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Rezumat Al Tezei De Doctorat) UNIVERSITATEA DE ŞTIINŢE AGRICOLE ŞI MEDICINĂ VETERINARĂ CLUJ-NAPOCA ŞCOALA DOCTORALĂ FACULTATEA DE HORTICULTURĂ Ing. Florina Adriana L. SESTRAŞ Variabilitatea şi ereditatea unor caracteristici importante pentru ameliorarea părului (REZUMAT AL TEZEI DE DOCTORAT) Conducător ştiinţific: Prof. dr. Doru PAMFIL Cluj-Napoca 2010 CUPRINS (REZUMAT) CONŢINUT Pag. IMPORTANŢA CULTURII PĂRULUI. SISTEMATICA, PARTICULARITĂŢI BIOLOGICE ŞI DE CULTURĂ…………………………………………………………… 4 Răspândirea şi cultura părului în lume………………………………… 4 PARTICULARITĂŢILE CITOGENETICE ŞI BIOLOGICE ALE PĂRULUI…... 5 STADIUL ACTUAL AL CUNOAŞTERII ÎN AMELIORAREA PĂRULUI. PRINCIPALELE OBIECTIVE ALE AMELIORĂRII PĂRULUI………………………… 5 PRODUCTIVITATEA……………………………………………………….......... 6 CALITATEA FRUCTELOR………………………………………………………. 7 Culoarea fructelor……………………………………………………… 8 Gustul şi aroma fructelor………………………………………............. 8 REZISTENŢA LA BOLI ŞI DĂUNĂTORI………………………………………. 8 Rezistenţa la arsura bacteriană………………………………………… 9 Rezistenţa la rapăn…………………………………………………….. 9 Rezistenţa la atacul puricilor meliferi…………………………………. 10 MATERIAL ŞI METODĂ…………………………………………………………………. 10 AMPLASAREA EXPERIENŢELOR……………………………………………... 10 MATERIALUL BIOLOGIC STUDIAT…………………………...……………… 11 OBSERVAŢII ŞI DETERMINĂRI EFECTUATE……………………………….. 11 Aprecierea ideotipului şi vigorii de creştere a pomilor………………... 11 Determinarea comportării pomilor la atacul principalelor boli şi dăunători……………………………………………………………….. 12 PRELUCRAREA DATELOR EXPERIMENTALE………………………………. 12 Aplicarea selecţiei asistată de markeri moleculari…………………….. 13 REZULTATE OBŢINUTE 13 REZULTATE ÎN URMA EVALUĂRII FONDULUI DE GERMOPLASMĂ LA PĂR………………………………………………………………………………... 13 Rezultate obţinute la cultivarurile de păr……………………………… 13 Vigoarea pomilor……………………………………………….. 15 Producţia de fructe……………………………………………… 15 Rezultate obţinute privind comportarea la atacul principalelor boli…… 16 Atacul de rapăn şi septorioză…………………………................ 16 Atacul de arsură bacteriană…………………………………….. 17 Rezultate obţinute privind comportarea la atacul principalilor dăunători 18 Atacul de Psylla………………………………………................ 18 Corelaţiile fenotipice dintre răspunsul genotipurilor de păr la atacul principalelor boli şi dăunători………………………………………….. 19 Rezultate obţinute privind ameliorarea părului pentru rezistenţa fructelor la vătămări mecanice………………………………………… 19 Heritabilitatea caracteristicilor analizate la cultivarurile din Colecţia Naţională……………………………………………………………….. 20 REZULTATE OBŢINUTE LA SPECIILE DE PYRUS……………………........... 20 Analiza elementelor de vigoare ale speciilor studiate………………….. 20 Analiza producţiei de fructe……………………………………………. 21 Rezultate obţinute privind comportarea la atacul principalelor boli…… 21 Atacul de rapăn şi septorioză…………………………................ 21 Atacul de arsură bacteriană……………………………………... 23 2 Rezultate obţinute privind comportarea la atacul principalilor dăunători 24 Atacul de Psylla………………………………………................ 24 Heritabilitatea caracteristicilor analizate la speciile din Colecţia Naţională………………………………………………………………. 24 REZULTATE ŞI DISCUŢII PRIVIND VARIABILITATEA ŞI HERITABILITATEA CARACTERISTICILOR ANALIZATE LA HIBRIZII F1 DE PĂR……………………….. 25 REZULTATE OBŢINUTE ÎN URMA STUDIILOR EFECTUATE LA HIBRIZII F1 PROVENIŢI DIN ÎNCRUCIŞĂRI DIALELE……………….. 25 Rezultate obţinute în hibridarea efectuată conform modelului Griffing III……………………………………………………………………… 25 Heritabilitatea caracteristicilor analizate la hibrizii F1 de păr obţinuţi în hibridarea dialelă model Griffing III…………………………………... 26 Rezultate obţinute în hibridarea efectuată conform modelului Griffing IV……………………………………………………………………… 27 Investigarea eredităţii unor caracteristici favorabile la păr prin alte modele…………………………………………………………………. 30 Utilizarea tehnicilor de marcare moleculară pentru studiul comportării la atacul de septorioză….……………………………………………… 31 REZULTATE OBŢINUTE ÎN HIBRIDĂRILE CICLICE CU SOIUL HAYDEEA UTILIZAT CA TESTER MATERN ŞI PATERN…………….. 34 CONSIDERENTE FINALE PRIVIND CALCULAREA ŞI INTERPRETAREA COEFICIENŢILOR DE HERITABILITATE PENTRU CARACTERE DE INTERES LA PĂR, VALORIFICAREA REZULTATELOR ŞI INFORMAŢIILOR OBŢINUTE……… 37 BIBLIOGRAFIE SELECTIVĂ…………….………………………………………………. 40 3 IMPORTANŢA CULTURII PĂRULUI. SISTEMATICA, PARTICULARITĂŢI BIOLOGICE ŞI DE CULTURĂ Părul îşi are originea în timpuri preistorice, fiind cultivat în prezent în toate regiunile temperate ale Globului (Bell şi colab., 1996; Hancock şi Lobos, 2008). Informaţii utile privind cultura părului provin din China încă de pe vremea dinastiei Tsing şi Han, cu peste 2000 de ani în urmă, dar cu siguranţă că forme primitive de păr au fost cultivate mult mai devreme (Fischer, 2009). Părul este o specie pomicolă larg răspândită, având o pondere importantă în cultura pomilor fructiferi în toate regiunile temperate din lume, atât ca suprafeţe cultivate, cât şi ca producţie de fructe. Importanţa culturii părului se datorează valorii alimentare şi gustative, terapeutice şi profilactice a fructelor, însuşirilor lor tehnologice specifice, particularităţilor agrobiologice ale pomilor, potenţialului de valorificare a condiţiilor diferite de climă, sol şi tehnologii de cultură, precum şi valorii economice şi sociale de ansamblu. Datorită caracteristicilor agrobiologice ale pomilor, calităţii gustative a fructelor şi însuşirilor lor alimentare şi terapeutice, este o importantă şi valoroasă specie pomicolă, reprezentând una dintre principalele culturi pomicole de climat temperat. În ţara noastră, părul este una dintre speciile pomicole preferate de populaţie, beneficiind de o bogată tradiţie şi situându-se pe a doua poziţie ca producţie de fructe dintre speciile seminţoase (după măr), şi a patra, după prun, măr, cireş şi vişin, dintre toate speciile pomicole (Branişte, 1994). Chiar dacă istoria părului începe în antichitate, cultura părului evoluând de-a lungul timpului în paralel cu cea a mărului, părul nu a ajuns niciodată la fel de popular ca mărul. Cu toate acestea, perele rămân unele dintre cele mai admirate fructe de climat temperat din lume, acest truism fiind relevat şi de rolul şi prezenţa consistentă a speciei în cultura populară, literatură şi artă (Janick, 2002). Răspândirea şi cultura părului în lume Părul este răspândit în toată zona temperată a Globului, atât în emisfera nordică, cât şi în cea sudică. Pentru producţia de fructe, cele mai importante specii, din care există mii de soiuri, sunt: Pyrus communis, cu soiuri cultivate în special în Europa şi America de Nord, Pyrus × bretschneideri, părul alb de China (Bai Li), şi Pyrus pyrifolia, cu soiuri de tip „Nashi” („Nashi” - pere, în japoneză). Ultimele două specii (cunoscute ca pere de Asia sau mere pere) se cultivă în special în Asia de Est. O pondere mai redusă au speciile P. sinkiangensis, cultivată în vestul Chinei, precum şi P. sinkiangensis şi P. pashia, din sudul Chinei şi Asia de Sud. Alte specii sunt utilizate ca portaltoi pentru soiurile europene şi asiatice, sau ca pomi ornamentali (ex. Pyrus calleryana, foarte larg răspândită în America de Nord, în special prin soiul ornamental Bradford; Pyrus salicifolia, foarte decorativă prin pomii zvelţi, cu un frunziş bogat şi frunze păroase-argintii). Producţia anuală de pere depăşeşte 20 milioane tone, o sporire considerabilă a suprafeţelor şi producţiilor având loc în ultimii ani în Asia (Figura 1), în principal în China, unde se obţine în prezent aproape 60% din producţia mondială (Cimpoieş, 2002). Producţia mondială de pere reprezintă aproximativ 3% din producţia mondială de fructe, incluzând şi cea de struguri. În topul primilor zece producători de pere din lume, se situează China, urmată de Italia, SUA, Spania, Argentina etc. (Tabelul 1). După Asia (unde alături de China, cu producţii anuale considerabile figurează Coreea de Sud şi Japonia), producţia cea mai mare de pere se realizează în Europa, reprezentând aproximativ 30% din totalul mondial. Italia este cel mai mare producător de pere din Europa, cu o pondere de aproximativ 20% din producţia europeană de pere. Mai mult de 60% din producţia europeană de pere se obţine în ţările Europei de Vest, respectiv Italia, Spania, Franţa, Germania, Olanda. 4 Tabelul 1 Topul primelor zece ţări producătoare de pere, 2008* Ţara Producţia (t) Principalele soiuri China / People's Republic of China 12,625,000 Ya Li Italia / Italy 840,516 Abatele Fetel, Passé Crasanne Bartlett (Williams), Bosc, Anjou, Comice, SUA / United States 799,180 Gorham Spania / Spain 537,400 Blanquilla, Don Guindo Williams, Packham’s Triumf, Beurre d'Anjou, Argentina / Argentina 520,000 Red Bartlett, Abatele Fetel Coreea de Sud / South Korea 425,000 Whangkeum, Melissa’s Turcia / Turkey 349,420 Santa Maria, Deveci Japonia / Japan 325,000 Kosui, Hosui, Okusankichi, Imamuraaki, Nijisseki Africa de Sud / South Africa 325,000 Packham’s Triumph, Beurre Bosc, Williams Olanda / Netherlands 224,000 Taylor's Gold Glob / World 20,105,683 Williams, Bosc, Abatele Fetel, Conference *http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pear Particularităţile citogenetice şi biologice ale părului P ărul aparţine genului Pyrus, familia Rosaceae, subfamilia Pomoideae. Genul Pyrus cuprinde numeroase specii, dintre care 22 sunt, după Bell (1990), considerate ca „primare”, distribuţia lor acoperind mari zone temperate din Asia, Europa şi ţinuturile muntoase din nordul Africii. Speciile genului Pyrus au numărul cromozomal de bază x=17 cromozomi, fiind în general diploide, cu 2n=34 cromozomi. În cadrul speciilor diploide, pot să apară forme sau varietăţi cu număr diferit de cromozomi, la P. communis existând numeroase soiuri
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