded independently by former chefs Molly level politicians and A-list celebrities. Ronan and Jojo Browner, Blue Strawberry and its No.4 Hamilton Place will become the jewel in sister company Table Talk (respectively), joined the crown of Blue Strawberry’s impressive portfolio forces in 2006. Privately owned and independent, of prestigious venues which include Kensington the company has been trading for over 25 years, Palace, National Gallery, Tower of London, British creating many of London’s most talked about Museum, Hampton Court Palace, Westminster events. The Founders were joined in 2013 by Stuart Abbey, Science Museum, St Paul’s Cathedral and Jenkins, Managing Director, who continues to hold the V&A, to name but a few. the client experience and highest-level service at In essence, incredible food is at the heart of the heart of the business. what they do at Blue Strawberry. Their beautifully Blue Strawberry’s bespoke approach, to both presented dishes are created with love, passion and private and corporate events, means that the client the utmost attention to detail. Resulting in highly is always foremost in their minds. The team always engaging and unique experiences.

Obituary LAURENCE NIGEL PRICE

MSc FRAeS FCILT 1951-2018 Government General Aviation Red Tape Challenge Panel, established to look at cutting red tape from UK GA. After submitting the Panel’s final report to Aviation economist, consultant, adviser and senior the Government in 2015, Laurie continued to advise airline manager Laurie Price passed away peacefully Shapps on aviation matters and, most recently, was on 7 September 2018, aged 67 following a brave an aviation advisor to the UK APPG on GA set up eight-year battle with cancer. Brimming with energy, by Shapps in 2017. passion and ideas, he was a true professional with He was often the first port of call to provide a sharp intellect and a font of knowledge on all commentary on aviation economic and policy issues Photo: aviation matters. in the national media and was a regular conference BTN: The Business Travel News Laurie spent 20 years with presenter on air transport. (BCal), working on planning and commercial activity Laurie held a MSc in Transportation Planning on its North Atlantic routes, as well as having from the University of Westminster and was a visiting responsibility for government affairs. He became the professor at London Metropolitan University. He was youngest General Manager at BCal at the age of 35. a Fellow of both the Royal Aeronautical Society and Following a short period with British Airways post- the Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport. merger, Laurie moved into consultancy, becoming He also held both UK and US private pilot licenses. Director of Aviation Strategy at Mott McDonald. While he will be long remembered as a Laurie was aviation advisor to the UK House of charismatic, inspirational, formidable and highly- Commons Transport Committee between 1997 and respected figure, for many Laurie was simply a dear 2005 and advised the UK All Party Parliamentary friend with a warm personality, endearing sense of Group (APPG) on aviation until 2015. In 2013, humour and big heart, who always gave so much of Laurie was honoured to be asked by then minister his time and energy to helping others, even when he without portfolio, Grant Shapps MP, to chair the UK was ill.

Find us on Twitter i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com DECEMBER 2018 49 Afterburner Society News 2018 BALLANTYNE EVENT

The Society hosted its flagship secondary schools event known as ‘Ballantyne’ on 5 October, in association with Raytheon. Over 120 young people, including two school groups from the London area, attended. The event focused on the future developments in aerospace and was comprised of various industry professionals including aerospace engineers, RAF personnel, engineering apprentices and airline personnel. With a wide variety of speakers, this meant that attendees were able to gain a well-rounded insight into the aerospace world and also determine their standing in this ever- changing industry. This year’s event was sponsored by Raytheon who has been tremendous supporters of the Society’s work with young people. The event started with the keynote speaker, Dr Alex Rose-Parfitt, Engineering Director for Raytheon UK. His talk revolved around the engineering milestones that have been achieved at Raytheon, with an in-depth view of what the future holds with ever-transforming technology in about his journey through flight training, from flying One of the speed networking the aerospace industry. The RAeS was proud to for regional airlines to becoming a Captain in one sessions. have support from the Royal Air Force, in particular of the largest airlines in the world. His words of Gp Capt Ian Mitchell FRAeS. Along with other advice to aspiring pilots was: “Choose a flying career service personnel, the RAF delivered a dynamic because your passionate about it, not because presentation on the wide-ranging careers on offer you think it sounds cool or it will make you rich!” in the force, with a prime focus on the role of an Concluding the speaking programme was Dr Andy engineer. Lewis Edgeworth, Project Manager at Taylor, a visiting lecturer from the University of Raytheon UK also took to the stage to deliver a Bedfordshire, who spoke about a wide range of roles talk about the company’s leadership programme. in the aviation industry including customer services, Aimed at students, Edgeworth was very proactive cabin crew and air traffic control. He spoke about the in motivating delegates to follow their passion. He skills and attributes needed to carry out these roles stated: “It’s your life, you make it! Think long term and gave a thorough breakdown of the roles and and with an aerospace degree you will go far!” their importance in maintaining operational stability in the airline world. Harpooning satellites This year a speed networking session was Since one of the core fundamentals of the event is to introduced, whereby speakers were able to interact promote the space industry, the RAeS was pleased directly with delegates and answer any questions to have William Avison from Satellites who about their roles. This worked extremely well provided an upbeat insight into everything from as every attendee had a chance to talk face-to- space junk to how Roman gladiators inspired a net face with every speaker, with several speakers and harpoon to clear debris from space. This certainly commenting that this was the most enjoyable part gave our delegates an alternative view of the space of the day, giving them a chance to learn more about industry and what it has on offer. The Ballantyne the attendees and their career ambitions. Overall, event is also known to promote a diverse range Ballantyne 2018 delivered once again on its promise of methods in paving your route into the industry. to inspire the next generation and entice people This was demonstrated by Nikul Bhadasia from the into a career in aerospace. The Society would like RAeS Young Persons Network who spoke about his to thank all the speakers, volunteers and attendees journey while undertaking a degree apprenticeship for making this event a success. Lastly, we would with Airbus. Bhadasia said of apprenticeships: like to thank Raytheon UK for sponsoring the event. IT’S YOUR LIFE, “Degree apprenticeships offer both a degree, hands- It has been at the forefront of the Ballantyne event on work experience and the chance to benefit from for several years and the RAeS is very grateful to YOU MAKE IT! your employer’s in-house team holding activities.” have its ongoing support in ensuring that the future THINK LONG It was important for our attendees to hear about generation is equipped with the resources and TERM AND WITH the aviation industry in addition to engineering, as information to accomplish their dreams. AN AEROSPACE many young people aspire to be pilots and air traffic controllers as opposed to aerospace engineers. Capt Rishi Radia DEGREE YOU Alan Bamford addressed the Ballantyne audience RAeS Careers and Outreach Officer WILL GO FAR!

50 AEROSPACE / DECEMBER 2018 COMMUNITY SUPPORT ENGINEER YOUR EDUCATION

Raytheon is actively working to encourage students to connect with Science, Technology, Engineering and Maths (STEM) subjects through our comprehensive programme supported by our STEM Ambassadors.

Raytheon.com/UK Raytheon UK

© 2018 Raytheon Company. All rights reserved. Afterburner Diary

EVENTS www.aerosociety/events LECTURES www.aerosociety/events RAeS (NAL) RAeS

3 December Reminiscences of a Schneider Trophy Pilot Illustrated archive recording of Grp Capt L S Snaith National Aerospace Library, Farnborough. 2.30pm.

4 December Wilbur and Orville Wright Lecture: Connect, Protect, Explore, Inspire: Innovation and leadership for the future of aerospace Leanne Caret FRAeS, President & CEO, Boeing Defense, Space & Security Named Lecture

5 December Tupolev Tu154M of Atlant-Soyuz Airlines. The Tu154 will be discussed by Charles Kennedy at Equipment Safety Assessment Seminar Southend on 8 January. Alex Beltyukov.

11 December Learning From the Past BAY OF PLENTY BoscombeDownRAeS.org CHESTER Aerospace Medicine Group Symposium Classic Flyers, 8 Jean Batten 11 December — TSR2. Joint Room 017, Beswick Building, Drive, Mount Maunganui, lecture with IMechE and IET. University of Chester, Parkgate 11 December Tauranga 3116. 6pm. 8 January — Wiltshire Police Road. 7.30pm. Keith Housely, Stewart Lecture 7 December — A visit to the – UAV operations. T +44 (0)151 348 4480. Dr Geoff Tothill, Chief Medical Officer, HARS Aviation Museum – near 5 February — Open Skies. 12 December — International Medical Group Woollongong in NSW in June 19 February — Joe Morrall Thunderbolts and lightning Aerospace Medicine Group Named Lecture 2018. Mike Feisst. Award. 12noon. – are they really frightening? Rhys Phillips, Research 5 February BEDFORD BROUGH Engineer, Lightning & Air Race 1 – Air Race E: Exciting developments ARA Socal Club, Manton Lane, Robert Blackburn Building, Electrostatics, Airbus Group Jeff Zaltman, CEO, Business Developer and Entrepreneur, Bedford. 7pm. Hull University. 7pm. Innovations. Air Race 1 9 January — HS2 rail link Ben Groves, 13 February — Maritime General Aviation Group Lecture London-Birmingham. Joint T +44 (0)1482 663938. reconnaissance – the first 25 lecture with ICE. 5 December — A lesson in years. Phil Styles. 21 February 13 February — Insights into chemistry. Prof Lee Cronin, VMCG and Crosswind Testing of Transport Aircraft the aerospce industry. Chris Regius Chair of Chemistry, CHRISTCHURCH A joint lecture from Airbus and Boeing Edwards, Deputy Managing University of Glasgow. Joint Cobham Lecture Theatre, Director, LMUK Ampthill. lecture with IChemE, IET and Bournemouth University, Talbot 27 February IMechE. Campus, Wallisdown. 7.30pm. Human Powered Flight Lecture BIRMINGHAM, Roger Starling, Human Powered Flight Group WOLVERHAMPTON AND CAMBRIDGE E rogerstarling593@btinternet. COSFORD Lecture Theatre ‘O’, Cambridge com 27 February National Cold War Museum, University Engineering Dept. 13 December — The AeroChallenge 2019 RAF Museum Cosford, Shifnal, 7.30pm. Jin-Hyun Yu, T +44 Avro Shackleton from the Young Persons’ Committee aeronautical quiz Shropshire. 7pm. Chris Hughes, (0)1223 373129. navigator’s perspective. Air T +44 (0)1902 844523. 13 December — The Cdre Bill Tyack. 28 February 13 December — Beagle 2 V-bomber force. Air Cdre 24 January — Dangers to Lithium Batteries – A Rising Risk in Aviation Mars Lander – some of the Norman Bonnor RAF (Ret’d). aviation of wind turbines. Philip Flight Operations Group Conference untold inside stories. John Benstead. Thatcher. CARDIFF 17 January — Icarus project. University of South Wales, COVENTRY Dr Angelo GrubiŠic, Lecturer Treforest Campus, Pontypridd. Lecture Theatre ECG26, in Astronautics, University of 7pm. Engineering & Computing Southampton. E [email protected] Building, Coventry University, 21 February — Man-made 16 January — Aircraft Coventry. 7.30pm. Janet Owen, climate change. Dr Neil Harris, systems testing at Bombardier T +44 (0)2476 464079. Cambridge Centre for Climate Final Assembly Line. Nikolaos 5 December — Electric Change Mitigation Research. Vlachos, Bombardier Aircraft. vertical take-off and landing 20 February — The view vehicles (eVSTOL) – will BOSCOMBE DOWN from my office: How to they ever take off? Dr Mike Lecture Theatre, MoD become a commercial airline Bromfield, Senior Lecturer, Boscombe Down. 5.15pm. pilot. Tom Dalton, First Officer, Coventry University. All lectures start at 18.00hrs unless otherwise stated. Visitors please register at Virgin Atlantic Airways. Cardiff 23 January — The Midland Conference proceedings are available at least four days in advance & Vale Colleges – ICAT, Cardiff Aircraft Museum Sir Frank www.aerosociety.com/news/proceedings (name and car registration Airport Business Park, Cardiff Whittle, the jet engine required) E secretary@ Airport, Rhoose, Barry. collection. Barry James,

52 AEROSPACE / DECEMBER 2018 Chairman of Board of Trustees. 21 February — Meggitt into the future – the Ansty Project. Brandon Hall Hotel, Brandon, Coventry.

CRANWELL Daedalus Officers’ Mess, RAF Cranwell. 7.30pm. Please allow enough time to visit the Guardroom for your pass. 10 December — Chair’s Lecture and Christmas Buffet. Wg Cdr Lisa Mullineux. 4 February — SAR helicopter operations. Garry Stewart. Joint lecture with IMechE and IET.

DERBY Nightingale Hall, Moor Lane, Derby. 5.30pm. Chris Sheaf, T +44 (0)1332 269368. 13 February — RAF: Engineering the next 100 years. AM Julian Young.

FAA The Nuffield Sports Centre, RNAS Yeovilton. 6.30pm. Lt Marc Stone RN, T +44 GOES-East satellite image of Hurricane Florence making landfall at Wrightsville Beach, North Carolina, on 14 September. Capt Dr (0)1935 456241. Robert Maxson will discuss improving aviation safety through refined weather observation in the 15th Assad Kotaite Lecture in Montreal 29 January — Aviation- on 6 December. NOAA. themed quiz.

FARNBOROUGH BAE Systems Park Centre, Wissenschaften Hamburg, 7 February — Digital architectures. Dr Kate Smith, Terminal Building, Prestwick Farnborough Aerospace Hörsaal 01.12 Berliner Tor 5 disruption and how to wow Lecturer in Aerospace Airport. 7.30pm. John Wragg, Centre. 7.30pm. Dr Mike (Neubau), 20099 Hamburg. your customers. Thomas Engineering, University of T +44 (0)1655 750270. Philpot, 6pm. Lee-Warren, Digital CTO, Rolls- Manchester. 10 December — RAF T +44 (0)1252 614618. 24 January — The real Royce (London). Cosford museum. Darren 11 December — The AW101 story of the Comet disasters. MEDWAY Priday. advanced SAR system for Paul Withey, Professor of LOUGHBOROUGH Conference Room 1, BAE 14 January — A330 accident. Norway. Mark Goddard and Casting Technology, School Room U020, Brockington Systems (Rochester), Marconi Giorgio Bindoni. Stephen Vellacott, Leonardo of Metallurgy and Materials, Building, Loughborough Way, Rochester. 7pm. Robin 11 February — Base Helicopters. University of Birmingham. University. 7.30pm. Colin Moss, Heaps, T +44 (0)1634 maintenance training. Gordon 15 January — Aerodynamics T +44 (0)1509 239962. 377973. Keary. of racing yacht sails. Jean- HATFIELD 11 December — From 12 December — Test flying Baptiste Souppez, Solent Lindop Building, Room A166, ocean to stratosphere with the Advanced Hawk. Peter SOUTHEND University. University of Hertfordshire, solar energy. Raphael Domjan, Kosogorin, Experimental Test Holiday Inn, Southend Airport. 19 February — Templer College Lane, Hatfield. 7pm. SolarXplorers SA. Joint lecture Pilot, BAE Systems. 8pm. Sean Corr, T +44 (0)20 Lecture. The UK space 11 December — Flying the with IMechE. 7929 3400. industry in 2019. Robert Toucan man-powered aircraft. 22 January — Computational MONTREAL 8 January — The Tupolev Goddard, Engineering Director, Bryan Bowen. fluid dynamics (CFD) and Conference Room 3, Ground Tu154. Charles Kennedy, SSTL. 15 January — An evening its importance to aircraft Floor, International Civil aviation author. with a Chief Flying Instructor. design. Prof Gary Page, Dept Aviation Organization (ICAO) 12 February — Flying GLOUCESTER AND Reg Barber. of Aeronautical Engineering Headquarters, 999 Robert- business jets. Capt Paul CHELTENHAM 12 February — The RAF and Transport Studies, Bourassa Boulevard, Montréal, Catanach, Line Training Safran Landing Systems, A330 MRTT tanker. Andy Loughborough University. Québec. 6pm. Captain, TAG Aviation (UK). Restaurant Conference Room, Moon. 11 February — In the blink 6 December — 15th Assad off Down Hatherley Lane. of an eye (head-mounted Kotaite Lecture. Innovation: STEVENAGE 7.30pm. Gary Murden, T +44 HEATHROW displays development within improving international aviation Airbus SG1 2AS. 6pm. (0)1452 715165. British Airways Theatre, BAE Systems). Alex Cameron, safety through refined weather E [email protected] 18 December — Air traffic Waterside, Harmondsworth. Product Manager Helmet and observation, reporting and 4 December — Merry management services in 6.15pm. For security passes Head Mounted Display Systems, forecasting. Capt Dr Robert Quizmas. Airbus Foundation Europe’s congested airspace. please contact Dr Ana Pedraz, BAE Systems, Electronic W Maxson, Director, US Discovery Space SG1 2AD. Ian Middleton, Acting Director, E secretary.raeslhr@gmail. Systems, Rochester. Joint National Oceanographic and 5 February — RemoveDebris EUROCONTROL Maastricht com or T +44 (0)7936 lecture with Loughborough Atmospheric Administration Space Harpoon. Xander Hall. Upper Area Control Centre. 392799. University Students’ Union (NOAA) Aviation Weather 15 January — Partners 13 December — Lufthansa Velocity Society. Center (AWC). SWINDON Evening and Buffet. The story Technik overhauling landing 26 February — Commercial The Montgomery Theatre, of Lady Lucy Houston, her life gears as independent MRO – helicopter operations. Steve PRESTON The Defence Academy of the and contribution to Mitchell’s challenging markets and new Hogarth, Aviation Consultant Personnel and Conference , Joint Services development of the Spitfire. technologies. Christian Wicker, and Loughborough Branch Centre, BAE Systems, Warton. Command Staff College, Miles Macnair. Director of Sales & Marketing, Treasurer. 7.30pm. Alan Matthews, Shrivenham. 7.30pm. New 19 February — Typhoon to Lufthansa Technik Landing T +44 (0)1995 61470. attendees must provide details the sky. Sam Worthington- Gear Services UK. MANCHESTER 12 December — Tornado of the vehicle they will be using Leese, Hawker Typhoon 10 January — Leasing or Room F14, Renold Building, MLU. Dennis Morley, BAE not later than five days before Preservation Group. buying an aircraft asset? University of Manchester. 7pm. Systems Flight Test (Ret’d). the event. Photo ID will be Genadi Stoyanov, VP of 6 December — required at the gate (Driving HAMBURG Marketing, GE Capital Aviation Nanosatellites: Enabling PRESTWICK Licence/Passport). Advise Hochschule für Angewandte Services (GECAS). technologies for novel mission The Aviator Suite, 1st Floor, attendance preferably via email

Find us on Twitter i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com DECEMBER 2018 53 Afterburner Diary

to [email protected] or WEYBRIDGE Branch Secretary Colin Irvin, Brooklands Museum, Campbell T +44 (0)7740 136609. Gate entrance. 6.45pm. 5 December — Challenges 16 January — Innovation of an RAF Airfield Operations vs regulation – what should Director. Wg Cdr Nick Worrell, unmanned aviation learn from OC Ops, RAF Brize Norton. manned? Geoff Pugh, General 9 January — Operation Agila Manager (UK), Consortiq, – Rhodesia 1979-80. Wg Cdr and Gareth Beverley, Chief (Ret’d) Paul Shepherd. Technology Officer, Consortiq. 27 February — Surrey’s small TOULOUSE satellite revolution. Mark Ferris. Symposium room, Building B01, Airbus Campus 1, YEOVIL Blagnac. 6pm. Contact: http:// Dallas Conference Room 1A, goo.gl/WbiKtV to register. Leonardo Helicopters, Yeovil. 11 December — Rally to 6.30pm. David Mccallum, Senegal, the Latécoère route. E david.mccallum@ Alan Cox. leonardocompany.com 15 January — 28th Gordon 13 December — Christmas Corps Lecture. Boeing versus Lecture. Forming a Festive Lockheed – the battle for the Forecast. Claire Bartholomew F-35. Rear Admiral Simon and Helen Roberts, Met Office. Henley, RAeS President. Ticketed event at Milford 19 February — Rolls-Royce School. Mini-Lecture Competition. 17 January — Reaction Engines. Jerry Mullin. WELLINGTON 21 February — Active Rotor 13 December — Branch Blade. Simon Stacey, Leonardo dinner in the City. Helicopters.

Avro Shackleton AEW2 crew stations. The Avro Shackleton from the navigator’s perspective will be described by Air Cdre Bill Tyack at Christchurch on 13 December. RAeS (NAL). JOHNSON

Rotorcraft is a class of aircraft that uses large-diameter rotating wings to accomplish efficient vertical takeoff and landing. The class encompasses helicopters of numerous configurations (single main rotor and tail rotor, tandem rotors, coaxial rotors), tilting proprotor aircraft, compound helicopters, and many other innovative concepts.

Aeromechanics includes much of what the rotorcraft engineer needs: performance, Aeromechanics Rotorcraft loads, vibration, stability, flight dynamics, and noise. These topics cover many of the key performance attributes and many of the often encountered problems in rotorcraft designs. This comprehensive book presents, in depth, what engineers need to know about modeling rotorcraft aeromechanics. The focus is on analysis, and calculated results are presented to illustrate analysis characteristics and rotor behavior. The first third of the book is an introduction to rotorcraft aerodynamics, blade motion, and performance. The remainder of the book covers advanced topics in rotary-wing aerodynamics and dynamics.

WAYNE JOHNSON worked at the U.S. Army Aeromechanics Laboratory from 1970 to 1981, at the NASA Ames Research Center. He was with NASA from 1981 to 1986, including several years as Assistant Branch Chief. Dr. Johnson founded Johnson Aeronautics in 1986, where he developed rotorcraft software. Since 1998, he has worked at the Aeromechanics Branch of NASA Ames Research Center. Dr. Johnson is the author of the comprehensive analysis CAMRADII and the rotorcraft design code NDARC and of the book Helicopter Theory (1980). He is a Fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) and the American Helicopter Society (AHS) and received a U.S. Army Commander’s Award for Civilian Service, NASA Medals for Exceptional Engineering Achievement and Exceptional Technology Achievement, Rotorcraft the AHS Grover E. Bell Award, the Ames H. Julian Allen Award, the AIAA Pendray Aerospace Literature Award, and the 2010 AHS Alexander Nikolsky Honorary Lectureship. Aeromechanics WAYNE JOHNSON

Cover photo: A CV-22 Osprey and an MH-53 Pave Low fly over the coastline. Photo courtesy of U.S. Air Force photo/Senior Airman Julianne Showalter.

Cover design by Alice Soloway

National Aerospace Library e-book Service

Now Available to RAeS Members

View/Read/Download Books Online at www.aerosociety.com/ebooks

Click on the highlighted ‘Log in’ to ‘Create a User Account’

All enquiries to National Aerospace Library E [email protected]; T +44 (0)1252 701038/701060

54 AEROSPACE / DECEMBER 2018 Corporate Partners

RAeS Corporate EVENTS Please note: Attendance at Corporate Partner events is strictly Partner Scheme exclusive to staff of RAeS Corporate Partners. AIM The aim of the Corporate Partner Scheme is to Wednesday 12 December 2018 / London bring together organisations to promote best Corporate Partner Breakfast Briefing (08.15 – 10.00 hrs) practice within the international aerospace Aviation Security: Getting Ahead of the Threat sector. With over 200 members worldwide, the Rt Hon Ben Wallace MP, Minister of State for Security and Economic Crime scheme provides a respected and recognised Sponsor: independent forum of discussion and information exchange on issues facing the aerospace sector, as well as providing unique networking opportunities with influential figures in the Monday 21 January 2019 / London industry, government and public sector. The Dunne Review – Six Months On Corporate Partner Briefing by Philip Dunne MP, Former Minister for Defence Find out more about Royal Aeronautical Procurement Society Corporate membership, advertising and sponsorship: Monday 11 February 2019 / London John Minassian Corporate Partner Briefing Business Development Manager Philip Sunley, Partner Defence & Aerospace, Newton E [email protected] T +44 (0)20 7670 4346 www.aerosociety.com/events M +44 (0)773 331 4725 For further information, please contact Gail Ward www.aerosociety.com/corporate E [email protected] or T +44 (0)1491 629912

COUNCIL ELECTIONS 2019 Would you like to help guide the Society?

The Society would like to hear from highest quality. To lead output of the highest quality members who are interested in standing for we need members of Council from every part of the the Council in the 2019 elections to be held aeronautical community and this is where you come in. next spring. Only by having a good number As such, please give serious thought to whether of candidates from all sectors of the aviation you could serve the Society in this most important and aerospace community can the Council role. If you are interested, or require further benefit from a variety of backgrounds and information, please visit our website at experience. www.aerosociety.com/councilelection or NOMINATIONS As members will be aware, the Council now contact Saadiya Ogeer, the Society’s Governance FOR THE 2019 concentrates on the outward facing aspects of the and Compliance Manager, on +44 (0)20 7670 RAeS COUNCIL Society’s global activities. Indeed, as the Society 4311 or [email protected]. ELECTIONS becomes ever more global, it is critically important that our offerings to members, to Corporate Partners Please note that all nominations must be ARE NOW and especially to the public — indeed the whole of submitted no later than OPEN the aerospace sector that we serve — are of the 31 January 2019 at 23.59 GMT.

Find us on Twitter i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com DECEMBER 2018 55 Afterburner Elections

FELLOWS Garreth Eggers Chin Fai Leo Cheng Stewart Else Arnab Dey SOCIETY OFFICERS Jason Becker Alberto Esteller Torres Akshay Dorai Karl Bishop Benjamin Hari Muhammad Farooqi President: Rear Admiral Simon Henley Matthew Britton Stuart Henry Sarah Houston President-Elect: Prof Jonathan Cooper Leanne Caret Johan Heyns Syed Ahmed Kashan Sean Cox Jonathan Hicks Jafri BOARD CHAIRMEN Alec Davies Richard Humble Nicholas Jamieson Robert Dixon Paul Hutton Craig Naylor Learned Society Chairman: Anthony Dyer Simon Jolliff Rishi Radia Air Cdre Peter Round Stuart Engall Ben Jones Michael Roberts Membership Services Chairman: Arnaud Fiscel Mladen Kalajzic Stuart Ross Philip Spiers Richard Gale Shahzad Khan Rachel Solomons Professional Standards Chairman: James Gilhooly Ademola Kotti Hilary Barton Simon Harris Ilkka Laine ASSOCIATES Trevor Lambarth Andrew Laycock DIVISION PRESIDENTS Aamir Masood David Longden Robert Kane Gerry Mayhew Salim Lounis Daniel Leedham Australia: Andrew Neely Craig McLeod Alex Lusty Aaron Masters New Zealand: Des Ashton Richard Moriarty Alexia Mallet James Muus Pakistan: AM Salim Arshad Stephen Morrison Brian Millar Zaid Safadi South African: Marié Botha Ronald Ousby Paul Millar Matthew Tsai Richard Purdy Simon O’Brien Calumn Twaddle Keith Ruskin Aarti Panday Brendan Yau Lakshmi Georgios Papadakis WITH REGRET Venkatakrishnan Shaileshkumar Parmar E-ASSOCIATES Shai Weiss Keith Parrott The RAeS announces with regret the deaths of the David Williams Andrew Peggie Alen Ebrahimi following members: Mark Willis Brian Phillips Judit Guimera Kimberly-Ann Debling MRAeS 34 Nicholas Young Adam Preece Busquets Alex Prosser Bibi Hakh Norman Glass MRAeS 70 MEMBERS Ravi Ranjan Jennifer Insley Dominic Riley Svyatoslav Kudinov Alan Sydney Greenhough CEng MRAeS 83 Adekunle Adeleke Neil Seymour Harry MacDonald Dr Ken John Holden CEng FRAeS 80 Michael Agathine Amer Shah Jacob Morewood Ian Ashmore Christian Skinner Alejandro Moyano David Michael Lumb CEng FRAeS 88 Thomas Axe Jeremy Tam Hiren Patel John Warburton CEng MRAeS 72 Justin Borland Philip Taylor Oscar Reyes Salazar Jason Botha Joshua Thomson Robin Saaristo Gordon Howat Williams FRAeS 87 Brian Buckingham John Walley Jack Taylor Daniel Campbell Simon Ward Carlo Andrea Cattaneo Gary Weightman AFFILIATES Matthew Whalley Sepehr Khakikazazi Jonathan Channing Adam Williams James Whinney Will Lambton Atif Chaudhry Paul Williams Priscilla Carneiro Marcos Lopez Ruifeng Chen Michael Henderson STUDENT AFFILIATES Keith Plowman West Chun ASSOCIATE Busari Ibrahim Owen Ramsbottom James Cullen MEMBERS Gift Kgadima Kevin Balane Gilad Scherpf Brian Davey Paul Meyers Darren Brand Kamogelo Segoje Andrew Eastlake- Nick Alex Stephen Senft Kieran Chan Robert Tredgold Tanner Jonas Binder Paul Snook Kane Delooze ISLE OF WIGHT BRANCH Mike Freer After its summer break in 2018, the RAeS Isle of Wight Branch restarted its lecture programme in October with a topic that any UK aerospace enthusiast could not afford to miss. ‘Vulcan to the Sky’ was delivered by Dr Robert Pleming, company secretary for the Vulcan to the Sky Trust. The lecture covered the vision set out by the team, the challenges they faced and finally the sense of achievement that was felt by everyone when Vulcan XH558 was returned to flight. This topic proved to be hugely popular with the aerospace community on the Isle of Wight; with the Branch’s highest attendance for an event since its resurrection in November of 2014 with over 100 guests. The Branch and committee would like to thank Robert again for travelling down and giving such a detailed and insightful lecture about an aircraft that is truly an example of outstanding British aerospace engineering.

56 AEROSPACE / DECEMBER 2018 2019 ANNUAL BANQUET

Thursday 16 May 2019 / London

Established as a key event in the social Guest of Honour calendar of the aviation and aerospace Guillaume Faury community, the Royal Aeronautical Society CEO Designate, Airbus Annual Banquet attracts high level industry Venue attendance and offers the ideal opportunity The InterContinental London Park Lane, for networking and corporate entertainment. One Hamilton Place, London W1J 7QY, UK

Programme Individual tickets and corporate tables are available with discounted rates for RAeS Reception: 7.15pm Dinner: 8.00pm members and Corporate Partners. What’s included? This black tie event includes a pre-dinner networking reception followed by an exquisite four-course dinner with fine wines and coffee.

Enquiries to: Gail Ward, Events Manager – Corporate & Society Royal Aeronautical Society T +44 (0)1491 629 912 / E [email protected] www.aerosociety.com/banquet The Last Word COMMENTARY FROM Professor Keith Hayward FRAeS

Technology demonstration rules OK? ust over 35 years ago, BAe launched the easier now with Airbus and MBDA established as Agile Combat Aircraft (ACA). This morphed role-model industrial structures. into the Experimental Aircraft Programme (EAP) and Britain’s (with some Italian Playing fantasy programme input) last independent supersonic aircraft management J was born. The EAP was a classic technology demonstrator, to investigate The much trumpeted, but largely aspirational and critical gaps in British understanding of unstable insubstantial, Combat Air Strategy, of which the aerodynamics, computer control and advanced engine Tempest was the primary substantive element, concepts. BAe money kicked it off, with government was especially vague on the likely candidates for piling in a little later. At a touch over £300m in today’s a future international programme. It was clear that money it proved to be a superb way of de-risking what collaboration would have to be based on sound would become the Typhoon. economic principles (no more wing sets divided The EAP was unquestionably one of the best by several hundred miles and no more multiple examples of post-war military procurement. The production lines?), with strong industrial leadership. late 1940s and 1950s had seen the UK so often However the document provides no guidance on expensively, and not entirely successfully, leaping specific partnerships, or even a general direction in technology generations. The culminating failure was which to point. the ill-fated TSR2, which was trying to leap the triad Across the Channel, a Franco-German IT IS ‘WISHFUL of aerodynamic, propulsion and systems concepts. programme is under discussion – and it would be THINKING’ TO It also hit the buffers of a shrinking national base irrational not to include one of Europe’s premier FANTASISE market. The rest is a collaborative history. aerospace centres and exclude a key market but, ABOUT A NEW of course there is more Wonderland than rationality The second Typhoon to Tempest about the Brexit process. AGE OF BRITISH succession So where else? With the Swedes? Hardly a base COMBAT market to sustain a multi-billion pound programme. AIRCRAFT: With £2bn to play with, the national industrial A sort of F-35 international programme with the coalition behind the Farnborough Air Show- likes of Turkey or Australia? Or would we use the CRUDE launched Tempest should be able to get some way Tempest to burnish application to join as a junior ECONOMICS into the unknowns of ‘sixth-generation’ combat partner in another US-led enterprise? This is a WILL DETERMINE aircraft technology. But have no illusions, this is still sort of fantasy programme management game, THAT ANY paying to get as far as base camp on an aerospace leading nowhere sensible. I would like to think that Everest. It is ‘wishful thinking’ to fantasise about a economic sense and pragmatic post-Brexit politics FUTURE new age of British combat aircraft: crude economics would keep the UK in the European aerospace AIRCRAFT, will determine that any future aircraft, manned, mainstream. The danger is that so much that is MANNED, unmanned or a hybrid, will be developed and fundamentally obvious will not survive March 2019. UNMANNED OR produced as collaborative venture. The Combat Air Strategy posits a decision point But with whom? – The crystal ball gets around the middle of the next decade; sufficiently A HYBRID, WILL decidedly murky at this point. In a pre-Brexit world into a post Brexit world perhaps to have cleared BE DEVELOPED the obvious route would be to build on the Typhoon away some of the political uncertainty associated AND PRODUCED coalition, ideally roping in the French and Swedes to with Britain’s departure. We may have a security close out the absurd prospect of another three way relationship with the EU; we may still have access AS A splitting of the base European market. Not an easy to aerospace-related R&D programmes; we may COLLABORATIVE prospect, one has to accept, given the track record have signed up to a sixth-generation combat aircraft VENTURE of the previous generation of fighters, but perhaps programme. On the other hand…

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Wilbur and Orville Wright Named Lecture and 2018 RAeS Honours

CONNECT, PROTECT, EXPLORE, INSPIRE: Innovation and Leadership for the Future of Aerospace LEANNE CARET FRAeS, PRESIDENT & CEO, BOEING DEFENSE, SPACE & SECURITY

LONDON / 4 DECEMBER 2018 in partnership with The Wilbur & Orville Wright Lecture is the principal event in the Society’s year. In a broad look at the forces that are shaping the aerospace industry, the 2018 Lecture will preview future challenges Fantastic images from the National Aerospace and trends with examples of Library Collection of the Royal Aeronautical how teams today are already Society are now available to purchase as working to build the future for reproduction prints and giftware items. commercial and government customers around the globe. View the complete collection at: Prior to the Lecture, the RAeS www.prints-online.com 2018 Honours will be presented. www.aerosociety.com/wow

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