Vitis Vinifera L. Germplasm Diversity: a Genetic and Ampelometric Study in Ancient Vineyards in the South of Basilicata Region (Italy)
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Vitis 57, 1–8 (2018) DOI: 10.5073/vitis.2018.57.1-8 Vitis vinifera L. germplasm diversity: a genetic and ampelometric study in ancient vineyards in the South of Basilicata region (Italy) T. LABAGNARA1), C. BERGAMINI2), A. R. CAPUTO2) and P. CIRIGLIANO1) 1) CREA-VE-AR Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria, Viticoltura ed Enologia Arezzo, Italy 2) CREA-VE-TUR Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria, Viticoltura ed Enologia Turi, Bari, Italy Summary lowed the diffusion of many cultivars through the historic migrations of people. In "Statistics of the Naples King- The evaluation of the existing grapevine biodiversi- dom" published by G. MURAT in 1811, more than 150 grape ty in several areas still unexplored in Basilicata region varieties were collected in Lucanian area. In addition, in has been carried out. A four year's survey in ancient Ampelographic Bulletins of the Ministry of Agriculture of vineyards of Potenza was performed to investigate 1881 approximately 63 wine varieties and other 29 with grapevine biodiversity. 85 collected accessions were dual use (wine and table grapes) (DEL LUNGO et al. 2016) subjected to genetic characterization through nine mi- were reported. This precious heritage was mostly lost due crosatellite markers. A total of 42 genotypes were ob- to migration processes that contributed to increasing of tained. The comparison with national and internation- abandonet of vineyards. Nowadays, in Basilicata region, al databases allowed the identification of 26 accessions only 38 varieties (registered from 1970 to 1978) are al- corresponding to new autochthonous genotypes and lowed for cultivation in the official regional list and other minor/local cultivars, in addition 16 international and 19 varieties are under observation (Tab. 1). One Controlled national cultivars commonly cultivated in several Ital- and Guaranteed Denomination of Origin (D.O.C.G) allows ian regions were found (data not shown in this work). the cultivation of 'Aglianico del Vulture' which represents Results indicated that minor/local cultivars were main- the main variety widespread in Basilicata (Tab. 1). Besides, ly cultivated in the near regions. The genetic profile of the Designation of Origin (D.O.C) using four varieties 9 new autochthonous grapevines was described here mainly related to the territory of Potenza in the South of for the first time. Comparison of the genotypes, allel- Basilicata. The main representative varieties allowed for ic frequencies, allelic sizes and ampelometric traits on D.O.C wines are national or international cultivars such as mature leaves are highlighted. Conservation of new 'Sangiovese', 'Cabernet Sauvignon' and 'Merlot'. Moreover, autochthonous and minor/local cultivars in germplasm the autochthonous 'Malvasia (N. and B.) di Basilicata' vari- collections has been carried out by including them in ety is also admitted. The official technical specifications in the germplasm collection of CREA-VE in Arezzo in or- D.O.C. approves only the use for winemaking of 10 % to at der to save grapevine biodiversity and allowing further least 20 % of grape varieties from the official regional list agronomical and enological evaluation. (see Tab. 1 for more details) and, therefore, the utilization of minor/local varieties is not widespread. Unfortunately, K e y w o r d s : biodiversity; autochthonous Vitis vinifera; the presence of few national and international cultivars al- minor/local cultivars; microsatellites; ampelometry. lowed for cultivation by the different Designation of Origin (D.O.), as reported previously, has led to a deep reduction of grapevine diversity. Therefore, many autochthonous Introduction grapevines have to be protected from extinction. With the purpose of saving grapevine biodiversity, several studies The territory of Basilicata region is part of the Third on identification, characterization and conservation of ger- Centre of Domestication of Vitis vinifera (DEL LUNGO mplasm have being carried out in many countries from na- 2015). The territory of the ancient Enotria, known as the tional to regional and local level (GONZALES-ANDRES et al. land of the vine cultivated with the support of a pole, 2007, DE ANDRES et al. 2012, BRUNORI et al. 2015, Maletić spreading from Campania to Calabria, with Lucania (or et al. 2015). DNA genotyping by microsatellite markers Basilicata) as the core (DEL LUNGO et al. 2016). Lucan- allows identifying varieties despite of plant phenotype and ian agricultural landscapes having a "historical character" changes in morphology due to virus infection or lack of are concentrated in the hills, where ever since the time of vigour (BERGAMINI et al. 2016). Ampelography represents Magna Graecia the crops that epitomize "Mediterraneity" the first step of grapevine identification, however some- appeared, notably the olive tree and the sub-Mediterrane- times it is not able to differentiate grapevine varieties. an grapevine (RUSSO 2012). In this context, the vegetative Moreover, the SuperAmpelos software represents a useful propagation of Vitis vinifera during the centuries has al- tool to help Vitis germplasm cataloguing when only ma- Correspondence to: Dr. T. LABAGNARA, CREA-VE-AR Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria Viti- coltura ed Enologia, Viale Santa Margherita 80, 52100 Arezzo, Italy. E-mail: [email protected] © The author(s). This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike License (http://creative-commons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). 2 T. LABAGNARA et al. Table 1 Main Red and White official varieties allowed in the D.O.C. G. and D.O.C. of Basilicata region, old grape varieties grown years ago and varieties currently under observation (Source: www.regione.basilicata.it) % Official Denomination of Main White minor or Official List of varieties allowed Main old varieties Main Red varieties Origin (D. O.) varieties local varieties in Basilicata Region grown years ago allowed Aglianico N. Aglianico B. Aglianicone N. Cassano N. Aleatico N. Colatamurro N. D.O.C.G "Aglianico Asprinio Bianco B. Giosana B. del Vulture Superiore" Malvasia B. Barbera N. Rosette N. Aglianico del Vulture Not allowed di Basilicata Bombino Bianco B. Jusana B. D.O.C "Aglianico del Bombino Nero N. Malvasia B. Vulture" Cabernet Franc N. Passolara B. Cabernet Sauvignon N. Pergola N. Ciliegiolo N. Piscialetto B. Cortese B. San Nicola N. Falanghina B. Trebbiano Antico B. Sangiovese Fiano B. Uva BiancaAntica B. Cabernet Sauvignon Freisa N. Uva Bianca e Nera R. Malvasia N. di 10 % Garganega B. D.O.C "Grottino di Basilicata Greco Bianco B. Roccanova" Montepulciano Malvasia Bianca di Basilicata B. Varieties currently Malvasia Nera di Basilicata N. under observation Merlot N. Montepulciano N. Ansonica B. Moscato Bianco B. Bellone B. Müller-Thurgau B. Calabrese N. Nebbiolo N. Castiglione N. Pinot Bianco B. Greco Nero N. Sangiovese Malvasia B. Pinot Grigio G. Grillo B. Cabernet Sauvignon di Basilicata D.O.C "Matera" 10-15 % Pinot Nero N. Malbech N. Merlot Greco Primitivo N. Malvasia di Lipari B. Primitivo Bianco Refosco dal Peduncolo Rosso N. Moscato Giallo B. Sangiovese N. Moscato Rosa Rs. Sauvignon B. Negro Amaro N. Syrah N. Negro Buono N. Terolengo N. Pecorello B. Traminer Aromatico Rs. Pecorino B. Merlot Trebbiano Toscano B. Uva di Troia N. D.O.C "Terre dell’Alta Cabernet Sauvignon 10-20 % Verdeca B. Petit Verdot N. Val d’Agri" Malvasia di Aglianico del Vulture N. Viogner N. Basilicata Chardonnay B. Petit Manseng B. Manzoni Bianco B. Minutolo B. ture leaves are available for description especially in some pean project GRAPEGEN06 were utilized for identifica- cases (e.g. ancient and/or abandoned vineyards) (KULLAJ et tion of grapevines (MAUL et al. 2012). The following nine al. 2015). The main goals of this research are: (a) to identi- STMS loci were utilized: VVS2 (THOMAS and SCOTT 1993); fy and characterize new cultivars; (b) to determine minor/ VVMD5, VVMD7, VVMD25, VVMD27, VVMD28, local grapevines currently cultivated and/or being wide- VVMD32 (BOWERS et al. 1996, 1999); ssr VrZAG62 and spread in the south of Basilicata region. ssrVrZAG79 (SEFC et al. 1999). PCR reaction and ampli- fied product analyses were carried out according to BER- GAMINI et al. (2013). Genetic profile of accessions were Material and Methods compared to several national (www.vitisdb.it, D'ONOFRIO and SCALABRELLI 2014; www.catalogoviti.politicheagri- P l a n t m a t e r i a l : A survey in several growing cole.it, ZAVAGLIA et al. 2014; the database of CREA-VE areas in the south of Basilicata region was carried out be- of Turi, ANTONACCI et al. 2012) and international databases tween 2011 and 2015 searching grapevine accessions in (www.vivc.de and www.eu-vitis.de, MAUL et al. 2012) in ancient and/or abandoned vineyards. A total of 85 plant order to match each genotype to the correspondend variety accessions, supposed to display particular traits, were col- when possible. Genotypes with no association found in the lected. Samples of young fresh leaves were collected in databases were identified by a code ("BAS" followed by a the field and stored at -80 °C for the following molecular progressive number). characterization. A m p e l o g r a p h y : Mature leaves were collected Microsatellite analysis and grape- in ancient and/or abandoned vineyards. Moreover, few vine microsatellite databases consult- main ampelographic characters (mature leaf and wooden e d : The nine microsatellites recommended by the Euro- shoot) were performed on each collected mature leaf on the A genetic and ampelometric study in ancient vineyards in the South of Basilicata region 3 base of a list of descriptors developed by the Organization the most polymorphic with 10 alleles. The average of al- Internationale de la Vigne et du Vin (OIV 2009). In addi- leles per locus was 7.66. The effective number of alleles tion, budding, flowering, veraison and ripening time were (Ne) was lower for each locus investigated and it ranged added based on winegrowers personal communication.