3. Hr. Ms. Utrecht 175 Kortenaer (F 812)

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3. Hr. Ms. Utrecht 175 Kortenaer (F 812) 3. Hr. Ms. Utrecht Kortenaer (F 812) veelvuldig langs de zuidkust. Tijdens één van de laatste patrouilles van de Hr. Ms. Utrecht wordt op 14 mei 1962 bij Fak-Fak een prauw met twintig infiltranten aangehouden. Aanvankelijk zal de D 817 op 31 mei terugkeren naar Nederland, maar het vertrek wordt uitgesteld. Op 25 juni 1962 vertrekt de Utrecht dan toch vanuit Hollandia naar Nederland. De thuisreis gaat onder andere via Hawaï, San Diego, het Panamakanaal, Curaçao en de Azoren. Op 10 augustus 1962 is Hr. Ms. Utrecht terug in Den Helder. Na groot onderhoud komt Hr. Ms. Utrecht begin 1963 weer in de vaart, wordt ingedeeld bij Smaldeel 1 en vervult weer de destijds gebruikelijke taken van de Koninklijke Marine. Eind 1965 wordt Hr. Ms. Utrecht toegevoegd aan de reservevloot. Hr. Ms. Utrecht zal pas op 23 juni 1971 weer in dienst worden gesteld. Intussen is zij als eerste onderzeebootjager van de Frieslandklasse omgebouwd voor het stoken van dieselolie in plaats van stookolie. Van begin juli tot eind december 1971 zijn er proeven en stookproeven op de Noordzee. Ook maakt de D 817 een vaartocht om Groot-Brittannië heen, waarbij de havens van Newcastle upon Tyne en Dublin worden aangedaan. 3.b.2. Stationsschip te Curaçao In de jaren zeventig van de 20e eeuw doen de onderzeebootjagers van de Frieslandklasse bij toerbeurt dienst als stationsschip op Curaçao, waarbij zij ook diverse (ei)landen in het Caribisch gebied bezoeken. In 1973 is Hr. Ms. Utrecht voor het eerst aan de beurt voor zo’n Westterm, die circa acht maanden duurt. Op 18 april 1973 komt Hr. Ms. Utrecht aan te Willemstad, Curaçao. Foto 245 Hr. Ms. Utrecht loopt Willemstad binnen Na terugkeer uit de West, begin december 1973, hervat Hr. Ms. Utrecht begin 1974 weer haar reguliere taken. Tijdens een opwerkprogramma bij Portland komt de D 817 eind januari 1975 tijdens het olieladen op zee in aanvaring met de Britse tanker RFA Tideflow. Na een noodreparatie op zee wordt de schade hersteld in Den Helder en wordt de Hr. Ms. Utrecht klaargemaakt voor haar tweede Westterm, waarvoor zij op 21 april 1975 vertrekt uit Den Helder. Op 7 mei 1975 komt Hr. Ms. Utrecht weer aan te Willemstad. Na haar tweede Westterm in 1975 gaat Hr. Ms. Utrecht voor een periode van meer dan een jaar in onderhoud en wordt pas op 26 augustus 1977 weer in dienst gesteld. De D 817 hervat dan haar normale vaarprogramma’s in nationaal- en NAVO-verband, in aanloop naar haar derde Westterm in 1978. In 1978 is Hr. Ms. Utrecht dus weer terug aan de Rimasteiger van de Marinebasis Parera op Curaçao. Tijdens een beleefdheidsbezoek aan St. Lucia loopt het schip schade op aan de stuurboordschroef, wat een reparatie in het Beatrixdok op Curaçao noodzakelijk maakt. Op 1 175 3. Hr. Ms. Utrecht oktober 1978 is er een feestje aan de Rimasteiger: het is dan 21 jaar geleden dat Hr. Ms. Utrecht in dienst werd gesteld. Eind november 1978 verlaat de D 817 Willemstad voor de laatste keer, na haar derde en laatste Westterm. Weer terug in Den Helder neemt de Hr. Ms. Utrecht opnieuw haar normale taken op. In februari 1980 maakt Hr. Ms. Utrecht haar laatste grotere (oefen)reis, naar de Middellandse Zee. Zo is de Utrecht op 15 februari 1980 met Hr. Ms. Callenburgh (F 808) en Hr. Ms. Rotterdam (D 818) te Barcelona. Op 1 augustus 1980 wordt Hr. Ms. Utrecht te Den Helder definitief uit dienst gesteld. 3.b.3. Verkocht aan Peru Net als zeven van de acht onderzeebootjagers van de Frieslandklasse is ook de D 817 verkocht aan Peru. Op 5 september 1980 is het schip overgedragen aan Peru, dat het op 6 oktober 1980 onder de naam BAP Castilla in dienst stelt. De BAP Castilla heeft boegnummer 71. In 1990 is de BAP Castilla door Peru definitief uit dienst gesteld, maar het schip is dan al een tijdje niet meer in de vaart en wordt gebruikt als onderdelenschip om nog enkele andere gekochte onderzeebootjagers van de Frieslandklasse in de vaart te houden. Na een tijdje te hebben liggen wegroesten is het schip naar verluidt in 1997 gesloopt op het toenmalige sloopstrand in de baai van Ventanilla, iets ten noorden van de Peruaanse marinehaven Callao. 3.b.4. Torpedolanceerbuizen op de D 817 De enige onderzeebootjager van de Frieslandklasse die (korte tijd) uitgerust is geweest met 8 torpedolanceerbuizen is Hr. Ms. Utrecht, in de midscheeps (vier stuks aan bakboord en vier stuks aan stuurboord). Het eerste schip met zo’n buis voor proeflanceringen van Britse Mk 20 torpedo’s was Hr. Ms. Mercuur, daarna is deze buis om te testen geplaatst op de Hr. Ms. Amsterdam. Na deze tests zijn op de Rijkswerf te Den Helder acht lanceerbuizen vervaardigd, en medio 1959 aan boord van Hr. Ms. Utrecht geplaatst. In 1961 zijn de lanceerbuizen enkele maanden na aankomst in Nederlands Nieuw-Guinea te Biak gedemonteerd. Torpedo's heeft de Hr. Ms. Utrecht naar Foto 246 Torpedo lanceerbuizen Nederlands Nieuw-Guinea ook niet meegekregen, wel eind 1960 gelanceerd bij Portland. 176 3. Hr. Ms. Utrecht De reden dat de buizen van de Utrecht zijn verwijderd is dat de Koninklijke Marine uiteindelijk geen Britse Mk 20 torpedo’s wil hebben, maar Amerikaanse. Daarmee zijn de lanceerbuizen op de Utrecht nutteloos geworden. Als gevolg van de aankoop van de Amerikaanse torpedo’s zijn op de nieuw te bouwen schepen is de MK 32-lanceerinrichting geplaatst en krijgt de marine de MK 44 (elektrisch actief/passief) doelzoekende torpedo en later de MK 46 voorzien van de Ottofuel motor. Foto 247 Torpedo lancering 177 4. Grasberg mine 4. Grasberg mine 4.a. General Type: open pit. Location: Papua, Indonesia. Owner: Freeport-McMoRan Production year 2009 Copper: 269 kt Gold: 33,3 t Silver: 227 t Sorong Kaimana Vlakke Hoek Positie Grasberg mijn Merauke Kaart 5 Kaart Nederlands Nieuw Guinea The Grasberg Mine is the largest and the third largest copper mine in the world. It is located in the province of Papua in Indonesia near Puncak Jaya, the highest mountain in Papua, and it has 19,500 employees. It is majority owned through a subsidiary by Freeport-McMoRan, which owns 90.64% of PT Freeport Indonesia, the principal operating subsidiary in Indonesia, including 9.36% owned through its wholly owned subsidiary, PT Indocopper Investama. The Government of Indonesia owns the remaining 9.36% of PT Freeport Indonesia. FCX operates under an agreement with the Government of Indonesia, which allows Freeport to conduct exploration, mining and production activities in a 24,700-acre area. It also conducts exploration activities in an approximate 500,000-acre area. 179 4. Grasberg mine 4.b. History In 1936, Dutch geologist Jean Jacques Dozy was a member of an expedition that scaled Mount Carstensz, the highest mountain in the Dutch East Indies. While there, he made notes of a peculiar black rock with greenish coloring, and spent several weeks estimating the extent of the gold and copper deposits. In 1939, he filed a report about the Ertsberg (Dutch for “ore mountain”). He was working for Nederlandsche Nieuw Guinea Petroleum Maatschappij (NNGPM), an exploration company formed by Shell in 1935, with 40% Standard Vacuum Oil (Mobil) interest and 20% Far Pacific investments (Chevron subsidiary). In March 1959 the New York Times published an article revealing the Dutch were searching for the mountain source of alluvial gold which had been flowing into the Arafura Sea. Geologist Forbes Wilson, working for the Freeport mining company in August 1959 after reading Dozy's 1936 report, immediately prepared to explore the Ertsberg site. In 1960 the expedition, led by Forbes Wilson and Del Flint, confirmed the huge copper deposits at the Ertsberg. It was financed by Freeport Sulphur, whose directors included Godfrey Rockefeller, Texaco chairman Augustus Long, and Robert Lovett. In 1963, Dutch New Guinea was transferred to Indonesia, and the mine was the first under the new Suharto administration's 1967 foreign investment laws intended to attract foreign investment to Indonesia's then ruined economy. Built at 4,100 metres (14,000 ft) above sea level in one of West Papua's most remote areas, it involved a capital and technology input well beyond Indonesia's resources at the time. Construction cost was $US175 million, $US55 million above the original budget. A 116 km road and pipeline, port, airstrip, power plant and a new town called “Tembagapura” (literally: copper town) were built. It officially opened in 1973 (although the first ore shipment was in December 1972) and was expanded by Ertsberg East, which opened in 1981. Steep aerial tramways are used to transport equipment and people. Ore is dropped 600 metres (2,000 ft) from the mine, concentrated and mixed with water to form a 60:40 slurry. The slurry is then pumped through a 166 km pipeline through mountains, jungle and swamp to the port at Amamapare, dried and shipped. Each tonne of dry concentrate contains 317 kilograms of copper, 30 grams of gold and 30 grams of silver. In 1977 the rebel group Free Papua Movement attacked the mine. The group dynamited the main slurry pipe, which caused tens of millions of dollars in damage, and attacked the mine facilities. The Indonesian military reacted harshly, killing at least 800 people. By the mid-1980s, the original mine had been largely depleted. Freeport explored for other deposits in the area. In 1988, Freeport identified reserves valued at $40 billion at Grasberg (Dutch, “Grass Mountain”), just 3 kilometres (1.9 miles) from the Ertsberg mine. The winding road to Grasberg, the H.E.A.T. (Heavy Equipment Access Trail), was estimated to require $12 million to $15 million to be built.
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