56 AAPA Abstracts

Abstracts of AAPA Poster and Podium Presentations

Mitochondrial DNA analysis of the to the other South African Plio-Pleistocene volume (GM, WM) in 25 right-handers (14 Jomon and Epi-Jomon individuals in karstic deposits, GD 2 contrasts these F, 11 M, avg. age 28.5) and 23 left- Hokkaido, Japan. other contemporaneous assemblages in its handers (15 F, 8 M, avg. age 36.2). Hand lack of recovered hominin and other pri- knobs were manually traced on contiguous N. Adachi1, K. Shinoda2, K. Umetsu3, Y. mate specimens. Recent comprehensive axial slices (1mm thick), after identifica- Dodo1. 1Department of Anatomy and An- reanalysis of the GD 2 assemblage has tion of landmarks following Yousry et al. thropology, Tohoku University School of considered taphonomic aspects of the en- Volumes of the frontal lobes and precen- Medicine, 2Department of Anthropology, tire sample. Faunal representation, tral gyrus were also determined. National Science Museum, Tokyo, skeletal element abundance and patterns Asymmetry scores indicate that WM 3Department of Experimental and Foren- of pre- and post-depositional modification volume in males and females regardless of sic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Yama- to remains in the GD 2 assemblage con- handedness is strongly rightwardly gata University. firm aspects of the original taphonomic asymmetric. In males only (either hand- reconstruction. When combined with edness), GM volume is also larger on the From the morphological point of view, geological data on the original cave sys- right. Preliminary results of the precen- prehistoric populations in Hokkaido are tem, it appears that the GD 2 deposits tral gyrus indicate that that structure is considered to have been least influenced were accumulated over a rapid period of symmetric in right-handers, thus right- by Yayoi immigrants. Therefore, genetic time by a predator, likely a felid, which ward asymmetry may be limited to the study of these people can be expected to brought nearly complete carcasses into motor hand area. provide important information on the the deposits via a large, lateral entrance. These results indicate that there has genealogy of the early settlers of the This reanalysis has also revealed strong been a reorganization of the motor hand Japanese archipelago. In the present contrasts between the GD 2 faunal as- area during hominid evolution. How this study, we examined the genealogy of the semblage and the other South African structural asymmetry relates to the evolu- seventy-six Jomon and Epi-Jomon skele- Plio-Pleistocene karstic deposits in several tion of handedness remains to be deter- tons excavated in Hokkaido, Japan by aspects of its taphonomy beyond faunal mined. mitochondiral DNA analysis. representation. The summed results of Funding: Program Project Grant To identify their genealogy securely, we intersite comparisons suggest that the NINDS NS 19632 and the Mathers Foun- analyzed the coding of mtDNA by incorporation of hominin and other pri- dation. using amplified product-length polymor- mate remains into South African karstic phisms (Umetsu et al., 2001, 2005) and deposits during the Plio-Pleistocene were Analysis of the human skeletal re- direct sequencing. We also sequenced the mediated by a series of factors including mains from the Fate Bell Shelter segments of two hypervariable of predator activity, aspects of cave morphol- (41VV74). mtDNA, and assigned the mtDNA under ogy, and the extent to which study to relevant haplogroups using the made use of specific cave entrances and C.Alvarez. Department of Anthropology, known mtDNA databases. systems. Texas State University--San Marcos. Haplogroups D4, G1, M7a, and N9b were observed in the individuals, and N9b Rightward volumetric asymmetry in Fate Bell Shelter (41VV74) is a rock was by far the most predominant. The the motor hand region of the brain in shelter within Seminole Canyon, located frequencies of the haplogroups were quite right- and left-handers. in the Lower Pecos archeological region of different from any modern populations Texas. The shelter contained artifacts, including Ainu and Okinawans. Hap- J.S. Allen1,2, J. Bruss1, H. Damasio1,3. elaborate rock art and burials that indi- logroup N9b is hitherto observed almost 1Department of Neurology, University of cate an occupation of over 8,000 years, only in Japanese populations; therefore, Iowa, Department of Anthropology, from the Middle Archaic (5500-3200 BP) this haplogroup might be the (pre-) Jomon 2University of Southern California, to the Late Prehistoric Period (1320-450 contribution to the modern Japanese 3Department of Psychology, University of BP). University of Texas archaeologists mtDNA pool. Southern California. carried out the first major excavation of the shelter in 1932. The site report indi- Taphonomy of the GD 2 in situ depos- The motor hand region of the brain (the cates that eight burials were uncovered, its at Gondolin, North West Province, “hand knob”) is located in the superior three of which had no skeletal remains, South . part of the precentral gyrus (Yousry et al. while the remaining burials were com- 1997). In great , the left hand knob is prised of two infant burials, one child J.W. Adams1,2. 1Department of Anthropol- larger than the right (Hopkins and Pilcher burial, one adult burial, and one group ogy, Washington University in St. Louis, 2001); handedness may be associated with burial containing four adult skeletons and 2School of Anatomical Sciences, University asymmetries in the hand knob favoring scattered subadult remains (Pearce and of the Witwatersrand Medical School. the contralateral side (Hopkins and Can- Jackson, 1933). Associated artifacts sug- talupo 2004). Hand knob volumetric gest human skeletal remains at the site Fossiliferous in situ breccias from Gon- asymmetries in humans have not been date to the Middle through the Late Ar- dolin GD 2 were originally excavated in examined. Although structural asymme- chaic period (5500-1300 BP). 1979. Preliminary taphonomic analysis of tries associated with functional laterality Analyses revealed that a total of 13 part of the faunal assemblage suggested may be expected in this part of the brain, individuals were represented among the that the fossil deposits were accumulated non-volumetric investigations (VBM) of eight burials reported, including five by felids that were possibly using this asymmetries in the hand knob region adults, one adolescent, four children, and portion of the cave system as a den site. have not provided consistent results. three infants. Of the five adults and one While this reconstruction implied a simi- We used high-resolution MRI to meas- adolescent present, four females, one male lar taphonomic history for the assemblage ure hand knob gray and white matter and one individual of indeterminate sex AAPA Abstracts 57

are represented. The results of analyses of Sexual swelling is used to infer ovula- and (3) they are socially flexible. As a general pathology and oral health on both tion in wild female baboons. Previous consequence of these behavioral parallels, adults and subadults are examined and studies reported conflicting results on the the evolutionary history of the wolf-like provide a biological profile of the indi- relationship between turgescence and canids can be used to infer the probable viduals at the site. A comparative analysis timing of ovulation in captive populations. evolutionary effect of two defining aspects of the Fate Bell Shelter to other mortuary Reliability of predicting ovulation in wild of Pleistocene Homo: (1) their relative sites in the Lower Pecos region is also subjected to various natural habitat tolerance, predicted from evidence presented and provides insight into the stressors has not been tested. Moreover, of their dietary breadth, technical sophis- health and mortuary practices of indi- previous research has investigated only tication, and social plasticity; and (2) their viduals living in the region during the ovulatory cycles and not addressed the high mobility, predicted from morphologi- Archaic period. predictability of ovulation. This study cal indicators of a capacity for endurance explores the predictability of the timing locomotion. The analogy suggests that and varieties of early Homo. and occurrence of ovulation in relation to Pleistocene Homo would not have had the turgescence within a stressful situation in opportunity to speciate, especially in Af- S.C. Antón. Department of Anthropology, captive Papio sp. rica. Unlike an earlier single-species hy- New York University. Twenty female baboons were trans- pothesis based on the Competitive Exclu- ferred from group enclosures to individual sion Principle, this analysis examines The fossil record of early Homo, com- cages. They were monitored daily for four constraints on the speciation process itself monly assigned to H. habilis and H. erec- months for turgescence, menstrual bleeds among allopatric populations, rather than tus, is scant, widely dispersed, and the and urinary FSH, estrone conjugates and attempting to specify niche relationships subject of taxonomic arguments. Whether pregnanediol-3-glucuronide. The occur- between sympatric species. we recognize more than eight or only one rence and timing of ovulation were esti- species is predicated on paradigmatic mated hormonally using modifications of Sequence variation in mtDNA hyper- differences in how to recognize species in published algorithms. variable segment 1 indicates within the fossil record. The undertaking is Of 81 cycles studied, 64 were neither haplogroup continuity between con- fraught with two issues; the inadequacy of right nor left censored. Results reveal no temporary and prehistoric Aleut these fossil samples to address levels of significant effect of the stress of isolation. populations. population variation, and the more intrac- Ovulation occurred in 80/81 cycles with a table issue of how best to view living spe- mean day of ovulation of 15.09 (range=8- J.L. Arismendi and D.H. O’Rourke. De- cies and project them into the past. As 30). Relative to turgescence 76% of ovula- partment of Anthropology, University of our appreciation of the influences of size tions occurred from one to five days prior Utah and scale on morphological characters to deturgescence, and 15% occurred out- increases with larger samples – the defini- side maximal turgescence. One ovulation It has been demonstrated, through the tive distinctions between many proposed occurred in the absence of turgescence, use of discrete marker analysis, that both groups blur. I present evidence of some but within a normal hormonal cycle, and contemporary and ancient Aleut popula- level of isolation in certain regions – cer- the single hormonally anovulatory cycle tions are distinctive relative to other arc- tainly in northern China, perhaps in is- occurred within a normal swelling cycle. tic and sub- populations due to their land Southeast , and Georgia. How- The results suggest turgescence is an high frequency of mitochondrial DNA ever, isolation is difficult to argue for ei- imperfect indicator of the timing and oc- haplogroup D. This haplogroup is rarely ther East or South Africa. And the level currence of ovulation. Hormonal evalua- observed in other populations in northern of isolation implied by the morphology is tion can improve the quality and quantity . Contemporary Aleut not as extreme as for western Neandertals of data for research on reproductive biol- populations are predominantly D2, a sub- whose specific status is contested. ogy and ecology in Papio sp. type that is uncommonly observed in more Evidence from the extant world argues southerly populations that harbor hap- that we might come at the question from Species resilience in Homo: An anal- logroup D1. another direction rather than focusing on ogy to the wolf-like canids. Sequencing of 355 bp of the hypervari- the names assigned. If we view the mor- able segment I (HVSI) in the mitochon- phological evidence in light of the ecologi- A. Clark Arcadi. Department of Anthro- drial genome has been undertaken on cal contexts in which these hominins lived pology, Cornell University. ancient Aleut samples previously identi- and we glean from this some understand- fied by discrete marker analysis as hap- ing of the local adaptations relevant to Neither morphological nor genetic logroup D in order to further elucidate the their evolution, their degree of isolation, analyses have definitively resolved the relationship between contemporary and and how quickly it arose, we are indeed question of whether more than one species ancient Aleut populations. Haplogroup D addressing the same question of biological of Homo existed contemporaneously in the is characterized by the transition interest to taxonomists, although we may Pleistocene. This is largely because the 16129G→A, while the D2 subtype is de- call it by another name. taxonomic significance of morphological fined by the following single nucleotide and genetic differences between closely polymorphisms: 16223C→T, 16271T→C, Sexual swelling relative to occur- similar animals is unclear. This paper and 16362T→C. Of these polymorphisms, rence and timing of ovulation in uses an analogy to the wolf-like canids to 16129A and 16271C uniformly occurred in Papio sp. ask the question, How many Homo species contemporary Aleut populations. Al- should there be, given their likely behav- though the sample size of ancient samples J. Derringer Aranda¹, E. Brindle¹, K.D. ioral profile(s)? In contrast to earlier analyzed to date (n=5) is small, sequences Carey², K. Rice², M. Tatar³, K.A. comparisons to social carnivores which do confirm haplogroup D continuity be- O’Connor¹. ¹Department of Anthropology sought to illuminate hominid behavioral tween prehistoric and modern Aleuts. and Center for Studies in Demography ecology, this paper explores constraints on Ancient Aleuts belong to the subtype D2 and Ecology, University of Washington; the process of speciation itself. Wolves and are characterized by the same recur- ²Southwest Foundation for Biomedical and coyotes are similar to Pleistocene rent polymorphisms (16129A and 16271C) Research; ³Department of Ecology and hominids in three key ways: (1) they are observed in modern Aleuts. This is con- Evolutionary Biology, Brown University. adapted for endurance locomotion, (2) sistent with lineage continuity for hap- they are flesh eaters, but can meet their logroup D from its earliest observation in subsistence needs in a variety of ways, 58 AAPA Abstracts

the archaeological record to the present in sumed into other behaviors (i.e., quadru- versus 29.7 cm). Male and female tibial the Aleutians. pedalism or climbing) by some authors, or and femoral lengths do not change over Sequence analysis of haplogroup A in- considered unique by others. Leaping also time. Female tibias average 33 cm and dividuals, characterizing the most ancient has a general definition, but different males 35 cm. Female femora average 39 of the prehistoric Aleut individuals, com- characteristics exist in relation to direc- and males 41 cm. Females are shorter plement the analysis of haplogroup D and tion and distance. Comparisons of these than males (150 versus 160 cm) overall. are ongoing. behavioral modes are made against can- Chinchorro females have similar mid- opy height and support features to test shaft humeral diameters versus agricultu- Relatedness of Eurasian and Ameri- the discrimination of these behaviors. ralists, 19 and 18 mm, AP and ML respec- can Far Northern populations to the I collected data on three species (Cer- tively. Fishermen, however, are more Amerindians: HLA genes and linguis- copithecus ascanius, Lophocebus albigena, robust than agriculturalists. Their hu- tics. and Piliocolobus rufomitratus) at the meral AP and ML diameters are 20.8 ver- Ngogo Research Area, Kibale Forest Na- sus 19.5 mm and 21.4 versus 19.8 mm. A. Arnaiz-Villena and M.H. Crawford., tional Park, Uganda in 2001 and 2003. Male and female femoral robusticity and Dept. of Immunology, University Com- Results indicate that support characteris- midshaft diameters remained steady over plutense, Madrid, Spain and Dep. of An- tics provide better discrimination among time. Female femoral diameters are 25 thropology, University of Kansas, Law- positional behavior frequencies than can- and 23.5 mm AP and ML respectively. rence. opy height. L. albigena was most similar Male femoral diameters are 28 and 25 to C. ascanius in locomotion and canopy mm, AP and ML respectively. In brief, The tripartite theory for the peopling of use, but comparable to P. rufomitratus in humeri are more sensitive to environ- the is supported by this study of postural frequencies. L. albigena posi- mental stresses, showing a reduction of approximately 15,000 HLA chromosomes tional behavior and support use frequen- robusticity over time. Stronger arms from a worldwide sample. On the basis of cies suggest that feeding ecology is a among fishermen could be a consequence the HLA system, it is remarkable that stronger indicator of preferences than of flexion and extension during harpoon Meso- and South American Amerindians body size alone. P. rufomitratus differed throwing. Social inequalities likely pro- appear to be more closely related to Sibe- significantly from other taxa, using leap- duce a greater range of stature in later rian populations but differ significantly ing and large supports most often. populations. from the Athabaskans and Eskimo-Aleuts. Clambering frequencies decreased in The Aleuts exhibit a high frequency HLA- association with quadrupedalism and Coping with habitat disturbance: DRB1* 0401 and *1402. Both subtypes are climbing frequencies, and differed from Activity patterns of Milne-Edwards’ absent in neighboring Athabascans or in these behaviors in support use character- sifakas in Ranomafana National any other North American First Native istics, indicating unique status. Leap Park, . populations. A similar pattern is observed distance significantly affected support use for HLA-A* 02 subtypes with * 0206 being patterns in all taxa, with leaps over three S.J. Arrigo-Nelson1, K. Sampson2, T. frequent in Aleuts but infrequent or ab- body lengths using more small, pliant Clarke2, R. DeCamp3, N. Foster-Mann2, P. sent in other North American populations. branches than shorter leaps. These re- Kwofie2, P. Meilicke2, and P.C. Wright2,4. The most common extended HLA haplo- sults suggest that detailed definitions 1Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in type in Aleuts, HLA-A* 2402-B* 4002 – identify subtle but important variation in Anthropological Sciences, Stony Brook DRB1*1402 and DQB1*0301, was absent positional behavior and support University, 2Department of Anthropology, in ancient North Americans. This study use. Stony Brook University, 3Department of assesses the relationship of genetics and Research supported by the National Applied Math and Statistics, Stony Brook languages of Far Northern European Science Foundation (BCS-0244733), the University, 4Centre ValBio, Ranomafana, groups and evaluates their potential role Sigma Xi Foundation, and Yale Univer- Madagascar. in the peopling of the Americas. It is un- sity. expected that our genetic HLA data clus- Given the fixed length of the day and ters Andean populations with South Skeletal Robusticity and Economies the minimum energy requirements that Asians, raising questions concerning the of the Ancient Arican Populations in animals must meet to survive, habitat reliability and consistency of specific northern Chile. disturbance may lead to alterations in markers in the reconstruction of human how animals budget their time. When an evolution. NaDene and Caucasian lan- B. Arriaza, V. Standen. Departamento de engages in one activity, it incurs guage groups may have formed an earlier Antropología, Universidad de Tarapacá y an opportunity cost; as it can not engage substratum on which other more recent Centro de Investigación del Hombre en el in other activities critical to its survival or languages evolved in and the Desierto, Arica, Chile. reproductive success. This makes it im- Americas. The unique frequencies of the portant for us to understand the relation- HLA haplotypes support the mtDNA se- This paper examines potential differ- ship between habitat disturbance and quence-based reconstruction of the phy- ences in skeletal robusticity of prehistoric primate behavior. Taken from over 3,375 logenetic position of the Aleuts vis a vis groups from Arica, northern Chile. Meas- hours of continuous focal group follows, other populations of the Circumpolar re- urements for a sample of 165 females and this study compares the activity budgets gion of the world. 111 males test the hypothesis that un- of individually identifiable Propithecus equal subsistence-related activities among edwardsi living in disturbed and undis- Testing clambering, climbing, and intensive agriculturalists cause a decrease turbed forest environments. Analyses leaping: Positional behavior defini- in height and robusticity, compared to reveal no significant difference in the tions in relation to support use and fishing and gathering populations. The annual activity patterns of social groups canopy height. sample comprises early Chinchorro fishers within either the primary (n=3) or dis- (3000-2000 B.C.) to late agriculturalists turbed (n=4) forest site. Thus, we are able G.P. Aronsen. Department of Anthropol- (1200 A.D.). compare the annual activity patterns of ogy, Yale University. Female humeri length average 27.6 cm groups between the sites. Results indicate and do not show statistical differences that habitat disturbance significantly Definitions used in primate positional through time and type of economy. How- decreases the proportion of time that si- behavior research vary across studies. ever, male fishermen have statistically fakas spend interacting socially, while For example, clambering may be sub- longer humeri than agriculturalists (30.5 increasing the time spent feeding and self- AAPA Abstracts 59

grooming. We propose that this decrease resulting measurements are discussed in provisionally resolved these populations’ in social time may be attributed to the the context of Neandertal pelvic evolution, relationships. However, cranial and post- increased amount of time that the dis- with particular attention paid to the ge- cranial morphological covariation has not turbed forest sifakas must spend feed- ometry of the birth canal. been comprehensively documented among ing/foraging (due to lower quality re- them or with exogenous factors (e.g., cli- sources) and self-grooming (due to higher A decade of controversy over the mate). Purported morphological relation- parasite loads). Ultimately, such a de- teaching of evolution in the United ships could be confounded by shared envi- crease in social activity may lead to a States: a print media analysis. ronment. reduction in group cohesion, predator This study examines cranial and post- detection, and decreased survival within P.C. Ashmore, Dept. of Anthropology, cranial variation among pre- and proto- the disturbed forest. For an endangered University of Missouri, St. Louis. historic Alaskan natives in relation to species, such consequences could prove climatic factors and proposed affinities. catastrophic. Eighty years have passed since the 100 cranial and post-cranial osteometric Funding for this project was provided Scopes Trial, yet the teaching of measurements were obtained from 270 by: Fulbright (IIE), St. Louis Zoo (FRC), evolution in the United States and the skeletons representing five groups: Unan- National Science Foundation (DDIG), general public’s acceptance of the tenets of gan, Ikogmiut, Inupiaq, Birnirk Culture, Earthwatch Institute, Wenner-Gren Darwinian evolution are still being chal- and Tigara. 90 Wintun and Hawikuh Foundation, Primate Conservation, Inc., lenged. Recent events covered in print skeletons provided comparative groups. and Stony Brook University. media have refocused attention on the The osteometrics were analyzed using evolution versus creationism controversy non-parametric and multivariate para- A new reconstruction of Pelvis 1 in the United States. metric tests on basic measurements and (Homo heidelbergensis) from the Sima The first purpose of this study was to derived morphological indices (e.g., intra- de los Huesos (Atapuerca). determine if there has been an actual limb indices). NOAA climatological data- increase in the frequency of media cover- bases provided temperature and precipita- J.L. Arsuaga1,2, A. Bonmatí1,2, J.M. Car- age of the evolution - creation controversy tion data. retero3. 1Centro UCM-ISCIII de Investi- and to quantify trends in coverage over No Arctic populations significantly dif- gación sobre Evolución y Comportamiento the last ten years. Secondly, I wanted to fered in facial or crural indices, though all Humanos, Madrid, Spain; 2Dpto. de Pale- investigate if there were regional differ- five significantly differed from the two ontología, Universidad Complutense de ences in coverage and to identify regional comparative groups (p<0.01). Contrast- Madrid, Spain; 3Laboratorio de Evolución themes in how this debate is framed and ingly, significant differences exist among Humana. Dpto. de Ciencias Históricas y presented. Arctic populations in cephalic, nasal, and Geografía, Universidad de Burgos, Bur- Using LexisNexis I conducted a print brachial indices, as well as relative sitting gos, Spain. media search of twenty prominent urban heights and estimated body mass newspapers from four geographic regions (p<0.05), with the Unangan and Birnirk The Middle Pleistocene site of the Sima in the United States (Northeast, South- populations clustering apart from the de los Huesos (SH) in the Sierra de Ata- east, Midwest, and Western). Inserting other Arctic groups. The morphologies puerca has yielded the most complete the keywords ‘teaching evolution,’ ‘intelli- have significant but generally small corre- pelvis (Pelvis 1) of the human fossil re- gent design,’ and ‘creationism’ yielded lations with climate (r<0.20), except for cord, probably of an adult male. A recon- approximately 1000 items all printed intralimb indices (r>0.60). Shared climate struction of this specimen based on dry within the last decade. Frequency analy- is therefore interpreted to differentially bones has been published previously. Here sis confirms that a spike in coverage did affect these morphologies in relation to we reconsider some anatomical aspects, occur in 2005. Over the last ten years this effects of common ancestry, gene flow or reconstruct some distorted regions, and has not been a linear increase. In 1998 other environmental factors. include estimations of the soft tissue of and 2003 very sparse coverage occurred. the sacro-iliac joint and the pubic sym- Over the last decade, newspapers from Ethics, ethnicity and genetic struc- physis. In reconstructing the entire pelvis, the Northeast contained the greatest ture in southeastern Kenya: implica- four main issues have been addressed: the number of relevant publications. The tions for the assignment of African- articulation between the sacrum and both Southeast and Midwest demonstrated Americans to African ethnic groups. innominate bones, the positioning of the intermediate frequencies with the least pubis and symphyseal surface and the amount of coverage coming from the West. K.B. Babrowski, S.R. Williams. Depart- reconstruction of the unpreserved bony Overall, the content in these articles re- ment of Anthropology, University of Illi- portions of the sacrum and the innomi- flect the increasing popularity of intelli- nois – Chicago. nate bones. gent design and growing opposition to the To deal with these issues, the new re- teaching of evolution. As genetic ancestry testing becomes construction has addressed concerns such increasingly more popular, care must be as: the angle of the iliopectineal line, One of these is not like the other? taken to avoid inadvertently reinforcing transversal acetabular diameter, anatomy Skeletal variation in western Alaska public misconceptions concerning race and of the sacroiliac joint, morphology of the Native Americans, climate, and popu- ethnic identity. Members of the general obstetric canal, length and morphology of lation history. public often perceive ethnic groups to be the ischiopubic ramus and position of the static and unchanging and view human pubic symphysis. The reconstruction is B.M. Auerbach. Center for Functional genetic variation as something that is made of high-quality casts of the original Anatomy and Evolution, Johns Hopkins easily divided into orderly, non- specimen and is based on CT scans and University School of Medicine overlapping ethnic or racial packages. direct measurements and anatomical - Our recent study of two large ethnic servations of the original fossil. We have Controversy surrounds the origins and groups from southeastern Kenya, the also consulted the remaining pelvic relationships of and Beringian Taita and Mijikenda, will serve to high- specimens from the Sima de los Huesos Arctic peoples. Much research has fo- light some of the difficulties inherent in and the original Neandertal pelvis Kebara cused on central and western native Alas- using genetic ancestry testing to assign 2. Finally, the symmetry and anatomy of kan affinities to groups on both sides of African-Americans to African ethnic the modern human pelvis and mirror- the Bering Strait. Analyses using multi- groups. imaging have also been considered. The ple data sources (e.g., Ousley, 1995) have 60 AAPA Abstracts

Modern Taita and Mijikenda ethnic individuals comprising two RNP subpopu- identities emerged in the early twentieth lations (Mangevo, N = 12; Vatoharanana, Calories or oxygen? Skeletal growth century in response to pressure on area N = 10) were immobilized and blood and tradeoffs at high altitude. groups to form units that fit British no- tissue samples were collected. Heterozy- tions of “African tribes” and were more gosity levels were analyzed and tested for S.M. Bailey1, J. Xu2 J, H. Feng3, X. Hu4, C. easily administered by the colonial gov- Hardy Weinberg equilibria within and Zhang3, S. Qui3. 1Department of Anthro- ernment. Groups of people with no prior between populations using 20 species- pology, Tufts University, 2Department of sense of shared identity were clustered specific polymorphic nuclear microsatel- Applied Mathematics, Sichuan University, together, with “chiefs” appointed to re- lite loci. Results from this research will 3Department of Exercise Sciences, Si- place local councils of tribal elders. Con- serve as baseline data for studying the chuan University, 4Department of Geog- sequently, shared origin myths and lan- relationships between genetic relatedness raphy, South China Normal University. guages cross-cut ethnic boundaries in and the sociality and infant-care strate- place today. Trading patterns and inter- gies of V. variegata. Recent adaptive models specify meta- marriage among these groups and their Funding provided by Primate Conserva- bolic tradeoffs between hypoxia and en- neighbors have also influenced regional tion, Inc., Conservation International: ergy utilization. Variation in children’s genetic patterns. The fluidity of concep- Primate Action Fund, and Stony Brook limb proportion at high altitude may pro- tions of ethnicity in this area is common University. vide a useful test of such models. We have in many parts of Africa and has been re- shown previously that hypoxia targets ported by many social anthropologists and Who made the early Aurignacian? distal leg growth. Others have argued that historians. The complexity of genetic Evidence from isolated teeth. size reduction at high altitude is nutri- patterning observed in this region sug- tionally mediated. We tested the relative gests that individuals who expect to be S.E. Bailey. Department of Human Evolu- contributions of caloric status and hypoxia provided with an exact “genetic match” tion, Max Planck Institute for Evolution- to skeletal segment growth, using with their ancestral ethnic group based on ary Anthropology (Leipzig), Department of MANOVA designs corrected for age. Ti- a DNA sample are likely to learn that this Anthropology, New York University. betan and Han children aged 8 through 11 is not possible. living at 3100 m, 3650 m, and 3830 m Neandertals and anatomically modern were analyzed. Caloric status was meas- Population density and genetic di- humans overlapped in between ured by percent body fat, skinfolds, arm versity of the black-and-white ruffed 45- and 30,000 BP. Unfortunately, the muscle area, and BMI. Hypoxia was lemur (Varecia variegata) in human fossil record during this important measured by pulse oximetry, FVC, and Mangevo, Madagascar. time period is sparse. What is preserved blood pressure. Only hypoxia impacted is fragmentary and consists primarily of distal limb length or internal limb propor- A.L. Baden1, P.C. Wright2, E.E. Louis3. jaws and isolated teeth. This has led tions, while only caloric status affected 1IDPAS, Stony Brook University, 2Dept. of some to question whether we can deter- sitting height and arm length. In two Anthropology, Stony Brook University, mine if Neandertals or anatomically mod- samples, hypoxic and caloric status inde- 3Center for Conservation and Research, ern humans were responsible for the early pendently effected height, chest circum- Henry Doorly Zoo. Aurignacian. The goals of this study ference, and leg length. Ethnicity had were, first, to investigate whether root marginal effects, and sex, none. We con- The critically endangered black-and- lengths can help differentiate these two clude that in the prepubescent skeleton, white ruffed lemur (Varecia variegata) is taxa; and second, to combine these data distal limb segments, especially the tibia, considered among Madagascar’s top con- with tooth crown traits to assess the taxo- react primarily to hypoxia, while proximal servation priorities. Despite a widespread nomic affiliation of isolated teeth from two segments and the trunk more reflect ca- range throughout the country’s eastern early Aurignacian sites (Brassempouy and loric status. This pattern of intra-skeleton rainforests, prior population estimates La Ferrassie). variation is consistent with Lampl’s pre- indicate that densities are typically low, Root lengths were measured from the natal metabolic model involving Hypoxia- and the species cannot be considered lingual aspect of permanent teeth of Ne- Inducing Factor (HIF-1) protein. At an common anywhere in its range. Increas- andertals (maximum n=15) and Upper anthropometric level, the study of de- ingly fragmented habitats threaten the Paleolithic modern humans (maximum canalization may yield richer adaptive species with reproductive isolation, reduc- n=10). The student’s t-test showed that insights if we implicate multiple stressors ing genetic diversity and therefore in- the mean root lengths of I1, I2, C’, I1, I2, C, at segmental growth sites. At a theoretical creasing the risk of disease and reduced P3, P4 and M2 were significantly longer in level, these findings are compatible with reproductive fitness as effective popula- Neandertals than in Upper Paleolithic selective models in which individuals with tion sizes decrease. Long-term Varecia moderns (p<0.05), with no overlap in the longer lower limbs will be reproductively studies are few and rarely include genetic ranges of I1, I1, C’, and P4. At Brassem- favored. analyses. Therefore, further research on pouy, the root lengths of the two I1s, C’ the population densities and genetic relat- and M2 fall more than three standard From Matthews to Merbs: Bioarchae- edness of the species is necessary to effec- deviations below the Neandertal mean. ology in southern Arizona. tively ensure its tenure. Likewise, the single I1 from Le Ferrassie This study provides preliminary results possesses a root that is too short to be B.J. Baker1, R.J. Hill1,2. 1School of Human from a newly established site, Mangevo considered Neandertal. Additionally, the Evolution and Social Change, Arizona (S21°22’49.8”, E047°26’88.3”), located near tooth crowns at both Brassempouy and La State University, 2Soil Systems, Inc. the southeastern most peripheral zones of Ferrassie lack any diagnostically Nean- Ranomafana National Park (RNP). An- dertal traits. Thus, the preponderance of Bioarchaeology in the American South- nual censuses were conducted from April dental evidence suggests that anatomi- west has focused primarily upon ancestral 2004 to 2005. Two-kilometer transects cally modern humans, not Neandertals, Pueblo populations of the Four Corners were surveyed twice daily, resulting in a are associated with these early region. Despite early attention to the total distance surveyed of over 120 km. Aurignacian sites. Hohokam by the Hemenway Expedition in Results suggest unusually high V. varie- This study was supported by the De- the 1890s, little work was subsequently gata densities (24.31 ind/km2) with group partment of Human Evolution, Max conducted among the groups in southern sizes ranging from three to seven indi- Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthro- Arizona until Charles Merbs refocused viduals. Additionally, a total of N = 22 pology (Leipzig). attention on these neglected populations. AAPA Abstracts 61

Since he joined the faculty of Arizona associated the antemortem or perimortem N.L. Barrickman. Department of Biologi- State University (ASU) in 1973, Merbs traumatic injuries. Furthermore, most of cal Anthropology and Anatomy, Duke has authored or coauthored 16 articles the individuals have traumatic bone for- University. and book chapters on Southwestern skele- mation on the lower limbs resulting from tal samples and coedited an influential strenuous physical activity. Most interest- The large brains of primates are associ- volume on Health and Disease in the Pre- ingly, nearly all of the males with femora ated with slow life histories, which may be historic Southwest. His reports include present have a long and narrow area of enforced by the costs of brain growth. analysis of both cremations and inhuma- periosteal reaction on the anterolateral Slowed somatic growth may compensate tions, encouraging interest in studies of surface of the proximal diaphysis. We for rapid early brain growth, necessitating the former. Contributions to paleopathol- hypothesize that this injury was caused by an extended interval between offspring ogy in the southern Southwest range from chronic muscle inflammation resulting and a delayed maturation. recognition of coccidioidomycosis in the from shooting their muskets “from the To test these hypotheses, growth of the skeleton to scalping and, of course, con- hip” instead of the shoulder. body and braincase was studied in three genital conditions of the spine. strepsirrhine species (Daubentonia mada- Compliance with federal and state laws Functional morphology of the homi- gascariensis: n = 3; Propithecus verreauxi: has been the catalyst for considerable noid clavicle. n = 4, Lemur catta: n = 5) housed at the fieldwork in southern Arizona in the past Duke University Primate Center. The three decades. Charles Merbs’ stimulus to K.B. Barker, C.V. Ward. The University width and length of the cranium were new research on skeletal samples in this of Missouri, Columbia. taken periodically using calipers. Body region has promoted an increased under- weight, interbirth interval and age at standing of life and death within Hoho- Shoulder girdle morphology in homi- maturity for each species were derived kam, Sinagua, and Prescott societies. noids is related to body form and func- from the Primate Center records. Knowledge of disease, trauma, related- tional adaptation. Studies of pectoral The hypothesis that larger brain size is ness, and mortuary practices has ex- girdle variation among hominoids have achieved by increases in brain growth rate panded due to the research of Merbs, most often focused on the scapula. The was supported. Daubentonia had a head other ASU faculty, and their students. clavicle has received comparatively little growth rate nearly double that of Propith- Bioarchaeology in southern Arizona, em- attention despite its potential to reveal ecus and Lemur. However, somatic phasizing recent investigations at Pueblo important information about the func- growth rates in Daubentonia and Lemur Grande and other Hohokam sites, the tional morphology of the shoulder in early were not significantly different from each Sinagua site of Nuvakwewtaqa (Chavez hominins, This research compares the other, though the two species are ap- Pass), and sites in the Prescott area, is morphology of extant hominoid clavicles proximately the same adult body size and summarized within this framework. in an effort to create a basis for under- Daubentonia has an interbirth interval standing shoulder girdle functional mor- and age at maturity nearly double that of Skeletal trauma analysis of the Mexi- phology in Australopithecus and early Lemur. These data suggest that there are can War dead from the battle of Homo. other critical factors such as diet or behav- Resaca de la Palma Clavicles of Homo sapiens, Pan troglo- ioral development that explain the link dytes, Gorilla gorilla and Pongo pygmaeus between brain size and life history in L.E. Baker1, D. Wescott2, D.C. Wernecke3 from the Cleveland Museum of Natural these species. and M.B. Collins3. 1Department of An- History and National Museum of National thropology, Forensic Science and Archae- History were compared metrically and Paleodemography and health in Pre- ology, Baylor University, 2Department of non-metrically. Results show that al- dynastic Upper : a perspective Anthropology, University of Missouri, though the clavicle varies within and from the working-class cemetery at 3Texas Archaeological Research Labora- among taxa, systematic differences among Hierakonpolis. tory, University of Texas. species are present. Human clavicles have a superoinferiorly expanded sternal E.K. Batey. Department of Anthropology, The Battle of Resaca de la Palma, the end compared with those of apes, related University of Arkansas. second battle of the United States-Mexico to manubrial differences between extant War, was fought on May 9, 1846 near an apes and humans. Humans also have a The rise of the Egyptian state was a abandoned bed of the Rio Grande in pre- large, laterally situated attachment for complex process, involving increases in sent day Brownsville, Texas. The battle the sternocostal ligaments, while that of both population and per capita output. In was decisively won by U.S. troops and apes is smaller and medially restricted. his work on the Industrial Revolution in resulted in the death and injury of hun- Pongo has a more distally placed attach- Europe, Komlos (1989) suggests that in- dreds of Mexican soldiers. The following ment for the coracoclavicular ligaments creased availability of nutrients provided day, U.S. military personnel buried the than do the other taxa, and increased many with an escape from the “Malthu- dead Mexican soldiers in several mass torsion of the acromial end. There is also sian trap” that had served as a check on graves. One of the mass graves containing variation among taxa in deltoid muscle population growth for most of human the skeletal remains of at least 30 young (Ohman, 1986), and in coracoclavicular history. Within an economic-historical to middle aged adult individuals, includ- ligament attachment geometry. framework, an expectation is that, for the ing three or more females, was discovered Intraspecific differences in clavicle mor- emerging Egyptian state, overall disease in 1967 and excavated by archaeologists phology identified in this research reflect and stress would have become so high, as at the University of Texas-Austin. In this clavicular orientation and attachment of to suppress production. Paleodemo- paper, we present observations of battle- muscles and ligaments. These data can to graphic and paleopathological data from field injuries and physical stress indica- be applied to functional analysis of fossil the working-class cemetery at Hierakon- tors among the Mexican war dead and hominin clavicles, and so inform us about polis (HK43) allow us to test hypotheses discusses their etiology. shoulder girdle morphology in fossil regarding the overall health of those pay- Several of the soldiers exhibit healed hominins. ing the biological “cost” of increased eco- (antemortem) battlefield injuries from nomic productivity. previous engagements, and at least 15 Brain and somatic growth in strep- The age-at-death distribution at HK43 individuals have unhealed (perimortem) sirrhines: implications for variation departs from what is normally expected in projectile or blade induced injuries. There in life history. archaeological samples. Children younger are no indications of surgical intervention than 5 years are underrepresented— 62 AAPA Abstracts

10.1% (42/415). Young adults, 20 to 35 fragmentation of the forest environment 100 AD to 1200 AD in what is now south- years of age, comprise the largest propor- occurred till 12,000 YBP. western New Mexico. The sites examined tion of the sample—40.0% (166/415). Fre- As the next step of this research, we (Galaz, Cameron Creek, Hudson and Hot quencies of pathological lesions are high- will sequence the complete mtDNA ge- Springs) date to 1000-1150 AD when the est—87.9% (29/33)—among subadults nome in order to test the robustness of the Mimbres practiced intensive agriculture. younger than 15 years of age and much new phylogeny. Previous research on these populations lower—31.8% (54/170)—for young adults. has suggested there is no discernible cor- Underrepresentation of young children is The use of biogeographical ancestry relation between two separate indicators likely due to differential burial practices. for forensic, biomedical, and recrea- of nutritional stress, Harris lines and The low frequency of pathological lesions, tional genomics. enamel hypoplasia, in the studied popula- as well as other non-specific stress indica- tions. This study was expanded to focus on tors (hypoplasias, Harris lines, etc.), M. Bauchet, M.D. Shriver, Department of the health of subadults (n=56) from the among adults suggests that those interred Anthropology, Penn State University. same populations. Health was assessed by at HK43 possessed the biological capital to the following: presence or absence of pe- support the socioeconomic changes that Ancestry tests using the Y-chromosome riostitis and other indicators of infectious accompanied the unification of Egypt. and mtDNA, similarly to the genealogists’ disease; cribra orbitalia, porotic hy- Acknowledgements are extended to lineage approach, are powerful at finding perostosis, enamel hypoplasia, Harris Renée Friedman, Director of the Hiera- genetic relationships between individuals lines and other indications of nutritional konpolis Expedition, and the Friends of and groups. Whole-genome ancestry tests stress; dental pathologies including caries Nekhen for funding support. Further are able to predict biogeographical affini- and abscesses; and long bone length rela- funding for this research was provided by ties of an individual with increased accu- tive to dental age. NSF grant BCS-0119754. racy. Such methods estimate a person’s Analysis indicates that while many of genomic ancestry, i.e. the average level of the above conditions are common among A study of the L1c haplogroup of the admixture calculated throughout the ge- the Mimbres subadults, there is no clear mitochondrial DNA. nome using ancestry informative markers correlation between any one of the indica- (AIMs). tors, even among those purporting to C. Batini1, V. Coia1, M. Pilkington2, C. Genomic ancestry has forensic applica- measure the same condition. For example, Battaggia1, J. Rocha3, G. Spedini1, tions such as estimating ancestry from individuals with a discrepancy (.5 to 5 yrs) G.Destro-Bisol1, D. Comas4, F. Calafell4. evidentiary DNA samples. Ongoing re- between long bone length relative to den- 1University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Dept. search on facial features prediction is tal age are no more likely to exhibit Har- of Human and Animal Biology, 2Dept. of promising and already has good accuracy ris lines than an individual with no such Anthropology, University of Arizona, for predicting eye color. Examples will be discrepancy. This suggests the effects of 3Ipatimup, University of Porto, Portugal, given of successful applications to solving the so-called “osteological paradox.” Age- 4Department Ciencies de la Salut i de la criminal cases, by predicting both a sus- at-death disparities may also be a factor, Vida, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barce- pect and victim ancestry using evidentiary as well as the possibility that the Mimbres lona, Spain. DNA. suffered from a greater variety of stress- Genomic ancestry tests are also useful ors than previously thought. Implications In this communication, we present a to epidemiologists wanting to find out how for future studies of subadult health, the study of the human mitochondrial hap- admixture impacts drug response in clini- Mimbres, and the Southwest are dis- logroup L1c which has been carried out on cal trials. Not controlling for ancestry can cussed. a total of 455 individuals from 27 African potentially bias case-control studies. Ge- and American populations using both nomic ancestry estimates may indicate Iterative dispersal across Beringia by hypervariable regions 1 and 2. risk of susceptibility to certain conditions, early Cenozoic primates. The results obtained lead us to draw hence helping doctors to select a diagnos- three main conclusions. First, the time to tic that might otherwise be too costly to K.C. Beard. Section of Vertebrate Paleon- the L1c most recent common ancestor apply to the whole population. tology, Carnegie Museum of Natural His- (TMRCA) has been estimated as 90,000 ± A growing number of people are curious tory. 13,000 YBP, substantially older than the about their ancestry. Genomic ancestry previous estimate (59,650 ± 11,800) and in offers a necessary and complementary New records of early Cenozoic primates agreement with archaeological dating. view to lineage methods. (sensu lato) from Asia reveal an iterative Second, we observed that L1c frequencies Genomic ancestry measures depend on pattern of dispersal directly between Asia reach very high values in Western Pyg- how good and how many the AIMs are, and North America at several times dur- mies populations (from 86% to 98%), which analytical models are employed and ing the Tertiary. Current knowledge of hunter-gatherers supposed to be the most who should be used as “parental” popula- early Cenozoic paleogeography suggests ancient inhabitants of this area. Third tions. Interpreting results requires care- that the only viable route for primate and finally, the median networks built ful consideration, especially for individu- dispersal between Asia and North Amer- using our dataset change the phylogeny of als that do not fit the initial population ica would have traversed Beringia. Be- the entire haplogroup. In fact, we present model. Using genetic and non-genetic cause primates are among the most ther- a substantially modified structure for the information from other family members mophilic of living , these in- sub-haplogroups L1c1 and L1c3 and iden- can be critical in this regard. stances of trans-Beringian dispersal by tify a new clade, L1c4 which contains early Cenozoic primates serve as useful mostly sequences from Pygmies. An analysis of health indicators in proxies for globally warm climatic condi- Taking into consideration the L1c phy- subadults from select Mimbres popu- tions. logeographic features together with ar- lations: Why is there no correlation? The earliest evidence for primate dis- chaeological knowledge, we propose that persal between Asia and North America the hunter-gatherers communities living H.J. Bauer-Clapp, K.T. Blue. Department dates to the Paleocene, when a variety of in at least 40,000 YBP of Anthropology, Minnesota State Univer- carpolestids are known to occur on either could be the ancestors of both Bantu and sity, Mankato. side of the Pacific Basin. The well-known Western Pygmy populations. These two episode of global warming at the Paleo- groups could have separated later on, The Mimbres occupied sites in the cene-Eocene boundary marks the first because of the cycles of expansion and Mimbres River valley from approximately record of euprimates in North America AAPA Abstracts 63

and Europe. Phylogenetic data and new Therapy, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel anterior and the base of the nasal aper- paleontological evidence suggest that Aviv University. ture is artificially elevated above the sub- these earliest North American and Euro- nasal floor. An alternative reconstruction pean euprimates arrived from Asia, trav- In the last century, the question of Ne- is presented here, testable by examination ersing the Beringian region as a direct andertal posture attracted a great deal of of the fossil. We present evidence from response to global warming at the Paleo- attention. The first to address the ques- the vertebral column and phalanges that cene-Eocene boundary. Later episodes of tion was Marcellin Boule (1911-1913) who indicates well developed suspensory posi- Tertiary primate dispersal across Beringia claimed that Neandertals had a rounded tional behavior. occurred during the middle Eocene and back with reduced lumbar lordosis. Later Based on published data, we interpret near the Oligo- boundary. Addi- researchers disagreed with Boule's con- Pierolapithecus to be a stem hominine tional episodes of Tertiary primate disper- clusions and claimed that Neandertal distinct from samples currently attributed sal between Asia and North America are posture was not different from the posture to Dryopithecus from Spain and Hungary. likely, but these remain undocumented by of Homo sapiens. In this study we com- It is difficult to distinguish Pierolapith- fossils. pared the osseous lumbar lordosis of Ne- ecus either from the type of Dryopithecus Support from NSF 0309800 is gratefully andertal and H. sapiens and estimated the (D. fontani), a mandible, or the specimens acknowledged. degree of Neandertal lumbar lordosis. from La Grive. It may be, given morpho- The sample included 75 lumbar spines logical similarities, and the fact that D. An evaluation of possible associations (T11–L5) of H. sapiens and seven early fontani is the same age (MN 7/8) and geo- between skeletal remains and Mim- hominids; three early H. sapiens—Cro- graphically close to Can Vila, that Pier- bres ceramic typology: The Galaz Magnon 1, 2, and 3—and four Neander- olapithecus is synonymous with Dryopith- Ruin. tals—Kebara 2, Shanidar 3, La Chapelle- ecus. If so, one or more available nomena aux-Saints, and one vertebra of Regour- will need to be resurrected to distinguish 1 1 2 L. Becker , M. Birnbaum , K.T. Blue . dou. The body angle of each vertebra (T11– MN 7/8 Dryopithecus from the morpho- 1 Department of Anthropology, University L5) was measured. logically different and more derived MN 9 of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, 2Department of Our results show that in the middle- taxa. Anthropology, Minnesota State Univer- upper lumbar vertebrae (L1–L4) and the Supported by NSERC, OGS and NSF. sity, Mankato. lower thoracic vertebra (T12), the body angle in Neandertal is significantly more Serial coalescent simulations suggest Galaz Ruins, a Mimbres site located in kyphotic than in H. sapiens. The cumula- weak genealogical relationships southwestern New Mexico, was excavated tive angle of adjacent vertebrae (T12–L4) in between Etruscans and modern during the summer seasons of 1929, 1930 Neandertal is more kyphotic than in H. Tuscans. and 1931 by the University of Minnesota. sapiens. Our findings indicate that Nean- 995 burials were excavated, containing dertal posture is characterized by hypol- E.M.S. Belle1, U. Ramakrishnan2, J. 982 ceramic vessels. Separate records ordosis as a result of hyperkyphosis in the Mountain2, G. Barbujani1. 1Dipartimento were kept of the excavation of the remains thoraco–lumbar spine. Hypolordosis is di Biologia Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, and the ceramic vessels. A preliminary associated with a posterior shift of the rib Italy, 2Department of Anthropological skeletal analysis was completed in the cage, posterior pelvic tilt, a more vertical Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, field on certain remains; however the orientation of the sacrum, and short California, USA. majority of the remains went unanalyzed. stride. Subsequent publications concerning these The Etruscans, the only preclassical remains focused only on the possible age Stem hominine or hominid? The phy- European population that has been ge- and sex of the individual, without regard logeny and functional anatomy of netically characterized so far, share only to the mortuary goods interred with them. Pierolapithecus catalaunicus. two haplotypes with their modern coun- The purpose of this study was to identify terparts, the Tuscans, which, however, sex, age and any possible pathology of D.R. Begun1, C.V. Ward2, A.S. Deane1,2, appear to be their closest living relatives. these remains, and to associate the re- T.L. Kivell1, M.C. Nargolwalla1, We model ten demographic scenarios mains with their interred mortuary goods. N.D.Taylor1, 1Department of Anthropol- along the last 2,500 years and test by The ceramic vessels were matched with ogy, University of Toronto, 2Departments serial coalescent simulation whether any their associated remains by correlating of Anthropology and Pathology and Ana- of them can account for the levels of inter- the inventory records from the University tomical Sciences, University of Columbia, nal genetic diversity observed in the and the field notes from the excavations. Missouri. Etruscan and modern Tuscan samples, The skeletal material was analyzed and and for their degree of genetic similarity. divided into groups by age and sex. Forty- The recent publication of Pierolapith- None of the five models in which the one percent of the individuals from Galaz ecus catalaunicus (Moyà-Solà et al., 2005) Etruscans are the direct ancestors of mod- were interred with ceramic vessels. The raises interesting questions regarding ern Tuscans is fully compatible with the subadult group was more likely to be in- great evolution. We compared pub- observed data. On the contrary, the low terred with at least one vessel, with sev- lished descriptions and photographs of level of allele sharing observed between eral individuals having more than one. Pierolapithecus to other Miocene and ex- the ancient and the modern samples is No difference was seen between the num- tant hominoids. only obtained in simulations where those ber of vessels interred with males or fe- The I1 and M3 of Pierolapithecus are samples were extracted from independ- males, however, males in this study were strikingly similar to isolated specimens ently-evolving populations, connected by more likely to be interred with Mimbres attributed to Dryopithecus fontani from little migration. A good correspondence Classic black-on-white style III. La Grive, France. The dentition is simi- between simulated and observed parame- lar to Dryopithecus specimens from Spain ters is also obtained for a scenario in The lumbar lordosis of Homo nean- and Hungary, in terms of morphology and which the ancient samples come from a derthalensis. most proportions. Based on its photo, we social elite, genetically differentiated from consider the published reconstruction of the bulk of the Etruscan population. In E. Been1,2, H. Pessah1, S. Peleg1, Y. Rak1. Pierolapithecus face to be unlikely, given principle, these results may be due to 1Department of Anatomy and Anthropol- apparent damage to the specimen. Gla- factors such as a mitochondrial mutation ogy, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv bella appears to originally have been more rate much higher than currently believed, University, 2 Department of Physical gross and systematic errors in the ancient 64 AAPA Abstracts

DNA sequences, and failure to sample explore the “intangibles” or the “art” of with some smaller-bodied papionin species suitable modern individuals. If none of the age interval construction. exhibiting higher growth related hormone above proves to be the case, the only pos- The investigation is based upon the levels than larger-bodied species. These sible conclusion of this study is that the data collected from a forensic collection of results have important implications for Etruscans left very few or no mitochon- identified individuals originating from understanding body size evolution in drial descendants in the modern popula- Kosovo. The sample was selected to in- papionins in particular and primates in tion of Tuscany. corporate all age categories for both males general. and females aged 17 to 60+ years. The The possible causes of porotic hy- methods included the Suchey-Brooks A test of the transition analysis perostosis in Mesolithic Denmark. (1990) and Todd (1920, 1921) scoring sys- method for estimation of age-at- tems for pubic symphyses, the Iscan et al. death. P. Bennike. Laboratory of Biological An- (1984) method for the sternal fourth rib thropology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, end, and the Prince and Ubelaker (2002) J.D. Bethard. Department of Anthropol- University of Copenhagen, Denmark. equations for the Lamendin method for ogy, The University of Tennessee. single rooted teeth. The Berg et al. (in In a study of Mesolithic skeletons from press) method for aging older female pubic Using criteria proposed in the Rostock Denmark it has previously been reported symphyses was employed for the study of Manifesto, Boldsen and coworkers (2002) that several skulls showed evidence of females, where appropriate. present a new method for age-at-death porotic hyperostosis (Meiklejohn and Statistical correlation between the in- estimation. Specifically, this method util- Zvelebil 1991). As the condition did not fit vestigators was moderately high for fe- izes a scoring system that incorporates the classic pattern of this pathological males (0.74) and lower for males (0.62). A familiar morphological markers of the changes in populations which are either trend to overestimate age was present for pubic symphysis, auricular surface and heavily dependent on a cereal diet, suffer male individuals, whereas no apparent cranial sutures. The authors argue that from malaria or live in an area with a trend was present for females. Construc- the technique improves estimating age-at- high population density, the authors sug- tion of the age-at-death intervals was death in older adults and no longer forces gested that it could be attributed to fish greatly influenced by the results of each workers to use an open-ended interval tapeworms. This may seem to be a rea- scoring method and the confidence each such as 50+ years. In addition, the au- sonable suggestion as C-13 results and the investigator had in a given method. thors suggest that their approach of com- presence of fish bones have revealed that bining multiple components from several the Mesolithic population was heavily Hormones and body size evolution in morphological structures helps control the dependent on a marine diet. papionin primates. variability of the aging process. While The Danish Mesolithic skulls and skull results achieved in their initial study are fragments of 25 individuals have been re- R.M. Bernstein1, S.R. Leigh2. 1Department favorable, Boldsen et al. maintain that examined in order to study both the pres- of Anthropology, Center for the Advanced additional validation studies are needed. ence and pattern of porotic hyperostosis. Study of Hominid Paleobiology, George This paper presents results of one such It showed that more than half of the Washington University, 2Department of validation study. Data were collected skulls do have some porotic areas, but of Anthropology, University of Illinois at from a sample of the William M. Bass various distribution and location. The Urbana-Champaign. Donated Collection (n=223) following study has revealed a different interpreta- Boldsen et al. (2002) protocol. Mean age- tion of the bone changes. Other possible Ontogenetic studies focusing on hu- at-death for the sample was 60.1 years causes are suggested such as growth and mans and nonhuman primates reveal that which proved ideal for testing the tech- hypervascularity resulting in cranial vault an adult morphology can be produced nique on individuals representing older thickening and in some of the cases the through different developmental proc- age cohorts. Age-at-deaths estimates were porotic areas are clearly related to healed esses, generally involving differences in generated and statistically compared to traumas. the rate or timing of somatic growth. We real age. Results indicate that the method examine the evolution of size variation in was able to generate age-at-death esti- How standard are our standards? papionin primates by measuring key mates well above 50+ years. In some Inter-observer consistency in the growth regulating hormones during on- cases, generated ages were very close to construction of age intervals and the togeny (IGF-I, IGFBP-3, DHEAS, testos- real age, even in the eighth and ninth implications for broader anthropol- terone, estradiol), in order to assess which decades. Such results indicate that this ogy. endocrine variables may be combined to technique can enhance age-at-death esti- result in a large or small adult body size, mation and be of value to numerous G.E. Berg1, E.H. Kimmerle2. 1Joint and whether or not different developmen- physical anthropological contexts. POW/MIA Accounting Command, Central tal processes can lead to similar body Identification Laboratory, Hawaii, sizes. Importantly, because the papionin Sex-based differences in dental 2Department of Anthropology, University molecular phylogeny implies at least two health and diet: the Toqua Site, east- of South Florida episodes of size increase, this group offers ern Tennessee. an opportunity to determine whether or To estimate the age-at-death of skeletal not similar endocrine profiles during T.K. Betsinger1, M.O. Smith2. remains, a suite of dental and osteological growth regulate this apparent conver- 1Department of Anthropology, The Ohio variables are routinely employed. Al- gence. 583 serum samples from twelve State University, 2 Department of Anthro- though various multi-trait methods have papionin species were analyzed utilizing pology, Loyola University of Chicago been suggested, differential method selec- immunoassay techniques. Results show tion among investigators persists. The that comparable adult body size can be Dental health can provide a strong in- purpose of this investigation is multifocal: attained despite differences in levels of ference about dietary variation. In a wide 1) compare the consistency of age-at-death growth regulatory hormones during de- range of settings, differences in dental estimation among observers for the inde- velopment. Additionally, this study dem- caries and other oral pathological condi- pendently scored data, and vise-versa; 2) onstrates that absolute hormone levels tions provide implications about male and investigate the criteria each investigator during growth do not necessarily relate to female dietary behavior and quality of life. uses to construct age intervals; and 3) adult size, contrary to the findings of pre- Generally, females show a higher preva- vious research utilizing single species, lence of dental caries than males, suggest- AAPA Abstracts 65

ing a greater consumption of cariogenic the HIF pathway SNPs showed evidence known, critically endangered guenon foods. In this paper, we test the hypothe- of natural selection among Aymara or found discontinuously and at low densities sis that females will show a greater preva- Quechua based on lsFST methods. How- from Liberia to Cameroon. Various au- lence of dental caries than males in late ever, further analysis currently underway thors have used competitive displacement prehistoric (Mississippian) maize agricul- using haplotype based methods and het- by Diana monkeys (C. diana) to explain turalists from the Toqua site in eastern erozygosity may result in an alternate its sporadic distribution. C. nictitans Tennessee. finding. These methods will be discussed stampflii is one of the largest, most di- Dental caries, antemortem tooth loss, in terms of the implications for this ap- morphic guenons and information on its and periodontal defects in the permanent proach on searching for natural selection. locomotion can provide clues about the teeth of 69 adults (35 males, 34 females) radiation and distribution of the clade’s were documented. Statistical analysis of Beyond the letter of the law: fleshing members. these data reveals no significant differ- out identity as a collaborative proc- We studied the positional behavior of ences between adult males and females ess. putty-nosed monkeys for 15 months in the (chi-square; p<0.05). We interpret the Tai Forest. We used an instantaneous overall similarity in frequency of pathol- S. J. Binkley, K.T. Blue. Department of time point sampling regime to collect basic ogy to indicate that oral health in general Anthropology, Minnesota State Univer- data on locomotion, posture and habit use and diet in particular are not different sity, Mankato. and compared our results with data on the between males and females. These results other Tai guenons, C. diana, C. campbelli contradict most analyses in agricultural The NAGPRA mandate requires feder- and C. petaurista. settings, especially in the American ally funded institutions to assess cultural Although overall locomotion of C. nicti- Southeast. On the other hand, analysis of affiliation for remains thought to be of tans stampflii (climb = 15.2%, leap = other indicators of health (enamel hy- Native American origin. However, re- 10.4%, walk = 65.2%, run = 9.1%) is simi- poplasias, porotic hyperostosis, and pe- mains sometimes surface that call out for lar to that of the other Tai guenons (in- riostitis) shows no differences in this se- identification efforts beyond that required cluding Diana monkeys), its use of forest ries. Together, these results suggest that by law. It is not enough to identify sex, strata differs significantly from its conge- although there may have been a sexual age and ancestry alone; one must make ners. Putty-nosed monkeys prefer main division of labor, it did not impact diet and further efforts to identify an individual canopy layers during most activities, general health, at least as they are meas- beyond these standards. In the spring of rarely descending to strata below the un- ured by these indicators. 2005, lab cleaning at Minnesota State der-story. Over 80% of all locomotion University, Mankato led to the discovery occurred on boughs or branches; boughs Screening candidate genes for evi- of a tattered note card suggesting that a are preferred for travel and branches are dence of natural selection in Andean solitary skull, previously overlooked, was preferred for foraging. Relationships be- populations. most likely of Native origin. Prior to its tween locomotion and maintenance activi- arrival at MSU, Mankato the skull had ties are consistent with results from other A.W. Bigham1, X. Mao1, L. Moore2, M.D. apparently been a museum display. The studies: climbing occurs more during for- Shriver1. 1Department of Anthropology, skull represents a probable male between aging and leaping is more frequent during Pennsylvania State University, 15-20 years of age. The adolescent evinces travel. Despite intense feeding competi- 2Department of Anthropology, University cribra orbitalia, possibly linked to iron- tion, putty-nosed and Diana monkeys of Colorado at Denver. deficiency anemia. Ethnohistorical, ar- spend considerable time in association chaeological, and osteological lines of evi- with each other, a phenomenon made The hypoxia inducible transcription dence, including newspaper research, possible by canopy segregation. factor (HIF) pathway, involved in oxygen informal interviews, museum visits and homeostasis, regulates many of the literature investigation, suggest that the A cautionary tale: Alleged Asian palm physiological responses to high altitude individual is of Native American ancestry burial remains prove not so Asian. habitation. Thus, genes involved in this and lived after 1860 A.D. This study iden- pathway (as well as additional genes with tifies the responsibility that anthropolo- S. Blaylock, L. Baker, B.E. Hemphill. purported high altitude adaptive mecha- gists may have in ameliorating past prac- Department of Sociology & Anthropology, nisms) are candidates for natural selec- tices and suggests ways in which anthro- California State University, Bakersfield. tion. Single nucleotide polymorphism pologists may engage and collaborate with (SNP) methods can be used to test such members of communities that have per- Recent removal of a palm tree yielded candidate genes, for evidence of natural sonal involvement in the goal of identifica- the remains of two individuals. Initial selection. One approach is to assess the tion. Although to date the individual re- investigation by a forensic anthropologist level of allele frequency differences be- mains unidentified, the effort is ongoing. determined the remains to be young adult tween the study populations at SNPs lo- While fleshing out a specific identity may females of Asian, specifically Chinese, cated in the candidate genes in contrast to not be a matter of global import, small descent. This conclusion wasn’t far- the empirical distribution of large num- mysteries can help to put a personal face fetched, for the area was used as a Chi- bers of SNPs throughout the genome us- on anthropological research. nese cemetery from 1870 to 1950 located ing statistics like FST (Akey et al., 2002). in Bakersfield, California. All of the re- SNPs from Edn1, Nos2a, Egln3 and Vegf Locomotor behavior of Cercopithecus mains were relocated in the mid-1950s, genes in the HIF pathway were analyzed nictitans stampflii in the Tai National but looting led to loss of many headstones. in a panel of Bolivian Aymara and Peru- Park, . Hence, it was likely that some remains vian Quechua as well as low altitude con- were unintentionally left behind. trol populations (Maya, Nahua, Africans, E.A. Bitty1, W.S. McGraw2. 1Department Further investigation yielded different Europeans, Han Chinese and South of Zoology and Animal Biology, University results. Burial 1 was identified as a male Asians) for evidence of natural selection. of Cocody, Ivory Coast, 2Department of African American who died between 44 Locus specific FST (lsFST) from HIF path- Anthropology, The Ohio State University, and 49 years of age. Burial 2 was identi- way SNPs was then compared to lsFST 1,2Centre Suisse de Recherche Scienti- fied as a Caucasian male who died be- from a genome wide SNP dataset gener- fique. tween 30 and 36 years of age. Such dispa- ated using the Affy 10K SNP mapping rate results stimulated archival inquiry array to identify genes sharing strong of Stampfli’s putty-nosed monkey Cer- into the composition of the “Chinese ceme- evidence of genetic adaptation. None of copithecus nictitans stampflii is a poorly tery.” The research revealed that, while 66 AAPA Abstracts

dominated by individuals of Asian ances- ductive output: Evidence for trade- try, the cemetery was also used by indi- offs and their implications. Researchers have identified multiple gents regardless of ancestry. In addition indicators of locomotor pattern in cer- to being African American, Burial 1 was G.E. Blomquist. Department of Anthro- copithecoids, as well as many other spe- marked by postcranial robusticity and pology, University of Illinois. cies of mammals. Indicators of terrestrial- may have been one of a number of African ity or arboreality in primates include Americans employed as laborers for the Trade-offs among components of fitness height of the humeral head relative to the local railroad. Burial 2, appears to have are fundamental to life history theory. greater tuberosity, retroflection of the been autopsied, was accompanied by the Little is known about the genetic architec- medial epicondyle of the humerus, length remains of a coffin latch, and may be one ture of trade-offs, and thus how fitness of the radial neck, posterior inclination of of several individuals identified as “white, costs and benefits accrue to individuals the olecranon, and length of the pha- but of an alcoholic disposition, possibly based on their reproductive decisions. langes. Preliminary investigations suggest Irish.” As such, this serves as a cautionary Using demographic records from 351 that allometric differences in the fore- tale. Burials may not be as they initially females completing their lives in the Cayo limbs of monkeys related to seem. Investigators must use cautious Santiago, PR colony, genetic correlations sexual dimorphism may be a confounding consideration, not exclusively context, were calculated between reproductive factor in our estimation of locomotor pat- when forming conclusions about the iden- output, the number of offspring born to a tern in fossil species of monkeys and apes. tity of individuals, even those recovered female, in early (3-5 yrs. old), middle (6- The generation of coefficients of variation from known historic cemeteries such as 10), and late (11+) phases of life. To iden- (CVs) in a comparative sample of extant this one from Bakersfield. tify how correlations in reproductive out- anthropoids produces very large CVs as- put arise, the relationship between early sociated with radial neck length, particu- Femoral shape in populations of dif- fertility (3-7) and lifespan was also calcu- larly among cercopithecines. As neck fering subsistence economies. lated for a subset of females (n=239) who length relative to radial head diameter is lived 8+ years. Genetic analyses utilized often used as an indicator of substrate M.M. Bleuze, J.L. Thompson. Department an animal model and a pedigree of almost preference or degree of cursorial activity of Anthropology and Ethnic Studies, Uni- 8000 individuals having over 7000 mater- in many mammals, further CVs were gen- versity of Nevada, Las Vegas. nal, and 200 paternal links. REML esti- erated to ascertain if high degrees of mates of (co)variance components were variation also occur for this measure. As it Activity-related stresses and mechani- generated with the program VCE. Para- also produced high CVs, means for males cal loadings have been demonstrated to metric correlations were used. and females were then calculated to de- affect adult bone morphology reflecting In contrast to positive or ~0 phenotypic termine if the variation is related to sex population differences in diet, mobility correlations for reproductive output at differences. In two of the species, C. mitis levels, and gender roles. For example, different ages, the genetic correlations and M. fascicularis, the differences are femoral diaphyseal geometry has been indicate a strong trade-off between early significant at the .05 level. Further calcu- used to differentiate between mobility and late life output. Furthermore, though lations of other indices related to sub- patterns of foragers and agriculturalists. the phenotypic correlation is also ~0, a strate preference produce similar results. When subsistence patterns are known, the strong negative genetic correlation be- These findings have significant ramifica- assumption is that a particular pattern of tween early fertility and lifespan indicates tions for the assessment of substrate pref- lower limb morphology should result. the early-late reproductive output correla- erence in fossil specimens, as well as However, research has shown that the tion is predominantly due to earlier death taxonomic attribution. Additionally, these relationship between diet, presumed ac- of females who bear many offspring early determinations may impact paleoecologi- tivities, and bone geometry is not always in life. cal models of habitat and assessments of straightforward. This study examines how These patterns support an antagonistic number of species present. well skeletal morphology correlates with pleiotropy model for the evolution of se- presumed activity patterns in populations nescence and imply constraints operative Life history trade-offs in human whose subsistence economy is known from in primate life histories can be identified growth. archeological evidence. Three samples using long-term records that include pedi- from populations that practiced: 1. coastal gree information. Outlining morphological B. Bogin, M.I.O. Varela-Silva.University hunting, foraging and gathering; 2. mari- and socio-behavioral relationships to these of Michigan-Dearborn. time; and, 3. broad-based subsistence reproductive constraints are directions for economies were used to collect data to future inquiry. Human beings growing-up in adverse calculate femoral shape and robusticity. Research supported by the U. Illinois environments may be stunted, have The results reveal that when a subsis- Graduate College. Cayo Santiago and the asymmetric body proportions, be wasted, tence economy is exclusively practiced and Carribean Primate Research Center are be overweight, and be at greater risk for competing variables are controlled (e.g. NSF, NIH, and UPR funded facilities. disease. One group of researchers explains terrain), limb morphology reflects activi- Paternity data, used under agreement in this as a consequence of “developmental ties patterns associated with that econ- this research, was gathered by John Ber- programming” (DP). Another group uses omy. However, when subsistence practices ard, Fred Bercovitch, Matt Kessler, Mi- the phrase “predictive adaptive response” are broad-based bone geometry does not chael Krawczak, Peter Nurnberg, and (PAR). The DP group tends to view the provide a clear pattern of activities and Jorg Schmidtke. alterations as having permanent mal- thus the archeological and skeletal data adaptive effects that place people at risk do not correlate strongly in these circum- Sexual dimorphism and indicators of for disease (Barker, 1998). The PAR group stances. Since bone geometry alone does substrate preference: implications for considers the alterations at two levels of not always reflect the subsistence econ- fossil species. adaptation: 1) “short-term adaptive re- omy (and vice versa), this finding is par- sponses for immediate survival” and 2) ticularly relevant for studies of popula- K.T. Blue1, B. Hallgrimsson2. 1Department “predictive responses required to ensure tions undergoing transition, such as from of Anthropology, Minnesota State Univer- postnatal survival to reproductive age” foraging to agriculture. sity, Mankato, 2Department of Cell Biol- (Gluckman & Hanson, 2005, p.68). ogy & Anatomy and the Joint Injury and In a strict biological sense, adaptation is Quantitative genetics of female Arthritis Research Group, Faculty of operationalized in terms of reproductive rhesus macaque age-specific repro- Medicine, University of Calgary. outcome. There is no consistent evidence AAPA Abstracts 67

that deviant growth trajectories impair or The impact of genetic ancestry test- with second permanent molar (M2) enhance fecundity or fertility. An applica- ing on public understanding of race emerged), whereas in female orangutans, tion of life history theory to human growth and human genetic structure. the process occurs in age class 4 (denoted rephrases the DP vs. PAR debate from by permanent canine emergence). In Afri- disease or adaptation to the concept of D.A. Bolnick. Department of Anthropol- can apes, pelvic fusion is completed later “trade-offs.” “Trade-offs occur when two ogy, University of Texas at Austin. in males than in females, but at different traits compete for materials and energy dental ages, for example, gorillas are later within a single organism…" or, "…when Genetic ancestry testing has become a than chimpanzees. selection for one trait decreases the value profitable commercial venture in recent In all great apes, skeletal maturation of a second trait" (Stearns, 1992, p. 223). years, and more than 20 private compa- occurs after all permanent teeth have Human life history includes four stages of nies now sell genetic tests to help mem- emerged and suggests caution when using growth between birth and adulthood: in- bers of the general public reconstruct “adult” museum collections for wild pri- fancy (birth to 36 months), childhood (3 to their personal genealogical histories. mate baselines. For example, male goril- 7 years old), juvenile (7 years to puberty), Since these companies discuss the pattern las with all permanent dentition and ex- and adolescent (puberty to about 20 of human variation in their daily interac- tensive tooth wear can have most skeletal years). Each of these stages is replete tions with non-anthropologists, they can elements still unfused. Using field meas- with trade-offs for growth and health. We have a significant impact on how the pub- urements from these postcranial imma- present examples of trade-offs in growth lic understands the structure of the hu- tures to estimate wild body masses, for of body proportions of Guatemalan and man gene pool. In this presentation, I instance, under-estimates them. Cape Verdean children, juveniles, and examine what these genetic ancestry tests The variation in timing and sequence of adolescents and how these proportions convey about race, ethnicity, and human skeletal development within and between relate to functional outcomes. genetic structure. species reflects the life history pattern in While some aspects of genetic ancestry each of these three great apes. Leprosy in the medieval North. testing help to refute incorrect ideas about race, other aspects of these tests and the A reassessment of the age at death of J.L. Boldsen, U.H. Freund. Department of associated literature instead reinforce Sts 14 (Australopithecus africanus) Anthropology (ADBOU), Institute of Fo- traditional racial notions about the ge- and the sequence of epiphyseal union rensic Medicine, University of Southern netic structure of human populations. In of early hominids. Denmark. many cases, the pattern of human genetic variation is oversimplified and misrepre- A. Bonmatí1,2, C. Lorenzo1,3, J.L. Ar- Leprosy was a widespread and dreaded sented. These tests often imply a greater suaga1,2. 1Centro UCM-ISCIII de Investi- disease in medieval Europe. It had correspondence between racial/ethnic gación sobre Evolución y Comportamiento reached by the Roman Iron groups and genetic markers than really Humanos, Madrid, Spain, 2Dpto. de Pale- Age (around AD 400). After a peak preva- exists, and the literature associated with ontología, Universidad Complutense de lence around AD 1300 the disease de- some tests supports a traditional racial Madrid, Spain, 3 Grup d'Autoecologia Hu- clined in frequency but remained of public view of human population history. Many mana, Área de Prehistoria, Universitat health concern in parts of Scandinavia to aspects of genetic ancestry testing there- Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain. well into the 20th century. fore serve to reify race as a biologically This paper analyzes the relationship meaningful representation of human The present study attempts to establish between leprosy prevalence in different variation. Finally, I also discuss the a reliable age-at-death estimate for the parts of the North population from around meaning and use of the term “ancestry” Australopithecus africanus associated AD 1000 to the Protestant Reformation in (in contrast to “race” or “ethnicity”) as pelvis and vertebral column Sts 14. Origi- the first half of the 16th century. Four associated with these tests. nally considered to be an adult specimen different population segments are exam- by Robinson, more recent studies have ined, the urban and the rural populations Dental and skeletal maturation in suggested a subadult age at death for this of South Scandinavia, and the more mar- wild great apes. individual. Our examination of the origi- ginal populations of North Scandinavia nal specimen has revealed the presence of and the Greenland North are analyzed. D. Bolter1, A. Zihlman2. 1Dept. of Anthro- a small open suture along the iliac crest, It appears that leprosy was present in all pology, Modesto College, 2Dept. of Anthro- an incipient ventral rampart, what ap- of Scandinavia between AD 1000 and pology, University of California, Santa pears to be a mostly unfused ischial tube- 1300. After 1300 the prevalence dropped Cruz. rosity, S1-S2 unfused intervertebral disc, quickly and dramatically in the urban partial fusion of the sacroiliac epiphyseal communities of South Scandinavia, Examination of dentition and skeleton plate and incomplete fusion of the annular whereas it remained high to the 16th cen- of immature wild great apes (orangutans, rings of most of the preserved vertebrae. tury in the rural majority of the popula- n= 18; gorillas, n = 31; chimpanzees, Considering that the A. africanus devel- tion in South Scandinavia. In North Scan- n=28) reveals variation in patterns of opmental rate more closely resembles that dinavia, leprosy appears to have been growth and development. Individuals are of chimpanzees than living humans, an more prevalent among the Sámi than classified into one of six dental ages, based age at death of 13-16 years for Sts 14 is among the North population. It appears on type and number of teeth emerged. On suggested. that leprosy did not establish a presence the same individuals, skeletal elements of We have studied the sequence of epi- among the Greenland North in the early the long bones and pelvis are scored ac- physeal union in other early hominid pel- part of the settlement history; it might cording to degree of fusion (none, partial, vic remains and compare this sequence have appeared later in the history but no full). Females and males are compared with living great apes and modern hu- data with bearing on this have been ana- within a species, and each then compared mans to determine whether the early lyzed so far. across species. hominids were characterized by a distinct The observed pattern of leprosy preva- Results show that chimpanzees and sequence of epiphyseal fusion in their lence is discussed in the light of popula- gorillas initiate skeletal fusion relative to pelvis. Interestingly, in SK 3155 (Paran- tion dynamics and the economic develop- dental stage earlier than do orangutans. thropus robustus) the fusion of the epiphy- ment during the Middle Ages. In the pelvis and elbow for example, fe- sis of the anterior inferior iliac spine in male chimpanzees and gorillas begin fu- the early hominids seems to be advanced sion at the same dental stage (age class 3, with respect to the ossification of the 68 AAPA Abstracts

triradiate cartilage. In addition, the se- anthropometry can start to be brought crosses the tarsometatarsal joint, it is quence of epiphyseal union in Sts 14 ap- into conjunction with molecular data. capable of adducting the hallux and is pears to show a non-fused ischial tuberos- Children with orofacial clefts have been thought to be critical for strong hallucal ity and an almost fused iliac crest. This shown to differ from unaffected children grasping. However, this function in condition in Sts 14 could be due to either a in their growth accomplishments in cer- strong hallucal grasping has yet to be taphonomic process, or a change in the tain age ranges based on measurements of demonstrated. We used telemetered elec- sequence of epiphyseal union. their heights. Studies of developmental tromyography on two lemur species and genetics have shown that some anomalies found that peroneus longus is not fre- Allometry and classification in Fetal once thought to have multifactorial etiolo- quently or consistently active during hal- Alcohol Spectrum Disorders, or, What gies are sometimes due to mutations in lucal grasping. Further, it is never active happens when an allometric null hy- upstream developmental control genes without accompaniment of other muscles pothesis is true. which can have widespread downstream during such grasping. In contrast, extrin- effects. This paper explores whether this sic digital flexor muscles of the hallux are F.L. Bookstein, University of Vienna, might be the case with respect to the DLX almost always intensely active in all University of Washington genes or their control in children with grasping behaviors observed. Peroneus clefts of the primary palate. DLX products longus helps evert the foot, resists its Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder appear to be involved in bifrications where inversion, and resists abduction of the (FASD) is a common birth defect (circa 1% single structures give rise to pairs as hallux on large diameter horizontal sub- in the US), centered on the brain, with when the lateral facial processes grow out strates. We conclude that peroneus devastating consequences for cognition to form the jaws. My work on morphology longus is not important in strong hallucal and social behavior. The earlier in life in children with clefts has shown that grasping and that strong adduction of the these cases are diagnosed, in general, the they are slightly shorter than average hallux is not necessarily a component of better the outcome. Current develop- after the age of seven, the expected age at such grasping. These results have impli- ments in craniometrics have proved re- andrearche. They have consistently sig- cations for the functional morphology of markably helpful for the neuromor- nificantly narrower elbow breadths, where the foot in the earliest euprimates and phometrics of this related topic. the single humerus anlagen divides to plesiadapiforms. While our previous work focused on form those of the radius and ulna. Chil- Funded by NSF Grants BCS 0411489 quantifying the corpus callosum midcurve, dren with clefts also frequently show defi- and BCS 0509190 this report deals with the cerebellum. cits in the ulna styloid, and small carpals There is a strong pattern of cerebellar on one side of the hand, regions where Evolutionary genetics of primate hair shape allometry in normal variation that, further developmental bifrications occur. pigmentation. when tested against the corresponding Here I review the evidence for a role for pattern in FASD, appears to be “signifi- the products of the DLX loci in jaw forma- B.J. Bradley1, J. Pastorini2, N.I. Mundy1. cantly supported” (i.e., the null hypothesis tion and so possibly in clefting, as well as 1Dept. of Zoology, University of Cam- is TRUE) in comparisons of 120 Seattle their reuse in more distil bifrications. I bridge, UK, 2Centre for Conservation and FASD adolescents and adults to 60 sub- examine whether biacromial and bi-iliac Research, Rajagiriva, Sri Lanka. jects unexposed to prenatal alcohol. In breadths, collected on children attending other words, the size difference engen- the Cleft Palate Service of the Philadel- Primates often show striking coat color dered by the syndrome adequately ac- phia (PA) Facial Reconstruction Center, differences between closely-related spe- counts for observed shape effects. support an hypothesis of a role for DLX cies, between individuals within popula- The role of shape is then to serve as a product alteration in the formation of tions, between males and females, and redundant source of information about the clefts of the primary palate. between infants and adults. These various birth defect in this context, in which im- color patterns undoubtedly play an adap- age processing is somewhat difficult and Electromyography of peroneus tive role in signalling and/or concealment, biological variability is exaggerated be- longus in Varecia variegata and but we know little about the genetic basis yond the normal. Classification under Eulemur rubriventor helps in grasp- of this coat color diversity. these circumstances goes best by a third ing primate origins. We are examining hairs from a range of method, principal components of the size- primates (humans, apes, New and Old shape spaces that our group introduced in D.M. Boyer1, B.A. Patel2, S.G. Larson1, World monkeys, and prosimians) to iden- 2004 for the considerably different topic of J.T. Stern Jr.1. 1Department of Anatomi- tify where in the pigmentation pathway hominoid phylogenetics. The resulting cal Sciences, Stony Brook University hairs of various colours diverge in their example of “classification by allometry” School of Medicine, 2Interdepartmental patterns of gene expression. Our candi- may be of interest to physical anthropolo- Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sci- date gene approach focuses on eight pig- gists more broadly whose data sets like- ences, Stony Brook University. ment-related genes (MC1R, ASIP, POMC, wise combine strong allometric signals MGRN1, ATRN, TYR, TYRP1, DCT), with weak or variable residual effects. The evolution of a foot specialized for selected because of their known involve- Sponsored by grants AA010836 from strong grasping with an opposable hallux ment in determining coat colour in mice, the NIH to the University of Washington has been recognized as an important step one melanocyte marker gene (MITF) and and P200.093/1-VI/2004 from the Austrian in the evolution of euprimates. It may one house keeping gene (ACTB). We ex- Council for Science and Technology to the have allowed the earliest ‘primates’ to tracted RNA from plucked hair tufts con- University of Vienna. utilize resources previously unexploited in sisting of approximately 10-50 hair folli- a fine-branch niche. Thus, paleontologists cles each. Using quantitative RT-PCR, DLX and anthropometric variation in have studied osteological correlates of we measured and compared the relative children with oro-facial clefts. strong hallucal grasping with the goal of amounts of RNA specific for each gene in identifying this ability in fossil taxa. One hair tufts of different colours (white, buff, E.J. Bowers. Anthropology Dept., Ball character considered an indicator of such red, brown, black) from numerous indi- State University. grasping is a large peroneal process on the viduals representing a variety of taxa. hallucal metatarsal. Notably, this process Preliminary data suggest, for example, With the availability of the human is the sole insertion point of the peroneus that changes in gene expression in specific genome sequence, molecular anthropology longus muscle in nonhuman primates. loci underlie the black coat of Goeldi’s has developed to a point where classical Because the peroneus longus tendon monkey (Callimico goeldii). If confirmed, AAPA Abstracts 69

this would be a novel mechanism for evo- A sample of faunal material from Mid- We suggest that currently prevailing phi- lutionary change in coat colour. Results dle Stone Age levels at the cave site of losophies of systematics encourage pa- will provide insights into how evolution Plovers Lake, South Africa, was examined leoanthropologists to contrive overly pre- tinkers with a limited amount of genetic to assess accumulating agent and pa- cise alpha taxonomies that misrepresent variation to produce such a great diversity leoenvironment. Bone surface modifica- the inherently vague boundaries of evolv- of forms. tion, bone breakage patterns and skeletal ing populations. Supported by the Biotechnology and part representation, along with the pres- Biological Sciences Research Council ence of numerous coprolites, suggest sig- The reliability of the atd angle in (8/G18344), UK. nificant carnivore involvement. Rodent dermatoglyphic analysis. gnawed bones are rare, indicating limited The endocast of KNM-ER 42700 a new input from this agent. Hammerstone per- E.K. Brunson1, D.J. Holman1, L.L. Newell- Homo erectus from Ileret, Kenya. cussion- and cut-marked bones combine Morris1, C.M. Giovas1, A. Streissguth2. with the presence of tools of an MSA 1Dept. of Anthropology, University of D.C. Broadfield1, R.L. Holloway2, F. character to indicate some hominin con- Washington, 2Dept. of Psychiatry and Spoor3, M.G. Leakey4, L.N. Leakey4. tribution, though at a low frequency. Behavioral Sciences, University of Wash- 1Departments of Anthropology and Bio- Commingling of carnivore and hominin ington. medical Science, Florida Atlantic Univer- modified remains suggests either short- sity; 2Department of Anthropology, NY- term, episodic utilization by the hominins, The atd angle is a dermatoglyphic trait CEP, Columbia University; 3Department or perhaps seasonal occupation of the site. formed by drawing lines between the of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, The majority of the fauna are representa- triradii below the second and fifth digits University College London; 4Department tives of extant taxa, most of which are and the most proximal triradius on the of Palaeontology, National Museums of historically known from the area. Carni- hypothenar region of the palm. The trait Kenya. vores are particularly diverse, with more has been widely used in dermatoglyphic limited primate representation. Examina- studies, but several researchers have The 1.5-1.6 Ma KNM-ER 42700 cal- tion of the ungulate fauna provides infor- questioned its utility, specifically whether varium is a unique addition to known mation on paleocommunity structure and or not it can be measured reliably. Here, fossils in this time range from . paleoecology. There is a distinct prepon- we examine the measurement reliability While its general features show affinities derance of grazers, in particular those of this trait. Finger and palm prints were to Homo erectus (including H. ergaster), it preferring open grassland habitats. Water taken using the carbon paper and tape also possesses features that are similar to dependent taxa dominate the ungulates, method from 287 individuals with in utero H. habilis (Spoor et al., 2005). This, and coupled with the presence of aquatic exposure to alcohol and 175 unexposed though, may be attributed to the likeli- species such as water mongoose and Cape controls. A sample of 100 matched (right hood that the calvarium was from a clawless otter, suggest a permanent water and left) prints was randomly selected subadult or young adult. source nearby. The greater part of the from the total. Each atd angle was read The calvarium is well-preserved with ungulate fauna are taxa which are charac- twice, at different times, by Reader 1, some distortion and a slight depression terized by at least some seasonal mobility, using a goniometer and a magnifying and hole anterior to the apex. Original which has implications for interpretations glass, and three times by Reader 2, using estimates of the endocranial capacity gave of seasonal occupation in the area. Adobe Photoshop. Inter-class correlation a size of approximately 691-720ml, de- coefficients were estimated for the intra- pending on the age of the individual. This Darwin, Darwinism, and the speci- and inter-reader measurements. would give KNM-ER one of the smallest ation process. Reader 1 was able to quantify the atd cranial capacities of any fossil assigned to angle on 149 out of 200 prints (74.5%), African H. erectus, albeit comparable to K. Brown, M. Cartmill. Dept. of Biological and Reader 2, on 179 out of 200 prints the endocranial volumes of Dmanisi and Anthropology and Anatomy, Duke Uni- (89.5%). Both readers agreed on whether Mojokerto. However, past experience has versity. or not an angle was measurable on a print demonstrated that deriving cranial capac- 89.8% of the time for the right hand and ity from CT images of a specimen with Pre-Darwinian biologists conceived of 78.0% for the left hand. Intra-observer distortion is difficult. However, these species as natural classes defined by es- correlations were 0.97 or greater for both problems can be overcome through the sential properties. Nowadays, species are readers. Inter-observer correlations for production of a stereolithograph derived often thought of as logical individuals that atd angles measured by both readers from a 3-D composite of the CT images. are born and die in swift, transforming ranged from 0.92 to 0.96. Our results sug- This approach enables multiple casts to be speciation events, in which reproductive gest that the atd angle can be measured created that can then be reconstructed to isolation is achieved by the restructuring reliably, and that angles measured using derive a more accurate assessment of of a peripheral population's genome. But an angle measurement tool on a digital endocranial capacity. Preliminary data except in cases of instantaneous speci- image improves reliability. indicate that KNM-ER 42700 is unique ation through polyploidy (which is rare Supported by NIH NIAAA R21-AA013704 among H. erectus in its size, but overall among animals and almost unknown and R37 AA01455. possesses general affinities allying it with among mammals), reproductive isolation other members of this taxon. and the mechanisms that maintain it can An eye for an eye: the Anglo-Saxon only be produced by natural selection, execution cemetery at Walkington Accumulating agent and paleoenvi- drift, and other evolutionary processes Wold. ronment of the hominin-bearing site within populations. Darwinian theory of Plovers Lake, South Africa. therefore leads us to expect that reproduc- J.L. Buckberry. Dept. Archaeological Sci- tive isolation should as a rule come into ences, University of Bradford, UK. J.K. Brophy1, D.J. de Ruiter1, S.E. Chur- existence gradually. Darwin himself ar- chill2, L.R. Berger3. 1Department of An- gued at length that reproductive isolation The cemetery at Walkington Wold, East thropology, Texas A&M University, admits of degrees, that interspecies gene Yorkshire, UK was located around a 2Department of Biological Anthropology flow is widespread and often significant, Bronze Age barrow, and contained twelve and Anatomy, Duke University, 3School of and that "there is no fundamental distinc- burials in various positions, many of Geosciences, University of Witwatersrand. tion between species and varieties." Later whom were buried without their heads. studies have borne out these contentions. In addition, eleven isolated skulls were 70 AAPA Abstracts

excavated. At the time of excavation including several from India, the Hutter- identified regions of CD36 that are spe- (1969), the burials were interpreted as ites, etc. We are working with our cultural cifically involved in the adhesion of Plas- victims of a massacre that occurred in the anthropologist to link all of the genealo- modium parasites. Malaria, caused by 5th century AD (Bartlett and Mackey gies into one, to better obtain a measure of members of the Plasmodium genus, is a 1973), however more recently the site was α. major selective pressure in humans. re-interpreted as an Anglo-Saxon execu- Our genealogical work shows that Aside from humans, many other primate tion cemetery, of which examples are whereas this group remained isolated in species harbor Plasmodium parasites. known from southern England (Reynolds previous generations, it has lowered its Here we examine the CD36 gene across a 1997). reproductive boundaries. Indeed, several range of primates in order test for evi- The cemetery contains a minimum of of our subjects bemoan what they see as dence of differential selective pressures on thirteen individuals, however only two of the inevitable disappearance of their the distinct functional domains of this those were buried with their heads articu- group. Our genealogical data indicate that locus. Two main results are supported. lated with their bodies. Radiocarbon opening up the group to individuals from First, there is evidence for differential dates revealed that the cemetery was in other ethnicities was inevitable, as the selective pressures operating on the dif- use from the late 7th to early 11th centuries level of consanguinity was very high. ferent functional regions of CD36. Sec- AD, and thus it is the most northern An- ond, different primate species show evi- glo-Saxon execution cemetery identified to Child anthropometric comparison of dence for different types of selection. date. During this period burial was typi- two rural Costa Rican communities. These results suggest that primates may cally supine and extended, usually with- be evolving to combat their Plasmodium out grave goods and cemeteries were in- H.M. Bukauskas1, D. Himmelgreen1, N. parasites through modification of CD36. creasingly located around churches (Had- Romero Daza1, M. Vega1, H.B. Cambron- Additional explanations, based on the ley and Buckberry 2005), quite unlike ero2. 1Department of Anthropology, Uni- other functions of the CD36 protein, will Walkington Wold. versity of South Florida, 2Monteverde also be explored. Re-analysis of the skeletal remains Institute, Apdo. showed that the assemblage consisted A 3D morphometric analysis of Upper entirely of adult males, all of whom died The Monteverde region of Costa Rica Palaeolithic hominin frontal bones between the ages of 18 and 45. Osteologi- has been increasingly effected by global- from Russia and the North . cal evidence of execution by decapitation ization changes over the last 30 years. was present on six individuals, supporting Anthropometric and socioeconomic data E. Bulygina1, L. Aiello2. 1Anthropology the theory that these burials were of exe- were collected from the region in two set- Department, University College London, cuted felons. This paper will present the tlements. The communities differ socio- 2Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropo- palaeopathological evidence from the economically, one relying mainly on tradi- logical Research cemetery, and will interpret it in the con- tional agriculture, the other having made text of normal late Anglo-Saxon burial a transition to ecotourism. However, both Claims have been made in literature practices. communities are food-insecure. that some of the Upper Paleolithic Funded by the Universities of Sheffield, The purpose of this paper is to deter- hominin fossils from Russia and the North York and Leeds (White Rose Studentship mine if boys and girls are experiencing Caucasus (e.g., Skhodnya, Podkumok and to JLB), and the Natural Environment differently the process of nutritional Khvalynsk) have Neanderthal features Research Council (radiocarbon dates). change associated with their incorporation that may be representative of Neander- into the globalized market. The data thal ancestry. This hypothesis is tested High inbreeding coefficient in an cover information from 148 female par- using 3D morphometric semi-landmark Indo-Costa Rican group. ticipants (≥ 18) who were caretakers in a analysis and a comparative sample com- household of at least one child (age 7-12). prising 94 modern human and 26 Upper K. Bueter, L. Madrigal. Department of For this paper, the main focus is that of Pleistocene hominin (including 12 Upper Anthropology, University of South Flor- the anthropomentric records of the chil- Palaeolithic Homo sapiens and 9 Nenader- ida, Tampa. dren living in the households surveyed. thal) frontal bones. The results do not The samples of boys and girls are compa- support the hypothesis that Neanderthal The topic of inbreeding has received rable for age and sample size. Because the features characterize these fossils. Rather, attention from anthropologists because variances of both samples were not homo- a distinctive suite of features separates inbreeding might impact a population’s geneous, a t-test for unequal sample vari- Skhodnya and Khvalynsk from both the level of genetic variation. Anthropologists ances was performed. Our results indicate Neanderthals and modern humans. These are particularly interested in the inbreed- that boys and girls do not differ signifi- features include a posterior position of ing coefficients of small, isolated popula- cantly for height ( t= -0.54, df=137, p= bregma in relation to the stephanion re- tions. In this paper, we report data on the 0.5893) and weight ( t= -0.84, df= 138, p= sulting in a triangularly shaped coronal inbreeding coefficient of a small ethnic 0.4047). Further analysis within the paper suture when viewed superiorly, a distinc- group which has remained reproductively include comparisons between the two tive bregmatic and supraglabellar flatten- isolated until recently. communities, and of adult and child an- ing and a relatively narrow supraorbital Since 2003 a team of cultural and bio- thropometrics. and temopral region. At the same time, logical anthropologists has been working some of the other Upper Paleolithic indi- with a group which descends from East Differential selective pressures at the viduals in our comparative sample, such Indian migrants in Limón, Costa Rica. We CD36 locus among primates. as Dolni Vestoniče and the Pavlov have complete genealogies of all individu- hominins, are characterised by relatively als who belong to this group. We com- C.M. Bullard, M.E. Steiper. Department narrow and curved frontal bones when puted the inbreeding coefficient for each of of Anthropology, Hunter College of the compared with modern humans, Neander- these genealogies using the computer City University of New York. thals and the Upper Paleolithic hominins package DESCENT, kindly provided by from Russia and . These Ed Hagen. Using the individual genealo- The CD36 protein plays a role as a results demonstrate that there is greater gies, we have obtained very high inbreed- scavenger receptor and in cellular adhe- variation in frontal bone morphology ing coefficients: for two families, we have sion. This protein has also been shown in in Upper Palaeolithic hominins than pre- a 0.05 alpha. Reid (1973) lists several vitro to be a major receptor of the P. falci- viously appreciated. populations with this level of inbreeding, parum antigen PFEMP1. Studies have AAPA Abstracts 71

Are minor morphological variants life during this prosperous time as com- sagittal crest presence, estimated tempo- indicative of developmental instabil- pared to later, tumultuous, periods. ralis attachment area, estimated cranial ity? Our analyses show that cranial modifi- capacity, and mandibulo-dental dimen- cation parallels that in contemporary sions. Cebus species subsisting on diets of S.E. Burnett. Department of Anthropol- cemeteries, with the presence of both of differing material toughness (C. apella vs. ogy, Arizona State University. the major Andean forms and nearly a C. albifrons) show changes in such mor- third of the population modified (63/193). phologic variables as mandibular corpus Developmental instability is the result We observed low rates of nutritional defi- cross-sectional area (P<0.001), mandibu- of perturbations of normal development ciencies (cribra orbitalia: 3/193; porotic lar ramus area (P<0.001), mandibular from its course in producing a particular hyperostosis: 1/193; enamel hypoplasia: symphyseal cross-sectional area phenotype. Typically it is measured 11/155) demonstrating access to a broad (P<0.001), molar occlusal surface through the assessment of fluctuating range of foods and a balanced diet. In (P<0.001), temporalis attachment area asymmetry, defined as minor random contrast, dental health data show high lateral to temporal line/sagittal crest deviations from symmetry in structures rates of caries (100/190) and dental wear. (0.001), presence of temporal line/sagittal that normally exhibit bilateral symmetry. Together with the very high rate of ante- crest, and complexity of the sagittal su- Increased fluctuating asymmetry has been mortem tooth loss in adults (148/161), this ture (P<0.05). It can be concluded thus far linked to major congenital defects, syn- suggests high consumption of carbohy- that obdurate foods and increased muscle dromes, and inbreeding, among other drates and foods ground with mortar and function help direct bone formation within factors. Rare minor morphological vari- pestle. These data are in keeping with the the mandible and cranium of primate and ants have also been suggested to reflect idea that Atacameños practiced agricul- mouse models. developmental instability due to the ele- ture and pastoralism. Cranial trauma was This research was funded by a generous vated rates of some variants in association centered on the nasal bones and was pre- dissertation improvement from the Na- with syndromes and congenital defects. sent in about 10% of the sample, all adults tional Science Foundation (NSF 0352512). The purpose of this study is to examine (21/193), suggesting that face-to-face con- the relationship between post-cranial frontations, primarily between men, were South American population genetic skeletal asymmetry and minor develop- a focus of violence in this society. These structure and history: the Y perspec- mental variants of the human skeleton data reveal a population that was in good tive. and dentition. Specifically this study health outside of their dentition, espe- tested the hypothesis that individuals cially compared to individuals from sub- G.S. Cabana1, P.W. López2, A. Cáceres2, B. with three or more independent variants sequent periods, and was well integrated Lizárraga2, A.C. Stone1. 1School of Hu- exhibit significantly more skeletal asym- into cultural practices of the time. man Evolution and Social Change, Ari- metry than individuals without skele- Supported by the Venture and Jones zona State University, 2Centro de Investi- tal/dental variants. Funds, Colorado College. gación de Bioquímica y Nutrición, Univer- Thirty-six developmental variants from sidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. the skeleton and dentition were examined Cranial suture morphology: under- in the skeletons of 502 South African standing how dietary strategy and This study addresses the paternal ge- Bantu adults. In addition, 15 skeletal brain size influence primate cranio- netic structure and history of South measurements were taken bilaterally to facial bone growth. American peoples using data from the assess skeletal asymmetry. Measure- nonrecombining portion of the Y chromo- ments consisted of long bone lengths cal- C.D. Byron1, M. Hamrick2, J. Yu1. some (NRY). Early characterizations of culated for the metacarpals, metatarsals, 1Department of Surgery, Medical College the ’s genetic structure assumed humerus, ulna, radius, femur, and tibia. of Georgia, 2Department of Cell Biology & high heterogeneity among populations. F tests (alpha = 0.05) were used to test for Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia. Recent characterizations hypothesize an increased skeletal asymmetry in individu- east-west continental divide in genetic als with three or more independent vari- Morphological variation in the craniofa- variation, with the west (i.e., Central and ants relative to individuals without devel- cial complex is useful for determining Southern Andean populations) being con- opmental variants. phylogeny as well as interpreting feeding siderably more undifferentiated and ho- Individuals with three or more variants behavior. However, some features are mogenous than the east (i.e., Amazonian did not have significantly greater skeletal present due to the spatial consequences of populations). Researchers have proposed asymmetry when compared to individuals altering inherited craniofacial characteris- various explanations to account for ob- without variants. These results suggest tics either by changing the size of nervous served patterns, including initial migra- that developmental instability is not system structures (optic, auditory, olfac- tory “waves” into the continent, popula- strongly related to the occurrence of mul- tory, brain) or by sexual dimorphism. tion expansions, and/or regional differ- tiple minor variants. Within cranial sutures, we have shown a ences in effective sizes and gene flow. form-function link between complexity Unfortunately, relatively limited sampling A bioarchaeological perspective on and dietary strategy required through of the continent’s peoples has resulted in a health, violence, and identity at ecological niche specialization. Experi- still-obscure picture of the continent’s Tchecar (AD 700-900), northern Chile. mental mouse data demonstrate a positive actual genetic structure, as well as the relationship between masticatory muscle demographic and historical reasons for J.D. Burns, K.M. Eckhoff, C. Torres-Rouff. mass / function and suture lines of greater that structure. Department of Anthropology, Colorado complexity. This is repeated by assessing To further investigate the male ances- College sagittal suture morphology within a com- try of native South American populations, parative primate sample. It is hypothe- we sampled ca. 150 males from five Native The San Pedro oases are located in the sized that brain expansion and sexual American populations from the Peruvian Atacama Desert of northern Chile. We dimorphism within the cranial vault and . We examined twenty biallelic and examined 193 individuals from Tchecar the material properties of an organisms’ nine microsatellite NRY polymorphisms, (AD 700-900), a site occupied during a food preferences influence suture mor- determined Y haplogroup- and haplotype- time of peace and affluence in the Ata- phology. This is accomplished using a based lineages, and estimated within- cama. Bioarchaeological data was col- large sample of primates that have been lineage diversities. We found a high fre- lected regarding overall health and body measured with respect to general dietary quency of Q-M3 (~80%), no C, and a low modifications in order to assess quality of preferences, sagittal suture complexity, frequency of R-M207 (~15%) lineages. The 72 AAPA Abstracts

haplogroup distribution and diversity of The determination of sex from subadult to an acute attack is uniformally dramatic male lineages among these and other pub- skeletons has long been thought to be a the gradual response to chronic adverse lished data support the hypothesis of an difficult if not impossible task, though stimuli is less easily predicted and inter- east-west geographic difference in male many anthropologists have endeavored to preted. For example, in chronic scenarios ancestry and/or evolutionary trajectories. identify sexually dimorphic traits in these the loss of centile position that precedes We additionally address the still-debated skeletons. Weaver (1980) identified the the eventual establishment of normal issues of New World male founder line- elevation of the auricular surface as a increments can be viewed as either a poor ages, as well as the timing and number of sexually dimorphic trait in fetal and in- or a good growth response, as either mal- migrations into South American and into fant individuals below the age of six adaptive or adaptive, as either poor health the New World in general. months, with females expressing a raised or good health. This paper reviews such auricular surface and males a flat auricu- growth patterns in urban South African Use of modern Arctic peoples in mod- lar surface. This study suggests a revised children exploring the relationship be- eling past behaviors. method for scoring auricular surface ele- tween environment and growth outcome. vation, utilizing a five point ordinal scale S. Cachel. Department of Anthropology, to account for ranges in elevation. The Age-related changes in urinary go- Rutgers University. reliability of this method for determining nadotropins among Turkana men of the sex of subadults is tested using thirty northern Kenya. Archaeologists rightly hesitate to use six individuals, from birth through age any living human group as a referential six, from the known age and sex sample B.C. Campbell1, P.W. Leslie2, K.L. Camp- model for past human behavior: using from Christ Church, Spitalfields. Both bell3. 1Department of Anthropology, Bos- living humans as replicas for extinct peo- the left and right auricular surfaces were ton University, 2 Department of Anthro- ple, and reconstructing minute details of scored separately and the test was re- pology, University of North Carolina- behavior. Nevertheless, modern Arctic peated to determine the amount of in- Chapel Hill, 3Department of Biology, Uni- peoples allow one to understand the selec- traobservor error and learning curve. versity of Massachusetts-Boston. tion pressures that mold human adapta- Accuracies for the separate observations tion to extreme environments. Cold envi- ranged between approximately 60 and 80 Recent findings demonstrate wide- ronments affect survivorship and health, percent with accuracy increasing in the spread population variation in age-related and constrain population growth. Selec- later observations, which indicated that a testosterone decline among human males, tion pressures operate through the gen- learning curve does exist for this method. suggestive of differences in reproductive eral impact of high latitude, increased Expansion of the methodology to a five function. However, little is known about caloric intake, a rise in basal metabolic point ordinal scale showed an increased population variation in gonadotropins and rate, and diets where carbohydrates are accuracy of the method in individuals their potential determinants. In order to absent or seasonally rare. Sunlight is after birth, as compared to Weaver (1980). characterize age-related changes in the seasonally restricted, affecting calcium In addition, this study indicates that the male reproductive axis, we analyzed uri- metabolism and vitamin D synthesis. It is methodology is applicable to subadult nary FSH and LH and estrone-3- necessary to engineer technology (cloth- individuals of a broader age range. glucuronide (E3G) and their relationship ing, shelter, and control of fire) to mini- to anthropometric measures from 134 mize cold exposure. Social organization Growth patterns in adverse environ- nomadic and 102 settled Turkana males, and ranging and foraging strategies re- ments. ages 20+. Earlier results suggest that the spond dynamically to this array of selec- nomadic men are in negative energy bal- tion pressures. N. Cameron. Centre for Human Develop- ance, while settled men are in positive Modern Arctic peoples may also yield ment and Ageing, Department of Human energy balance after a long drought. insights into the way of life of fossil hu- Sciences, Loughborough University, UK. Results indicate low levels of urinary mans. If one assumes that biological sub- LH and elevated levels of E3G compared strates are similar, Arctic peoples could The triple-logistic pattern of human to U.S. standards, while urinary levels of offer a template for the possibilities of the growth in linear dimensions is probably FSH are elevated only among the settled behavioral adaptations of fossil humans to one of the most recognisable models males. GLM models indicate significant cold environments. The first dispersal of within human biology. The fact that post- effects of 10 year age groups and nomadic genus Homo into temperate latitudes was natal somatic growth occurs in three vs. settled residence on LH, but there are associated with an ability to adapt to phases (infancy, childhood, adolescence) no significant age-related changes in uri- greater cold and seasonality than in tropi- creates opportunities for the individual nary FSH. E3G increased significantly cal latitudes. Neanderthals existing in expression of this genetically controlled, with age among the settled males only. cold Eurasian environments are another but environmentally modified, phenome- These results suggest that environ- fossil taxon whose behavioral adaptations non. The impact of the environment mental fluctuation may have an impor- might be explored through the use of a works to alter the duration and intensity tant impact on male reproductive func- modern Arctic template, especially be- of critical stages within the total process tion. The age-related increase in E3G cause data on stable carbon and nitrogen resulting in individual patterns that can among settled men is similar that of west- isotopes in collagen from multiple speci- differ radically from the general pattern. ern populations who also exhibit positive mens shows that they lived in open habi- However, the constancy of the general energy balance. Furthermore, the in- tats, and had a highly carnivorous diet pattern is so fixed that its presence in creased levels of FSH suggest increased (Bocherens et al. 2005. J. Hum. Evol. children is taken as a reflection of good stimulation of Sertoli cells with weight 49:71-87). health. Departures from that pattern are gain after a period of weight loss. More recognised as reflecting ill health. Thus work is needed to determine if such in- Subadult sex estimation from the reference charts of normal growth pat- creases in FSH can be linked to other auricular surface of the ilia. terns have become part of the essential aspects of testicular function as well. armamentarium of the pediatrician and This work supported by NSF grants A.K. Cahoon. Department of Anthropol- community health worker and are used to DBS 92-07837 and 92-07891. ogy, California State University, Sacra- rapidly identify children with either mento. chronic or acute constraints upon their Static allometry, species discrimina- growth and, by implication, their health. tion and sexual dimorphism of gue- Whilst the cessation of growth in response nons (Primates, Cercopithecinae): a AAPA Abstracts 73

three-dimensional morphometric anal- joints. Studies of external forces experi- In all species, most of the alveolar mar- ysis of the skull. enced by primates during simulated arbo- gins were OPN (+) with osteoclasts. Most real locomotion, however, typically exam- other regions of the Pmx were osteoblastic A. Cardini1, P. O’Higgins2, S. Elton1, 1Hull ine a limited subset of the locomotor di- in newborn Saguinus, or devoid of bone York Medical School, University Of Hull, versity that can be observed among free- cell activity in Callithrix and Leontopith- Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK, ranging counterparts. While comparisons ecus. OPN immunoreactivity and bone cell 2Hull York Medical School, University of of arboreal and terrestrial linear locomo- distribution revealed evidence of bone York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK. tion have demonstrated that primates resorption along the margins of the body experience lower external forces during and nasomaxillary process of the Pmx, but It is often assumed that morphological arboreal locomotion, likely due to compli- only where it formed an osseous boundary variation in guenons (Allenopithecus, ant gait (i.e., greater limb flexion), the of the anterior nasal opening. The maxil- Chlorocebus, Cercopithecus, Erythrocebus, mediolateral (ML) component of the sub- lopremaxillary suture (MPS) and naso- Miopithecus) is relatively modest com- strate reaction force (SRF) may reflect the premaxillary suture was osteoblastic in pared to other cercopithecine monkeys. degree of limb abduction (i.e., greater newborn and infant Saguinus. These su- However, comparative analyses investi- during terrestrial linear locomotion). tures were devoid of bone cells in Cal- gating the morphology of most living spe- To investigate this, SRFs and the de- lithrix and Leontopithecus, except adja- cies are uncommon. In this study, the gree of limb abduction at shoulder and hip cent to the canine region of the maxillary form of the skull is analysed using three- joints were recorded for 390 limb contacts bone in Leontopithecus. The present study dimensional anatomical landmark coordi- of lemurids (Eulemur rubriventer). Indi- suggests some perinatal Pmx growth in all nates of 1237 specimens belonging to all viduals traveled along a wooden runway three callitrichids, but also local resorp- species of guenons (except C. dryas). or linear pole, each with an instrumented tion that varied according the adjacency to Males are on average 12-14% larger than segment, and the same pole, but with the the nasal fossa or maxillary canines. Al- females, and shape sexual dimorphism is instrumented section offset from the lon- though consistent with the view of sutures evident and largely correlated to size dif- gitudinal axis of the pole. As the amount as passive growth sites, these findings ferences. Interspecific differences in size of offset increased, ML peak force magni- illustrate species differences in perinatal are large and, unsurprisingly, allometric tudes increased. At the greatest offset, osteoblast activity, particularly at the shape discriminates the smallest (M. magnitudes and directions of ML peak MPS. ogouensis and M. talapoin) and the largest forces were similar to those observed dur- (E. patas) species. A very clear discrimina- ing runway locomotion, despite a slower What failed communication attempts tion, using non-allometric shape variation, average speed. When the instrumented tell us about the mind of the signaler; was, in contrast, less easy to predict for C. segment was offset to any degree, SRFs gestural communication in captive aethiops, whose morphological and genetic usually were medially-directed, unlike Bornean orangutans (Pongo pyg- similarities with representatives of Cer- laterally-directed forces that have been maeus). copithecus has led several taxonomists to observed during simulated arboreal loco- question its generic status. Similarity motion on a linear pole. Mediolateral E.A. Cartmill, R.W. Byrne. School of Psy- relationships are also investigated using peak force magnitudes experienced during chology, University of St Andrews. species average shapes with separate arboreal locomotion can be high, even sexes. Clusters are fairly congruent with exceeding those experienced during ter- The study of non-human gesture is hin- traditional taxonomic groupings but often restrial locomotion. dered by the difficulty of determining mirror size similarities and can thus be Research supported by the National when an animal is signaling. Unlike vo- homoplasic. However, percentages of spec- Science Foundation (BCS 0411489). calizations, gestures lack clear boundaries imens correctly identified according to and overlap with other movements of species using discriminant analyses (skull Bone cell dynamics of the premaxil- daily living, so it is hard to tell when the shape, separate sexes) suggest that size- lary bone and its sutures. function of a movement is mainly commu- related morphological convergence may be nicative. Nonhuman gestures can be iden- present but it is not large enough to pre- K.A. Carmody1, M.P. Mooney2,3, G.M. tified as such by recipients’ responses, vent species discrimination. The correla- Cooper4, C.J. Bonar5, M.I. Siegel3, T.D. however this approach fails to capture the tion between the matrices of shape dis- Smith1,3. 1School of Physical Therapy, complexities of the use of multiple ges- tances for the female and male average Slippery Rock University, 2Departments of tures in a single signaling event - and, shapes is very high. Thus, despite a strong Oral Medicine and Pathology, 3Anth- more importantly, includes no measure of sexual dimorphism, similar interspecific ropology, and 4Orthopedic Surgery, Uni- the signaler’s intentions. To address these phenetic relationships are suggested by versity of Pittsburgh, 5Cleveland problems, we examined gestural bouts females and males. This congruence is Metroparks zoo. made by 9 captive Bornean orangutans to likely to be related to the modest diver- conspecific recipients who failed to re- gence of static allometric trajectories The premaxilla (Pmx) and its articula- spond in any way. Our study focused on (adults, pooled sexes) of most species. tions have played a pivotal role in theories what alternative behaviors signalers ex- of tooth homology and the etiology of fa- hibit in cases where initial communicative Arboreal locomotion from a different cial clefting. The present study examines attempts have failed. When a recipient angle: external forces during quad- evidence of bone cell activity in serially does not respond, gestures can be recog- rupedalism with abducted limb pos- sectioned and stained slides from the nized by subsequent repetition or pat- tures. heads of perinatal or infant callitrichids (2 terned modifications of the signal. Such Callithrix jacchus, 2 Leontopithecus modifications provide information about K.J. Carlson. Anthropologisches Institut rosalia, and 5 Saguinus geoffroyi). Sec- the signaler's goal and awareness of the und Museum, Universität Zürich-Irchel. tions were examined microscopically re- recipient's attentive state. String lengths garding the distribution of osteoclasts and ranged from 2-9 gestural elements. The Arboreal primates traverse three- osteoblasts along the osseous boundaries probability of a signaler performing an- dimensional settings in which substrates of the Pmx and its sutures with adjacent other gesture in a string increased from and superstrates are positioned irregu- bones. Selected specimens were immuno- the 1st gesture until the 4th gesture. Be- larly. As a consequence, they adopt a histochemically evaluated for the distribu- yond that, the probability of giving up and variety of limb postures during locomo- tion of osteopontin (OPN), which facili- ending the sequence began to increase. tion, often abducting limbs at proximal tates osteoclast binding. The time between gestures decreased as 74 AAPA Abstracts

the number of items in the sequence in- were scored on 1020 medieval Danish secretion rates (2.3 and 2.8 µm/day) were creased. When recipients did not respond skeletons divided into three samples, one used to compensate for variable rates to gesturing, signalers sometimes touched from the St. Alban parish church in along tubules. No sex differences in RERs recipients and/or moved closer to them or Odense (n = 219), one from the Gray Friar were found for any part of the mandibular into their visual fields. These findings monastery in Odense (n = 362), and a M3 root (p=0.7389). Maxillary roots, how- indicate that orangutans have specific reference sample (n = 439) representing ever, show slight but significant differ- intended results for some of their ges- an estimated population frequency for ences in RERs, where males exhibit tures. each anomaly. The reference sample is a higher RERs (p=0.019). These results random sampling of the better preserved highlight subtle differences in root forma- Species taxa, characters, and symple- skeletons from eight different medieval tion rates between arcades that ultimately siomorphies. cemeteries around Denmark. may play an important role in establish- Trait frequencies were calculated for ing dental development differences be- M. Cartmill1 and T. Holliday2, 1Dept. of the cervical vertebrae, sacrum, upper tween the sexes. Future research will test Biological Anthropology and Anatomy, limbs, hands, and feet. In order to iden- whether gender differences in root devel- Duke University Medical Center, tify genetic relatives, individual frequen- opment are based on ontogenetic changes 2Department of Anthropology, Tulane cies within the parish and monastery in RERs or ages at root initiation, or both. University. cemeteries were compared to the popula- tion estimate using Fisher’s Exact Test. A Traumatic injuries in a skeletal col- Mayr’s “Biological Species Concept” significantly higher frequency in the par- lection of Red Colobus (Piliocolobus bases all species distinctions on the ab- ish or monastery cemeteries (α = 0.05) badius preussi). sence of a single shared character – the would indicate the likely presence of a ability to interbreed. Yet the ability to genetic lineage. The rarer the trait, the T.J. Chapman, S.S. Legge. Department of interbreed is a plesiomorphic character, more likely it is that the individuals shar- Anthropology, University of Kent, Canter- and thus we should not be surprised to ing the trait all belong to a single lineage. bury, UK. find it shared between taxa that have Analysis revealed possible lineages involv- diverged in other respects. Many mam- ing three individuals with bipartite sca- Trauma is described in longbones from malian groups definable as separate spe- phoid (2.0% of scorable skeletons) and a skeletal sample of Piliocolobus badius cies on the basis of morphological, genetic, eight females with MC3 styloid anomalies preussi housed at the Powell-Cotton Mu- ecological or behavioral apomorphies re- from the monastery (6.4%). Six males seum, Birchington, Kent, UK. Collected in tain the ability to interbreed with each with talocalcaneal coalition (3.7%) from the 1930s, they represent specimens from other. Interfertility is not an all-or- the parish cemetery also appear to belong a time prior to a great deal of hu- nothing condition; rather, there is a con- to a lineage. These compare to population man/primate interaction in west central tinuum from taxa that are completely estimates from the reference sample of Africa. Frequencies of healed traumatic interfertile, through those with reduced 0.0% for bipartite scaphoid, 0.7% for sty- fractures have not been described for wild fertility, those where only male hybrid loid anomalies, and 0.9% for talocalcaneal populations of this species from Camer- offspring are sterile (Haldane’s Rule), and coalition. oon. The data presented here will allow those where few hybrid offspring are ever for a better understanding of the types of fertile, to taxa which cannot or do not Sexual dimorphism in root formation trauma that are survivable. Observations interbreed. A survey of interspecific hy- of modern human third molars: A are made on the humeri, radii, ulnae, brids reveals that complete reproductive preliminary investigation. femora, tibiae, and fibulae for 28 indi- isolation is relatively slow to evolve viduals (7 males, 21 females). The type of among eutherians. In our sample of 86 K.K. Catlett1. 1School of Human Evolution trauma is characterized, and frequencies intertaxic crosses involving species with and Social Change, Arizona State Univer- are calculated based on both sex and generation lengths of ca. 4-5 years, the sity, Tempe, AZ. bone(s) involved. The fracture frequency is minimum time required for complete re- 29% for males and 19% for females. Both productive isolation was 1.4 My. "Bushy" Histological analyses of root extension males and females sustained severe trau- classifications of the Hominina, which rates (RERs) offer important insights into matic injuries with the majority of injuries posit many paleospecies becoming repro- the eruption schedules of human and non- to the femur (83%). Several complications ductively isolated from each other over human primates. Few histological studies are observed associated with the trauma, much shorter periods, seem correspond- have utilized root dentine to establish including traumatic myositis ossificans, ingly improbable. We follow Jolly (2001) longitudinal root development trajectories; pseudoarthrosis, and traumatic arthritis. in viewing hominin paleospecies as allo- even fewer studies assess development Possible causes of the high frequency of taxa, some of which may have at times differences between the sexes. This is the trauma observed are also discussed. exchanged genes. This shift represents an first study to calculate RERs from modern important theoretical breakthrough for human third molars and to provide RERs Primate evolution in Southeast Asia. paleoanthropology. of M3s for any member of Hominoidea. Longitudinal data on root formation H.J. Chatterjee1, I. Barnes1, P. Upchurch2 Skeletal kinship analysis of Danish were collected from the maxillary and & R. Shore1. 1Department of Biology, Uni- skeletons using postcranial anoma- mandibular M3 protocone and protoconid versity College London, 2Department of lies. roots from 6 individuals (3 males, 3 fe- Earth Sciences, University College Lon- males). Midline longitudinal sections (ca. don. D.T. Case. Department of Sociology & 100µm; n=28) were prepared according to Anthropology, North Carolina State Uni- well-established protocols and analyzed The phylogenetic and biogeographic versity. using transmitted polarized light micros- history of many Southeast Asian taxa is copy. Using digital montages, measure- poorly understood. This is partly due to a Because many postcranial anomalies ments were collected in 1000 µm intervals sparse fossil record and a limited under- show clinical evidence of heritability, they for the initial 3 mm of root. Data consist of standing of the environmental history of have potential as markers of genetic re- linear distances of both dentine tubules the area. Here a range of taxa from the latedness. In order to investigate the and accentuated Andresen lines at their following Southeast Asian genera were utility of these anomalies in skeletal kin- point of intersection at multiple points selected for study: Loris, Nycticebus, ship studies, heritable postcranial traits within each 1000µm root segment. Two Macaca, Pygathrix, Rhinopithecus, Nasa- AAPA Abstracts 75

lis, Semnopithecus, Trachypithecus, Pres- normal culture temperature range of 16- K.G. Claw1, H. Lin2, and A.C. Stone3. bytis, Hylobates, Bunopithecus, Sympha- 25°C. We propagated worm lines for 110 1School of Life Sciences, Arizona State langus and Nomascus; with Lemur, Eule- generations and measured the response University, 2Department of Anthropology, mur, Varecia, Pongo, Gorilla, Pan and (progeny number) to an environmental University of New Mexico, 3School of Hu- Homo employed as outgroup taxa. sequence of initial temperature selection, man Origins and Social Change, Arizona Published molecular data from a range non-selection, and secondary temperature State University. of genetic loci were analysed in both single selection. gene and multiple gene phylogenetic The results of this study provide two The ancestral Pan and Homo lineages analyses, in independent and combined conclusive findings: (1) A population that diverged about 6 million years ago, and reconstructions, using likelihood, parsi- experienced a prior episode of tempera- Pan troglodytes (chimpanzee) and Pan mony and neighbour-joining methods. ture selection adapts more quickly than a paniscus (bonobo) diverged approximately Resultant phylogenies were incorporated naïve one and (2) A distinct difference in 1-2 million years ago. The isolation of into cladistic biogeographic analyses, us- timing of progeny production exists in chimpanzee groups by changes in forest ing a range of techniques including Par- selected vs. non-selected individuals. distribution and river topography over simony Analysis of Endemicity and Com- The implications of this work for under- time resulted in the evolution of three ponent analysis, to reconstruct the bio- standing the evolution of adaptability in widely recognized subspecies of P. troglo- geographic history of these taxa. The con- organisms, with focus on Homo, will be dytes: P.t. schweinfurthii, P.t. troglodytes, gruence between these analyses was discussed. and P.t. verus. Previous analyses of chim- tested, to predict their patterns of radia- This research is funded by the NSF panzee mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) se- tion across mainland and archipelagic HOMINID program (grant BCS-0218511). quences have shown that each subspecies Southeast Asia. Molecular clock analyses, can be identified by specific mtDNA line- conducted in the BEAST program, were Unexpected declines in luteal uterine ages. Through mtDNA hypervariable re- used to estimate the timings of these ra- endometrial thickness in healthy ru- gion I (HVI) sequencing, the subspecies of diations. The resultant biogeographic ral Polish women aged 20-40 years: 239 individuals were identified through trees were interpreted in light of current implications for population variation comparison to sequences of chimpanzees hypotheses regarding the environmental of known subspecies. HVI sequence analy- history of the area, and the results of the K.B.H. Clancy. Department of Anthropol- ses were used to study inter- and intra- analyses were combined to provide a new ogy, Yale University. subspecies relationships and population interpretation for the phylogenetic and histories. Chimpanzees as a whole had biogeographic history of primates in Endometrial thickness may be respon- greater mtDNA diversity (π = 0.078) than Southeast Asia. sive to ecological factors and prove to be a bonobos (π = 0.039) and humans (π = Funded by Wellcome Trust grant crucial measurement in the study of re- 0.026). P.t. schweinfurthii had lower levels VS/05/UCLA11 productive ecology and human biological of mtDNA diversity (π = 0.025) than the variation. Although endometrial thick- other two subspecies (P.t. troglodytes π = Environmental dynamics on an evo- ness is commonly thought to be relatively 0.045 and P.t. verus π = 0.051). The tenta- lutionary time scale can shape the invariant or increase slightly over the tive subspecies P.t. vellerosus has a level genetic basis of an organism’s luteal phase, previous pilot investigations of mtDNA diversity (π = 0.036) that falls adaptability: Insights from the have revealed significant individual varia- within the range of the other subspecies. mighty worm (C. elegans) tion. However, population variation re- Recent analyses have shown that chim- mains largely unexplored. In this investi- panzees have lower levels of Y chromo- C-H. Chiu1,2, T. Bajwa1, R. Homiski1, R. gation, endometrial thicknesses in healthy some compared to mtDNA diversity. P.t. Potts3, 1Department of Genetics, Rutgers rural Polish women (29±5.3yrs, n=26) verus has the highest levels of mtDNA University, 2Center for Human Evolution- were measured using transvaginal ultra- nucleotide diversity but lowest levels of Y ary Studies, Department of Anthropology, sound between days 16 to 24 of their cycle chromosome diversity (based on previous Rutgers University, 3 Human Origins Pro- in order to determine whether significant studies) than the other subspecies, which gram, National Museum of Natural His- hypothesized population variation was suggests that demographic histories differ tory, Smithsonian Institution. evident. Contrary to expectations based between subspecies. on the clinical literature, endometrial Adaptability involves an organism’s thickness decreased significantly as the Teeth as part of the hominid tool kit: ability to endure novel environments. cycle day of the ultrasound increased tooth wear patterns in Neanderthals Paleoanthropological investigations of the (r2=0.13, p=0.07; results when ET values and early modern humans hominin fossil record suggest this ability averaged for each day: r2=0.75, p=0.005). became increasingly evident in the evolu- This suggests several possibilities: these A. Clement. Institute of Archaeology, Uni- tion of Homo. The processes by which data provide negative results for the two versity College London. adaptability may evolve, however, are current hypotheses of how the endo- largely unknown. One hypothesis is that metrium varies across the menstrual cy- Tooth wear is traditionally recorded environmental dynamics at diverse tem- cle, the change in the endometrium over using ordinal methods that place degrees poral scales (generational time) may have the menstrual cycle varies across popula- of wear into discrete categories. Whilst some critical effect in shaping the genetic tions, or these data show previously unde- quick to apply these methods can be basis of an organism’s adaptability. scribed plasticity in endometrial function highly subjective and have the statistical The well-characterized model organism in response to different ecological condi- restrictions associated with non- Caenorhabditis elegans (nematode worm) tions. Continuing work will investigate continuous data. has a generation time of three (3) days specific contributory factors such as ener- This paper presents the results of a and is easily maintained in large popula- getic intake and expenditure, insulin lev- quantitative tooth wear study of Neander- tions. Hence, this organism is ideal for els, parity, and salivary estradiol and thals and early modern humans. Tooth testing our hypothesis on an evolutionary progesterone concentrations. wear was measured from digital photo- time scale. Empirical observations show graphs using a computer software pro- that C. elegans grown at temperatures Chimpanzee mitochondrial DNA di- gramme and a graphics tablet. The occlu- above 25°C have significantly reduced versity. sal area of each tooth was calculated as numbers of progeny and levels of fecun- well as the area of dentine. To calculate dity compared to worms grown within the ratio of wear, the area of dentine was 76 AAPA Abstracts

divided by the area of the occlusal surface. logical integration in the Macaca the functional implications of the varia- This method overcame the many problems fascicularis cranium. tion in primate auditory structures are connected with ordinal techniques. It also not well understood. A better understand- enabled the identification of subtle differ- T.M. Cole III1, S.R. Lele2, J.T. Richts- ing of how variation in ear structure is ences in tooth wear patterns within and meier3,4. 1Department of Basic Medical related to differences in hearing sensitiv- between groups of Neanderthals and early Science, University of Missouri-Kansas ity will shed light on the sensory adapta- modern humans. City, 2Department of Mathematical and tions of extant primates and their fossil These results were then compared to Statistical Sciences, University of Alberta, relatives. the tool technologies associated with dif- 3Department of Anthropology, Pennsyl- This study measures a suite of morpho- ferent chronological and regional groups vania State University, 4Center for Cra- logical traits of the ear in a wide taxo- of Neanderthals and early modern hu- niofacial Development and Disorders, The nomic sample of primates and compares mans. Johns Hopkins University. these structures to measures of hearing Supported by the Arts and Humanities sensitivity. The list of measures on audi- Research Council Measurement of phenotypic variances tory structures includes the external di- and covariances (VCV) is central to the mensions of the pinna, tympanic mem- Comparative analysis of two tech- study of how complex organisms grow, brane and stapedial footplates areas, lever niques to measure dietary preference adapt, and evolve. We address the ques- arm lengths of the malleus-incus complex, in P. ursinis: ethological observation tion of VCV estimation from landmark mass of all three auditory ossicles, linear and dental microwear. coordinate data. While we can currently measurements of ossicular processes, use method-of-moments techniques to volume of the tympanic cavity and all G. Clymer, F.L. Williams. Dept. of An- estimate singular versions of among- related diverticuli, and length of the basi- thropology and Geography, Georgia State landmark VCV matrices, methods for lar membrane. Hearing sensitivity is University. estimating full-rank matrices have not yet evaluated by measuring various parame- been developed. Importantly, full-rank ters of primate audiograms such as high Dietary observations on wild primates matrices are necessary both to interpret and low frequency limit, frequency of rarely report the corresponding dental VCV structures in anatomical terms and greatest sensitivity, and area of the audi- microwear scars due to the endangered to make meaningful comparisons across tory curve. status and difficulty of capturing large taxa. Relatively high correlations are found primates. Meanwhile efforts to recon- We propose a new technique that uses between individual and groups of struc- struct past diets depend on the diet signal theoretical models of morphological inte- tures and particular hearing patterns. For obtained from living primates. To address gration, in conjunction with singular VCV example, tympanic membrane area and both of these concerns, a categorization of estimates, to produce biologically credible, tympanic cavity volume are strongly re- dietary preferences of Papio ursinus was statistically consistent, full-rank esti- lated to low frequency sensitivity while compiled using behavioral observations at mates of phenotypic VCV structure. ossicular mass does a good job of explain- the , Table Mountain Na- Given a singular VCV estimate and a ing high frequency limit. The relationship tional Park, South Africa. The herbaceous matrix-valued integration model, we can between lever arm ratios and maximum and invertebrate materials consumed by constrain and uniquely solve a system of sensitivity is complex but appears to agree P. ursinus during the observational study simultaneous linear equations, yielding a with acoustic theory when examined were cataloged and quantified for com- full-rank VCV estimate. Because we get within suborders. These findings set the parison to the diet signal preserved on different estimates under competing mod- stage for predicting hearing sensitivity in dental impressions from wild-caught P. els, we have developed a test to determine fossils. ursinus specimens (n = 27) from the Cape which of the full-rank VCV estimates from region housed at the South African Mu- the models we evaluate best fits the data. An assessment of the taxonomic seum. Casts from these dental impres- As an example, we study 11 cranial status of the hominid femora KNM- sions were compared to those obtained landmarks from 48 adult male Macaca ER 1481A and KNM-ER 1472. from folivores (Alouatta, Colobus and Pro- fascicularis, covering the neurocranium, colobus), frugivores (Pan and Pongo), basicranium, and face. We consider a M. Collard1, V. Herridge2. 1Department of gramnivores (Theropithecus) and hard series of different theoretical models pre- Anthropology and Sociology, University of object feeders (Cebus) using low magnifi- dicting the “adjacency” of landmarks in British Columbia, 2Department of Biology, cation stereomicroscopy. Pits and terms of shared developmental history University College London. scratches were quantified and described (e.g., ossification mode, mesodermal vs. on the paracone of the second molar of neural-crest origin), participation in com- It is widely accepted that the femora each specimen using a 0.4 mm by 0.4 mon functions (e.g., mastication, respira- KNM-ER 1481A and 1472 are early repre- mm ocular reticle, calibrated at 35x, as a tion, encasing the brain), and spatial prox- sentatives of the genus Homo, but discus- sampling strategy. P. ursinus revealed imity. We conclude by demonstrating how sion continues as to which species of multiple flake pits and hyper-coarse VCV structure can be visualized and by Homo they should be assigned. According scratches suggestive of a heavy grit load outlining some important methodological to some researchers they represent Homo and substantial hard object feeding. This limitations on landmark-based studies of rudolfensis since they were found at the dental microwear signal corresponds to morphological integration. same site as the type specimen of this the behavioral data collected on free- species, KNM-ER 1470. According to oth- ranging P. ursinus in the Cape region. Predicting auditory sensitivity from ers, at least one of the specimens, KNM- During the winter season, when food re- ear morphology in Primates. ER 1481A, has features that link it with sources in this -dominated ecosys- Homo erectus. Still others have argued tem are particularly scarce, P. ursinus is M.N. Coleman. IDPAS, Stony Brook Uni- that KNM-ER 1481A should not be at- forced to rely on tubers, rhizomes and versity. tributed to H. erectus but only to archaic restiose seeds, that leave the unique die- Homo, because the features that have tary signal of a mixed/hard object feeder. Primates express numerous modifica- been suggested to link it with H. erectus tions on the fundamental mammalian ear do not in fact allow discrimination at the Model-based estimation of variance- morphology and these differences have species level within Homo. covariance structure in landmark proven useful for phylogenetic classifica- In the study reported here we used data, with a consideration of morpho- tion at various taxonomic levels. However, bootstrapping methodology to test the AAPA Abstracts 77

hypothesis that KNM-ER 1481A and 1472 (PC is supported by The George Wash- this victoriapithecid stock. However, the cannot be distinguished from non-erectus ington University and by NSF-IGERT victoriapithecids share several cranio- Homo femora at p≤0.05. Eleven measure- Fellowship Grant No. 9987590) dental characters with the cercopithecines ments were taken on KNM-ER 1481A and to the exclusion of the colobines, so an 1472 as well as on samples of extant great Capable hands: Osteoarthritis, activ- alternative interpretation is that the "vic- apes, modern humans, and a range of ity patterns and the sexual division of toriapithecids" may be stem cercopitheci- fossil hominid femora including specimens labor. nes. This study evaluates that hypothe- that have been assigned to Australopith- sis. ecus, Paranthropus and Homo. From these D.C. Cook. Indiana University. Over fifty quantitative and qualitative measurements distributions of differences cranio-dental characters of extant and between intra-specific pairs of great ape Patterns of Activity-Induced Pathology fossil cercopithecines, colobines, and early and modern human specimens were gen- in a Canadian Inuit Population remains catarrhines were considered. Quantita- erated on the basis of size-corrected aver- the best example in our literature of task- tive data were taken using calipers. Re- age taxonomic distance. The distributions related modifications in the skeleton. Its sults indicate close phylogenetic affinity were then used to assess the significance success reflects its grounding in the rich between Victoriapithecus and the cer- of the differences among the various fossil ethnographic literature on Inuit peoples copithecines, separate from the colobines. hominid femora. The results of these and the physical demands posed by their In light of this finding, it is suggested that analyses indicate that KNM-ER 1481A strenuous way of life. Merbs was forced to Victoriapithecus and relatives can no and 1472 cannot be distinguished from omit hand phalanges from his study be- longer be accepted without question as a non-erectus Homo femora. cause of poor recovery and difficulty in separate family within the Cercopithe- assessing side and ray. coidea. A more detailed reanalysis of all Anthropoid masticatory adaptations Tasks involving forceful repetitive use known data is required to adequately to hard and tough diets. of the fingers are among the most gen- choose between the two well-supported dered in traditional societies. Weaving, alternative hypotheses of relationship. P.J. Constantino. Hominid Paleobiology spinning, sewing, sorting of seeds, milk- Financially supported, in part, by NSF Doctoral Program, CASHP, Department of ing, writing, and flint-working are among 0333415 (NYCEP IGERT). Anthropology, The George Washington the tasks of interest. Apart from Merbs’ University. identification of sex-specific wrist arthritis Sacred elements: assessing Byzantine patterns linked to kayak paddling and pilgrimage to Jerusalem using ele- In trying to reveal masticatory adapta- leather working, most literature on activ- mental and isotopic composition of tions to diet, past studies have searched ity-related modification of the hand is human bone. for correlations between skull morphology anecdotal. Both Kennedy and Angel have and broad dietary categories such as focused on flexor tendon attachments in A.L. Cooper1, Z.J. Viets2, S.G. Sheridan1. ‘frugivore’ or ‘folivore.’ But the complexity the hand phalanges, the former with re- 1Dept. of Anthropology, University of of most primate diets is not captured by gard to writing and the latter with regard Notre Dame, 2Dept. of Anthropology, Uni- these categories. The current study exam- to weaving. Grip strength and strain gage versity of Kansas. ines diet from the perspective of food ma- data on subjects performing the tasks terial properties. More specifically, it listed above are used to assess these in- Elemental and isotopic analysis of bone seeks to determine if foods classified as terpretations. The resulting model is was conducted as part of an investigation “hard” or “tough” have a consistent and applied to a comparison of sexual dimor- of migration (pilgrimage) to a Byzantine predictable effect on the skull morphology phism and asymmetry in early 20th cen- (5th-7th C) monastic community in Jerusa- of primates. This is different from tradi- tury cadaver hands. lem. Fifty-four adult left proximal femo- tional approaches in that it recognizes ral shafts were sampled. Sex was deter- that it is the material properties of foods The phylogenetic position of the Vic- mined using femoral head diameter and that determine the levels of stress and toriapithecidae. linea aspera robusticity, with the majority strain in the masticatory apparatus. Thus, of individuals illustrating decidedly mas- these properties may be more closely tied S.B. Cooke. Anthropology, The City Uni- culine features. Samples were analyzed to morphology than broad categories of versity of New York Graduate Center, for Ca, Sr, P, and Ba using an Inductively food type. New York Consortium in Evolutionary Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spec- Both Old World (Macaca) and New Primatology. trometer (ICP-OES). A mean Ca/P ratio World (Cebus) monkeys were compared of 2.1:1 indicated good bone mineral pres- using geometric morphometrics to deter- The Victoriapithecidae is a family of ervation. The log10(Ba/Ca) and log10(Sr/Ca) mine if the species within each genus that African cercopithecoids whose taxonomic were calculated according to Burton eat the hardest or toughest foods feature placement has been much argued in re- (2003) to determine whether the individu- biomechanical adaptations for doing so. cent years. The family currently comprises als at St. Stephen’s monastery were from Masticatory traits were considered to be two genera and three species: Victori- the region or of non-local origin. adaptations for consuming hard or tough apithecus macinnesi, Prohylobates tandyi, The adult samples were also analyzed for foods if they either increased the me- and Prohylobates simonsi. Victoriapith- stable strontium isotope content chanical advantage of the masticatory ecus is by far the best known of these (87Sr/86Sr). Strontium is incorporated into system, or decreased the stress or strain taxa, largely due to the extensive collec- the hydroxyapatite crystal due to its placed on the system. The results show tion from Maboko Island, Kenya, mainly chemical similarities to calcium. Different that Cebus apella and Macaca sylvanus recovered by B. Benefit and colleagues. geographic regions have distinct geo- are both adapted for eating mechanically The Maboko specimens date to the mid- chemical profiles with relatively unique demanding foods relative to the other Miocene and show a number of conserva- 87Sr/86Sr isotopic ratios. Thermal Ioniza- members of their respective genera. tive features including incomplete bilo- tion Mass Spectrometer (TIMS) was used Macaca fuscata also shows similar adap- phodont dentition and a small cranial for this phase of the analysis. These data, tation in the mandible, but contrary to capacity. The victoriapithecids have most combined with dental metrics, and cra- predictions, it has a narrower face than often been placed as the sister group to nial, dental, vertebral, and femoral non- the other macaque species. the Cercopithecidae, especially by Benefit, metrics demonstrated considerable homo- and it has been hypothesized that colobine geneity in all these features for the monks and cercopithecine monkeys evolved from in this urban community. Although his- 78 AAPA Abstracts

torical records for the region and period A. Cordy-Collins, Anthropology Depart- of San Diego, National Geographic Soci- describe pilgrimage to the “Holy Land” as ment, University of San Diego, J.P. Kemp, ety, and CRCW of the University of Colo- a major social phenomenon in the 5th-7th Mingei International Museum rado. centuries, Jerusalem’s largest monastic compound seems to have drawn its mem- Between 1997 and 2000 a unique ar- Postcranial growth and development bers from the surrounding environs. chaeological discovery was made at Dos of immature skeletons from Point This research was funded by the Na- Cabezas, Peru. This ancient city was built Hope, Alaska. tional Science Foundation (SES during the first centuries AD by the Mo- #0244096), the University of Notre che people of the north coast. Excavations L.W. Cowgill, Department of Anthropol- Dame’s Honors Program and the Institute in the main pyramid at the site uncovered ogy, Washington University, St. Louis. for Scholarship in the Liberal Arts. four high status tombs, within which were the remains of five young elite males. All The relatively large sample of immature Does osteopenia play a role in the exhibited unusual skeletal pathologies, remains from the site of Point Hope, morphology of the Eskimo femur? including abnormally tall stature. These Alaska represents a unique opportunity to five “Giants” are the first such individuals examine patterns of postcranial growth L. Copes1, M. Gomberg2, K. Mowbray3. recorded in the hemisphere. In our inves- and development in a population primar- 1Institue of Human Origins, School of tigations of possible causal agents we ily engaged in a hunting subsistence econ- Human Evolution and Social Change, have considered and evaluated Pituitary omy. This study examines several aspects Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, Gigantism, Marfans syndrome, Para- of limb growth, particularly the develop- 2The History Channel, New York, NY hyperthyroidism, Thalassemia, Gaucher’s ment of postcranial robusticity and eco- 3American Museum of Natural History, disease, Nieman-Pick’s disorder, Ehlers- geographic body proportions throughout New York, NY Danlos syndrome, Homocystinuria, and ontogeny, in the immature skeletal re- McCune-Albright syndrome. All have mains from Point Hope. Midshaft cross- The Tigara and Iputiak populations been rejected. Examination of the Giants’ sectional properties of the femur, hume- from Point Hope, Alaska present a fasci- pathologies and the reasons for dismissing rus, and tibia, along with limb indices, nating case study for anthropologists in- the proposed diagnoses are discussed. were compared between three samples: terested in skeletal adaptations to cold Tigara and Ipiutak period subadults from climates. While much ink has been The positional behavior of the Tonkin Point Hope, Alaska (N = 70); Indian Knoll spilled on the subject of nose size and snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus Archaic subadults (N = 110); and urban shape in relation to climate, less work has avunculus) at Du Gia Nature Reserve, and rural South African subadults from been done on the geometry of long bones. Ha Giang Province, Vietnam. the Dart Collection (N = 96). The results When compared to American whites of this analysis indicate that differing (n=247) and blacks (n=42) in the AMNH H.H. Covert1, Le Khac Quyet2, B.W. patterns of cross-sectional robusticity collection, the Point Hope individuals Wright3. 1Department of Anthropology, emerge relatively early in ontogeny in (n=231) show several statistically signifi- University of Colorado at Boulder, 2Fauna these three samples. In addition, differ- cant differences. Overall, the Eskimo fe- & Flora International – Vietnam Pro- ences in ecogeographic limb proportions mur is both short and stout with thin gram, 3Department of Anthropology, are clearly apparent in the immature cortical walls. The increased diameter of George Washington University remains from South Africa and Point the femur offsets its thinner cortex in Hope. While differences in body propor- maintaining strength and stiffness. More The Tonkin snub-nosed monkey (Rhi- tions between these three samples are precisely, increased strength in resolution nopithecus avunculus) is recognized as one likely genetically based, the early appear- of torsion and axial loads is accomplished of the 25 most critically endangered pri- ance of contrasting levels of limb robustic- with less cortical area as girth expands mates in the world. Endemic to Vietnam, ity may result from differing patterns of relative to length. it is presently known only from three loca- mobility and upper limb use during child- We propose that the geometry of the tions: Na Hang, Cham Chu, and Du Gia hood. Eskimo femur helps to maintain strength nature reserves. During the past year and rigidity despite a thinner cortex, less our team has spent approximately 12 days Origins of Aleut populations: Molecu- dense bone and less bone volume. Eskimo per month collecting data on this species lar perspectives. coxofemoral geometry increases skeleto- at Du Gia. In contrast to the three Chi- muscular advantage through proportions, nese snub-nosed monkey species, the M.H. Crawford, M. Zlojutro, R.C. Rubicz. girths, angles and torsions amenable to Tonkin snub-nosed monkey is an arboreal Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, the reduction of joint loads and associated specialist that rarely, if ever, comes to the University of Kansas. skeletal stress. ground. Locomotion is primarily palmi- Other attributes of the geometry of the grade symmetrical gait walk (pronograde Molecular and demographic studies Eskimo femur also appear conducive to quadrupedalism) but also includes fre- were initiated in 1999 to determine the the reduction of skeletal stress and joint quent leaping and armswinging. Prono- Siberian origins of the inhabitants of the reaction forces and infer mechanical ad- grade and brachiating leaps are commonly Aleutian Islands and their role in the vantage and strength. These include rela- used to cross openings in the canopy. Dur- peopling of the Americas. To date, more tive head size, shape, length, angle and ing feeding and resting, animals com- than 460 persons from eight islands of the rotation of the femur neck, platymeria, monly use a sit/forelimb suspend posture. Aleutian archipelago (Atka, Bering, King orientation at mid shaft, bowing, carriage In addition, when feeding on small sub- Cove, Sand Point, St. George, St. Paul, angle and a strong and prominent pilas- strates, animals have been observed using Unalaska, and Umnak) have been sam- ter. We propose these changes are due to a forelimb/hindlimb stand posture. While pled for mtDNA variation. A sample from osteopenia and climate adaptation. these data are preliminary in nature, it Bering Island has been analyzed for STR appears that like other odd-nosed mon- variation. RFLP analyses and sequences What the Moche Giants didn’t have: a keys, the Tonkin snub-nosed monkey uses of the HVS-1 revealed the presence of two medical evaluation of potential suspensory locomotion and postures more of the five founding Native American hap- causal agents. frequently than do other Old World mon- logroups, A and D. Haplogroup D occurred keys. at a high frequency in Aleuts, distinguish- Funded in part by FFI/Vodafone, Pri- ing them from Eskimos who have a high mate Conservation Inc., Zoological Society frequency of A and a subtype A4 defined AAPA Abstracts 79

by np 16265 A→G transition. AMOVA nic affinity to skeletal remains. Increas- tions. Where children fail to “measure up” analysis revealed the persistence of popu- ing evidence of secular changes should to international references of height, lation structure along an east-west axis, signify that such characteristics are not weight, and/or arm circumference, they concordant with both linguistic and ar- “fixed” and attention must be given to the are considered “undernourished” and the chaeological evidence. The Aleuts share collection and utilization of metric data causes of growth deficits are sought in two haplotypes A3 and D2 with Native from both bioarchaeological and forensic circumstances of health and nutrition. American and Siberian populations and remains for future temporal studies and Through the theoretical lens of human exhibit one haplotype specific only to the subsequent methodological improvements. adaptability, biological anthropologists Island populations, namely A7 (16212A have contributed much to this work, espe- transversion). Median network analyses Allomaternal care among the Hadza cially as it relates to how humans negoti- reveal that the Aleuts are most closely of Tanzania. ate their environments and the conse- related to the Chukchi and Siberian Es- quences for adaptive outcomes. More kimos, but differ from Alaskan Eskimos. A.N. Crittenden1, F.W. Marlowe2. 1Dept. recently, many biological anthropologists, Mismatch distribution for the total Aleut of Anthropology, University of California, or biological/cultural anthropologist population is bimodal with mutation San Diego, 2Dept. of Anthropology, Har- teams, have been investigating the roles peaks at 0 and 7. However, mismatch vard University, Cambridge. of social location and political-economy in reanalysis of the Aleuts subdivided by the resource acquisition, with consequences three haplotypes is suggestive of a dual Previous research demonstrates that for growth outcomes. This approach re- expansion of the Aleuts. The A and D the presence of allomaternal care may quires a broader perspective on environ- clusters indicate that the Aleuts separated positively affect the reproductive success ment and attention to community, house- from the Eskimos approximately 6000 of the recipient mother (Bereczkei and hold and/or individual strategies for gain- years bp. Dunbar 2002, Crognier et al. 2001, Flinn ing access to resources however limited This research was supported by grants 1989, Hames and Draper 2004, Hrdy and/or constrained. from NSF: OPP-990590 and OPP- 2005, Ivey 2000, Sear et al. 2000, 2003, In this paper, we outline a theoretical 0327676. Turke 1988). A number of individuals may approach and research methodology that provide direct care and/or caloric provi- consider the relationship between liveli- An investigation of secular change in sioning to dependent offspring, possibly hood strategies and anthropometric out- the craniofacial morphology of White lessening a mother’s energetic and nutri- comes among Gwembe Tonga migrants in and Black males and females in the tional burden during costly stages of re- Southern Province, Zambia. We use United States. production (Hawkes et al. 1989, 1997, Hill measures of child growth to ascertain the and Hurtado 1996, Ivey 2000, Marlowe success of diverse and multiple livelihood S. Cridlin. Department of Anthropology, 2001, 2003). strategies of two generations of families University of Tennessee. The current study provides data on who have negotiated, and continue to allomaternal assistance among the Hadza negotiate, the challenges of shifting envi- Secular changes in the human skeleton of Tanzania. The percentage of time an ronments resulting from forced displace- have been of interest to anthropologists infant or child under four years of age is ment from their homeland in the 1950s, for almost a century. While short-term or held by an individual other than the bio- and a subsequent, secondary migration to generational microevolutionary changes logical mother is used as a measure of a frontier zone further north in the 1980s. are considered the result of environmental direct care. Camp scan data collected dur- This research is supported by the Uni- conditions acting on growth and develop- ing a total of 53 days from August – Sep- versity of Kentucky College of Arts and ment, longer temporal trends are typically tember 2003 and December – January Sciences and the National Science Foun- deemed the result of a combination of both 2004 are used to determine the frequency dation (#BCS 0517878). environmental and genetic factors. Plas- in which dependent children are held by ticity in craniofacial morphology remains allomothers. Our results indicate that A summed segment analysis of biped- one particular area of interest and docu- Hadza children receive a substantial ality: Implications for hominin dis- mented investigation. In this study, four amount of allomaternal care, reflecting a persals out of Africa. craniofacial angles and indices of 19th child rearing system in which various Century and modern Americans are exam- classes of allomothers (related and non- A. Cross. Department of Anthropology ined for evidence of secular change utiliz- related) provide direct assistance to the and Sociology, The University of British ing a sample (n = 685) of craniometric recipient mother. These data suggest that Columbia. measurements compiled from the Terry among the Hadza, allomaternal care may Collection, the Hamann-Todd Collection, be one type of low-cost assistance that Human bipedal walking is a whole-body and the University of Tennessee Forensic influences parental investment tradeoffs activity. To effectively model hominin Data Bank. and increases a mother’s reproductive locomotion a segmented model must be Each of the four mid-facial angles exam- success. Research on the precise role of used to account for differences in move- ined, Simotic angle, Zygomaxillary angle, allomaternal assistance in cooperative ment throughout the body. Using segment Nasio-frontal angle, and the Dacryal angle breeding among humans adds insight into surface areas and 3D motion capture data are calculated from pairs of established the evolution of human life history. of walking modern humans, segment dis- craniometric measurements as defined by Support: National Science Foundation placements and thermoregulatory re- W. W. Howells. As additional analysis, sponses in varying environments were craniofacial indices corresponding to the Child growth as a measure of liveli- estimated for several fossil hominin spe- above mid-facial angles are also calcu- hood security: the case of the cies. lated. Evaluation of secular changes exe- Gwembe Tonga. The lower energetic cost of arms com- cuted by statistical regression of the cra- pared to that of legs, the limited cost of nial variable on year of birth indicates a D.L. Crooks, L. Cliggett. Department of swinging the arms during gait, the fact negative trend or reduction in craniofacial Anthropology, University of Kentucky. that the arm segments are the most capa- angles discernible as a narrowing of the ble of dissipating heat due to their SA/M, mid-facial region. Anthropometric measures of child sweat gland recruitment patterns, and Observable non-metric cranial charac- growth have long been used by interna- greater rates of displacement during nor- teristics continue to be relied upon as a tional, national and local health organiza- mal walking, all strongly suggest that the fundamental technique for ascribing eth- tions to assess the well-being of popula- evolution of bipedality has been influ- 80 AAPA Abstracts

enced by the thermoregulatory benefits of anemia, and primary or secondary iron response to environmental stress. Normal arm swing during normal locomotion. deficiency. The results of this review physical growth is influenced by both ge- Early hominins may have retained a more demonstrate the cause of postcranial le- netic and environmental factors. Examin- Pan-like body morphology after the adop- sions should not be attributed to IDA and ing familial data from a well-nourished tion of habitual bipedality because it pro- that greater caution is necessary in the U.S. population, we estimate the influence vided thermoregulatory advantages with- interpretation of clinical data. of genetic factors on growth in stature out the energetically costly gain of mass over the course of childhood. Serial stat- associated with increases in leg length. Variation in dental eruption in wild ure data (i.e., birth through adulthood) Factors other than, or in addition to, long ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) at from participants in the Fels Longitudinal distance bipedal walking must be respon- Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve, Study were used to derive relevant stat- sible for the dramatic postcranial changes Madagascar: Implications for under- ure growth parameters. Maximum likeli- seen in the Plio-Pleistocene hominins. standing lemur life history. hood-based variance component methods This study found no clear energetic- were then used to determine the heritabil- based reason why hominins possessing F.P. Cuozzo1, M.L. Sauther2. 1Department ity of each parameter and to examine the primitive body morphologies should not be of Anthropology, University of North Da- relationships among growth parameters expected off the African continent either kota, 2Department of Anthropology, Uni- by estimating genetic and environmental prior to, or after, H. erectus/ergaster. versity of Colorado-Boulder. correlations between the traits. Heritabil- However, these data do indicate that a ity estimates for the growth parameters biped with a modern human body mor- Patterns of dental eruption provide an are generally high and statistically sig- phology would be less sensitive to ambient important indicator of primate life history. nificant ranging in magnitude from 54- temperature changes and would be able to Because of the difficulties inherent in 92%. These results show that in a well- safely exploit a greater range of environ- collecting data on dental development in nourished population, physical growth in ments. wild primates, much of the available in- stature is a highly canalized process un- formation on primate dental eruption der strong genetic control. As such, hu- A review of the clinical literature and comes from captive studies or skeletal man growth measures are expected to be skeletal alterations associated with samples. Here we present data on dental highly efficient in their response to selec- iron deficiency anemia: is the post- eruption in a population of wild ring- tive pressure. cranial skeleton affected? tailed lemurs from Beza Mahafaly Special (Supported by NIH AR052147, Reserve, Madagascar. As part of our com- HD12252, HL69995) R.E. Cuddahee. Department of Anthropol- prehensive study of this population, across ogy, State University of New York at Buf- three field seasons (2003-2005), we col- Bone stiffness variation in the man- falo. lected data on dental eruption from 23 dibular symphysis of colobine mon- subadult individuals (2nd year cohort, keys. The relationship between iron defi- minimum age of 18 months), determined ciency anemia (IDA) and skeletal lesions by body mass, sexual maturity, and ab- D.J. Daegling1, J.L. Hotzman1, W.S. is addressed in both the clinical and an- sence of a full adult dentition. At a mini- McGraw2 and A.J. Rapoff3. 1Department of thropological literature. There is a gen- mum age of 18 months, 11 of 23 subadults Anthropology, University of Florida, eral consensus that the symmetrical sieve- had not yet experienced gingival emer- 2Department of Anthropology, The Ohio like porosities of the frontal and parietal gence of the adult maxillary canines. This State University, 3Department of Me- bones, together with widened diploe contrasts with published data for ring- chanical Engineering, Union College. (porotic hyperostosis), have an anemic tailed lemurs, in which adult maxillary origin. However, the responses of the canines are reported to emerge at 15 to 16 The sympatric cercopithecids Colobus postcranial skeleton to iron deficiency months. Also, two of the 23 individuals polykomos and Procolobus badius process remain elusive. Isolated clinical studies examined exhibited "delayed" emergence qualitatively different diets in the wild, conducted during the 1960s and 1970s of adult P2 (not yet emerged or having just with the former taxon seasonally feeding claim patients with IDA have both cranial emerged). Although we have witnessed on hard seeds. Predicted differences in and postcranial skeletal alterations. Two less mating synchrony than previously mandibular size and geometry, however, key questions are addressed. First, is the reported for ring-tailed lemurs, asynchro- fail to reflect the varying functional de- diagnosis of IDA supported by the pa- nous reproduction does not account for mands that this dietary difference puta- tient’s hematologic profile? Second, in later eruption of the adult maxillary ca- tively entails. justified cases of IDA, are postcranial nines in our sample, compared with cap- The implicit assumption of biomechani- abnormalities the direct result of the he- tive ring-tailed lemurs. This suggests that cally-informed comparisons of size and matologic disorder? Lemur catta exhibits slower dental devel- shape is that the material properties of An evaluation of eleven clinical studies, opment than previously understood, and bone are invariant and similar among commonly cited in the anthropological indicates that observable, individual specimens under examination. We tested literature, which suggest a relationship variation in dental eruption can occur in a the validity of this assumption through between IDA and skeletal lesions is pre- single lemur population. microindentation of cortical bone from the sented here. Laboratory results of a com- mandibular symphysis in 6 adult speci- bined total of 149 patients are evaluated Genetic factors in physical growth mens (2 male and 1 female each) of C. against current cutoff values for major and development. polykomos and P. badius. Using a Vickers laboratory parameters, such as hemoglo- indenter with a 100 g mass and 10 s dwell bin, hematocrit, serum iron and ferritin. S.A. Czerwinski, A.C. Choh, E.W. Dem- time, we collected 271 hardness samples In all patients exhibiting postcranial erath, M. Lee, B. Towne, R.M. Siervogel. at intervals of 0.5-2 mm on labial and skeletal abnormalities (n=117), the clini- Lifespan Health Research Center, De- lingual cortical bone polished from trans- cians failed to either unequivocally estab- partment of Community Health, Wright verse sections through superior and infe- lish the diagnosis of IDA through labora- State University School of Medicine, Day- rior transverse tori. These hardness val- tory results or attribute the lesions pri- ton, OH, USA. ues were converted to elastic modulus marily to IDA. In many cases, patients through linear regression. may have suffered from a variety of disor- Diminished growth during childhood The mandibular bone of C. polykomos is ders including the anemia of chronic dis- can be viewed as either an indicator of significantly less stiff than that of P. ease, protein energy malnutrition, genetic environmental stress, or as an adaptive badius; in both taxa female stiffness val- AAPA Abstracts 81

ues are significantly higher than those of 1Department of Biology, University of that quadrupedal locomotion and use of males. Moreover, the bone from the Antwerp, 2Centre for Research and Con- horizontal supports figure more promi- highly-strained lingual cortex is more servation, Royal Zoological Society of nently than in P. pithecia. Here we com- compliant than that of the labial cortex. Antwerp, 3Laboratory of Biomechanics, pare the postcranial skeleton of P. No systematic difference in modulus is Free University of Brussels, 4Department monachus with that of P. pithecia and observed between superior and inferior of Movement and Sport Sciences, Ghent Chiropotes satanas. More than 150 size- sections nor among indentations sampled University, Belgium. corrected measurements from the limbs, along a mesiodistal gradient. These re- hand, and foot were statistically compared sults suggest that bone’s response to mag- Fossilised footprints contain informa- among the three species. nified stress environments does not neces- tion about the dynamics of gait, but their The three pitheciins are largely undif- sarily entail material stiffening. Instead, interpretation is difficult, as they are the ferentiated in slightly more than half of greater compliance enhances toughness at combined result of foot anatomy, gait dy- the metric traits examined. Interestingly, the expense of strength, providing effec- namics and substrate properties. We Chiropotes and P. monachus share a sig- tive resistance to fatigue failure. explore how footprints are generated us- nificant number of traits exclusive of P. ing modern humans. pithecia, including an elongated in- Athletes: How different are they from Sixteen healthy subjects walked on a fraspinous fossa of the scapula and a deep the rest of us? solid surface and in a layer of fine-grained ulnar midshaft. These traits may be con- sand. In each condition, 3D-kinematics of sistent with their quadrupedal habits, S. Daneshvari1, O. M. Pearson1, R. M. the leg and foot were recorded for 15 trials although the significance of other shared Malina2. 1Department of Anthropology, at preferred speed, using an infrared cam- traits is less evident. P. pithecia is distin- University of New Mexico; 2Tarleton State era system (Vicon). Additionally, plantar guished from the other two pitheciins by a University, Stephenville, TX. pressures (Footscan) and ground-reaction suite of traits in the elbow region, a num- forces (Kistler) were recorded. After each ber of features in the knee, and elongation Current methods for estimating body trial in sand, the depth of the imprint was of several limb, hand, and pedal elements. mass do not account for both lean and measured under specific sites using cali- Many of these features in P. pithecia are adipose tissue. It is reasonable to assume pers. consistent with its leaping and vertical that prehistoric people were leaner than Subjects walked slower in sand than on clinging habits and accord with previous modern Americans. In fact, some re- solid ground, with more flexion of the studies documenting other postcranial searchers have likened prehistoric peo- knee during the swing phase and less leaping adaptations. The significance of ples’ body composition to that of Olympic extension prior to heel strike. Maximal these results for the evolution of locomo- athletes. However, elite athletes may not pressure was the most influential factor tion in the pitheciin clade will be dis- provide a good reference sample for mod- for footprint depth under the heel. Foot- cussed. ern individuals in forensic contexts. In a print depth at the midfoot is best pre- previous study, we used stepwise regres- dicted by foot morphology (flat, “normal” Reconstruction of stature from head sion formulae to estimate body mass for or high-arched). At the 2nd metatarsal circumference. female collegiate athletes and non- head, footprint depth is mainly deter- athletes. Utilizing only anthropometric mined by peak pressure and maximal M.R. Dayal1,2, F. De Conti1, M. Henne- measurements that largely reflect under- impulse. The depth of the hallux imprint berg1, M. Steyn2, D. Veitch3. 1Department lying skeletal dimension, the single most correlated best with body mass and peak of Anatomical Sciences, The University of useful measurement was bicondylar pressure. Adelaide, 2Department of Anatomy, Uni- breadth. This study focuses on determin- We conclude that footprint morphology versity of Pretoria. 3SHARP Dummies ing the usefulness of athletes as a refer- cannot be related to a single variable, but Pty. Ltd. ence population for estimating the body that different zones of the footprint reflect mass of non-athletes. different aspects of the kinesiology of Estimation of stature from the skeleton The mean weights, heights, and BMIs walking. Therefore, an integrated ap- is often based on partial remains. Some- of white female collegiate athletes and proach, combining detailed kinematics, times only skulls are available in forensic non-athletes were statistically analyzed. plantar pressure recordings, kinetics, and cases or archaeological collections. In this There is no significant difference in BMI morphological data, is needed. study regression of stature on head cir- (p =0.94), yet both the mean weight and Supported by grant G.0125.05 of the cumference through glabella and opistho- height of athletes differ significantly from FWO-Flanders. cranion and the ratios of stature to head non-athletes (p <0.0001). When the ath- circumference were calculated in samples letes are subdivided by sport, the mean Locomotion and skeletal differentia- from three populations: South African weights for divers, tennis, and track and tion within the Pitheciini. Blacks (m=30, f=30), South African field athletes as well as the mean height Whites (m=30, f=30) and Australians of for divers are not significantly different L.C. Davis1, S.E. Walker2, S.M. Ford3. predominantly European extraction from non-athletes. When the body mass of 1Department of Anthropology, Northeast- (m=60, f=1227). Ratios seem to be simpler non-athletes is predicted from the ath- ern Illinois University; 2Department of and more reliable in predicting stature letes' best multiple regression equation Sociology, Anthropology, and Criminology, than regressions. The average ratios were: using skeletally-based measurements, the Missouri State University; 3Department of black males 3.08 (sd=0.16), white males non-athletes' body mass is consistently Anthropology, Southern Illinois Univer- 3.21 (sd=0.12), black females 2.98 underestimated and the R2 value falls sity. (sd=0.11), white females 3.07 (sd=0.09), from 0.764 to 0.532. Athletes are not an Australian females 2.95 (sd=0.12) and appropriate reference population to esti- In previous studies comparing posi- Australian males 3.05 (sd=0.13). Differ- mate the body mass of contemporary tional behavior and anatomy of Pithecia ences between groups and sexes were populations. and Chiropotes, the focus has been on the significant (p < 0.05). Average errors of leaping and clinging of Pithecia and the stature predicted from ratios range from Experimental analysis of human quadrupedalism of Chiropotes, together 39 mm to 66 mm. These errors appear to footprint generation. with their associated anatomical differ- be within a reasonable range for stature ences. While little detail is known of the prediction in forensic analysis. Thus, K. D’Août1,2, L. Meert1, F. Hagman3, B. positional behavior of P. monachus, pre- when no long bones are available, it may Van Gheluwe3, D. De Clercq4, P. Aerts1,4. liminary and anecdotal evidence indicates be useful to predict stature from the skull 82 AAPA Abstracts

by multiplying the head circumference by Institute, London; the Graduate School, for extracting information from three- a factor close to 3.0. Head circumference University College London. dimensional models have been adapted as measured in this study includes thick- from Geographic Information Systems ness of soft tissues. This thickness on Bonobos really do eat more THV: Us- (GIS). GIS based measurements have average is about 6 mm in Australians. ing incisal curvature to interpret been successfully used to quantify aspects Correcting for this produces a ratio of dietary behaviour for Pan paniscus of occlusal morphology, but may not be the skull circumference to head circumference most appropriate tools for studying nonoc- equal to 0.935. Such ratio should be used A.S. Deane, Department of Anthropology, clusal dental morphology. This study uses when reconstructing stature from dry University of Toronto, Department of a new tool for examining the configuration skull circumference. Pathology and Anatomical sciences, Uni- of the buccal surface of the mandibular versity of Missouri. premolars and molars in fossil hominids. Long bone curvature in Neanderthals The shape of the buccal surface is as- and modern humans: A new method Although Pan troglodytes (chimpanzees) sessed using a quadric surface fitting pro- for measuring long bone curvature and Pan paniscus (bonobos) are predomi- gram, which is now being applied to stud- using 3D landmarks and semi- nantly frugivorous with a preference for ies of other anatomical regions. A quadric landmarks. soft-textured food items, it has often been surface is fit to three-dimensional models inferred that the latter consumes greater of dentition that are created from laser I. De Groote1, C.A. Lockwood1, L.C. quantities of terrestrial herbaceous vege- scanning. The parameters of the quadric Aiello², 1Department of Anthropology, tation (THV). This dietary distinction is a surface are used to describe the curvature University College London, ² Wenner- fundamental component of hypotheses of the buccal surface of the tooth. Gren Foundation for Anthropological Re- that seek to explain significant socio- The premolars and molars of Pan trog- search. ecological differences between Pan species lodytes (n=10), Otavipithecus namibiensis (i.e. larger bonobo group sizes, higher (n=1), Ouranopithecus macedoniensis Long bone curvature has normally been degree of socialization in bonobo females) (n=3), Australopithecus anamensis (n=5), studied by using the radius of curvature as a consequence of decreased intra- A. afarensis (n=10), A. africanus (n=10), or the subtense taken from the cord to species competition in bonobos resulting and Homo habilis (n=10) are chosen for point of maximum curvature. These tech- from the increased consumption of con- this study because of previously reported niques assume that the curve is either an tinuously available THV. However, qualitative and quantitative differences in arc on the perimeter of a circle or regular higher THV consumption in bonobos is the configuration of the buccal surface of in form. They therefore do not provide only weakly supported by limited field their teeth. Measurements derived from information about the pattern of the cur- data based on indirect proxies for dietary the quadric surface fitting technique are vature. behaviour (i.e. time spent feeding, fecal compared to traditional measurements of We describe a new technique developed analysis). Likewise, corresponding analy- molar flare and the relative placement of in the context of research into bone curva- ses of Pan molar morphology demonstrate cusps on the occlusal surface. Weak corre- ture in Neanderthals and other Late that both species overlap significantly, lations between the parameters of the Pleistocene and recent hominins. Our although bonobos have larger shearing quadric surface and traditional measure- technique uses 3D landmark and semi- crests on their upper molars consistent ments are observed. The traditional landmark analysis, the latter of which has with increased levels of THV consump- measurements rely on two-dimensional only previously been used on cranial fea- tion. This study addresses the potential ratios to describe the morphology of the tures. The combination makes it possible for a detailed morphometric analysis of buccal portion of the tooth and result in to include both point and outline informa- incisal curvature to provide higher resolu- the loss of three-dimensional information. tion in a single analysis and permits study tion dietary information for bonobos. This study demonstrates the usefulness of of the anterior, posterior, medial and lat- I used High Resolution Polynomial applying quadric surfaces to teeth but the eral curves separately or as part of the Curve Fitting (HR-PCF) to quantify and technique is not limited to studies of den- total bone morphology. A superimposition evaluate the labial and occlusal curva- tal morphology. step (generalized Procrustes analysis) tures of incisor crowns representing P. eliminates the effects of scale. paniscus (n=38), P. troglodytes (n=37), Debating human phylogeny since Intra-observer error was assessed using Gorilla gorilla gorilla (n=34), G. g. graueri 1860: stasis or progress? Procrustes distances calculated between (n=46) and G. g. beringei (n=19). Analysis individuals as well as between repeats of of the resulting dataset confirms that diet R.G. Delisle. Department of Anthro- each individual. The distances between more strongly correlated to incisal curva- pology, McGill University. repeats are significantly smaller than ture than phylogeny, and while bonobos between individuals, demonstrating that are most similar to chimpanzees, they are Debates on human phylogeny since the landmark data collection is reliable al- morphologically intermediate between inception of paleoanthropology around though care must be taken when defining that taxon and seasonally frugivorous 1860 are often depicted as being largely the number of semi-landmarks used. Lar- gorillas (i.e G. g. gorilla, G. g. graueri), devoted to recurrent issues about linear or ger numbers of semi-landmarks result in which suggests increased levels of THV multilinear hypotheses. It is assumed by greater error between repeats, possibly consumption. this traditional historiography that key due to the exaggeration of measurement issues had already been defined in this error. Extracting three-dimensional infor- early period, the following periods being Contrary to some earlier research using mation from the hominid mandibular essentially devoted to gather the relevant other techniques, we identify significant dentition. empirical material or build the proper differences between Neanderthals and theoretical context in order to favor one anatomically modern humans. These L.K. Delezene. School of Human Evolu- phylogenetic hypothesis or another. results indicate that 3D landmark and tion and Social Change, Arizona State This traditional view of the de- semi-landmark analysis improves upon University. velopment of paleoanthropology is chal- previous methods in the amount of infor- lenged. A thorough survey and analysis of mation provided. It is becoming increasingly common to the literature from 1860 to 2000 reveals Research supported by funding from extract morphometric information from clearly that the field went through three Synthesys: Synthesis of Systematic Re- three-dimensional models. For research- distinct historical and epistemological search Europe; Royal Anthropological ers interested in dental morphology, tools phases: 1860-1895, 1895-1935, 1935-2000. AAPA Abstracts 83

Each phase faced distinct issues and chal- Relationship between neonatal brain stance. We calculated midshaft cross- lenges as to how to resolve phylogenetic and body mass and menstrual bleed- sectional properties (polar moment of questions. It is by resolving them that ing in primates. area, JN; section moduli of tension and paleoanthropologists managed to push compression, ZNt, ZNc) in the tibia and their field forward to a new phase. By so J. DeSilva, B. Strassmann. Anthropology metatarsal using the experimentally de- doing, they continually reduced the diver- Department, University of Michigan. termined neutral axis (Lieberman et al., sity of hypotheses judged scientifically 2004) and compared them to areas of bone defensible, a diversity which was impres- True menstrual bleeding is found in all growth during the experiment. sive in early periods and not merely re- catarrhine primates, some platyrrhine Results indicate little variation in JN, stricted to the linear-multilinear dichot- monkeys (Cebus and the atelines), some although it is greatest in high-E2 animals. omy. Although changes in theories of chiroptera, and elephant shrews. Al- In the tibia, section moduli are similar in evolution somewhat impacted on the de- though the developing brain has been the low-E2 and high-E2 sedentary groups. velopment of the field, it is clear that the implicated as a selective force in many However, ZNt and ZNc are 17-20% greater main drive of progress throughout the aspects of uterine physiology, the rela- in high-E2 vs. low-E2 exercised animals, periods was mainly empirical in nature. tionship between neonatal brain mass and corresponding to periosteal deposition on Today’s debates on human phylogeny are menstrual bleeding has never been tested. the anterior and posterior surfaces of the nearly consensual when looked from a Neonatal brain masses from 43 primate bone. In the metatarsal, ZNt and ZNc are deep historical perspective. species were compiled from the literature 13-24% greater in the high-E2 exercised and from Yerkes and Oregon National vs. the sedentary groups, corresponding to Genetic influences on growth rate Primate Research Centers. Menstrual deposition on the posterior surface. These during infancy: Data from the Fels patterns were categorized as absent or results support the hypothesis that E2- Longitudinal Study. covert, slight, and overt. We analyzed the induced periosteal growth improves bone’s data using independent contrast statistics resistance to bending, which may have E.W. Demerath, A. Choh, S.A. Czerwinski, from COMPARE 4.6. functional implications for human bone B. Towne, R.M. Siervogel. Lifespan There is a strong relationship between growth. Health Research Center, Dept. of Com- the presence of menses in primates and munity Health, Wright State University the size of the neonatal brain/surface area The genetic architecture of 2-D molar School of Medicine. of the adult uterus (r=0.29; p=0.06). We cusp areas in baboons: implications also found a statistically significant rela- for hominid evolution. Diminished childhood growth rate rela- tionship between the neonatal litter tive to the genetic potential to grow can be mass/adult female body mass and whether N.K. Do1, M.C. Mahaney2, L.J. Hlusko1. seen in an evolutionary framework as a menstruation is slight or overt (r= 0.34; p= 1Dept. of Integrative Biology, University of function-sparing adaptation to adverse 0.02). The percentage of brain growth in California, Berkeley. Dept. of Genetics, environments. However, the presence or utero, neonatal brain size relative to ges- Southwest Foundation for Biomedical absence of adaptation is difficult to ascer- tation, length of the follicular phase, and Research and the Southwest National tain when parental growth (which is often neonatal brain size relative to adult fe- Primate Research Center. used to determine “genetic potential”) has male body size showed no relationship been affected by nutritional stress as well, with menstrual bleeding. Tooth morphology plays a central role or when the prevailing nutritional envi- It is unclear which of the above meas- in reconstructing phylogenetic relation- ronment is rapidly changing. To gain urements best test the impact of neonatal ships among primates, as well as interpre- insight into the genetic potential to grow brain growth on female reproductive tations of diet and behavior. This is espe- under a “best case” scenario, we will use physiology. These results are complicated cially the case for extinct species that may familial data from a well-nourished U.S. by the scarcity of reliable data on neonatal be known only by their dental remains. sample to examine the genetics of growth brain masses in primates. Comparisons Therefore, investigations of the genetic during infancy, when decrements have the will also be made using available data on and non-genetic factors that contribute to most enduring and marked effects. Log- menstruating bats and elephant shrews. the variation in tooth morphology are linear functions were used to fit curves to critical. The relative size of molar cusps serial weight data from 0-3 years for 523 Estradiol, strain, and periosteal bone has been an important character within participants in the Fels Longitudinal growth. hominid evolutionary studies. But past Study, and predicted weights and weight research has been limited to phenotypic velocities were calculated at each age. M.J. Devlin, D.E. Lieberman, N. Ledoux. variation, with no information about the Multipoint variance components linkage Peabody Museum, Harvard University. possible pleiotropic affects that may influ- analysis was conducted in a subset of ence morphological evolution. Here, we individuals to identify chromosomal re- Recently we showed that estradiol (E2) present the first quantitative genetic gions influencing early growth. Infant increases osteogenic responses to loading, analysis of 2-D left mandibular molar growth and growth velocity were under a mechanism that may underlie variation cusp areas (protoconid, metaconid, ento- relatively strong genetic control, with in human skeletal robusticity. This hy- conid, and hypoconid). These phenotypes heritabilities greater than 0.8 on average. pothesis was supported in sheep (Ovis were collected from captive pedigreed However, a higher impact of environ- aries, N=32) exposed to either low or high Papio hamadryas individuals from the mental factors was evident in early in- E2 levels and either sedentary or high Southwest Foundation for Biomedical fancy than later infancy; heritability of activity levels. Periosteal growth in exer- Research and Southwest National Pri- infant growth rate was 0.6 at birth and cised animals was 25-75% greater in high- mate Research Center (n>600). Our rose to over 0.9 at age 6 months—a reflec- E2 than in low-E2 animals, but only 15- analyses of all 12 cusp area phenotypes tion of growth as a target seeking function 20% greater in sedentary high-E2 vs. low- return significant total heritabilities that and recovery from maternal environ- E2 animals. average 0.28 (h2r = 0.38), and indicate mental effects on growth. Linkage analy- Although E2 clearly stimulates bone that sexual dimorphism accounts for ap- ses also suggested particular regions of growth, it is unknown whether this proximately 24% of the total phenotypic chromosomes 3, 6, 10, 11, 12, and 16 that growth improves resistance to deforma- variance. Through bivariate analyses, we harbor genes influencing infant weight tion. This study tests the hypothesis that find that the protoconid and entoconid and infant weight velocity. E2-induced periosteal growth coincides have shared genetic effects estimated to with areas of peak tensile strain at mid- be 1 or insignificantly different from 1. In 84 AAPA Abstracts

contrast, the minor variation in size of the sues has been troubled by the complexities DNA was extracted from approximately metaconid relative to the hypoconid is inherent in working with an essential 300 mg of bone from each sample using a estimated to be genetically independent trace element implicated in several impor- silica/guanidine thiocyanate method, and for all molars. The evolutionary implica- tant biological processes. Because Zn is a 766 bp portion of the mitochondrial con- tions of this genetic architecture will be subject to some homeostatic control by the trol region was amplified and sequenced. discussed. body and does not undergo a clear trophic Samples that have been sequenced to date level separation several researchers have have radiocarbon dates between 20,000- Taxonomic variation in facial mobil- suggested its utility for paleodietary re- 40,000 years old. The ancient mtDNA ity among anthropoid primates. construction is severely limited. However, sequences from Bison priscus are com- with an understanding of the nature of Zn pared to sequences from the two modern S.D. Dobson. Department of Anthropol- physiology, nutrient interactions and local species of bison. From the comparisons, ogy, Washington University. factors affecting bioavailability it may yet insights are provided on migrational pat- be possible to utilize measures of hard terns of bison between North America and Anthropoids use facial displays to me- tissue Zn concentrations in evaluating Eurasia via the Beringian sub-continent. diate social relationships within groups. diet and health. Genetic distance measurements will be Display complexity is a function of the Pre-and-postnatal enamel Zn levels presented providing information on phy- mobility of the superficial facial muscles. were determined via LA-ICP-MS for 80 logenetic relationships. These data will be Qualitative observations suggest that teeth collected from 46 infants participat- presented along with techniques in ampli- considerable variation in facial mobility ing in a large longitudinal study (NCRSP) fying ancient DNA. exists among anthropoids. However, this in Mexico during the mid-1980s. Rela- issue has never been examined quantita- tionships between enamel Zn levels and Upper- and lower-limb skeletal mus- tively. The purpose of this paper is to ana- ~200 variables documenting maternal diet cle site variability in modern hu- lyze patterns of variation in facial mobil- and infant growth, morbidity and cogni- mans. ity between anthropoid superfamilies. tive development were explored. Some Video recordings were collected from significant findings suggest that an indi- M.S.M. Drapeau. Département d’anthro- zoo animals representing 12 species (4 vidual’s prenatal enamel Zn content re- pologie, Université de Montréal. ceboids, 5 cercopithecoids, and 3 homi- flects certain aspects of their mother’s noids). Facial action repertoire size, or the pregnancy diet. Further, prenatal enamel Skeletal muscle site morphology has number of discrete muscle actions, was Zn appears to be predictive of the cogni- often been used to interpret activity vari- estimated for each species using standard- tive development of these Mexican in- ability among human populations. Al- ized criteria defined by the Facial Action fants. These results suggest that, despite though greater muscular activity and Coding System (FACS). Box plots and the fact that Zn is an essential element, older age appear to result in more marked cluster analysis were used to visualize its variation among individuals’ dental insertions, the specific roles of intensity differences in the degree and pattern of enamel may be understood in terms of vs. frequency of muscle contractions are facial mobility between superfamilies. maternal diet during crown formation, not well understood. Previous researchers Body mass is highly correlated with facial and be indicative of future functional out- have hypothesized that robusticity and, action repertoire size (r = 0.95). Thus, comes. possibly, stress lesions are the result of analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was SSHRC Doctoral Fellowship #752-2000- habitual contractions while exostoses used to test for significant differences in 1192; NIH #R15 DEO9863; NSF CRUI results from stronger, but less habitual mean repertoire size between groups. Project DBI 9978793 contractions. This study compares muscle On average, hominoids have the most insertion morphology of the lower and mobile faces, while ceboids exhibit the Mitochondrial DNA analysis of Pleis- upper limbs in a human archaeological least mobility and cercopithecoids are tocene bison. sample (n=47). It is hypothesized here intermediate. Exceptions include Hylo- that the upper limb will be more variable bates concolor, which groups with cer- K.C. Douglas1, R.P. Adams1, L.E. Baker2. than the lower limb in expression of ro- copithecoids, and Cercopithecus neglectus, 1Department of Biology, Baylor Univer- busticity, lesions, and exostoses because which groups with ceboids. However, AN- sity, 2Department of Anthropology, Foren- the lower limb is constantly used in loco- COVA reveals no significant differences in sic Science, and Archaeology, Baylor Uni- motor activities that are mostly symmet- the degree of facial mobility between su- versity. rical while use of the upper limb is more perfamilies, controlling for body mass. The characteristically asymmetrical. Muscle results of this study suggest that taxo- Ancient DNA sequences, specifically the insertion sites of the right and left upper nomic variation in facial mobility among control region of mtDNA, have proven to and lower limb were scored for robusticity, anthropoids is primarily a function of be an important tool in evaluating evolu- lesions, and exostoses on a scale from 0 to body size. tionary trends and population dynamics of 3 following Hawkey (1988). For each in- Research supported by NSF (#0424160) extinct species. Bone samples (n=33) of dividual, average differences between left and Sigma Xi. Bison priscus were obtained from the and right scores are calculated for upper Region of , Russia. and lower limbs and compared statisti- On using zinc in teeth to interpret Throughout the Pleistocene, Bison priscus cally. Results show that the upper limb is maternal and infant diet and health: ranged from modern-day Europe to Cen- not more asymmetric than the lower limb insights from analyses of a contempo- tral America eventually going extinct in robusticity or lesions. Interestingly, rary Mexican sample. around the Pleistocene-Holocene transi- the lower limb is more asymmetric than tion. Furthermore, two modern species, the upper limb in exostoses. In addition, A.E. Dolphin1, A.H. Goodman2, D. Amara- Bison bison (North American bison) and the lower limb has relatively more exosto- siriwardena2. 1Department of Anthropol- Bison bonasus (Eurasian bison), are de- ses than the upper limb. These results ogy, The University of Western Ontario, scended from Bison priscus. Their wide suggest that exostosis may develop from 2Department of Natural Sciences, Hamp- distribution, sustained presence through- very powerful contractions that are more shire College. out the Pleistocene, and presence of mod- frequent in the lower limb than in the ern descendents makes bison an excellent upper limb. The assessment and interpretation of model to investigate faunal migration and This research is supported by the Fond zinc (Zn) concentrations derived from phylogenetic relationships. québécois de la recherche sur la société et chemical analyses of biological hard tis- la culture. AAPA Abstracts 85

millennia. These population movements recently demonstrated that victors in Morphological and hormonal corre- have led to a complex biological and cul- Maya murals are right handed, while the lates of ‘masculinization’ in ringtailed tural history for the indigenous popula- vanquished are left handed. This paper lemurs (Lemur catta). tions of this region. Indigenous Altaians presents evidence demonstrating that the are generally divided into northern and right arm and forearm bones and molars C.M. Drea. Department of Biological An- southern groups based on well-established from the mass grave were intentionally thropology and Anatomy, Duke Univer- linguistic, physical and cultural differ- omitted, reflecting an attempt to violate sity. ences. Classical genetic markers studies the deceased in part by emphasizing the have also revealed differences between left side of the body. Although such side Ringtailed lemurs represent a valuable these two groups, with varying amounts of discrepancy has been identified in animal model for examining current theories of influence from Central Asia, Western caches in the Maya area, this marks the sexual differentiation, the role of andro- Eurasia and East Asia being detected. To first time such side discrepancy has been gens in mediating aggression, and the further elucidate the genetic diversity of identified among human remains. evolution of primate social systems, as Northern Altaians, we analyzed SNP This work was supported by an NSF females display a set of masculine charac- variation in mtDNAs from Chelkan, Grant 0125311. teristics, including a pendulous clitoris, Tubalar and Kumandin individuals size monomorphism with males, and so- (N=240) living in eight villages in the Hindlimb adaptations in Ourayia and cial dominance over males. To explore northern Altai Republic. The majority of Chipetaia, relatively large-bodied whether androgens may ‘organize’ or ‘ac- the studied mtDNAs lineages were char- omomyine primates from the Middle tivate’ the expression of these traits, this acteristic of other Turkic-speaking groups Eocene of Utah. study examined morphology and serum of native Siberians, with some minor sub- endocrine profiles in captive lemurs, at branches appearing to be specific to these R. Dunn, J.M. Sybalsky, G.C. Conroy, and the Duke University Primate Center, populations. Comparisons between the D.T. Rasmussen. Department of Anthro- across portions of the reproductive life Northern Altaian ethnic groups revealed a pology, Washington University span. Experiment 1 measured the exter- substantial difference in the genetic sub- nal genitalia of intact adults (9 females, 9 structure of the villages. While most hap- North American omomyids represent a males) to characterize the extent of female logroups were found in all three ethnic tremendous Eocene radiation of primates morphological ‘masculinization.’ Females groups, Chelkans possessed the majority exhibiting a wide range of body sizes and displayed a shorter anogenital distance of haplogroup F, N9a and N* types, show- dietary patterns. Despite this adaptive and a larger urethral meatus, but total ing close relation to Khakass population. diversity, relatively little is known of the clitoral width and length were comparable On the contrary, Kumandins demon- postcranial specializations of the group. to those of the extruded male glans. Ex- strated a paucity of Western Eurasian Here we describe hindlimb and foot bones periment 2 examined steroidal fluctua- lineages, and instead had an abundance of of Ourayia uintensis and Chipetaia lam- tions in adult lemurs (10 females, 12 East Eurasian haplogroup C types. Inter- porea that were recovered from the Uinta males) over 4 annual cycles, and assessed estingly, in about half of the villages, B member (early Uintan Land hormonal correlates of prenatal develop- these ethnic groups did not share the Age), Uinta Formation, Utah. These ment in 16 pregnancies. Adults of both same haplogroups. This information pro- specimens provide insight into the evolu- sexes showed a significant breeding sea- vides us with a better understanding of tion of postcranial adaptations across son peak in steroid production. Whereas the population histories of Altaian popula- different body sizes and dietary guilds male testosterone (T) concentrations ex- tions and how they relate to their Siberian within the Eocene primate radiation. ceeded those of females, both sexes neighbors. Body mass estimates based on talar showed comparable androstenedione (A4) measurements indicate that Ourayia and concentrations. Pregnancies that produced Left and right side symbolism in tro- Chipetaia weighed about 1500-2000 g and singleton males, twin males, or mixed sex phy taking among the Postclassic 500-700 g, respectively. Skeletal elements twins showed higher T, A4, and estradiol Maya. recovered for Ourayia include the talus, (E2) concentrations, especially late in navicular, entocuneiform, first metatarsal, gestation, than did pregnancies that pro- W.N. Duncan. Dept. of Anthropology, St. and proximal tibia; bones of Chipetaia duced singleton or twin females, but ster- John Fisher College. include the talus, navicular, entocunei- oid concentrations in female-producing form, and proximal femur. Both genera pregnancies consistently exceeded precon- Bioarchaeologists have become increas- had opposable grasping big toes, as indi- ception and postpartum values. These ingly interested in identifying evidence of cated by the saddle-shaped joint between data are consistent with the hypothesis vanquished enemies and trophy taking in the entocuneiform and first metatarsal. that female lemurs may be partially mas- the archaeological record. In many cases Both taxa were arboreal leapers, as indi- culinized through exposure to maternal it is only possible to identify, through cated by a consistent assemblage of char- androgens. cutmark analysis and examination of un- acters in all the represented bones, most Funded by NSF grant (BCS-0409367). derrepresented elements, if such violation notably the somewhat elongated navicu- occurred. In some cultural contexts, such lars, the high and distinct trochlear crests Mitochondrial DNA Variation in as the Maya area, accompanying lines of of the talus, the posteriorly oriented tibial Northern Altaian Ethnic Groups. evidence allow for insight as to why cer- plateau (Ourayia), and the cylindrical tain body parts were taken as trophies. head of the femur (Chipetaia). The closest M.C. Dulik1, S.I. Zhadanov1, 2, L.P. Osi- Recent analysis of a Postclassic (AD 950- resemblances to Ourayia and Chipetaia pova2, T.G. Schurr1. 1Department of An- 1524) Maya mass grave from the northern are found among the Bridger omomyines, thropology, University of Pennsylvania, Guatemala found a discrepancy between Omomys and Hemiacodon. The results of Philadelphia, PA; 2Institute of Cytology the representation of left and right hu- our comparisons suggest that the later, and Genetics, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Rus- meri, radii, and ulnae, as well as molars. larger, more herbivorous omomyines from sia. Specifically there was a statistically sig- Utah retained skeletal structure charac- nificant underrepresentation of the left teristic of earlier, smaller North American Archaeological and historical evidence radii, ulnae and molars. Additionally one omomyids. show that the present-day Altai Republic human molar and one animal canine had has experienced a series of inva- holes drilled in their roots, suggesting The sex of the Lake Mungo 3 skele- sions/migrations over the past several that trophy taking did occur. Palka (2002) ton. 86 AAPA Abstracts

the same location in coastal Alaska. The (Australopithecus afarensis, A. africanus, A.C. Durband1, D.R.T. Rayner2, M. absence of whaling implements in the A. robustus, ... ad infinitem) is likely to be Westaway3. 1Dept of Sociology, Anthropol- Ipiutak sample has led some to speculate more effective in communicating the dy- ogy, and Social Work, Texas Tech Univer- that their subsistence was primarily namics of living science, and distinguish- sity, 2School of Archaeology and Anthro- based on sealing and walrusing, with sea- ing it from static creationism in its many pology, The Australian National Univer- sonal procurement of caribou; whereas guises. Biological scientists, including sity, 3The Willandra Lakes World Heri- evidence from the Tigara cultural period human biologists who study populations of tage Area, Department of Environment supports the view that these later people our ancestors past and present, are not and Conservation. principally subsisted upon whale re- responsible primarily for the anti- sources. In the present study, I test the intellectual assaults of “intelligent de- The Lake Mungo 3 skeleton has been hypothesis that lower rib-cage sulcal pat- sign,” but they could and should play more the subject of controversy since its discov- terning in the Point Hope Inupiats is as- thoughtful roles in providing contempo- ery in 1974. Thorne (1977, 2002) has long sociated with their subsistence strategy rary rather than antiquated conceptual argued the existence of two distinct found- and related activity patterns, and may be foundations. ing populations of early Australians, a used to differentiate the Ipiutak and Ti- “robust” morph and a “gracile” morph, and gara using a muscle stress marker (MSM) A test of dental morphological traits Lake Mungo 3 has been categorized as a analytic approach. To this end, discrete used in forensic identification of an- “gracile” male in this dichotomy. Brown coding of the 11th and 12th ribs for iliocos- cestry. (1987, 2000) has criticized these ideas, talis and quadratus lumborum mm. mus- questioning the rationale behind the par- cle scarring was compared among a H.J.H. Edgar. Maxwell Museum of An- titioning of the Pleistocene Australian mixed-sex sample (n=250) of Point Hope thropology, Department of Anthropology, skeletal sample into different populations. Inupiats. Additionally, respiratory area, University of New Mexico. In addition, Brown (2000) has alleged that curvature, and sexual dimorphism were the sex of Lake Mungo 3 cannot be deter- examined for a small subset of the Point Very few, if any, human variants are mined from the available evidence, since Hope sample (Tigara; M=10, F=7). My truly population specific, with 100% fre- the skeleton lacks the most diagnostic major results support a relationship be- quency in one group and 0% in others. areas of the skull and pelvis. tween variation in activity pattern and However, for traits to be of use in forensic In an effort to reexamine these ques- the patterning of lower rib robusticity and identification they must be as population tions, our team collected an exhaustive muscle insertion rugosity. These results, specific as possible. Several dental mor- battery of cranial and postcranial meas- and further considerations, suggest that phological traits have been identified in urements from the Lake Mungo 3 skele- additional study of Point Hope activity the forensic literature as useful in deter- ton. These measurements are compared to patterns from a MSM perspective, includ- mining an unknown individual’s ancestry. a number of Australian samples of known ing handedness in relation to lower-rib If these traits are of value, they will occur sex, both from the Pleistocene as well as patterning, is required. in their associated group in proportions the Holocene, in an effort to diagnose the statistically different from all other sex of Lake Mungo 3. In all, approxi- Linnaean binomials and the Chris- groups. Furthermore, the ancestral groups mately 12 cranial and 55 postcranial tian trinity: Faith-based barriers to not associated with the trait should show measurements can be used for these com- scientific understanding. no significant frequency differences parisons. among them. The results of our work do support the R.B. Eckhardt. Department of Kinesiol- To test this, dental morphological data assignment of male sex to Lake Mungo 3. ogy, Pennsylvania State University. was compared among samples of African Many of the postcranial measurements Americans, European Americans, His- sampled fall at the extreme high end of Both concepts -- binomials and the trin- panic Americans, and Native Americans the male sample, sometimes beyond the ity -- logically require a suspension of (N=1625). Chi square tests were con- observed male range, and likewise fall disbelief. In the case of the trinity, one ducted on dichotomized frequencies of ten well outside the female range. However, has to be able to believe that three entities trait observations, including incisor shov- these results also lead us to question the simultaneously also are a single entity; eling, Carabelli’s trait, canine mesial attribution of Lake Mungo 3 to a “gracile” while in the case of Linnaean binomials, ridge, and cusp seven. Presence of these category amongst early Australians. one must believe the converse, that single traits has been associated with particular Financial support for this project was lineages that were continuous across ancestral groups in forensic anthropologi- provided by the Franklin Research Grant thousands of generations can and should cal studies. Program of the American Philosophical be represented (for "convenience" but Results were mixed. For example, Society. really out of tradition) as being segmented shovel shape frequency is statistically into a chain or tree of discontinuous an- different in Native Americans. However, An evaluation of variation in the bi- cestor-descendant entities (or else, neces- significant differences are also seen ology and lifeways of two pre-contact sarily, parents of some conventionally- among the other groups. Only canine Point Hope, Alaskan Inupiat cultures recognized taxon such as Homo erectus mesial ridge was consistently different in as evidenced by their thoracic mor- gave birth to a Homo sapiens child, for African Americans and not different phology. example). The connection to attempted among the other three groups. Unfortu- insertions of “intelligent design” into biol- nately, this trait is not common in any K.L. Eaves-Johnson. Department of An- ogy curricula is that investigators still group (2%-21%), so lack of the trait is not thropology, University of Iowa. using the Linnaean system as an accepted indicative of ancestry. Overall, these part of "science" may be conditioning commonly used traits may not be of much The subsistence strategies and related minds to accept logical impossibilities in actual value in ancestry determination. activity patterns of the pre-contact Point other regards. (It is widely acknowledged Combining these traits with others not Hope Inupiats are not well-documented that Linnaeus. was a creationist, but that common in the forensic literature may be archaeologically. Analysis of the artifacts embarrassing historical fact conveniently more useful. associated with the two pre-contact cul- is just as widely ignored.) By extension, a tural groups (Ipiutak and Tigara), has led biological curriculum that emphasizes Dietary habits of the Ipiutak and Ti- to the hypothesis that their lifeways were mechanism and process rather than gara populations from Point Hope: an dissimilar despite sequential occupation of memorization of static taxonomic lists occlusal molar microwear analysis. AAPA Abstracts 87

thickness patterning based on physical monkeys (Simias concolor) on Siberut S. El Zaatari. Interdepartmental Doctoral cross-sections, even though the mastica- Island, Indonesia - a pilot study. Program in Anthropological Sciences, tory apparatus functions as a single inte- Stony Brook University. grated system. Recent advances in the W.M. Erb. Interdepartmental Doctoral resolution of non-destructive imaging Program in Anthropological Sciences, Archaeological excavations at Point systems (e.g. microtomography) make it Stony Brook University. Hope, Alaska uncovered skeletal remains possible to record accurate, high- of two populations: the Ipiutak (550-900 resolution images of mandibular cross- Long-distance or loud calls are common A.D.) and Tigara (1400-1900 A.D.). Ar- sections, producing measurable cross- among vertebrates, and have been de- chaeological evidence indicates that, al- sections of both the tooth crown and the scribed in many primate species. Because though both groups relied on animal mandibular corpus. The research pre- these calls are more commonly produced (largely marine) resources for their sub- sented here demonstrates this imaging by males and are often contagious, they sistence, the Ipiutak were mainly caribou ability in two primate taxa similar in mo- are hypothesized to function in between- hunters, whereas the Tigara were primar- lar enamel thickness and diet, but strik- group communication, interpreted as re- ily whale hunters. To date, no study has ingly divergent in mandibular morpholo- source or mate defense. Since intra- and attempted to ascertain whether the in- gies (Hylobates muelleri and Ateles geof- interindividual variation in calls may ferred dietary differences of these two froyi). Nine common enamel thickness convey information about the caller, such groups could be substantiated using a and seven mandibular cross-sectional as condition, age, location, or rank, an more direct technique, e.g. microwear or measurements were recorded at standard- analysis of this variation can provide in- stable isotope analysis. In this study, the ized locations, and biomechanical proper- sight into the functions of long calls. Adult occlusal molar microwear fabrics of the ties of the mandible were estimated. Re- male simakobu (Simias concolor) produce Ipiutak and Tigara were analyzed. Com- sults indicate that the patterning and loud calls in a variety of situations: spon- parative data for two other modern hu- distribution of enamel thickness does not taneous calls, contagious choruses, and in man groups, the Aleut and Arikara, were necessarily follow mandibular cross- response to loud noise such as thunder. also examined. Significant differences in section morphology. Although A. geoffroyi Thus far only diurnal calling patterns microwear signatures were detected and H. muelleri represent similar eco- have been described for different popula- among the groups considered. The mi- types, occupying analogous niche space, tions. The current pilot study aims to test crowear pattern of the Arikara, who had a differences in their dento-gnathic systems hypotheses about the function of loud calls mixed diet, differed from that of the may be attributable to phylogeny. A lar- and intergroup competition in simakobu. mainly meat-eating Aleut and Point Hope ger sample encompassing greater dietary Data were collected from June–August peoples in that the Arikara has signifi- and phylogenetic breadth may provide 2005 on several unhabituated groups cantly fewer features, lower pitting inci- greater resolution on the relationship within the 4,000 ha primary forest reserve dence and narrower scratches. Differ- between enamel thickness and mandibu- of the Siberut Conservation Project (SCP), ences in microwear signatures between lar morphology. northern Siberut, Indonesia. All vocaliza- the Aleut and the two Point Hope popula- tions heard during the 271 hours spent in tions were also detected. Compared to the Pathology, constraint, and adapta- the forest were noted together with time, two Point Hope populations, the Aleut has tion: how can we tell them apart? location and stimulus and several calls significantly fewer features and wider were recorded on tape (06:00-19:00 hours). scratches. The Aleut microwear signature P.T. Ellison. Department of Anthropol- Diurnal distribution and context of long- further differs from that of the Tigara in ogy, Harvard University. distance calls were analyzed, as well as having significantly lower pitting inci- the acoustic variation between callers and dence. The results of this study show that The study of developmental effects on locations. Distinct differences especially in the Tigara has significantly more mi- adult human biology, has a long history. call duration and frequency suggest that crowear features, more pits and narrower The “developmental origins of adult dis- in simakobu calls might advertise more scratches compared to the Ipiutak. These ease hypothesis” has recently refocused than just location. Besides male quality, results are concordant with interpreta- the attention of epidemiologists on corre- the main study will also consider exhaus- tions that the two Point Hope populations lations between events and outcomes that tion and with it costs of calling as possible had significantly different dietary habits. span human life history. At the same variables. time human biologists and evolutionary Supported by Primate Conservation, Microtomographic investigations of biologists are proposing interpretive Inc., Primate Action Fund and SCP (Ger- enamel thickness patterning and frameworks that strive to incorporate the man Primate Center and Bogor Agricul- mandibular morphology in primates. new epidemiological information into ex- tural University). isting theories of human life history evolu- A.A. Elder, A.J. Olejniczak. Interdepart- tion. Empirically, however, it is difficult Social relationships in Madagascan mental Doctoral Program in Anthropologi- to distinguish developmental effects that lemurs. cal Sciences, Stony Brook University. may represent pathology, constraint, and adaptation. E.M. Erhart1, D.J. Overdorff2. 1Depart- Functional adaptations of the dento- This talk will consider examples of de- ment of Anthropology, Texas State Uni- gnathic system in primates have been the velopmental effects that are generally versity-San Marcos, 2Department of An- focus of a wealth of research, including understood to fall in one or another of thropology and Archaeology, University of studies on the patterning of molar enamel these categories tohelp articulate criteria Texas-Austin. thickness and the shape of the mandibu- to guide discrimination. These criteria lar corpus. Although mandibular corpus will then be applied to the question of When considering the evolution of so- architecture and enamel thickness are developmental effects on adult female ciality in primates, researchers often focus both thought to be related to food hard- reproductive function. Data from Polish on agonism as an organizing principle, ness and masticatory stress, these aspects women will be presented to illustrate pos- and affiliation and cooperation as mani- of morphology have largely been studied sible empirical discrimination of adapta- festations of competitive alliances and independently. Thus, a body of literature tion from pathology and constraint. reconciliation. However, affiliation is ex- on the cortical thickness of the mandible ceedingly common in primate social inter- as recorded via medical CT imaging exists Patterns and variation in long- actions and may form the real basis of separately from that describing enamel distance communication of simakobu social bonds. 88 AAPA Abstracts

Here we present data on the frequency like painted masked and dried plant ma- and context of social behavior in three M. Esparza1, N. Martínez-Abadías1, T. terial covering most of skull, resembling species of wild lemur that exhibit low Sjøvold2, R. González-José3, M. Hernán- hair. There are no other associated arti- agonistic rates (Varecia variegata, Pro- dez1. 1Unitat d’Antropologia, Departament facts or bone. The Museum requested pithecus edwardsi, Eulemur fulvus rufus). de Biologia Animal, Universitat de Barce- forensic analysis of the skull with the Data from January to December 2002 was lona, 2Stockholm Universitet, 3Centro restriction that none of the covering mate- used to derive rates (acts per hour) for Nacional Patagónico, CONICET. rial be disturbed or removed. Anthropom- affiliative and agonistic behaviors for sev- etric and visual methods were used to eral contexts (feeding, moving, resting and In recent years, an increasing number assess osteometric dimensions and ana- traveling). We found that frequency of of analyses have studied selection on tomical markers for sex and racial affin- affiliative behavior was higher than ago- many life-history traits in human popula- ity. Eight variables were analyzed with nism in all contexts for the study species. tions, particularly phenotypic selection, FORDISC software. Characteristics of the In feeding contexts, for example, affilia- heritability and the possible associations mandible, nuchal crest, mastoid process tive behaviors were frequent (range: 1.26- between these traits. From an evolution- and measurements suggest that the skull 2.39/hr); in contrast, rates of agonism ary point of view, these studies are essen- is female. Morphology and variations of were low (range: 0.01-0.06/hr). We also tial to determinate the degree of action of bone structure, as well as anthropometric compared time spent in spatial proximity natural selection on human life-history data, suggest racial affinity with Oceanic (<5 m) in different contexts (time spent in traits and therefore their role in the evo- Island peoples, not Europeans. No evi- proximity/total time spent in a particular lution of populations. But the results of dence of trauma or manner of death was context), and study species spent a signifi- theses studies are often contradictory, found. Historical records indicate that cant amount of time in proximity with because the problem of estimating exactly "trophy" skulls were taken by victors of group members regardless of context. the portion of phenotypic variance due to violent conflicts. Usually these skulls are Proximity percentages were highest dur- additive genetic variance (heritability in adult males and exhibit evidence of ing resting and moving, and lowest when its narrow-sense), and separate it from trauma associated with death and/or de- the study species were traveling. Time the variance due to environmental and capitation. Our analyses suggest that this spent in proximity during feeding was nonadditive genetic (dominance and skull was likely recovered from a secon- 22.0% for Varecia, 35.3% for Propithecus, epistatic) factors. A great part of these dary burial or by exhumation. It may and 65.0% for Eulemur. We suggest that problems stem from the close relationship have been decorated and offered for sale data on the frequency and context of be- between the analyzed individuals, because with false documentation designed to havior is necessary to better understand common shared environments and cul- meet the expectations of tourists. The the proximate mechanisms that govern tural transmission may make us overes- results of this study suggest that re- interactions within social groups. timate heritability values. A way of avoid- examination of museum collections may This research was supported by NSF ing this problem is to use an analytical disclose significant differences between grant SBS-0001351. method that takes into account the simi- reality and documentation supplied by larity between individuals of various de- donors. The uses and limitations of DNA- grees of relatedness, as the "animal This research was supported in part by based tests for identifying Native model", a restricted maximum-likelihood a University of Miami Provost’s Innova- American ancestry. estimation. tive Teaching and Research award (LLT). The current study uses the "animal J.A. Eshleman. University of California- model" to obtain heritabilities of human Do SK 15 and SK 45 from Swartkrans, Davis and Trace Genetics life-history traits as fecundity, age at first South Africa, belong to the same spe- and at last child, individual λ, mean in- cies? Consumer DNA tests has made avail- terbirth interval, adult lifespan, offspring able to the public research tools previously survival and lifetime reproductive success D. Fernández. Interdepartmental Doctoral confined to academic arenas. Particularly (individual fitness) in Hallstatt (Austria). Program in Anthropological Sciences, popular in the U.S. are tests to investigate We obtained pedigree data from church Stony Brook University. and establish Native American (American records corresponding to a long period Indian) ancestry. While such tests have before demographic transition and indus- There has been much debate about the allowed a greater number of people to trial changes (1602-1852). We also ana- taxonomic affinities of the mandibles SK investigate biological ancestry through lyzed correlations between the different 15 and SK 45 from Swartkrans, South their DNA, researchers not trained spe- life-history traits, and we obtained differ- Africa. While some researches attribute cifically in Native American prehistory or ences between male and female results. both specimens to the same hominin spe- Native American genetic variation now Grant support: Wenner Gren Founda- cies, others disagree, assigning them to offer these tests. Limitations of tests tion for Anthropological Research (Gr. separate species. This study attempts to presently available and, in some cases, 7149), Spanish Ministerio de Educación y elucidate this problem by determining limitations inherent in biology present Ciencia, MEC-FEDER (CGL2004- whether the range of variability exhibited significant scientific and ethical consid- 00903/BTE). by these two fossils falls within that of a erations that are here addressed. Particu- single extant hominoid species. Breadth larly important are instances of DNA Who’s behind the mask? Records and and height of the mandibular corpus at testing for tribal enrollment where at- reality of a “Trophy” skull. the M2 were used to generate the geomet- tempts have been made to establish bio- ric mean and a breadth/height index, rep- logical criteria on group affiliation. Pre- M. Faraldo, L.L. Taylor. Dept of Anthro- resenting size and shape respectively. sented here are examples of tests avail- pology, University of Miami. Buccolingual (BL) diameter of the M2 was able and their application and illustra- also measured. The two mandibles were tions from ancient DNA analysis where The Miami Museum of Science (Miami, compared to an extant sample of gorillas, prehistoric remains have been compared FL) accessioned a human skull (ANT 10- chimpanzees and modern humans. Since to modern individuals. 13-197) with scant provenance more than only two mandibles were compared, the 30 years ago. Documentation described exact randomization method was em- Selective processes in human repro- the skull as a European victim of "head- ployed to calculate the probability of find- ductive success: heritability of life- hunters" from Papua New . The ing equivalent differences between pairs history traits. edentulous skull is decorated with a face- of mandibles within each species of the AAPA Abstracts 89

comparative sample. In mandibular stitute of Molecular Cell Biology and Ge- availability in two Cofan villages of shape, the pair SK 15/SK 45 shows netics, 2Max Planck Institute for Evolu- Northeastern Ecuador, Dureno and Za- greater variation than any of the extant tionary Anthropology. balo, who are encountering different de- species, while both mandibular size and grees of environmental degradation. BL diameter do not. These results suggest Cell biology provides an opportunity to Dureno is more directly affected by non- that the specimens SK 15 and SK 45 make direct links between genetics, devel- indigenous activities such as oil mining, should be allocated to different species. opment, and morphology, which is essen- agribusiness, and external colonization tial to elucidating the patterns and proc- whereas, Zabalo, located further down- A preliminary assessment of human esses of evolution. Here we present two river, is more buffered from some of these perceptions of tarsiers and macaques methods for studying the cell biology of stressors. A segment of each village par- in the Philippines. brain evolution: a candidate gene ap- ticipated in household food frequency proach and morphological description. (64%-D, 89%-Z) and individual 24-hour L.L. Fields. Department of Anthropology, Microcephaly genes are excellent candi- recall (20% of each village) surveys along University of Colorado at Boulder. dates for analysis because they have been with physiological (anthropometrics, blood positively selected for within the primate pressure, glucose, cholesterol, hemoglobin, Perceptions of nonhuman primates lineage. In addition, the morphological fecal parasite loads, and dental exams), living in close association with humans malformations result from single muta- health and cultural surveys. are primarily shaped by, and dependent tions in these genes and the consequent The Cofan currently face a situation on, interactions and cultural ideology of loss of protein drastically affects brain where most of their traditional lands are the people with whom they interact. Un- size. We report on one such protein, being settled by non-indigenous peoples derstanding local perceptions is critical for ASPM (abnormal spindle-like micro- resulting in deforestation, resource deple- primate conservation efforts, ecotourism, cephaly associated), and propose a model tion, and environmental pollution, which and primate research. While some views for its role in brain size evolution. ASPM is directly impacting their overall health are negative, as with crop raiding or dis- is expressed in symmetrically dividing and nutrition. The issues of food re- ease transmission, there are also positive (proliferating) progenitor cells, down- sources, development and survival raised aspects, in part, due to cultural percep- regulated in asymmetrically dividing (dif- by this study illuminate the need for fur- tions. To better understand this positive- ferentiating) progenitor cells, and acute ther research into biocultural mechanisms negative dichotomy of attitudes toward knock-down results in an increase in that may be essential in maintaining rain- primates, this preliminary study was con- asymmetric division and, consequently, forest populations in periods of great envi- ducted in the Philippines, where human- premature neurogenesis at the expense of ronmental stress. nonhuman primate interactions are un- the progenitor pool. Evolutionary changes derstudied. in this protein likely affect its function Timing of formation of localized hy- Data were collected from May-June of during mitosis of progenitor cells, ulti- poplasia of the primary canine in 2005. Interviews were conducted in Bilar, mately affecting the duration of progeni- humans. Tagbilaran City, and Corella (N=60). In tor proliferation. addition to demographic information, In a second approach, we aim to de- C. FitzGerald1, S. Saunders1, L. Bondioli2, participants were asked about their views scribe the neuronal lineage of primates in R. Macchiarelli3. 1 Dept. of Anthrop., of the tarsier and macaque, including comparison to rodents. Two distinct neu- McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada, their role in crop raiding, hunting, and ronal progenitors exist in the developing 2Sect. Anthrop., Nat. Prehist. Ethnogr. “L. ecotourism. rodent brain. In primates, a third neu- Pigorini” Museum, Rome, Italy, 3Lab. Within the Visayan region, the province ronal progenitor has evolved. It is this Géobiol., Biochron. & Paléont. Hum., Uni- of Bohol is recognized for their biodiver- novel progenitor that generates the vast versity of Poitiers, France. sity and tarsier conservation efforts. Ma- majority of neurons in the primate brain. caques are often viewed negatively and it Thus, its origin is of evolutionary interest. A commonly observed enamel defect in is likely that the local, positive impres- We use markers to describe the lineage deciduous teeth is a flat-bottomed pit on sions of the tarsier may be a result of their relationship between these progenitors the mid-labial surface of primary canine threatened status, their role in ecotour- and to assess the relationship of their crowns termed localized hypoplasia of the ism, or because they do not negatively abundance to brain size. primary canine (LHPC). Although poorly impact the lives of humans. Overall, Bo- understood, their etiology is claimed to be holanos are aware of tarsier conservation Food resources and survival among distinct from linear enamel hypoplasia. efforts in Corella and supportive of them. the Cofan of Ecuador. One model for their development, pro- However, from this study, more of the posed by Skinner and co-workers, posits beliefs and stories are concerned with L.J. Fitton. Department of Sociology and that individuals with retinol deficiency macaques. Conservation efforts may be Anthropology, Illinois State University. may develop abnormal fenestrations of strengthened by considering cultural be- cortical bone overlying the canine crypt, liefs about animals and being cognizant of Traditional “sustainable” economies making those ameloblasts that are unpro- cultural diversity. Additionally, consider- based on shifting cultivation, hunting, tected by any bony covering vulnerable to ing human perceptions of nonhuman pri- fishing, and gathering are dependent on damage from mild physical trauma. This mates may increase the implementation of low human densities along with extensive is said to result from exploratory “mouth- successful conservation efforts by local territories. Today, governmental move- ing”, an activity occuring in the first year communities. ments to develop tropical rainforests have of life. Timing of the formation of LHPC is This project was supported by the De- lead to the depletion of natural resources, key to this hypothesis. partment of Anthropology and Museum of undermined traditional subsistence This paper presents the results of a Natural History at the University of Colo- strategies, increased population densities, histological study of LHPC carried out on rado at Boulder. and disrupted social systems. These teeth from one European and several New changing environmental and social condi- World populations. We are the first to Evolution of primate brains: A cell tions are modifying the nutritional pat- establish an accurate chronology of forma- biological perspective. terns and health of native populations and tion using odontochronology. Our results, affecting their ultimate survival. showing that the initiation of the lesion J.L. Fish1, Y. Kosodo1, W. Enard2, S. Presented here are preliminary findings occurs between 3 and 4 months, fall on the Pääbo2, W.B. Huttner1. 1Max Planck In- on food consumption patterns and food lower side of the range estimated by 90 AAPA Abstracts

Skinner et al. of 3.6 to 7.4 months. How- Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, genetic relationships. The research from ever, our histological reconstruction of the Zagreb. this study was collected as part of a larger sequence of events during lesion forma- project focusing upon health in antiquity tion differs from other published interpre- Extant populations of North America (Fox-Leonard 1997) and includes dental, tations. For instance, it is evident that can be accurately differentiated through cranial and postcranial nonmetric data LHPC are classic “pit form” hypoplastic metric and non-metric analyses of crania from two Eastern Mediterranean sites defects, with stress markers (Wilson and postcrania. Unfortunately, these dating to the Hellenistic-Roman periods; bands, accentuated striae) associated with methods are infrequently applied to a Paphos, Cyprus (n=275) and Corinth, the floor of pits. These stress markers broader sample of spatiotemporally dis- Greece (n=94). occur through the whole ameloblast sheet, persed populations. This analysis utilizes Although most nonmetric observations not just in the area affected by the lesion. four such methods to test two hypotheses were comparable between the sites, such This indicates a systemic disruption and about individuals recovered from a 9th as Carabelli’s trait/cusp of permanent we discuss alternative hypotheses. century AD cemetery at the Croatian site maxillary 1st molar crowns and deciduous Velim Velištak: 1) Individuals from the maxillary 2nd molar crowns (prevalence of Foraging peoples and state players in Velim population will classify as Eu- 40.5% at Paphos and 42.3% at Corinth), the Brazilian Amazon: implications of roamerican; 2) The range of variation one nonmetric trait, namely tibial squat- contact, settlement and diet among observed within the Velim population will ting facets, was found in much greater the Guajá Indians of Maranhão State. not significantly differ from that of a Eu- frequency among individuals from Paphos roamerican sample. when compared to Corinth. Additionally, L.C. Forline. Department of Anthropol- Measurements taken on individuals it appears that females were habitually ogy, University of Nevada-Reno. from Velim Velištak (n=47) were com- squatting at Paphos as well. Discussion pared to three American populations: will focus upon possible cultural or occu- The Guajá Indians of Maranhão State, Amerindians (n=47), African Americans pational practices that women were en- Brazil, have recently come into contact (n=61), and Euroamericans (n=64). Dis- gaged in at Paphos during Hellenistic and with Brazilian national society within the criminant function analysis of the lower Roman times. last 35 years. Formerly hunter-gatherers, midface (Willson, 2004) classified 64.7% of the Guajá have been settled onto four the individuals from Velim as Euroameri- Anthropology meets creationism: semi-nucleated communities in Brazil’s can. Indices of the upper midface (Gill, taking primatology to schoolkids. Eastern Amazon region. Since contact, 1988; 1990) and femoral platymeria data the Guajá have embraced a host of mixed (Gill and Rhine, 1990) classified 39.0% B.Z. Freed. Department of Anthropology, subsistence strategies to maintain their and 55.3% of the Velim sample as Eu- Emory University. livelihoods. Under the auspices of Brazil’s roamerican respectively. Nasal sill form Indian Service (FUNAI), the Guajá pres- frequencies (Willson, 2004) between the Why communities are willing to adopt ently practice hunting, gathering, fishing Velim and Euroamerican samples were faith-based “science” perhaps lies in the and swidden agriculture. In this paper, I not significantly different. The variation lack of interaction among all levels of discuss the causes and consequences of exhibited by Velim did exceed the Eu- education. Scientists and citizens in contact with the Brazilian State, focusing roamerican variation in all cases; however Georgia formed a grass-roots organization primarily on the Guajá’s utilization of these individuals appear to be outliers. devoted to quality science education. This natural resources and their diet. While The results of this analysis refute both group has produced several results: 1) Guajá men still devote most of their sub- of our hypotheses. Possible explanations scientists and citizens organized an in- sistence time to hunting activities, the include: 1) the comparative sample is not formed, cooperative response that ulti- primary source of their community’s diet representative of the total range of varia- mately led to a bolstering of state biology stems from their swiddens. Similarly, tion within individuals of European ances- education standards and testing; 2) sci- fishing has played a stepped up role in the try; 2) Velim may have a different popula- ence education administrators and teach- Guajá diet as they have been settled tion history than the Euroamerican sam- ers have become more aware of collabora- closer to watercourses. During this tran- ple; 3) sample size may be a factor, and 4) tive opportunities among all levels of edu- sition in Guajá history it is interesting to Velim may represent a coalescence of two cation; and 3) through an increased em- note that men are absorbing a bigger im- populations. phasis on scientist-led outreach, this pact than are women and children to group has provided unique hands-on lec- maintain group survivability. While The utility of skeletal nonmetric tures, internships, and lesson enhance- women and children enjoy more leisure analyses: a case study from the East- ments for students within the greater time than men, they also enjoy a better ern Mediterranean. Atlanta area. By providing access to fossil nutritional status. This paper concludes casts, primatological work, and science by proposing some measures that can be S.C. Fox. Wiener Laboratory, American literature, students and teachers become taken to ameliorate food security among School of Classical Studies at Athens. more skilled in relating fundamental bio- the Guajá as they face an uncertain fu- logical principles to everyday life. This ture. While farming has provided more Skeletal nonmetric data can produce a anthropological outreach has fostered food security among the Guajá many ad- great deal of information, particularly greater communication among the region’s justments need to be made in order to when used in conjunction with other cor- science educators and administrators. It guarantee a more broad-spectrum diet. roborative data such as ancient DNA has also made students less wary of biol- Similarly, land tenure issues need to be analyses and stable isotopic analyses of ogy classes, and more likely to appreciate resolved in order to secure their resource human skeletal remains. Despite the evolutionary aspects of human biology. base. guidelines proposed by Buikstra and Ube- laker (1994), however, all too often bioar- Chronic under-nutrition and obesity. Midfacial and femoral variation in a chaeologists fail to collect nonmetric data 9th century Croatian population. that can suggest, for example, individual A. R. Frisancho. University of Michigan. sex (i.e. septal apertures of the humerus A.D. Foster1, C.R. Meyer1, M. Šlaus2, are more frequently found among fe- Evaluation of the epidemiological and J.C.M. Ahern1, and G.W. Gill1. males), behavioral-environmental prac- anthropological data reveals that the risk 1Department of Anthropology, University tices (i.e. external auditory tori linked of obesity during adulthood is inversely of Wyoming; 2Department of Archaeology, with diving in cold water), and especially related to relative length. It is postulated AAPA Abstracts 91

that this association is related to the in- implies that papionins and hominoids separated geographically along matrilines teraction of growth of body proportions converge on similar eruption sequences. and have maintained stability for long and under-nutrition. Analysis of the an- Alternatively, if the colobine condition is time periods. In contrast, Y-specific thropometric and socio-economic data of derived, factors such as diet and mortality markers show that males move frequently Mexican-Americans (that participated in patterns probably shaped colobine erup- between different populations indicating the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Ex- tion patterns. that males may be an important compo- amination Survey from 1982-1984) shows Two fossil colobine species preserve nent for pathogen movement across Bali- that poverty income index is more associ- juvenile specimens at informative stages nese landscapes. More accurate estimates ated with leg length index than with sit- of tooth eruption: Mesopithecus pentelici of gene flow will be made using autosomal ting height. Similarly, the shorter the (Europe) and Kuseracolobus aramisi (Af- markers that average the migration ef- relative leg length the higher the skinfold rica). Specimens were scored following fects of males and females. Further, ge- thickness. Studies in England also indi- Harvati (2000) from both original speci- netic patterns of variation of the macaque cate that that adult differences in leg mens and casts. The Late Miocene populations will be overlain on the pat- length is associated with significant dif- Mesopithecus pentelici erupts the second terns of infectious agents present in these ferences in cardiovascular disease, insulin molar early relative to the second incisor, same populations to determine how ma- resistance and birth weight. These find- a common pattern in extant colobines caque population structure can influence ings support the hypothesis that adverse (except Nasalis). The Early Pliocene Kuse- the evolution of infectious agents. environmental circumstances operating racolobus aramisi does not show such an during childhood and adolescence influ- early relative eruption of the second mo- Evidence that birth weight is on the ences growth in leg and increases variabil- lar, being most similar to Nasalis and to causal pathway to infant mortality. ity in leg length. Hence, a relative short non-colobine catarrhines and less similar leg length indicate that the individual to living African colobines. Support re- T.B. Gage1,2, F. Fang2, E.K. O’Neill1, H. have grown under negative environment ceived from Max Planck Institute and Stratton2. 1Department of Anthropology, that led to a slow growth and short leg. University of Oregon. University at Albany SUNY, 2Department Finally, evaluation of previously unpub- of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Univer- lished metabolic data of lowland and high- Assessing genetic structure in Bali- sity at Albany, SUNY. land children from Bolivia indicate that nese macaques and its implications fat oxidation is directly related to relative for disease transmission. It is a common theoretical view that leg length. That is, the lower the fat oxi- (low) birth weight is a correlate of adverse dation the shorter is the leg length. These A. Fuentes1, K.E. Lane2, N. Johnson2, L. birth outcomes and not part of the direct, findings support the hypothesis that ad- Watanaskul2, A.L.T Rompis3, I.G.A Arta causal pathway to infant mortality. The verse effects of poor environmental condi- Putra3, I.N. Wandia3, L. Jones-Engel4, , H. empirical literature, on the other hand, tions during childhood influences both Hollocher2. 1Department of Anthropology, consistently shows a strong association growth of leg length and increases the risk University of Notre Dame; 2Department of between birth weight, and adverse birth of obesity during adulthood. This research Biological Sciences, University of Notre outcomes. The development of covariate has profound implications for understand- Dame; 3Primate Research Center, density defined mixtures of logistic re- ing the increased prevalence of overweight Udayana University (UNUD-PKP), gression, a non-linear structural equation and obesity among populations undergo- 4National Primate Research center, Uni- like model, allows a formal test of this ing a nutritional transition. versity of Washington. issue. The aim of this paper is to deter- mine if maternal age and parity (first Evolution of dental eruption se- Recently several zoonotic and anthropo- birth versus higher order births influence quences in living and fossil colobine zoonotic diseases have emerged on the birth outcomes directly, indirectly through primates. Asian landscape. Primates are implicated birth weight, or both. The data consist of as both pathogen hosts and reservoirs. 6 NYS singleton birth cohorts 1985-88, i.e. S.R. Frost1, K. Harvati2. 1Dept. of An- Simultaneously, human alteration of white, black and Hispanic white. The thropology, University of Oregon; 2Dept. of habitats has increased. However, few models were fitted using standard maxi- Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute studies have examined the relationship mum likelihood procedures. The results for Evolutionary Anthropology. between pathogens, changes in existing indicate that in all cases, maternal age landscapes, and primate populations. We and parity significantly influence the Colobines are distinctive among catar- are interested in how human manipula- components of the birth weight distribu- rhines in their early eruption of molars tion of landscapes impacts macaque social tion, and birth weight specific infant mor- relative to anterior teeth. We address the and genetic structure and how these tality. However, there is little evidence phylogenetic hypothesis of dental eruption changes might influence pathogen ecol- that maternal age has significant direct sequence in colobines by examining fossil ogies among primates on Bali, Indonesia. affects on infant mortality. Only 3 of 12 colobines from Europe and Africa. The Using a multi-locus approach, we are in- independent tests were significant, and all degree of relative early molar eruption vestigating distinct populations of long- three occurred in the white population varies among colobine genera. Asian colo- tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) among “normal” birth weight births where bines (Presbytina) show more variation across Bali. Our goal in this preliminary infant mortality is generally low, no sig- than do the African genera (Colobina), study is to dissect how anthropogenic nificant direct maternal age effects were with sequences ranging from extreme ecosystem level changes are effecting ma- observed among low birth weight or “com- early molar eruption in Presbytis to late caque populations on a genetic level. We promised” births. These results suggest (macaque-like) molar eruption in Nasalis utilize PCR sequencing techniques of that most maternal age and parity effects (Harvati 2000). markers for the sex-determining region - on infant mortality operate indirectly on The polarity of early molar eruption is Y chromosome (SRY) and the displace- infant mortality through birth weight and unclear. Schultz (1935) suggested that ment loop (Dloop) region of the mitochon- not directly on infant mortality, suggest- the colobine pattern represents the primi- drial genome with DNA extracted from ing that birth weight is a part of the tive catarrhine condition. More recently, blood. Preliminary results from 43 indi- causal pathway to adverse birth outcomes. dietary and life-history hypotheses have viduals across six populations provide This work was supported by NICHD been proposed to explain the variability in contrasting views for parental markers, HD37405. primate dental eruption sequences. If the reflecting macaque social structure. Ma- colobine eruption pattern is primitive, it ternal markers indicate populations are 92 AAPA Abstracts

A geometric morphometric analysis monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops) attend to mortem. It is not possible to determine of the distal tibia of Homo habilis. individual differences in the blue- the definitive sequence of events, but it is aquamarine colored scrotum of male clear that the man had been subjected to G. Garcia1, W.E.H. Harcourt-Smith2. vervets. Thirty adult female vervets were violence that led to his death. Cause of 1New York University; 2American Mu- introduced to unfamiliar adult males dur- death can be attributed to one of three seum of Natural History. ing 90-minute experiments at the Barba- events: decapitation, a stab wound that dos Primate Research Center. Male color penetrated the heart or exsanguination The locomotor affinities of early Homo was either Pale (n=10), Bright (n=10), or from the excision of the penis; it is likely remain controversial. Some researchers Painted (10), to resemble Bright colora- that all events occurred nearly simultane- argue that postcranial remains from tion. Contrary to expectations, female ously and contributed to death. Olduvai Gorge and Koobi Fora assigned to interactions toward Pale and Bright males H. habilis show all the hallmarks of mod- did not differ substantially. Females did Auditory exostoses found in Meroitic ern striding bipeds. Others posit that H. appear to favor interactions with natu- at Semna South: implica- habilis was more mosaic in its locomotor rally colored males in that female- tions for subsistence strategies repertoire, sharing a number of more initiated affiliative behavior lasted signifi- and/or social practices. primitive features with the South African cantly longer with Bright males (t=2.275, A. africanus. The OH 35 tibia is central to df=11.176, p=.044) and was somewhat K. Godde. Department of Anthropology, this debate, yet complex 3D analysis of its longer with Pale males over Painted University of Tennessee, Knoxville. distal articular surface has yet to be con- males (t=2.138, df=9.625, p=.059). By ducted. This study adds to this debate by contrast, females directed significantly Much success has been found in studies using modern geometric morphometric more aggression toward Painted males that explore auditory exostoses and their techniques on the distal tibiae of fossil relative to Bright males (t=-3.000, df=18, development from prolonged cold-water hominins and a comparative extant sam- p=.008) and somewhat more aggression exposure due to subsistence strategies ple. toward Painted males compared to Pale (Frayer 1988; Kennedy 1986; Velasco- Homologous landmarks were designed males (t=-2.058, df=14.737, p=.058). These Vasquez et al. 2000) or social practices to accurately reflect the shape of the distal preliminary results suggest that females (Manzi et al. 1991). In this study, indi- articular surface. Data were collected do not preferentially interact with Bright viduals from the site of Semna South, using a Microscribe digitiser and the males, as was initially predicted. Females representing the Meroitic (N=266), X- landmarks were registered and analyzed did interact more affiliatively toward Group (N=26) and Christian (N=11) time using the software morphologika. The naturally colored males, and when faced periods are examined for auditory exosto- comparative extant sample consists of 107 with a mixed signal, whereby color ex- ses. The subsistence strategy hypothesis humans, 27 gorillas, and 15 chimpanzees. pression did not match the perhaps ex- is used to explain presence of the trait. The fossil hominin sample consists of AL pected behavior, females behaved antago- Three individuals from the Meroitic time 288-lar, OH 35, KNM-ER 1481, and KNM- nistically toward males. These results period (or 1%) are found to have exostoses KP29286A. support the hypothesis that females at- that mostly occlude the ear canals, sug- PCA of the registered data reveals very tend to male color jointly with behavior gesting prolonged cold-water exposure. distinct separation between all extant and adjust their behavior accordingly. Studies of ancient Nubian sites have dis- species with no significant overlap be- This study was generously funded by covered fish remains (most notably tween Homo, Gorilla and Pan. When the The Leakey Foundation, a University of Perch), implying their use as a resource fossil sample was considered both AL 288- Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus (Adams 1977). However, if the Meroites lar and KNM-KP29286A fall well within Travel award, and by a NIH, NCRR grant were diving for marine resources in the the human sample, while OH 35 and CM-5-P40RR003640-13 awarded to the Nile, a higher percentage of individuals KNM-ER 1481 consistently fell outside of Primate Research Center. possessing the trait is expected. The other it. This analysis indicates that in terms of hypothesis of social practices is examined the talar articulation of the tibia, the Identification and interpretation of due to the ill fit of the subsistence strat- temporally earlier australopithecines multiple fractures and inflicted egy model. Individuals who frequented share more shape similarities with fully trauma on an Iron Age peat bog body Roman baths with cold-water chambers bipedal modern humans than later species from northern Germany have been observed to have the trait of hominin included in the genus Homo. (Manzi et al. 1991). Baths lacking heating H. Gill-Robinson. Department of Sociology capabilities have been found at the capital Mixed signals: When what you see is and Anthropology, North Dakota State of the Meroitic period, Meroë (Adams not what you get: A study of how fe- University. 1977). Ancient Nubian migration pat- male vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus terns show they may have moved back aethiops) interact with males with In 1959, the headless torso of an adult and forth between Upper and Lower Nu- artificially colored scrota. male from the Iron Age was discovered bia (Adams 1977). If they followed the and excavated from a peat bog in northern Nile, it is possible these three individuals M.S. Gerald. Cayo Santiago, Caribbean Germany. The body displayed evidence of may have migrated from Meroë to Semna Primate Research Center, PO Box 906, fractures to the left humerus, right clavi- South (both located on the Nile). This Punta Santiago, Puerto Rico 00741 USA, cle, right femur, left fibula, right tibia and information yields potential insight into and University of Puerto Rico, Medical right fibula. Deep stab wounds were ob- migration patterns of ancient Nubians. Sciences Campus. served on the thorax and the penis had been excised. Through physical examina- Out of Siberia: archaeological evi- Female mate choice for male traits, tion, image analysis and three- dence. revealing condition or competitive ability, dimensional reconstruction, a re- has been extensively considered in pri- evaluation of the fractures and trauma T. Goebel. University of Nevada Reno. mates. The limited existing evidence sug- was undertaken. Although all fractures gests that female primates might base had originally been interpreted as peri- The objective of this paper is to present mating preferences on male color, but mortem, the re-examination indicated an archaeological framework for the late experimental data with live animals have that several fractures were, in fact, ta- Pleistocene peopling of northern Siberia not existed until now. The present inves- phonomic. The stab wounds and penis and Beringia. Current evidence suggests tigation evaluated whether female vervet excision were deliberate and clearly peri- that there were at least two (and perhaps AAPA Abstracts 93

three) major pulses of human colonization East (A-G, M7, M13, Y and Z) and West an ancient source of dispersion both during this time—the first about 30,000- (H, HV, pre-HV, R, IK, JT, X, U) Eurasian within and outside of Africa. 22,000 14C years ago and the others dur- haplogroups, with the haplotypic diversity This work was funded by the Leakey ing the late glacial, after about 12,000 14C within haplogroups C, D, H and U being Foundation, the Wenner Gren Founda- years ago. The first colonization event is particularly high. This diversity likely tion, a Burroughs Wellcome Fund Career documented by at least eight archaeologi- reflects the complex interactions of the Award, a David and Lucile Packard Ca- cal sites (some of which are still problem- Kazakhs with other Turkic groups, Mon- reer Award, and National Science Foun- atic) located in north-central Siberia and golians and indigenous Altaians. In addi- dation grant BCS-9905396 (awarded to Yakutia (Sakha Republic) between 56° tion, there were considerable differences S.A.T.). and 71° North latitude; however, cur- in the genetic diversity within the three rently there is no evidence that these hu- villages, both in terms of the frequencies A biological distance analysis of the mans spread across the Bering Land of haplogroups B, C, D, F, H and U, and Dmanisi molars. Bridge into Alaska. Following the last the presence of village specific haplotypes. glacial maximum (20,000-18,000 14C years The observed patterns of genetic variation R.A. Gonzalez, E.E. Hammerl. Depart- ago), human populations re-colonized the have important implications for Kazakh ment of Anthropology, State University of north, this time spreading not just from population history, the genetic prehistory New York at Buffalo interior Siberia but perhaps also from of the Altai-Sayan region, and the phy- maritime eastern Asia. Although this logeography of Turkic-speaking groups in The Dmanisi specimens represent the process may have begun as early as Eurasia. earliest evidence to date of hominid occu- 17,000 14C years ago in some areas of pation outside of Africa. While there are southern Siberia (e.g., the Baikal region), Whole mtDNA genome analysis of numerous morphological similarities be- far northern Siberia and Beringia do not ancient African lineages. tween the Dmanisi hominids and Homo appear to have been re-colonized until erectus, the tool technology found at about 12,000 14C years ago, during the M.K. Gonder1, H.M. Mortensen1, F.A. Dmanisi is more similar to the Oldowan Alleröd warming episode. In the last sev- Reed1, A. de Sousa2 and S.A. Tishkoff1. stone tool tradition. Despite this apparent eral years, research in central Alaska, 1Department of Biology, University of discrepancy, many researchers agree that Chukotka, and Kamchatka has shown Maryland, 2Center for the Advanced the Dmanisi specimens represent an ini- that the archaeological record of late- Study of Hominid Paleobiology and De- tial dispersal of African H. ex gr. ergaster glacial Beringia is much more complex partment of Anthropology, The George that may then have branched into the than we previously thought, and that Washington University. Asian forms of Homo erectus. tying specific archaeological complexes to This study examines the taxonomic migration events is at best problematic. Studies of human mtDNA genomes affinities of the Dmanisi hominids Nonetheless, in this paper I will attempt demonstrate that the root of the human through a biological distance analysis of to present a peopling scenario that recon- phylogenetic tree occurs in Africa. While maxillary and mandibular molars. We ciles current archaeological and genetic two African mtDNA lineages (haplogroups compared molar measurements from evidence. M and N) differentiated into all other D2282 and D211 (Gabunia et al., 2000; global lineages, the most ancient mtDNA Gabunia and Vekua, 1995) with published The phylogeography of mtDNA varia- haplogroups (L0, L1 and L2) are limited to data representing Australopithecus tion in Altaian Kazakh populations. sub-Saharan Africa. Several of these hap- afarensis, Homo habilis, and H. erec- logroups occur most frequently in eastern tus/ergaster. After adjusting for body O. Gokcumen1, L.P. Osipova2, S.I. Zhada- Africa (L0a, L0f and L1e), while others are mass, we calculated means to obtain basic nov1, 2, O. Andreenkov2, L. Tabikhanova2, specific to certain ethnic groups. For ex- size information and performed a multi- M. Gubina2, T.G. Schurr1. 1Dept. of An- ample, haplogroups L0d and L0k have variate statistical analysis by way of prin- thropology, University of Pennsylvania, been found nearly exclusively among cipal components of the molar length, Philadelphia, PA, 2Institute of Cytology southern African “click” speakers. How- breadth, area, and index. and Genetics, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Rus- ever, global studies of mtDNA genome The findings of this investigation reveal sia variation have included few African a distinct pattern of evolutionary change mtDNA lineages, particularly from east- for the Dmanisi maxillary and mandibular The Altaian Kazakhs, a Turkic speak- ern Africa, making it difficult to infer molars. While the maxillary molars ex- ing group, have continued their semi- relationships amongst these haplogroups hibit a more primitive character, the nomadic lifestyle within the northeastern or to examine evolutionary events that mandibular molars show a more derived part of the Altai Republic of southeastern occurred early in human history. pattern in the direction of H. erectus. Such Russia. According to historical accounts, We analyzed 112 mtDNA genomes of a pattern places the Dmanisi hominids in they are one of several ethnic and geo- Africans representing the L0, L1, L2 and a category by themselves, suggesting a graphical subdivisions of the Kazakh L3 haplogroups. Using these data, we transitional phase to later forms of H. tribal group that migrated from China infer relationships amongst haplogroups, erectus from Africa and Asia. and Western Mongolia into the Altai re- increase the resolution of the human phy- gion during 19th century. However, the logenetic tree and estimate the TMRCA of Genetic variation of Alu insertions in population history of Altaian Kazakhs and haplogroup lineages. These data suggest Easter Island supports “Slow Boats” their genetic relationships with other that East Africans have high genetic di- hypothesis for the peopling of Poly- Turkic speaking groups and neighboring versity, with divergent lineages from nesia. populations is not well understood. To nearly all the African haplogroups. We elucidate their genetic history, we ana- observe shared L0d lineages in the south- E. González-Pérez, E. Esteban, M. Via, C. lyzed the mtDNAs from ~360 individuals ern and eastern African “click” speakers, García-Moro, M. Hernández, P. Moral. who resided in three villages (Cherniy- suggesting a common ancestry. We fur- Department of Animal Biology – Anthro- Anui, Kosh-Agach, Turata) located in the ther observe a close genetic connection of pology, University of Barcelona, Spain. southern Altai region. The combination of a subset of L3 lineages from East Africans SNP analysis and HVS1 sequencing re- with non-African haplogroups. These Easter Island (Rapa Nui), located at the vealed significant genetic diversity in this data suggest that a large human popula- eastern extreme of the Polynesian Trian- population. Its mtDNA gene pool was tion has persisted in eastern Africa and gle, is the most isolated island on Earth, comprised of roughly equal proportions of imply that eastern Africa may have been broadly separated from land masses by 94 AAPA Abstracts

the Pacific. In spite of that, Rapa Nui was cal contact rates but complete role versa- univariate analyses: dimorphism is sig- settled by Polynesians recently, around tility would have twice the HIV preva- nificantly greater in A. afarensis than in 1500 years before present. The human lence throughout the epidemic’s first three all comparative taxa except gorillas (al- arrival to Rapa Nui and the human set- decades. Across many scenarios, a 10% pha=0.05). When fossil data are resam- tlement of , has been studied by increase in versatility (with no change in pled, A. afarensis does not differ signifi- archaeologists, linguists and molecular overall partners) is equivalent to six more cantly from Gorilla or Pongo (P>0.442), is anthropologists, who proposed different sexual partners per person per year. significantly greater than Pan (P=0.028), models and hypothesis to explain this Correlates of versatility in a second and borders on significance with respect particular migratory process, such as the sample of 2,655 MSM from multiple Peru- to Homo (P=0.064) (all two-tailed tests). “Express Train to Polynesia” from the vian cities include high education, high- This research was supported by funds linguistic evidence, or the “Slow Boats to status occupation, residence in Lima, and from the NSF IGERT program and the Polynesia” from the genetic and demo- sex work. Since sex work is strongly GWU Selective Excellence Initiative. graphic evidence. negatively correlated with high education This study tries to characterize the and status, it appears that the pool of Frequency and patterns of trauma in variation of 18 Alu polymorphic elements versatile men is dominated by two largely the medieval cemetery of St. Helen- in a well characterized human population distinct groups: highly educated and elite on-the-Walls, York, England. from Rapa Nui and in a mixed lineage of Limeños, and sex workers generally. Age inhabitants. Our data confirm the differ- showed no relationship to versatility in A.L. Grauer, C. Stigler, S. Tincher. De- entiation between the original Rapa Nui any analysis, hinting that versatility may partment of Anthropology, Loyola Univer- lineages from the island and the mixed not be rising as much as popularly be- sity Chicago. ones recently originated by migratory lieved. events. This work was supported by National The presence of trauma in archaeologi- Moreover, our work presents the first Institutes of Health grants U01-AI47981, cal populations can assist in the recon- data on the genetic Alu variation in this R01-DA012831, and T32-AI07140. struction of past social and economic envi- particular population. We join these re- ronments. For populations leaving few sults with the available data of Alu varia- Size dimorphism in Australopithecus written documents and material posses- tion in other populations, to clarify the afarensis, modern humans, and the sions, these lesions are particularly im- possible origin of Polynesian settlers, their great apes: a non-template multivari- portant in the evaluation of health and relationships with Asiatic human popula- ate comparison. disease. The medieval cemetery of St. tions and the most reliable process to ex- Helen-on-the-Walls, York (ca. 1100-1550 plain the expansion and human settle- A.D. Gordon1, D.J. Green1,2, B.G. Rich- A.D.), associated with an economically ment of the Polynesia. Instead of the clas- mond1. 1Center for the Advanced Study of impoverished parish within the city walls, sical “Express Train” model, our data Hominid Paleobiology and the 2Hominid yielded 1014 skeletons. Analysis of the support the “Slow Boats” model proposed Paleobiology Doctoral Program, Depart- material indicates that 100 individuals by Oppenheimer, which indicates that the ment of Anthropology, The George Wash- (9.86%) display traumatic lesions, with pre-Polynesians are mainly derived from ington University. the cranium being most commonly af- Southeast Asian and Wallacean popula- fected (29% of the individuals with tions prior to the Neolithic “Mongoloid” Analyses of size dimorphism in the trauma display cranial lesions, represent- expansion. fossil record have usually been limited to ing 4.7% of all individuals in the popula- This work was supported by Departa- single variables due to missing data. Re- tion with recovered cranial material). ment d’Universitats, Recerca i Societat de cently, template methods have been used Additionally, 15% of individuals with la Informació, Generalitat de Catalunya to include multiple variables, but these traumatic lesions display rib fractures, grant 2001FI 00177 to E.G.P. methods are flawed because they assume 14% display injuries to the hands or feet, perfect isometry between all variables in 11% display fractures of the ulna, 10% Epidemic impacts of a changing cul- an analysis. This study analyzes dimor- display fractures of the radius, 8% display tural practice: role segregation phism in A. afarensis and living homi- fractures of the tibia, 7% display fractures among Peruvian men who have sex noids using a multivariate resampling of the fibula, and 5% display fractures of with men. technique that does not assume any par- the femur. For both cranial and post- ticular scaling relationship between vari- cranial elements, almost twice the number S.M. Goodreau. Dept. of Anthropology, ables. of males than females displays traumatic University of Washington. The data set comprises eight variables lesions. These data are compared to other from the fore- and hind-limb represented British medieval skeletal populations to Men who have sex with men (MSM) in in A. afarensis, Homo sapiens, Gorilla determine the extent to which economic have traditionally prac- gorilla, Pan troglodytes, and Pongo pyg- conditions, occupational hazards, and ticed role segregation, the adoption of a maeus. A bootstrap procedure is used in gender played a role in the presence of fixed role (insertive or receptive) rather which a comparative sample of the same trauma. than a versatile role (both) during sex. size as the fossil sample (e.g., measure- However, there is considerable anecdotal ments from three elbows, six femoral Testosterone and marriage among evidence that versatility may be on the shafts, etc.) is randomly resampled with Ariaal men of northern Kenya. rise with the diffusion of gay cultural replacement for each species; geometric norms from the US and Europe. Here I means are then calculated for both the P.B. Gray1, B.C. Campbell2. 1Department model the effect of versatility levels on the maximum and minimum values of each of Anthropology and Ethnic Studies, Uni- course of an HIV epidemic among men. variable and then the ratio of the two versity of Nevada, Las Vegas, The model is structured as a deterministic geometric means is generated. This pro- 2Department of Anthropology, Boston compartmental model and is parameter- cedure is repeated 10,000 times and the University ized using data from a study of 254 men in resulting distributions of ratios are com- Lima, Peru and current estimates for pared to the fossil value. A second boot- Recent studies suggest that differential insertive vs. receptive infectivity. 67% of strap procedure is used in which the fossil human male investment in mating (male- study participants reported segregated values are also resampled. male competition and mate seeking be- roles within their recent male partner- Results of the first analysis are consis- havior) and parenting effort may be asso- ships. A population of MSM with identi- tent with published results for similar ciated with variation in testosterone lev- AAPA Abstracts 95

els. Indeed, a growing body of North ucts from Subfamilies I (tprC, D, F, I) and multiple infestations by intestinal worms, American research shows that men in- II (tprE, G, J) have conserved amino and scabies, fleas (“jiggers”), and other para- volved in affiliative relationships with a carboxyl terminal sequences with unique sites. In older children, particularly girls, female partner and direct paternal care central regions, while Subfamily III (tprA, effects of chronic low-level infections and tend to have lower testosterone levels. B, H, K, L) has scattered conserved and nutrient deficiencies are likely exacer- Here, we extend the cross-cultural scope variable regions. bated by heavy work demands. of this research to Ariaal pastoralists of In order to investigate the evolution of This research was funded by Wenner- northern Kenya. The Ariaal present an this gene family and the treponemes Gren Foundation for Anthropological Re- interesting test case because marital rela- themselves, we constructed phylogenies search Grant #7131 and by the General tions tend to be aloof and direct paternal based on maximum likelihood methods Research Fund of the University of Kan- care minimal by cross-cultural standards, using PAUP*. We used tprC, D, I, K, G, sas. polygyny is prevalent and increases with and J sequences from several strains of age and the age set system highly struc- the three T. pallidum subspecies as well Limb joint size proportions in Austra- tures the transition to marriage. To test as from the rabbit and treponemes. lopithecus afarensis and Australo- predictions, we recruited 205 men aged 20 The evolution of these genes appears to be pithecus africanus. and older from both a settled agropastoral largely due to multiple gene conversion community and nomadic populations. events that occurred after the gene dupli- D.J. Green1,2, A.D. Gordon1, B.G. Rich- Each participant provided morning and cations that created the gene family. We mond1. 1Center for the Advanced Study of afternoon saliva samples in which testos- were able to determine directionality of Hominid Paleobiology and the 2Hominid terone levels were measured, provided three gene conversion events between Paleobiology Doctoral Program, Depart- demographic background during inter- tprC and D and to tentatively identify five ment of Anthropology, The George Wash- views and had anthropometrics taken. As gene conversions at tprG and J. Se- ington University. predicted, during the dynamic ages (20- quences from tprC, I and K support the 39) of transition from life as a bachelor following order for evolution of the human Based on their analyses of body propor- and warrior to monogamous marriage, treponemes: subsp endemicum, followed tions, McHenry and Berger (1998) argued men with one wife had significantly lower by pertenue and pallidum. that Australopithecus afarensis possessed testosterone levels than unmarried men. more human-like limb proportions than Contrary to prediction, however, polygy- Mixed longitudinal growth of ag- Australopithecus africanus. Due to the nously married men did not have higher ropastoral children in northern error involved in estimating limb length testosterone levels than their monoga- Uganda. and body size, however, support for these mously married counterparts. These re- conclusions has been limited. For this sults held after controlling for potentially S.J. Gray. Department of Anthropology, study we used resampling methods to test confounding effects of age, body composi- University of Kansas. their hypothesis and assess the statistical tion and residential status. These data strength of the species differences. lend further support to the framework From August thru mid-December, 2004, We used bootstrap analyses to impose that male testosterone levels reflect, in dietary observations, nutritional and sampling constraints that artificially re- part, variation in male mating and par- health assessments, and anthropometric duced extant ape and human distributions enting effort. examinations were carried out monthly of joint measurements to sample sizes This research was supported by the among a sample of 28 Karimojong women comparable to the fossil samples. Com- Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropo- and 105 of their children. The children posite ratios of fore and hindlimb geomet- logical Research. were born between 1990 and 2004, and ric means were built by resampling ele- birth dates could be firmly established for ments from the reduced samples. Mean Phylogenetic analysis of the tprC, D, the entire sample. Additionally, thirty-six composite ratios were statistically indis- I, K, G, and J genes in the genus Tre- of the children and their mothers were tinguishable (alpha=0.05) from the actual ponema. measured in a previous cross-sectional ratios of extant individuals, indicating study, carried out in this population in that this method conserved each sample’s R. Gray1, C.J. Mulligan1, B.J. Molini2, E.S. 1998-99. central tendency. When applied to the Sun2, L. Giacani2, A. Kitchen1, S.A. Luke- With the exception of breastfed infants fossil samples, joint proportions in A. hart2, A. Centurion-Lara2. 1Department of (N=27) younger than age 6 months, all afarensis were similar to those of humans Anthropology, University of Florida, children in the sample exhibited slow (p=0.851) and significantly different from 2Department of Medicine, University of physical growth and development. The chimpanzee and orangutan proportions Washington sample fell at or below the third percentile (p<0.02) while A. africanus was more of NCHS growth standards in length or similar to all apes (p>0.225) and signifi- The pathogenic treponemes include height, and most also were thin for their cantly different from humans and A. three Treponema pallidum subspecies, T. stature. Little gain in either length or afarensis (p<0.04). carateum (pinta), T. paraluiscuniculi weight was observed among infants and These results strongly support the con- (rabbit syphilis), and an unclassified sim- toddlers during the 4.5 months of the tention that A. africanus possessed more ian isolate. T. pallidum subsp. pallidum is study. Some infants lost weight, and cases ape-like limb joint proportions than A. the causative agent of human venereal of acute malnutrition in the form of afarensis, indicating that A. africanus syphilis and T. pallidum subsp. pertenue kwashiorkor and marasmus were diag- might have evolved from a more postcra- and T. pallidum subsp. endemicum cause nosed among children younger than age 5 nially primitive ancestor than A. afaren- yaws and bejel, respectively. Although years. In young children, delays were sis. Conversely, it is also possible that the these treponemes are highly related anti- observed in key developmental land- ape-like limb joint proportions in A. afri- genically, they cause distinct clinical dis- marks, including crawling and walking, canus were secondarily derived, suggest- eases, suggesting important genetic dif- whereas none of the children aged be- ing they remained under stronger selec- ferences. tween 13-to-14 years exhibited any signs tion for arboreal postures and locomotion The tpr (Treponema pallidum repeat) of pubertal onset. than A. afarensis. gene family codes for antigens that play Slow and stunted growth in this sample This research was generously supported an important role in the immune response is an effect of mild-to-moderate protein by the NSF IGERT program and GWU’s against T. pallidum. Three subfamilies malnutrition compounded by recurring Selective Excellence Initiative. can be identified in which the gene prod- diarrheal and respiratory infections and 96 AAPA Abstracts

Diet at Predynastic Hierakonpolis: an to determine δ15N values, which were the least measured values) exhibit a simi- examination of macrowear, mi- approximately 2-3‰ higher than the larity of fibular movement patterns to the crowear and caries. adults, indicative of breast milk consump- exclusion of those individuals with inter- tion. This nitrogen peak and subsequent mediate values. Movements of the fibula T. Greene. Department of Anthropology, decline follows expected breastfeeding and cannot be explained solely by the shape of University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fair- weaning patterns as described by Schurr the talus. Other features of this complex banks, Alaska, 99775, USA. (1998). The combined data suggest that joint system need to be explored in order weaning occurred from approximately six to explain why the fibula moves the way While the archaeological record can tell months to two or three years of age, a that it does. us what foods were available to a popula- range coinciding with historical accounts tion, it cannot reveal whether all members describing the introduction of new foods Investigating the internal structure of a group consumed the same diet. This and tooth eruption for children. and function of the Shanidar 3 sec- study examines 196 individuals from the These data were part of a larger recon- ond pedal phalanx. Predynastic working class cemetery struction to explain the presence of the (HK43) at Hierakonpolis Egypt in order to sizeable group of subadults at St. N.L. Griffin. Center for the Advanced determine whether males, females, and Stephen’s. Textual evidence indicates Study of Hominid Paleobiology, Depart- juveniles shared a similar diet. The buri- that monasteries of the period served as ment of Anthropology, The George Wash- als, as determined through pottery date to schools, training establishments for young ington University. II. Sub-adults account for 16% of monks (oblates), hospitals and/or orphan- the sample. Forty-six percent of the adult ages. The presence of several young girls Results of metrical comparisons made sample is male and 54% is female. Meth- as well as many children under the age of between Neandertal and modern human ods for determining diet include three indicates that the monastery did not lateral pedal proximal phalanges (2-4) macrowear scores for the maxillary and function in instructing oblates or as a reveal that at diaphyseal midlength, the mandibular first and second molars; mi- school; instead, the weaning data, paleo- phalanges of the former are mediolater- crowear for the phase II wear facet of the pathological survey, age profile, and den- ally (ML) wider relative to their respective second molar, and carious lesion fre- tition suggest the existence of an orphan- dorsoplantar heights (DP). This has led quency and severity for all teeth. age or hospital. some to suggest that Neandertals habitu- This analysis shows that while the diets This research was supported by the ally traversed over more rugged substrate are very similar for all individuals, there NSF (SES#0097568) and the University of or as more recent evidence indicates, Ne- are dietary differences between males and Notre Dame Institute for Scholarship in andertals went unshod. The current females at this site. The dentition of males the Liberal Arts. study uses computed tomography to tends to wear at a significantly faster rate evaluate whether cross-sectional geometry than females. Juveniles are shown to have The correlation of joint shapes to the of cortical bone and trabecular architec- a diet very similar to that of the adults, movement patterns of the human ture reflect greater relative strength in the only significant difference being in the fibula. the mediolateral direction of the Neander- number of juveniles who exhibit polish on tal specimen, Shanidar 3, compared to their micrographs. Data from macrowear, T.M. Greiner1 and K.A. Ball2. 1Dept. of modern human males (n = 20). Cross- microwear and caries is compared to Health Professions, University of Wiscon- sectional properties at midlength compar- known available foodstuffs from Predy- sin – La Crosse, 2Dept. of Physical Ther- ing bending strength in the mediolateral nastic Egypt in order to determine the apy, University of Hartford. and dorsoplantar planes were matched most likely cause of the patterns seen. with external measurements; and the This project was supported by a Na- The fibula remains a mystery of func- trabecular architecture of spherical vol- tional Science Foundation grant (BCS- tional anatomy. It sits alongside the tibia umes of interest (VOI) near the proximal 0119754) awarded to Dr. Jerome Rose at articulating with a presumably mobile, 1/3 of each phalanx were quantified to the University of Arkansas. synovial, proximal joint and a seemingly determine primary direction of loading. less mobile, syndesmotic, distal joint. Yet, Preliminary results indicate that while Exploring weaning patterns in the what are the functional mechanisms that cross-sectional properties (Zy and Zx) are Byzantine monastery of St. Stephen’s. would require mobility at one end and not reflected in corresponding external immobility at the other? A previous pres- measurements (ML and DP) in this sam- L.A. Gregoricka1, A. Cooper2, M. Schurr2 entation (Greiner, et al. 2004) showed that ple (r2 =0.057, p=0.159; r2=-0.0467, and S.G. Sheridan2. 1Department of An- the human fibula moves in response to p=0.701, respectively), the Shanidar 3 thropology, The Ohio State University, ankle motion, but does so with several phalanx has a significantly greater rela- 2Department of Anthropology, University different patterns. Where some fibulas tive mediolateral bending strength (Zy) of Notre Dame. laterally rotate others rotate medially, than the sample of modern males. How- where some translate in a superior direc- ever, analysis of the trabecular bone of Stable isotopes and trace element levels tion others do not. The aim of this presen- Shanidar 3 reveals that strutting is not from skeletal remains were utilized in tation is to explore the morphological ba- preferentially oriented in the mediolateral reconstructing weaning patterns for the sis for these movement patterns. plane compared to the dorsoplantar plane; children found at the Byzantine (5th-7th Conventional interpretations of ankle thus, in this respect Shanidar 3 cannot be C) monastery of St. Stephen’s in Jerusa- functions assert that the wedging of the distinguished from the modern human lem. Bone chemistry data were collected trochlea talus drives fibular movement. sample. Further investigation of cross- from the right femora of fifty-six speci- Presumably as the ankle moves into dorsi- sectional properties and trabecular archi- mens ranging in age from newborns to flexion the anteriorly widening trochlea tecture will improve our understanding of young adults. Inductively coupled forces the fibula away from the tibia until biomechanics in this region of the forefoot. plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) was ligamentous restrictions prevent further Supported by NSF-IGERT Program and used to collect strontium, calcium, and motion. Our attempts to correlate meas- GWU. phosphorus values. The Ca/P ratio and urements of trochlear wedging to observed yields of extracted proteins showed that fibular movement patterns show that this An investigation of amino acid race- the bone is well preserved, with a ratio of relationship is tenuous at best. We found mization as a method for estimation 2.14:1 for the majority of samples. In that individuals with the most extreme of age-at-death of skeletal remains. addition, mass spectroscopy was employed trochlear wedging (both the greatest and AAPA Abstracts 97

R.C. Griffin1, H. Moody2, M.J. Collins1. ables, including bending moments at the between the St. Stephen’s community and 1Dept. of Archaeology, University of York, knee and femoral and tibial midshafts. those of local inhabitants suggest that the 2Edinburgh Dental Institute. I found that during the first half of monks are native to the . Al- stance phase, individuals with longer though considered a major social phe- One of the most pressing problems in tibiae do incur greater bending stresses on nomenon in historical texts, the homoge- palaeodemography is adult age estima- the lower limb. For example, the Kend- neity of the St. Stephen’s remains indi- tion. Existing morphological and histologi- all’s correlation between tibia length and cates that members of this community cal techniques often produce very broad sagittal bending moments is 0.396 at the were from the Jerusalem region. age ranges and show bias in age estima- tibial midshaft, 0.368 at the knee, and This research was funded by NSF (SES tion of young and old adults. As a result, 0.436 at the femoral midshaft (p<0.05). #0244096), and the University of Notre there is a real need for the development of During the second half of stance, however, Dame Institute for Scholarship in the new techniques, which could potentially individuals moderate bending moments Liberal Arts. improve the accuracy of age estimation. through a complex of compensatory This paper will describe a potential new mechanisms. Imbricational enamel growth in the technique currently being trialled to as- If this pattern applies to fossil Homo, Point Hope Inuit: Comparisons and certain age at death for adult skeletons. hominins with long tibiae may have ex- contrasts with other modern human Using a minimally destructive sampling perienced higher bending forces along the populations ( and technique to extract proteins from enamel, lower limb during walking, possibly re- Newcastle, England). the extent of amino acid racemization in sulting in greater structural reinforce- these proteins was determined for modern ment of joints and diaphyses. These data D. Guatelli-Steinberg1, D.J. Reid2. 1De- known age teeth. A log linear correlation shed new light on later stages of human partment of Anthropology, The Ohio State was observed between age and extent of locomotor evolution and should be taken University, 2Department of Oral Biology, racemization. However, the rate of race- into account when interpreting fossil University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. mization appears to vary slightly between lower limb morphology. individuals, resulting in greater devia- The number of days of growth repre- tions from linearity in older individuals. Heading to Jerusalem? Assessing sented by perikymata, growth increments No bias in the direction of age estimation migration and pilgrimage to a Byzan- visible on enamel surfaces, ranges from 6- errors was observed. These results indi- tine monastery using cranial non- 12 days in modern humans (Smith et al., cate that amino acid racemization has the metric traits. in press). Because of this variability, esti- potential to be used in age estimation of mates of linear enamel hypoplasia timing, skeletal remains, but is unlikely to prove A. Guappone1, J. Crate2, J. Ullinger3, D.P. and especially duration, based on an aver- more accurate than existing age estima- Van Gerven4, S.G. Sheridan1. 1Dept. of age periodicity of 9 days will be inaccurate tion techniques. As the mechanism of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame, for teeth at the extremes of the periodicity racemization is unrelated to the degrada- 2Dept. of Biology, Randolph Macon distribution. Recent work (Reid and Dean, tive processes used in other age estima- Woman’s College, 3Dept. of Anthropology, in press; Reid and Ferrell, in press) has tion techniques, it could be of particular The Ohio State University, 4Dept. of An- shown that when periodicities can be de- use in multifactorial age assessment thropology, University of Colorado termined from histological sections, they methodologies. are highly negatively correlated with total This research was supported by the This study analyzed migration at the perikymata counts. In this investigation, Edinburgh Forensic Institute, an UK Byzantine monastery of Saint Stephen’s we used histological samples from two Natural Environment Research Council (Jerusalem). The incidence of seven non- modern human populations (one from Environmental Factors in the Chronology metric cranial traits was tracked in the Newcastle, the other from Southern Af- of Human Evolution and Dispersal Pro- adult remains of the commingled St. rica) with known periodicities to deter- gram Grant and an ORS Award. Stephen’s collection, which dates to the 5th mine the relationship between periodicity -7th centuries C.E. These traits included and total perikymata counts for each tooth Lower limb proportions and locomo- the metopic suture (n = 69), supraorbital type within each population. Then, we test tor biomechanics in the genus Homo. notch (n = 105), supraorbital foramen (n = which of these relationships can be ap- 101), mylohyoid bridge (n = 69), auditory plied to a Point Hope Inuit dental replica L.T. Gruss. Dept. of Biological Sciences, torus (n = 126), tympanic dehiscence (n = sample to infer periodicities from total Benedictine University, Lisle, IL. 136), squamosomastoid suture (n = 108) perikymata counts. and the mastoid foramen (n = 74). As To perform this test, we applied regres- It is not known whether, or how, the dra- further corroboration, cervical vertebrae sion equations of periodicity on periky- matic variation in early human body pro- were studied for non-metric traits includ- mata derived from the Southern African portions during the Pleistocene influenced ing posterior atlas bridging (n = 53), atlas (N=114) and Newcastle (N=115) samples locomotion in fossil Homo. Changes in facet formation (n = 60) and transverse to the Inuit sample (N=65). We deter- gait mechanics related to variation in foramen bipartite (n = 165). mined which regression equations fit best body proportions have profound implica- The frequencies of the chosen non- by seeing which equations resulted in tions for Pleistocene human fossil mor- metric traits were contrasted with fre- consistent periodicities for all the teeth of phology and the evolution of human loco- quencies found in a large pool of compara- an individual (periodicities are known to motor behavior. Long tibiae, like those of tive data. Two collections from the Near be constant within each individual). By Homo ergaster, could cause increases in East were also analyzed (Bab edh-Dhra doing so, we found that the Newcastle sagittal bending forces on the lower limb and Umm el-Jimal) and numerous collec- equations were the better fit for the Inuit during walking. If so, we might expect tions from published literature were con- sample; thus it is possible to refine esti- changes in gait or musculoskeletal stabili- sulted. Populations from mates of LEH timings for the Inuit by zation mechanisms to compensate. This and Asia were considered, in keeping with using the Newcastle equations. research is the first to address this ques- the historical record of “Holy Land” pil- Funding provided by the Leakey Foun- tion. grimage from those areas. dation. Kinematic and kinetic data were col- Statistical analysis was run to deter- lected during free walking for 27 adult mine whether the St. Stephen’s commu- The discovery and early interpreta- human subjects. Tibia length was tested nity displayed significant differences from tion of Ramapithecus. for association with a number of gait vari- local populations. The similarities found 98 AAPA Abstracts

T. Gundling. Department of Anthropol- two genera was a specialized adapiform based on a single reference specimen, and ogy, William Paterson University of New euprimate. (2) statistical-reconstruction, exploiting Jersey. Recently, an isolated amphipithecid the covariance-matrix of a reference sam- astragalus has been described (Marivaux ple. The fossil hominoid genus Ramapith- et al., 2003) and interpreted as an anthro- We exemplify these tools using a data- ecus has a lengthy history in paleoanthro- poid. Included among the supposed an- set of several hundred extant hominoid pological studies and represents perhaps thropoid features cited were steep medial crania to reconstruct A.africanus speci- the single best case study of how new and lateral trochlear facets and a medial mens Taung, Sts5, Sts71, Stw505, and methodologies (e.g cladistics and molecu- trochlear facet limited in extent and lack- MLD 37/38. We discuss principles of re- lar studies) and theoretical shifts (e.g. the ing a cotylar fossa. Re-analysis of this construction, and show that the choice of neo-Darwinian synthesis) can affect the astragalus fails to confirm the presence of method depends both on the availability of interpretation of fragmentary fossil mate- any derived characters linking it with a reference sample and the scientific con- rial. This study presents the results of the anthropoids or haplorhines. The lateral text in which the estimation will be used. first phase of a larger project examining trochlear facet is flattened initially but Because statistical reconstruction is re- the changing place of Ramapithecus in then slopes to a distinct lateral projection gression-based, linear relationships higher primate phylogeny. resembling extant Otolemur. We concur within the covariance-matrix are "overfit- Ramapithecus was first described and that a cotylar facet is absent but cotylar ted". Thus, for inference from the covari- proposed as a human ancestor in 1934 by fossae are present in the most primitive ance-structure (e.g. principal-compo- George Edward Lewis, a graduate student known anthropoids Proteopithecus and nents), it makes sense to use geometrical of Yale vertebrate paleontologist Richard Catopithecus rendering its absence in reconstruction, even when a reference Swann Lull, who was collecting fossils in amphipithecids phylogenetically meaning- population is available. the Siwalik Hills of Pakistan (then India). less. In contrast, derived features such as Research supported by bm:bwk GZ Lewis named the new species Ramapith- a concave proximal medial trochlear sur- 200.093/3-VI/I/04 and FWF: P14738. ecus brevirostris and, based on fragmen- face and a centrally placed sustentacular tary dento-gnathic remains, claimed that facet are derived features linking am- The 1849 and 1854 cholera epidemics it was on the evolutionary line leading to phipithecids with adapiform euprimates. in Buffalo, New York. Homo sapiens. Although Asia was as- In short, all known postcranial evidence of sumed to be the “cradle of mankind” by amphipithecid primates supports the in- G.J. Guthrie. Buffalo State College, Buf- most scholars at the time the scientific clusion of these taxa within Adapiformes, falo, New York. community denied hominid status for not Anthropoidea. Ramapithecus, partly as a result of com- Cholera was one of the most feared ments and analysis by Smithsonian an- Virtual reconstruction of hominid diseases of the 19th century. It appeared to thropologist Ales Hrdlicka published in crania: possibilities and limitations. strike randomly, and it killed quickly, the American Journal of Science, the same often within hours. The cause of the dis- periodical in which Lewis's description P. Gunz1,2, P. Mitteroecker1, F.L. Book- ease was unknown, but generally attrib- had appeared a year earlier. stein1,3, G.W. Weber1. 1Dept. Of Anthro- uted to miasmas. While the more recent history (1961 pology, University of Vienna, 2Max Planck Data for this study was obtained from onward) of Ramapithecus as a potential Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, the records of the Health Physician for the early hominid is fairly well known to Leipzig, 3Dept. of Statistics, University of city of Buffalo. There were strict guide- modern paleoanthropologists, this earlier Washington, Seattle. lines for physicians in diagnosing and history is not often discussed. This study reporting cases of cholera. Only those remedies this by accessing primary pub- We explain how statistical procedures of individuals with a street address are in- lished and unpublished sources, including missing data estimation relate to effective cluded in this report. the Lewis and Lull collections at Yale's paleoanthropological use of incomplete Cholera cases were reported throughout Peabody Museum and also the Hrdlicka and distorted crania. Digital data re- the city but the majority of cases and collection at the National Anthropological sources combine with geometric- deaths occurred along the waterfront, an Archives. morphometric methods into new proce- area described as similar to Five Points in dures for handling fossil specimens that New York City, and in “the flats” (80%). The purported anthropoid astragalus go beyond the mere assembly of frag- The Flats was uninhabitable until con- from Myanmar. ments. Using landmarks, several hundred struction of the Erie Canal which helped semilandmarks, and information from drain the swamps and bogs here. The G.F. Gunnell1, R.L. Ciochon2. 1Museum of complete specimens it is possible to esti- population increase following completion Paleontology, University of Michigan, Ann mate missing parts and correct for distor- of the Erie Canal (8,688 in 1830 to 74,214 Arbor, 2Department of Anthropology, Uni- tion simultaneously. in 1855) resulted in rapid development versity of Iowa, Iowa City. Any reconstruction requires assump- and overcrowding in both areas. There tions about functional constraints, inte- were multiple avenues for cholera to The amphipithecid primates, Pon- gration and symmetry, sometimes about spread. A partial list includes high popu- daungia and Amphipithecus, from the late gender, species affinity and taphonomy. lation density, poverty, cesspools, unpaved middle Eocene Pondaung Formation in When such assumptions are stated explic- streets, and inconsistent clean water sup- Myanmar (Burma) have been controver- itly, their validity can become subject to ply. Waterways throughout the city served sial since their initial descriptions. These evaluation and discussion. As different as dumping grounds for everything from two genera have been viewed as possible assumptions and algorithms lead to dif- household wastes to dead animals and anthropoids, as euprimates, or as non- ferent estimations, there exists no "all- human bodies. primates. Beginning in the 1980’s, addi- purpose" reconstruction, instead one cre- Following the 1849 epidemic, in which tional evidence of both genera began to ates multiple reconstructions. Implicitly there were about 2,500 cases of cholera in appear, including more complete denti- formalizing biological knowledge about approximately three months, the city be- tions, but none served to elucidate the integration, symmetry and curvature- gan to upgrade its sewerage system, in- affinities of either taxon. In 1997 (Cio- smoothness, we present two iterative ap- creased its vigilance of ‘nuisances’, and chon et al., 2001) the first postcranial proaches to reference-based reconstruc- enacted other sanitary measures. By the specimen of an amphipithecid was discov- tion: (1) geometric reconstruction, using time the 1854 epidemic struck, enough ered and confirmed that at least one of the the thin-plate-spline bending-energy progress had been made such that the AAPA Abstracts 99

number of cholera cases had been cut in and two from Oregon to examine theories choose the greater quantity (e.g., 1v0, half to about 1,200 but death rates re- of nasal adaptation to climate stresses. 3v1). Finally, she was given a variation on mained high (80%) along the waterfront Clustering the nine samples by tempera- the Piaget (1966) method to show that and in the Flats. ture and humidity links Wales Inuit with despite visual variation, quantity remains Ingalik Northern Athapaskans; Kagamil the same (conservation of number). In this 3D-computer assisted reconstruction Island Aleut with Canadian Haida and experiment, the object placement was of the Stw 431 (Australopithecus afri- Bella Coola; and Canadian Kwakiutl, manipulated in front of the subject to canus) pelvis Nuu-Chal-Nuth, and Coast Salish with make the quantity appear different from Oregon Penutian and Athapaskan sam- its actual amount. The subject completed M. Haeusler1,2. 1Institute of Forensic ples. Congruently, upper facial height, all of the experiments successfully; how- Medicine, University of Zuerich, Switzer- nasal height, interorbital breadth, nasal ever, the rate of success was lowest on the land, 2Anthropological Institute, Univer- bone projection, and nasal index of Alas- second group (68%) of tasks versus the sity of Zuerich, Switzerland. kan Inuit and Athapaskans show similar first (93%) and third (86%). This data adaptations to cold, dry climates, both suggests that regions necessary for ab- The partial skeleton of Stw 431 from having tall, narrow, non-projecting nasal stract numeric logic arose before the Sterkfontein Member 4, South Africa, is regions. Aleut mid-facial measures are ape/human split and did not arise de novo one of the best preserved Australopithecus distinct from those of the other two Alas- in modern humans. africanus fossils, consisting of many frag- kan and the British Columbian samples ments of the pelvis, the ten last vertebrae but share specific features with each local A radiographic study of dental devel- and an upper limb. This makes it a key group. By contrast, the Inuit differ from opment in fetal Macaca nemestrina. specimen for the study of the evolution of all other groups in cranial vault measures, human bipedalism and obstetrics. Being and Northern Athapaskans are similar to E.E. Hammerl, J.E. Sirianni. Department one of the largest fossils from Sterkfon- southern Oregon Athapaskans, whose of Anthropology, University at Buffalo. tein, it seems to be a young adult male, nasal measures resemble those of their although degenerative processes are al- Oregon coast neighbors. These results Although the macaque is often used as ready recognisable. In contrast to the support the hypothesis that the mid- a model for human dentofacial growth and slightly more complete AL 288-1 (A. face/nasal region responds to climatic development, there exists a paucity of afarensis) and the subadult female Sts 14 challenges with morphological adapta- data on the calcification of its dentition. (A. africanus) partial skeletons, the re- tions, whereas measures of cranial vault Chronologies based on radiographic mains of the Stw 431 pelvic girdle are reflect ancestry. analysis provide data which are useful to neither crushed nor plastically deformed. I acknowledge with gratitude access to both the experimental biologist and the This greatly helps in an accurate recon- collections of the Smithsonian Institution, clinician. The purpose of this poster is to struction. A problem in former reconstruc- the British Columbia Royal Museum, describe the normal development of the tions had been the correct orientation of Simon Fraser University, and the Univer- deciduous teeth in the pigtailed macaque the iliac blades, because the auricular sity of Oregon. (Macaca nemestrina) and to test whether surface was missing on both sides. Iliac there are sex differences in the timing of orientation, however, is important for Quantity comparison and number dental calcification. lateral stabilisation during bipedal walk- conservation in Pan troglodytes and The sample consists of 74 male and 63 ing. Crucial is therefore the recent discov- its relation to the structure of the female fetal and neonatal M. nemestrina ery in a museum drawer of additional human mind. of known gestational age ranging from 60 fragments of the ilium which allow joining to 207 days. The average age at birth for the left acetabulum fragment with the A.R. Halloran1,2, D. Broadfield1, D. Bjork- this sample is 170 days. In addition, 20 sacrum. For the present reconstruction all lund3. 1Department of Anthropology, juveniles with fully developed deciduous fragments have been computer tomogra- Florida Atlantic University; 2Lion Coun- dentition are included. phed using a Philips Tomoscan. With the try Safari; 3Department of Psychology, Nine stages of dental maturation are help of the software environment IDL Florida Atlantic University. identified and given a numerical score. (Interactive data language, RSInc, Boul- Dental maturation scores for females and der, Co) parts that are missing on one side One theory on the structure of the hu- males were compared and no significant have been mirror imaged from the oppo- man mind is that it is partially based on differences are observed. Average ages of site side. Shape analysis of the Stw 431 numeric logic. In an attempt to discover if eruption in gestational days are as fol- pelvis and those of Sts 14 and AL 288-1 this structure is unique to humans a se- lows: i¹ 84; c¹ 92; [i², m¹] 97; m² 112; i1 86; allowed analysing sexual and inter- ries of three unique quantitative pilot i2 96; c1 98; m1 101; m2 110. At 170 days, specific dimorphism within Australopith- tests (all representing levels of numeric the crowns of the deciduous incisors, ca- ecus. logic) were carried out using Pan troglo- nines and first molars are complete and dytes (N=1). The subject was first pre- the calcification of the first permanent Mid-facial climatic adaptations of sented with differing quantities to deter- molar has begun. indigenous Alaskans (Aleut, Inuit and mine whether she possessed an under- Dental maturation scores are plotted Northern Athapaskan) and people of standing of quantity. The experiments against age and Step-wise regression the Northwest coast. began by presenting values of one versus equations predicting age are formulated zero. After successfully choosing the using the individual dental maturation R.L. Hall. Department of Anthropology, greater amount five times in a row, suc- scores and the total scores. Age is most Oregon State University. cessive experiments increased the diffi- reliably predicted using the score for i1 in culty of the task (e.g., 3v1, 4v2). Next, the combination with the score for i2. Alaska offers some of the harshest envi- subject was given tasks which would dis- This research was supported, in part, by ronments to which modern populations play an ability to make a quantity com- grants DE-02918 and RR-00166 from the have adapted and its ethnic and geo- parison judgments, retain them, then National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, graphic diversity provide an opportunity attach those judgments on to objects MD. to examine theories of climatic adaptation. where the quantity was no longer dis- In this paper I contrast cranial measure- cernible. This was done by presenting her Interpretations of the cranial varia- ments of three skeletal samples from with two sets of varying quantities which tion and diversity in Arctic peoples Alaska with four from British Columbia were covered up before she was allowed to 100 AAPA Abstracts

from Northeast Asia and North Amer- at their maximum sustainable speed for 2 animals. Both cave and open-air sites ica 10-20 minutes while in a chamber at- are dominated by bovids, which account tached to an oxygen analysis system. for approximately one third of the species T. Hanihara1, H. Ishida2. 1Department Data were compared to predicted horizon- represented. Differences were also found Anatomy and Biological Anthropology, tal metabolic rate using Taylor et al.’s in the proportions of suids and carnivore Saga Medical School, 2Department of (1982) equation. families. Faunal comparison over the Anatomy, University of the Ryukyus Results support Taylor et al. (1972), large geographic areas inhabited by specifically that gross climbing metabolic hominins should take into account sys- The present study is an assessment of rate was similar to predicted horizontal tematic preservational differences result- the diversity and morphological variation costs for small primates (<0.5kg) and ing from different depositional environ- of 85 Arctic populations from Northeast nearly double for larger species. However, mental conditions. Asia (Chukchis, Asian Eskimos, Ekvens), net climbing efficiency, a measure of rela- Supported by NSF IGERT Grant No. Aleutian Island chain (Aleuts), Alaska, tive cost, did not vary significantly with 9987590. Canada, and Greenland (several Eskimo size (p = 0.53; mean net efficiency = groups) by analyzing metric and nonmet- 13.8%). These data suggest that although Lower-limb joint morphology and ric cranial data. Thirty-four measure- large primates use absolutely more energy adaptation in the Point Hope collec- ments and 20 discrete traits were re- to climb than small primates, the relative tion: New evidence using geometric corded from each cranium. The two mor- amount of work accomplished per unit morphometric techniques. phological systems demonstrate that the energy is proportional to small primates. Arctic populations show separation from In this way, contrary to expectations, W.E.H. Harcourt-Smith1, R. Rivera2, R. neighboring groups such as Native Ameri- large and small primates are able to climb Rampersaud2. 1American Museum of cans and East Asians, as well as diversity with similar relative costs. Natural History; 2Lehman College, among themselves. The relatively large Support from a NSF GRF, NSF DIG CUNY. inter- and intra-group variation of Arctic (BCS-04-52631), SEB traveling fellowship, populations are also indicated by using and NIH grant (P40-RR001254). The relationship between modern hu- the R-matrix method (including the esti- man skeletal morphology and climate, mation of Fst values). Such findings can Cave versus open-air sites: compari- particularly with respect to cold-adapated be interpreted as a combination of genetic sons, differences, and biases populations, is well documented and dis- drift, gene flow, natural selection, and/or cussed. Much of this work has relied on multiple origins. To determine what com- C.M. Haradon, R.L. Teague. Center for quantitative variables such as limb pro- bination of these factors could be respon- the Advanced Study of Hominid Paleobi- portions and robusticity indices. How- sible for the morphological uniqueness of ology and Hominid Paleobiology Doctoral ever, there has been very little work using contemporary Arctic peoples, we applied a Program, Department of Anthropology, modern geometric morphometric tech- model-bound approach developed by J. The George Washington University. niques to explore the relationship between Relethford and colleagues. The results the actual three-dimensional shape of obtained suggest that the classic model- Understanding hominin environments limb bones and climate. The skeletal free analyses, in which the Arctic people and subsistence strategies involves the samples from the Point Hope Collection appear to be outliers relative to the analysis of faunal remains. However, provide an invaluable chance to conduct neighboring populations as represented by overall faunal representation is impacted such research. Native Americans and East Asians, may by depositional environment. Factors re- In this study, homologous landmarks be attributed to genetic drift as a result of lating to bone accumulation and preserva- were designed to quantify the morphology small long-term effective population size. tion differ between depositional systems, of the proximal and distal ends of the producing disparate taphonomic histories. femur and tibia. Most landmarks relate Climbing energetics in primates: Two broad depositional regimes character- to the morphology of the articular surfaces body size considerations. ize paleontological assemblages in Africa: or muscle attachment sites. Landmarks karstic (cave) and open-air sites. Pa- were collected using a Microscribe digi- J.B. Hanna. Dept. of Biological Anthropol- leoecological and subsistence data ob- tizer, and then subjected to a Generalized ogy and Anatomy, Duke University. tained from these two types of sites are Procrustes Analysis, which is a superim- commonly compared without a clear un- position technique that adjusts for size. Large and small primates regularly derstanding of the preservational implica- The sample consists of 25 Point Hope, 14 move within 3-dimensional arboreal envi- tions between the two depositional sys- African Americans, 19 White Americans, ronments, often up vertical supports. tems. This analysis examines the mam- 13 South-West Native Americans and 10 Taylor et al. (1972) found that the ener- malian faunal lists of cave and open-air Egyptians. getic costs of climbing relative to horizon- assemblages, drawn from African Plio- Results from PCA show that the Point tal locomotor cost are greater in large Pleistocene sites of differing environments Hope sample distinctly clusters from other than small animals, suggesting that and time ranges, to test for systematic modern human populations for both the climbing is expensive for large primates. biases affecting site comparisons. Sites tibia and the femur, although more so for Few studies, however, have examined are analyzed with taxon-free methods, the tibia. For the femur, the clustering is climbing costs in mammals and most are and attributes including proportions of mainly explained as an effect of allometric limited to inclined rather than vertical families and body size classes are com- scaling. However, this is not the case for supports. This study represents the first pared. the tibia, whose relatively short length documentation of climbing energetics Results indicate that there are differences and large joint surfaces were found to be across body size in primates and examines in both size class and taxonomic represen- related to climate. This apparent differ- whether climbing is relatively more ex- tation at the family level between cave ence in signals from different elements of pensive in larger primates. and open-air sites. Cave settings preserve the lower limb is discussed in the context Climbing energetics were collected over significantly greater proportions of small of postcranial variability, activity patterns an 8-fold increase in body mass (0.160kg- mammals, while larger animals (size and climate. 1.35kg) for: Loris tardigradus, Cheiro- classes 3, 4, and 5) are rare. Open-air sites galeus medius, Nycticebus pygmaeus, have a more even size class distribution, Mortality profiles for early 20th cen- Saimiri boliviensis, and Eulemur mongoz. with the exception of the lack of micro- tury African American communities. Subjects climbed a vertical rope-treadmill mammals and the dominance of size class AAPA Abstracts 101

M.S. Harle, R.J. Wilson, N.P. Herrmann. On the basis of the larger sample, the problems of the origin of subsp. pallidum Department of Anthropology, University morphology of the A. afarensis proximal and its relationship to the other subspe- of Tennessee, Knoxville. femur can be newly characterized and cies. Based on a phylogenetic tree created compared to the femora of extant homi- from the concatenated sequences of multi- Patterns of mortality and morbidity for noids and other fossil taxa. ple polymorphic sites, obtained from T.p. African American communities from the Linear measurement and three-dimen- subspecies from a world sample, we report early 20th century are rooted in the eco- sional landmark data are collected from a that the non-venereal subspecies appear nomic, political, and social trends of the large sample of fossil and recent hominoid to be ancestral to the subspecies causing period. This study examines the paleode- proximal femora. In addition to the syphilis. In addition, subsp. pallidum mographic structure of the Providence enlarged collection of A. afarensis proxi- appears to be most closely related to Church Cemetery sample (40SY619, mal femora, the fossil sample includes subsp. pertenue strains from AmerIndian n=62), from Shelby County, Tennessee. original material from Australopithecus, populations in , lending Comparisons are made to Shelby County Paranthropus, and early Homo. The data support to the Columbian theory of syphi- mortality records and other regional Afri- are analyzed with traditional and geomet- lis’s origin. can American cemetery samples, which ric morphometric methods. K.N. Harper thanks the Howard have been identified as representing rural The results indicate that femora of A. Hughes Medical Institute for its support and urban communities. afarensis differ from A. africanus and P. during this project. Paleopathological investigations of the boisei in neck length, neck breadth, and Providence sample document a pattern neck-shaft angle. Other aspects of mor- Osteological manifestations of cranial not clearly indicative of Davidson and phology are shared with A. africanus or trauma in Liberian Chimpanzees colleagues’ (2002) expectations for rural with P. robustus. Early Homo morphology (Pan troglodytes verus): Interpreting and urban localities. In this study, pa- is like that of recent humans in some re- patterns of male-male and male- leodemographic analyses are used to com- spects, but similar to A. afarensis in oth- female violence. pare Providence with other African ers. These results suggest that variation American communities to determine dif- among early hominin proximal femora is M.A. Hatch, Department of Anthropology, ferences in mortality rates between these more complicated than previously known, Idaho State University. localities. and that the femora attributed to early Prior studies examined differences in Homo are not obviously better assigned to Evidence for violence within and be- mortality rates between rural and urban Australopithecus. The implications for tween wild chimpanzee communities has populations using life table approaches. and adaptation are explored. been based on observations at a limited Many researchers have expressed concern Research supported by NSF BCS number of sites (e.g., Gombe, Goodall over the limitations of the life table 0333296. 1983; Mahale, Nishida et al. 1995; and Taï method. Computer simulation and maxi- Forest, Boesch and Boesch-Achermann mum likelihood estimation to model popu- The origin of syphilis: a phylogenetic 2000). These limitations have restricted lation structures and the use of hazard approach suggesting New World ori- our ability to evaluate dynamic patterns models for skeletal samples have the po- gin. of inter- and intra-group violence. Such tential to overcome these limitations. For violence may, however, be recorded as this study, proportional hazards models of K.N. Harper1, P.S. Ocampo1, B.M. traumatic lesions in the chimpanzee mortality are used for estimating the age Steiner2, R.W. George2, M.S. Silverman3, skeleton, allowing us to evaluate patterns at death distribution from the Providence S. Bolotin3, A. Pillay2, G.J. Armelagos1. of aggression even when the behavior is sample. The paleodemographic distribu- 1Emory University, 2U.S. Centers for Dis- not directly observed. Previous studies of tion is then compared to two contempora- ease Control and Prevention, 3University traumatic lesions have been limited to neous samples, Freeman (N= 885), located of Toronto. small samples and have focused on popu- in urban Dallas, Texas, and Cedar Grove lation frequencies rather than risks to an (N=80), in rural Arkansas. Since the first recorded epidemic of individual based on age and sex. This This study demonstrates the utility of syphilis in 1494, the world has argued study analyzes the distributions of ante- new paleodemographic techniques as a about the origins of Treponema pallidum mortem blunt-force wounds on the crania means to complement other bioarchae- subsp. pallidum and its relationship to of 250 Liberian chimpanzees. Cranial ological research evaluating the effects of the agents responsible for the other tre- trauma is present in 58% of this sample, social and economic conditions on the ponemal diseases: yaws, endemic syphilis, much greater than the 43% reported for a morbidity and mortality of early 20th cen- and pinta. Some have speculated that geographic mix of chimpanzees (Lovell tury African American communities. syphilis arose from a pathogen acquired in 1990), and differing considerably from the the New World by Columbus and his men. 5.5% reported for a sample from Camer- Morphological variation among early Alternate hypotheses have been proposed, oon, and 27% from Gombe, Tanzania hominin proximal femora. including: 1) the various treponemal dis- (Jurmain 1997). In the Liberian series, eases are simply different manifestations multivariate statistics are used to assess E.H. Harmon. Department of Anthropol- of a single pathogen found world-wide; individual patterns of injury in correlation ogy, Wake Forest University. and 2) syphilis was always present in with age, sex, and disease load. Male Europe, but was previously confused with trauma patterns indicate a greater likeli- Skeletal variation among Plio-Pleisto- other diseases such as leprosy. A review of hood of face-to-face altercations, while cene hominins has potential implications the geographical span of the treponemato- females receive more blows to the back of for taxonomy and adaptation to bipedal- ses over time, as revealed in the paleopa- the head. Trauma inflicted on females ity. While sample size constraints make thological record, has demonstrated that also tends to be more severe, as evidenced systematic interspecific comparisons diffi- evidence of treponemal disease is abun- by a significantly higher frequency of cult, some skeletal differences between A. dant in the Pre-Columbian New World wounds. Infant and juvenile chimpanzees afarensis and A. africanus have been re- and seemingly absent from European and in the Liberian series also exhibit a high ported. Additionally, some evidence sug- North African sites. However, isolated frequency of non-lethal trauma. gests that early Homo skeletal material is reports of treponemal disease in these not distinct from that of Australopithecus. areas before the 1490s have kept the con- Age-related changes in trabecular Recent fieldwork has increased the sam- troversy alive. bone mechanical and material prop- ple size of proximal femora in A. afarensis. We apply phylogenetics to the twin erties in baboon vertebrae. 102 AAPA Abstracts

Perilipin (PLIN; OMIM 170290; 15q26) ined here include several omomyiform, L.M. Havill1, M.R. Allen2, T.L. Bred- is a 15kb gene that encodes a hormone- adapiform, and early anthropoid taxa as benner3, D.B. Burr2, D.P. Nicolella3, regulated protein responsible for encir- well as several plesiadapiformes, one pos- Shayna Levine1, D.M. Warren1, M.C. cling intracellular lipid droplets in adipo- sible outgroup to primates. Results dem- Mahaney1. 1Department of Genetics, cytes and steroidogenic cells. Previous onstrate that using alternate cladistic tree Southwest Foundation for Biomedical studies by Qi et al. (2004, 2005) have topologies advocated by various workers Research, 2Department of Anatomy and shown association between two SNPs in leads to different reconstructed sequences Cell Biology, Indiana University School of this gene and increased obesity risk in of orbit evolution. If plesiadapiformes are Medicine, 3Materials Engineering De- European and Asian populations. To bet- the outgroup to primates, then several partment, Southwest Research Institute. ter understand the patterns of genetic reversals or reductions in orbit conver- variation in PLIN, we typed 57 single gence relative to other archontans oc- Until recently, research into bone’s nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 2 curred prior to the origin of primates. resistance to fracture focused on bone in/dels spanning the exons (8 synonymous However, under any advocated phylogeny, mass, a measure of the amount of bone in and 5 nonsynonymous polymorphisms), several reversals must have occurred in the skeleton. Studies show, however, that introns, and 3’UTR in 5 populations (Afri- some taxa, such as the diurnal tree a great deal of fracture risk is independ- can Americans [N=56], European Ameri- shrews. In general, the magnitude of ent of bone mass. This has prompted in- cans [N=100], Chinese Americans [N=58], character change in orbit orientation is vestigations of other measures of bone and Japanese Americans [N=50] from the greatest if plesiadapiformes are accepted quality, including direct measures of bone San Francisco, CA region, and Mexican as the outgroup to primates. fragility. Mechanical and material proper- Americans [N=299] from Starr County, ties of trabecular bone are directly related TX). Substantial LD was observed among Charles Merbs and the San Diego to risk of osteoporosis-related spinal com- the SNPs in all populations (mean Museum of Man. pression fractures, and provide informa- D’=0.74) although it was slightly reduced tion about bone’s ability to withstand me- in the African Americans compared to the T.D. Heflin, T. Biers, R.A. Tyson. San chanical loading without being compro- remainder of the populations. Haplotypes Diego Museum of Man. mised (fractured). We investigated age- were determined using PHASE 2.0 and related changes in mechanical and mate- their evolutionary relationships were in- Charles Merbs’ involvement with the rial properties in the baboon (Papio ferred by constructing a reduced median San Diego Museum of Man has produced hamadryas). The baboon shares physio- network. Three principal haplotype a research and resource base upon which logical and developmental characteristics classes were defined by four SNPs that other scholars have built. He researched with humans (e.g., a long lifespan, bone primarily differentiated Asian from non- and described two important collections: loss with age, lifelong skeletal remodeling, Asian haplotypes. FST values suggest The Hrdlicka Paleopathology Collection, and natural menopause), and thus is par- larger than expected differences in the with 1000 specimens, and the Stanford- ticularly well-suited for studies of skeletal distribution of PLIN allele frequencies Meyer Osteopathology Collection, with maintenance and turnover. We obtained between African, Asian, European popula- 3500 specimens. His initial descriptions the third lumbar vertebra at necropsy tions. These results are discussed in the have increased the potential for new re- from 15 male and 15 female baboons (5 context of association studies between search and made it possible for students each in age groups of 5-10, 11-19, and 20+ variation at this gene and obesity-related and scholars to increase the documenta- years). Trabecular cores from the centrum phenotypes. tion of these resources. The Catalogue of were tested to failure in compression to the Hrdlicka Paleopathology Collection investigate whether baboons show age- Fossil data on the evolution of pri- was published in 1980. Following his work related changes similar to humans in mate orbit orientation and binocular on the Hrdlicka material, he developed ultimate force, stiffness, work to failure, vision. two slide sets for teaching and research: apparent ultimate stress, elastic modulus, Pathologies from the Hrdlicka Collection and toughness. Results show a strong age C.P. Heesy. Department of Anatomy, New (65 slides) and Trephined Skulls (42 effect on ultimate force, apparent ultimate York College of Osteopathic Medicine. slides). Although these were originally stress, work to failure, and toughness (r2 = published in 1980, they are still in use ~0.60). Each of these fracture-related Orbit orientation is a critical component today by anthropology and medical profes- properties is lower in young animals, in- of visual field construction in primates as sors. Charles Merbs has also furthered the creases in middle-aged animals, and de- well as in other mammals. It has been educational mission of the Museum by creases in the oldest animals. This pattern hypothesized that orbit convergence (the lecturing at various events and seminars. of change mirrors that seen in humans degree to which the orbits face in the He is acknowledged for initiating the Mu- and other primates. same direction) and its relationship with seum’s “Seminar in the Forensic Sciences” This research was supported, in part, by binocular visual field overlap is the cor- a biennial program that continues to this grants from the National Institutes of nerstone of an innovative character com- day. Health (National Institute of Arthritis and plex that is linked to the adaptive origin of Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases ) and primates. Tests of this hypothesis have Wealth, status and gender at Bronze the Southwest National Primate Research primarily relied on orbit orientation and Age Tepe Hissar: An investigation of Center. ecological data from extant primates and intracemetery variation in dental other mammals. Investigating the func- pathology prevalence in prehistoric Linkage disequilibrium and haplo- tional and adaptive significance of pri- Iran. type structure of the obesity- mate orbit orientation, however, requires associated gene perilipin (PLIN). the integration of extant and fossil data to B.E. Hemphill. Dept. of Sociology & reconstruct the sequence of transforma- Anthropology, California State University, M.G. Hayes1, T. Kawai2, M.C.Y. Ng2, K. tions that led to the evolution of the pri- Bakersfield. Miyake2, D.A. Ehrmann1, G.I. Bell1,2,3, mate circumorbital morphotype. N.J. Cox1,3. Departments of 1Medicine, This study combines orbit orientation Excavations at Tepe Hissar yielded a 2Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and data on extant and fossil taxa with meth- vast array of artifacts and human burials. 3Department of Human Genetics, Univer- ods of phylogenetic character reconstruc- Great differences in the number and qual- sity of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA tion to analyze the sequence of primate ity of burial accoutrements and a vast orbit orientation evolution. Fossils exam- over-representation of males relative to AAPA Abstracts 103

females led Schmidt to suggest that the potheses. Schultz (1935) postulated early enough to determine which phylogeny is inhabitants of this site lived in a highly molar eruption as the primitive dental the correct one. stratified society predicated on patriarchal eruption schedule for primates. Therefore power. This study seeks to test these as- the extreme early molar eruption of Aotus Identifying sexually dimorphic pat- sertions through assessment of the preva- versus Callicebus (where both incisors terns in orangutan and gorilla crania. lence six dental pathologies to determine: erupt before M2 and M3, with M3 usually 1.) whether material indicators of social last) may lend support to the status of S.M. Hens. Anthropology Department, status are accompanied by indications of Aotus as a basal taxon. The early molar California State University, Sacramento. differential diet and health, and 2.) eruption of the fossil species Branisella is whether patterns of differential health also consistent with this hypothesis (Ta- Several species within the primate or- correspond with patriarchal power. kai et al 2000). Callitrichines have a dis- der are characterized by sexual dimor- Dental pathology prevalence among 235 tinct tendency towards delayed canine phism. An understanding of patterns of individuals (147 males, 88 females) re- and incisor development. Platyrrhine dimorphism assists in interpreting vari- veals that males experienced higher eruption sequences are also discussed ability within and between both extant prevalence for two pathologies (abscess- relative to dietary and life history vari- and extinct species. The identification ing, hypercementosis), while females had ables. Platyrrhine sequences presented and quantification of sexually dimorphic higher prevalence for four pathologies here are generally in accordance with patterns among the primates is a needed (antemortem tooth loss, caries, hypopla- Schultz’s Rule, showing relatively early area of study. sia, pulp exposures). Such results suggest replacement of deciduous dentition in slow Three-dimensional coordinate data a gender-based difference in diet in which growing animals. were collected from 194 orangutan and females consumed nutritionally poorer Supported by the University of Oregon gorilla crania in order to quantify and cariogenic foods, while males consumed Summer Travel Grant and Summer Re- compare sexual dimorphism in the highly more abrasive diets of better nutritional search Award. dimorphic great apes. Data were ana- quality. lyzed using Euclidean Distance Matrix Assessment of dental pathology On using phylogenetically independ- Analysis, in an effort to address the ques- prevalence relative to material indicators ent contrasts to identify most parsi- tion, how do dimorphic patterns compare of social status reveals weak, but monious cladograms between the orangutan and the gorilla? consistent evidence of status-based Differences would suggest changes due to differences in diet. Individuals buried A.G. Henry. Hominid Paleobiology Doc- adaptation, while similarities would sug- with more high-quality grave goods tend toral Program, Department of Anthropol- gest a common growth mechanism. to have better overall dental health than ogy, George Washington University Results indicate that orangutans and those accompanied by fewer grave goods. gorillas exhibit similar, but not identical, Correspondence between dietary health The reconstruction of relationships patterns of sexual dimorphism in the face and material indicators of wealth are among fossil hominins has relied heavily and palate, i.e. male orangutans are dif- higher for males than females. Such on data from craniodental remains. How- ferent from female orangutans in many of results suggest that in the past, as in ever, many researchers have raised con- the same distances that male gorillas are Central Asia today, social status for males cerns regarding the extent to which ho- different from female gorillas. Addition- is largely set at birth while social status moplasy in the masticatory system limits ally, orangutans are more dimorphic than among females may be negotiated, the validity of cladograms based on cra- gorillas in the height of the face and pre- upward or downward, throughout life. niodental characters. In an attempt to maxilla, and the length of the molar tooth bypass concerns of homoplasy, I propose row. Gorillas exhibit higher levels of di- Platyrrhine dental eruption se- using phylogenetically independent con- morphism than orangutans in the width of quences. trasts (PIC), using scaling data from mas- the upper face, the relationship between ticatory traits to test phylogenies. the upper face and neurocranium, the E. Henderson. Department of Anthropol- PIC is normally used with known phy- width of the posterior palate, and the ogy, University of Oregon. logenies to test for correlated evolutionary length of the premolar row. The similar change, or scaling, between two variables. patterns of dimorphism shown between Platyrrhine dental eruption sequences Assuming the scaling relationship does these two groups suggest an underlying have never been fully examined. Thus, not change within a lineage, it may be common growth mechanism. However, with the ultimate goal of further extrapo- possible to use PIC ‘in reverse’ to test local adaptations also influence final adult lating the Platyrrhine fossil record erup- several possible phylogenies, to see which form. tion sequences, 355 mandibles and maxil- one best preserves this relationship. lae of informative juvenile specimens from To test this method, I used a data set of Three-dimensional analysis of tempo- all 16 extant genera New World Monkey mandible and M1 ral bone pneumatization. were scored for presence or absence of areas. Negative allometry between man- permanent teeth including three interme- dible size and tooth size has already been C.A. Hill. Department of Anthropology, diate eruption stages following Harvati demonstrated (Lucas, 2004). Likewise, Pennsylvania State University. (2000). the molecular phylogeny for these species The timing of molar eruption relative to has also been established (Schneider, Important conclusions regarding that of the anterior dentition is variable in 2000). Assuming this phylogeny is the hominin phylogeny and craniofacial evolu- Platyrrhines. Aotus is highly precocious, “true” phylogeny, I compared its correla- tion have included temporal bone pneu- with all molars erupting in succession tion coefficient of the scaling relationship matization as a phylogenetic marker. The before replacement of any deciduous between mandible and M1 area to those of extent of pneumatization in the temporal teeth, while Cebus is delayed in M2-3 other phylogenies. Results show that this bone is reduced in Homo compared to eruption relative to I1-2. Along this con- reverse use of PIC can separate phylogen- other hominins suggesting evolutionary tinuum, the early eruption of the molars ies based on the value of their correlation changes in functional requirements. The relative to anterior teeth in Pithecia, Chi- coefficient, with the true phylogeny often correct inclusion of this character in stud- ropotes and Cacajao, in comparison to producing the highest correlation coeffi- ies of human evolution requires a thor- later erupting genera such as Ateles, cient. When used on a small sample of ough understanding of normal patterns of Lagothrix and Alouatta, appears to be hominin fossil mandible and M1 data, temporal bone pneumatization in extant consistent with current phylogenetic hy- however, this method is not stringent species. Adopting three-dimensional 104 AAPA Abstracts

methods from trabecular bone analyses; differences in their body morphology Functional axis of the foot in pri- this study quantitatively compares pat- and/or size. mates estimated using the distribu- terns of temporal pneumatization in hu- Examination and comparison of results tion of plantar muscles. mans and African apes. from published studies of histomor- The study sample consists of adult hu- phometric analysis of mammalian com- E. Hirasaki, H. Kumakura. Laboratory of mans (N=10), chimpanzees (N=10), goril- pact bone was undertaken and is pre- Biological Anthropology, Osaka Univer- las (N=10), and bonobos (N=2). High reso- sented. Further research into the varia- sity. lution computed tomography scans of the tions of the ‘normal’ appearance and pa- temporal bone were acquired for each rameters of compact bone microstructure The dorsal interossei of the human foot specimen with slice thicknesses approxi- affected by intrinsic and extrinsic factors are arranged so that they abduct the dig- mating 100 microns. Using Quant3D and is also addressed. As several mammalian its around the second digit, while those of Amira software, bone volume fractions, species display the same types of bone non-hominoid anthropoid primates are surface areas and anisotropy measures tissue with overlapping values of histo- mostly arranged around the third digit. were collected from each scan and statisti- logical structures, it is concluded that This is thought to be related to the medial cally compared among species using complete differentiation between the shift of the functional axis of the foot in Mann-Whitney U-tests. mammalian species discussed cannot be humans. However, it is still unclear how Results indicate that humans have a conducted via histomorphometric analysis such a change in foot musculature oc- different pattern of temporal bone pneu- alone. These mammalian species are curred. This study examined the foot mus- matization compared to other species. classified according to bone tissue type culature, especially the interosseous mus- Pneumatized regions in human temporal and sizes of histological structures, pro- cles, adductor hallucis, and contrahentes, bones demonstrate increased anisotropy viding the reader with a series of groups in four non-human primates, to investi- with decreased bone volume fractions of potential mammalian species based on gate its modification associated with the compared to pneumatized regions in Afri- compact bone microstructure. shift in the functional axis of the foot. The can ape temporal bones, while surface results revealed that the 2nd dorsal in- areas of the air cell networks have de- Food insecurity is associated with terosseous could be divided into two por- creased during human evolution. This increasing body mass index in rural tions distally: a dorsal bipennate portion study demonstrates that the overall de- Costa Rican women. and a plantar portion that inserted into crease in the extent of temporal bone the 3rd digit. The dorsal interossei of the pneumatization documented in human D.A. Himmelgreen1, E.A. Amador1, M. primate foot seem to be composite mus- evolution is accompanied by structural Vega1, H. Brenes Cambronero2. cles, and the change in the manner in changes in the patterns of pneumatic 1Department of Anthropology, University which the two portions unite resulted in a spaces. Since bone responds directly to of South Florida, 2Monteverde Institute. change in the insertion of the 2nd dorsal biomechanical requirements, different interosseous, and consequently in the pneumatization patterns observed in hu- Changes in diet and lifestyle associated medial shift of the functional axis. This man evolution may result from modifica- with the rapid spread of new technologies matches Lewis's (1965) descriptions of the tions in functional and structural re- and a global market economy have a sig- interosseous muscles of primate hands. quirements. nificant impact on the health and nutri- The contrahentes are reduced in number This project was supported in part by tional status of many populations world- in spider monkeys and disappeared in NSF (BCS-052493), Baker Fund and Hill wide. The findings presented here come chimpanzees; this is possibly related to Foundation. from a study of women living in two com- the more lateral origin of the adductor munities in rural Costa Rica. The com- hallucis in these species, although its An assessment of compact bone mi- munity of Santa Elena is currently ex- functional relationship with the medial crostructure and its use in differenti- periencing a dramatic shift from an econ- shift of the axis is unclear. ating between mammalian species, omy based on agriculture to eco-tourism Supported by JSPS 17570194 for HK. including Homo sapiens. while the economy of San Rafael is pre- dominantly characterized by farming. Quantitative and developmental ge- M.L. Hillier, L.S. Bell. Department of Although women from Santa Elena were netic approaches to morphological Archaeology, Simon Fraser University. significantly taller (156.3 cm) than their evolution. counterparts from San Rafael (154 cm; P= This paper will outline a study com- .009), there were no significant differences L.J. Hlusko. Dept. of Integrative Biology, pleted to assess the use of histomor- in body weight or body mass index (BMI) University of California, Berkeley. phometric analysis in distinguishing be- when comparing the two groups. The tween compact bone tissue of several mean BMI for the total sample was 27.6. Advances in both developmental and mammalian species, including Homo Nearly 30% of the women were obese quantitative genetics have increased our sapiens. In recent years much research in (BMI ≥ 30). Interestingly, food insecurity, understanding of how skeletal and dental biological and forensic anthropology has as measured by the Radimer/Cornell scale morphology are determined by genetic been focussed on the use of histomor- on hunger and food insecurity, was asso- factors, and how these mechanisms may phometric analysis of compact bone tissue ciated with increasing body weight (OR= have evolved throughout organismal evo- to differentiate between mammalian spe- 1.17) and BMI (OR= 1.45). Increasing lution. Virtually all of paleontology has cies. The majority of these studies have reliance on low-cost carbohydrate dense been affected by this new synthesis, as the provided methods of differentiation with- foods that are high in saturated fat and morphology and variation recorded in the out addressing the variability existing sugars might explain the paradoxical rela- fossil record can now be viewed from ge- within compact bone due to several intrin- tionship between food insecurity and obe- nomic and genetic perspectives. Fossils sic and extrinsic factors. Bone and bone sity. provide the data as to where and how portion sampled as well as age, sex, activ- This project was funded by a grant from evolution occurred. As our understanding ity level and any pathological conditions the University of South Florida (USF) of what fossilized morphology represents affecting the skeleton all influence the Globalization Research Center and a in terms of the underlying genetics im- microstructural appearance of compact Presidential Young Faculty Award from proves, the quality of evolutionary re- bone. Similarly, many mammalian spe- the Office of Research at USF. search in the broad sense is advanced. cies display the same types of bone tissue The integration of genetic and phenotypic with similar-sized structures, despite the approaches has similarly enhanced our AAPA Abstracts 105

understanding of primate evolution, rang- derived, African and African-derived, and unable to rule out completely the possibil- ing from interpretations of Australopith- Native American skeletons (including ity of brain pathology in the Flores Island ecus facial architecture, the genetic factors Koniag Inuit from Kodiak Island, Alaska) hominid, suggests that none of the micro- leading to bipedalism, cranial size in New confirms that the Point Hope Inuit evince cephalics studied thus far, including one World primates, and our understanding of a cold-adapted body form (e.g., in terms of measuring 400 ml, shares any patterns of dental evolution. In this talk I will pro- mean index values for brachial, crural, pathology with the hominid endocast, vide a brief overview of the multifaceted and limb/trunk indices, the Point Hope unless the size alone is taken to be patho- integration of genetics into how we inter- and Koniag samples are consistently the logical. In addition, we find that the endo- pret and study the primate fossil record. most cold-adapted of the groups). Analy- cast volume is 400 ml, not 417 ml as re- ses also reveal some unexpected results. ported in Science, and argue that features Microwear of the canine and the inci- For example, while one might suspect the of the frontal and temporal lobes de- sor of Neolithic Japanese. Point Hope sample would show a more scribed as advanced may instead indicate cold-adapted body form than the Koniag, some form of pathology (possibly microgy- T. Hojo. University of. Sangyoidai, Dept. given their more extreme environment – ria). Gyri on the anterior frontal lobe do of Anatomy, Yahatanisi Mitusada 3-19-5, this is not always the case. Additionally, not match patterns seen in either normal Kitakyushu City 807-0805 JAPAN. while univariate analyses of means con- modern humans, earlier Homo erectus, or sistently show the Inuit samples to be in the microcephalic endocasts we have Studies of dental microwear using a more cold-adapted in body shape than the examined. scanning electron microscopy (SEM) have Europeans, multivariate analyses that made comparative analyses of features of include a myriad of body shape variables The primates of El Pital Sector, Ec- the striations and pits on heavily worn such as femoral head diameter, bi-iliac uador: Pilot data suggest a new Ce- occlusal surfaces of teeth of Neolithic breadth and limb segment lengths, fail to bus in Machalilla National Park. western Japan (e.g., Hojo, 1989, 2000, effectively discriminate the Inuit samples 2002, 2005). In the present study SEM from Europeans, at least when individu- R.M. Hores 1, D.C. Broadfield1, L.L. Tay- micrographs were taken from the high- als, rather than sample means, are con- lor2. 1Department of Anthropology, Flor- resolution casts of the canine and com- sidered. In fact, in terms of body shape, ida Atlantic University, 2Department of pared to those of the molar and the incisor the European and the Inuit samples tend Anthropology, University of Miami. from West Kyushu seacoast, and the to be cold-adapted and are separated in method of making casts was almost the multivariate space from the more tropi- Ecuador is the native habitat of several same as my previous studies. The areas of cally-adapted Africans, especially those Neotropical primates. Some areas, and SEM micrographs at x500 were analyzed groups from south of the . the primate fauna they support, remain using Microwear Image Analyzing Soft- little studied to date, as is the El Pital ware Version 2.2β (Ungar, 1996). As for The brain endocast of Homo flore- sector of south-central Ecuador within the striations, the canine on the labial siensis: microcephaly and other is- Machalilla National Park. Because there mesial area showed N = 34, the mean sues... are human habitations in the park, their length = 41.6 microns, and the mean impact on the resident fauna cannot be breadth = 3.3 microns; the second incisor R.L. Holloway1, P. Brown2, P.T. Schoene- assessed until initial numbers are known on the labial mesial area showed N = 25, mann3, J. Monge4. 1Dept. Anthropology, and sampled longitudinally. To establish the mean length = 41.4 microns, and the Columbia University; 2Archaeology and baseline data, I conducted a pilot study mean breadth = 1.9 microns. The differ- Paleoanthropology, SHES ,University of between May and August, 2005. Census ence in the breadth of the striation be- New England, Armidale, New South data were collected on walks of random tween the canine and the second incisor Wales 2351, ; 3Dept. Behavioral transects during which the numbers and was significant by t-test (p < 0.001). The Sciences, University of Michigan, Dear- kinds of primate fauna and their location striations of the canine and the incisor born and Museum of Archaeology and were recorded. Twenty capuchins (Cebus were parallel, and the striations of the Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, sp.) in 3 groups and 198 mantled howler canine were thicker than those of the sec- Philadelphia; 4Dept. Anthropology, and monkeys (Alouatta palliata) in 15 groups ond incisor. Many parallel thick lines on Museum of Archaeology and Anthropol- were mapped. It may be that living the canine might occur by hard use. This ogy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadel- within park boundaries increase their Neolithic Japanese might pull substances phia. numbers in comparison to unprotected with sand grains on the lower canine. areas. Groups were found between 2 to 11 Many thick parallel lines were not ob- The discovery of a dwarfed hominid kilometers distant from human habita- served in the second molar of this Neo- living under 20K ago, with a brain tions. Each individual in all groups was lithic Japanese (Hojo, 2005). roughly 400 ml large, and associated with also photographed. These data suggest stone tools of Upper Pleistocene elements that a previously undocumented type of Body proportions of the Point Hope has led to considerable controversy re- Cebus may inhabit the park. Additional sample. garding the hominid’s taxonomic position, data, including fecal and hair sampling possible pathology, and an opportunity to are needed to clarify the taxonomic status T.W. Holliday1, C.E. Hilton2. 1Department re-assess fundamental assumptions re- of this form. Ecotourism is a growing of Anthropology, Tulane University, garding the relationships between brains source of income for Ecuador. We suggest 2Department of Anthropology, Western and behavior, particularly with regard to that Machalilla National Park is part of Michigan University. size. While the original Science paper by this trend because it may protect diversity Falk et al (2005) provided an analysis by reducing hunting pressure on the pri- Given the well-documented fact that ruling out pathology, namely micro- mate fauna while promoting concurrent human body proportions covary with cli- cephaly, the microcephalic endocast cho- economic development of local communi- mate (presumably due to the action of sen was not a good representative of this ties. selection), one would expect the Point spectrum of small-brained pathologies. This research was supported in part by Hope Inuit skeletal sample from northern With the cooperation of several colleagues, a Morrow Research Fellowship to R.M.H. Alaska to be characterized by a cold- we have been able to study some 6 micro- adapted body shape. Comparison of the cephalic endocasts, which represent the Increased human-chimpanzee sym- Point Hope Inuit sample to a large (n > condition microcephaly vera, as well as patry in southeastern Senegal: Impli- 900) sample of European and European- Seckel’s syndrome. Our studies, while 106 AAPA Abstracts

cations for pathogen transmission Pelves and sacra from 141 known individuals (20+ years of age) from the and health. American Whites and Blacks were se- Giecz cemetery (N=67) in order to identify lected from the Terry Collection. B/WI was patterns in cemetery arrangement, as well M.E. Howells1, J.D. Pruetz1, T.R. Gilles- derived following Kimura, although in- as the presence of genetic outliers. pie2. 1Department of Anthropology, Iowa stead of measuring the right side of the Twenty-five cranial non-metric traits were State University; 2Departments of An- wing this present study took the maxi- selected, including at least one from each thropology and Veterinary Pathobiology, mum breadth of the sacrum and divided of the four types of non-metric traits (fo- University of Illinois. by two to get an averaged wing measure- ramina variability, ossification failures, ment. Sacral anterior curvature depth proliferative ossifications and ossicles). The ever increasing geographic overlap recorded using a coordinate caliper, and Results suggest that there are multiple between human and nonhuman primates ventral arc scoring followed Sutherland & subgroups present within the Giecz ceme- has important ecological, evolutionary and Suchey. tery, and indicate the need for a larger conservation implications. Intensification B/WI values did not reflect Kimura’s study including Czech and Polish skeletal of contact between chimpanzees (Pan results. Although overall measurement populations that are contemporaneous troglodytes verus) and burgeoning human values agreed in the Blacks, White males with the sample from Giecz. populations in southeastern Senegal is had a greater B-WI than females, pro- resulting in an escalated risk of disease duced by significantly different wing Linguistic and genetic correspon- transmission. Our ability to mitigate length from Kimura, which is surprising dence in native Central and South these potentially deadly results depends since Kimura also used the Terry Collec- America. on a clear understanding of both popula- tion. The ventral arc is present in 100% of tion health and behavior. This study, con- White females and 88.57% of Black fe- K.L. Hunley1, D.A. Merriwether2, G.S. ducted May-August 2005, addresses the males and not observed in any males. Cabana3, J.C. Long4. 1University of New overlap and potential risks of disease Sacral anterior curvature is not supported Mexico, 2Binghamton University, transmission of the Fongoli community of as a sex criterion by this study. The sa- 3University of Arizona, 4University of chimpanzees and three sympatric human crum tends to be flatter in females, but Michigan. communities. More than 50 interviews the mean depth difference between sexes with permanent residents in this area is only 2.23mm. Therefore, using the cur- Geneticists propose that a process of suggest that although they do not eat vature of the sacrum alone cannot identify population fissions, expansions into new chimpanzees, their lack of sanitary waste sex. territories, and isolation of ancestral and management and consumption of water To address discrepancy between Ki- descendant groups will produce congruent contaminated with coliform places both mura’s results, and better assess sacral language and gene trees. To evaluate this populations at risk of pathogen transmis- curvature for both sexes, data are pres- population fissions process, we collected sion. Representative biological samples of ently being gathered from larger sample published mtDNA sequences for 1450 both populations were collected and ana- size. individuals from 22 Native Central and lyzed using non-invasive fecal flotation South American populations. We then and sedimentation techniques. Prevalence Cranial non-metric variation within a tested the hypothesis that several hierar- of helminthes, protozoans, nematodes, medieval cemetery in Giecz, Poland. chical language classifications also repre- cestodes, and trematodes were compared. sented the genetic structure of these popu- The Fongoli communities parasitic preva- G.M. Hughes1, H.M. Justus2, A.M. lations. Though we rejected the hypothe- lence are contrasted with a natural con- Agnew3. 1Department of Anthropology, sis for the complete language classifica- trol group of chimpanzees that have The University at Albany (SUNY), 2The tions, we identified linguistic and genetic minimal human contact. Cultural and Slavia Foundation, 3 Department of An- correspondence in several shallow biological implications of this study for the thropology, The Ohio State University. branches shared by each classification. We long term management of threatened then evaluated a second “diffusion” primate populations are discussed. This It has been suggested that non-metric mechanism of linguistic and genetic coevo- study addresses the need for baseline data (discrete) traits can be used to measure lution that predicts a decline in both ge- regarding primate health while determin- biological distance within skeletal popula- netic and linguistic distance between ing current and potential risks to this tions. Discrete traits are thought to be populations as the geographic distance vulnerable population. genetically influenced, and not affected by between them increases. To evaluate this physical activity or the environment. As diffusion mechanism, we constructed ma- Sex identification in the pelvis: A re- such, it should be possible to detect cul- trices of population linguistic, mtDNA examination of base-wing measure- tural changes as reflected in patterns of sequence, and geographic distances for the ments, sacral anterior curvature, and cemetery arrangement, as well as the same 22 populations and measured the os Pubis ventral arc. presence of genetic outliers within a skele- correlation between linguistic and genetic tal population, using biodistance analysis. distances with and without controlling M. Huffman1, D.R. Hunt2. 1Department of The medieval cemetery in Giecz, Poland, geographic distance. We found that lin- Anthropology, George Washington Uni- in use between the 11th and 12th centuries guistic and genetic distances were uncor- versity, Washington D.C.; 2Department of AD, provides an opportunity to apply bio- related in the full sample, but were corre- Anthropology National Museum of Natu- distance analysis to detect major cultural lated in the western region of South ral History, Washington, D.C. change. In 1038 AD, the Czech Prince America. As predicted by the diffusion Brzetyslaw I captured the stronghold, and process, this western region correlation Features of the os pubis and the sacrum its associated village, thus leading to ma- disappeared when geographic distance have been identified for attribution of sex. jor religious, social and political upheaval was controlled. However because the Kimura (1982) used a base-wing index in the region, and possibly an influx of magnitude of the correlation was weak, (B/WI) for sexing the sacrum and Bass individuals of Czech descent. These we conclude that various population proc- (1987:108) identifies sacral anterior cur- changes have biological consequences that esses have obscured or erased linguistic vature as sex specific. Sutherland & should be reflected in the distribution of and genetic correspondences in Central Suchey (1991) evaluated the pubic ventral discontinuous traits within the cemetery and South America. We also conclude that arc for sex determination. The present at Giecz. such correspondences are more likely to study re-examines these observations. Statistical measures of biodistance were form within united by common applied to the skeletal remains of adult geography, ecology and culture. AAPA Abstracts 107

It is assumed that adult whole bone muscle position, and there are important Swinging pendulum crops hominin form is at least to some degree genetically costs and benefits linked to modifying bush. defined. Patterns of variation that are these muscle characteristics. More cau- common between taxa and which show dally positioned muscles and/or longer K.D. Hunt. Indiana University, Blooming- low levels of within- and between-group muscle fibers have the benefit of increas- ton. variance might be interpreted as baseline ing jaw gape, but the cost is a reduction in minima for structural and systemic integ- converting adductor muscle force into bite At mid-century human paleontologists rity for hominin bipedality as a whole. force. Conversely, more rostrally posi- confronted a luxuriant, species-rich Patterns that show low within-taxon vari- tioned muscles and/or shorter muscle hominin phylogenetic tree. Subsequently, ability but high between-taxa variability fibers increase bite force, but at the cost of a forceful coterie of Occamites adduced are likely the result of genetic differences. reducing maximum gape. We suggest that empirical and theoretical evidence to ar- Patterns that show high within- and be- in the earliest hominins, selection pres- gue the hominin lineage was species-poor. tween-group variability are almost cer- sures for increased bite force exceeded The hominin phylogenetic tree has proven tainly phenotypically plastic are likely those pressures for maintaining large resilient in the face of such pruning, and more useful for inferring behaviour. gape (and large canines). Thus, canine new growth has replaced much of what This study tests the hypothesis that the reduction was a necessary functional out- was trimmed. Most paleontologists now femur is too plastic to have low-level taxo- come to minimize canine interference advocate a speciose human ancestry, and nomic utility using the femora of Nean- associated with decreased gape. a bushy paradigm has ascended to ortho- dertals, late Pleistocene and Holocene doxy. Is this a permanent paradigm? Is it humans from Eurasia. Digitized data Revisiting Neanderthal mitochon- that a more sophisticated approach has points underwent Procrustes transforma- drial DNA sequence variation. made branches and twigs that always tion and Principal Components Analysis existed visible, or is the pendulum due to (PCA). PCA of the digital femoral data D. Iltis. Department of Anthropology, swing back? I examined the issue of spe- clearly distinguishes between Neandertal University of Utah. ciosity among living primates. I at- and anatomically modern humans (AMH). tempted to craft an empirical prediction of Patterns of variability within and between In the debate on modern human origins, hominin speciosity based on living pri- groups can identify more salient morpho- the question of the relationship between mates. I gathered data on primate species logical markers of taxonomic and func- modern humans and Neanderthals is numbers, body mass, brain size, habitat, tional differences. controversial. Previous studies have re- ranging and canopy use. I utilized linear This research was supported by the ported four unique Neanderthal hyper- hierarchical modeling, multiple regression Selley Award, Tulane University. variable region I mtDNA sequences and other methods to determine influ- greater than 300 base pairs. These previ- ences on speciosity among living primates. The evolutionary significance of ca- ous studies and others of Neanderthal Typical primate genera are species-poor. nine reduction in hominins: Func- sequence variation suggest that the diver- Of 65 nonhuman primate genera, 41 con- tional links between jaw mechanics gence date of the Neanderthal lineage tain only one or two species. The median and canine size. from that of modern humans ranges from number of primate species per genus is 317,000 to 853,000 years ago. Phyloge- two. Living and fossil large hominoids are W.L. Hylander12 and C.J. Vinyard3. 1Duke netic analyses are mixed in their support particularly species-poor. Among pri- University Primate Center, 2Department for a species separation of modern hu- mates, brain size, Nc (Extra Neurons), of Biological Anthropology & Anatomy, mans and Neanderthals. dryness of habitat, terrestriality, body Duke University, Durham NC, 27710, and I used the same four sequences along weight and dimorphism were all nega- 3Department of Anatomy, NEOUCOM, with 247 from modern humans and 40 tively correlated with species numbers, Rootstown, Ohio 44272. from chimpanzees to recalculate the hu- and contributed to a multinomial model man-Neanderthal population divergence suggesting that a genus such as Australo- There is no consensus as to the func- date and construct a gene tree of the 291 pithecus is expected to contain few spe- tional significance of canine length reduc- sequences. Since an initial test rejected a cies. Living primates offer no reason to tion in hominins (Plavcan, 2001). In this molecular clock, I modified the method of expect the hominin lineage to be speciose. paper we describe functional links be- Ingman and Gyllensten (2001) for removal tween canine length and jaw mechanics in of homoplasic and highly variable sites, 3-D morphometrics of the human fe- catarrhines. We then hypothesize a and reduced the site list. Using this re- mur: Taxonomic and functional in- proximate explanation for canine reduc- duced site list, clock-like behavior could formation from late Pleistocene tion in hominins. not be rejected. The reduced data yielded Eurasia. Following an analysis of maximum jaw a UPGMA tree that supports the phyloge- gape in primates (Hylander and Vinyard, netic separation of modern humans and V.T Hutchinson. Department of Anthro- nd), we find that relative to total man- Neanderthals. Moreover, these popula- pology, Tulane University. dibular length, adult male nonhuman tions have been separate for 1.25 million catarrhines have much larger gape than years. Recent research is showing that post- do females. Furthermore, there are con- cranial skeletal variation is not a simple siderable interspecific differences in the Taphonomy and site formation of the record of biomechanical loading history amount of relative gape. For example, 20m Solo River Terrace, Java Indone- but may in fact be under strong genetic long-tailed, lion-tailed and pig-tailed ma- sia: implications for Late Pleistocene control. Three-dimensional geometric caques have much larger gape than do H. erectus. morphometrics (3DGM) are used to search rhesus and Japanese macaques. More- for patterned variation in overall femoral over, chimpanzees have less relative gape E. Indriati1, B. Pobiner2, S.C. Antón3. shape. This is a novel approach that may than do cercopithecines, but more so than 1Laboratory of Bio and Paleoanthropology, help alleviate problems plaguing charac- humans. Furthermore, coupled with data Gadjah Mada University, Yoygakarta ter-based taxonomic assessments of this reported by Plavcan (1990), catarrhines Indonesia, 2Department of Anthropology, and other skeletal elements. Earlier stud- with relatively smaller gape have rela- National Museum of Natural History and ies have shown 3DGM of the femur pro- tively shorter canines. Rutgers University, 3Department of An- vide discriminant taxonomic power at the Relative maximum gape is a function of thropology, New York University. generic level within the Hominidae. jaw adductor muscle-fiber length and 108 AAPA Abstracts

Three Indonesian sites (Ngandong, time, ascertained that Jebel Moya was similar when broad categories (feed, rest, Jigar and Sambungmacan) have yielded intermediate to, yet distinct from, 19 travel, social) are considered, though late Pleistocene radiometric ages, two of other North and sub-Saharan African FRAG groups do feed more and CONT the three also contain fossil hominins, samples. groups travel more. Grooming times are suggesting the existence of a late surviv- Recent reappraisals of the archaeologi- also remarkably similar. However, play (a ing population of Javanese H. erectus. cal evidence and new age estimates higher-energy social activity) was strik- However, a number of questions surround prompted the author to reevaluate the ingly less common in fragments. These site formation processes and, therefore, skeletal remains relative to the same or results suggest that FRAG groups are the association between the hominins and similar African samples in the original energetically stressed, a finding consistent these ages. Both Ngandong and Jigar study. However, in the present case den- with their lower average body mass. occupy the 20 meter terrace of the Solo tal morphological variants were used for Supported by: Margot Marsh Biodiver- River, yield similar ages, and appear to comparison. Inter-sample affinities using sity Foundation, PCI, IPPL and Stony represent similar site formation processes. the Mahalanobis D2 for discrete traits also Brook University. Here we present preliminary taphonomic reveal an intermediate-but-distinct pat- evaluation of faunal assemblages from tern like the craniometric findings, albeit Differences in hand and foot mor- Jigar in order to assess site formation in with a closer North African affiliation. phology of eastern gorilla subspecies. the 20m terrace. This, together with previous findings, The Jigar faunal assemblage consists of including heterogeneous mortuary prac- R.S. Jabbour. Ph.D. Program in Anthro- 187 bone and tooth fragments excavated tices, is consistent with Gerharz’ (1994) pology, City University of New York, New in the late 1970s. Over 70% of the assem- claim that these nomadic herders repre- York Consortium in Evolutionary Prima- blage is large mammal (size class three or sented an amalgamation of ethnic groups, tology. larger), including elephant, bovid (Bibos whose common identity was simply main- and Bubalus), and cervid, as well as tur- tained by their periodic cohabitation of Ecological contrasts between eastern tle. Elements in the assemblage exhibit Jebel Moya. gorilla populations provide a valuable fairly uniform taphonomic signatures. Funding was provided by the National opportunity to assess adaptive variation Bones show little evidence for weathering, Science Foundation, Bioanthropology in postcranial skeletal morphology within indicating a short pre-burial surface expo- Foundation, ASU Research Development a modern ape species, with implications sure of the assemblage. None of the Program, and American Museum of Natu- for the functional and taxonomic interpre- specimens had any evidence of sedimen- ral History. tation of variation in fossil hominoids. tary abrasion marks and little rounding of Mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei ber- their edges is evident. Taken together, Leaner diet, less energy: Diademed ingei) live at high altitudes. As fruit trees this suggests that although the assem- sifakas (Propithecus diadema) in for- are absent, their diet relies on terrestrial blage is water-lain, fluvial transport did est fragments show reduced ranging vegetation. Eastern lowland gorillas (G.b. not have a major effect on assemblage and altered activity patterns. graueri) live at lower elevations where composition, nor on individual bone fruit trees grow. Their more frugivorous specimens. Such a conclusion makes it M.T. Irwin. Interdepartmental Doctoral diet necessitates more arboreal behavior less likely that the site was formed by the Program in Anthropological Sciences, and also more travel between feeding amalgamation of deposits of vastly differ- Stony Brook University, and Department sites. These differences lead to the predic- ent ages. of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, tion that G.b. graueri hands and feet will Support provided by NSF grant BCS- Quebec, Canada. exhibit greater expression of features 0317292 and the Center for Human Evo- related to climbing and features related to lutionary Studies, Rutgers. Forest fragmentation is thought to knuckle-walking, in comparison with threaten primate populations, yet the mountain gorillas. The place of Jebel Moya in northeast mechanisms by which this occurs remain A set of 42 linear measurements was African prehistory: A dental perspec- largely unknown. I present results from a collected from hand and foot bones of G.b. tive. 12-month study of the ranging and activ- beringei (n=21) and G.b. graueri (n=25). ity of Propithecus diadema at Tsinjoarivo, Univariate comparisons demonstrate sig- J.D. Irish. Department of Anthropology, eastern Madagascar, including two groups nificant differences between the subspe- University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fair- in small fragments and two groups in cies in a number of functionally-relevant banks, AK 99775. nearby continuous forest. CONT groups indices, including both those related to had higher dietary diversity and ate more knuckle-walking and those related to Between 1911-1914 the Wellcome Ex- fleshy fruit. During winter, dietary diver- climbing. Results are largely consistent pedition recovered >3,000 human skele- sity dropped and they relied heavily on across both sexes. Multivariate analyses tons (ca. 3,000-100 BC) and an abundance the small mistletoe Bakerella (diameter < show strong separation between the sub- of artifacts from the site of Jebel Moya in 2 m). In contrast, FRAG groups relied on species, using either hands or feet. Since central . This material was antici- mistletoes year-round; the fruits that Groves' (1970) recognition of differing pated to yield a wealth of information on sustain CONT groups throughout the hallux-to-foot-length proportions, this is the ancient inhabitants of this largely summer are absent. I tested the hypothe- the first study to identify differences in unexplored region of Africa. Unfortu- sis that the highly altered resource base hand and foot bones between G.b. beringei nately, the project was beset with prob- would affect FRAG groups’ ranging and and G.b. graueri. lems, including: osteological errors in activity patterns. Minimum convex poly- The suite of morphological differences recording, poor stratigraphic control, and gon home ranges (excluding non-forested between the hands and feet of eastern the expedition leader’s death with a re- areas) are small in FRAG groups (25-35 gorilla subspecies appears to reflect adap- sulting delay of the site report. However, ha) relative to CONT groups (50-60 ha); tations to local environmental conditions, the worst was yet to come when authors of similar patterns were seen in kernel home suggesting that many features of fossil the longer-delayed physical anthropology ranges. Day range varied seasonally in hominoid postcranial morphology may report discovered that <4% of the skele- both habitats (longer in the summer) but closely track habitat, even in phylogeneti- tons survived storage in WWII-era London was shorter in fragments. Activity pat- cally and geographically proximate popu- to allow study. Still, the report (Mukher- terns are prolonged in fragments, with lations. jee et al., 1955), using the Mahalanobis D2 groups tending to arrive at sleep trees statistic on craniometric data for the first later. Activity budgets are surprisingly AAPA Abstracts 109

Supported by NYCEP, CUNY, Sigma European-Americans (EA), contributing to tered in the institution by the male friars. Xi, The Leakey Foundation, and The AA women’s greater cardiovascular mor- However, little evidence has been found Wenner-Gren Foundation. bidity risk. It has been suggested that which substantiates the suggestion that possible biologic/genetic differences in the friars provided actual medical treat- Contexts of positional behavior in renal sodium handling may contribute to ment at Blackfriars. captive pygmy marmosets (Cebuella this ethnic difference in BP variation; pygmaea). however, few ethnic comparative studies Comparison of Dmanisi hominid pec- of waking and sleeping sodium handling toral girdle and upper limb morphol- C.P. Jackson, S.M. Ford. Department of have been conducted. The purpose of this ogy. Anthropology, Southern Illinois Univer- study was to compare the daily rates of sity. urinary sodium, potassium and aldoster- T. Jashashvili1, A. Vekua2, D. Lordki- one excretion in AA (N=34) and EA panidze1. 1Georgian National Museum, Pygmy marmosets are well known for (N=53) women cross-classified by non- 2Institute of Paleobiology, Georgian Acad- their distinctive adaptation to gummivory, dipping (N=53))/dipping (N=34) BP status. emy of Sciences. and they have been reported to exhibit The women (AA, age= 33.5+ 8.1, EA, high frequencies of claw clinging to verti- age=35.2+9.4) collected timed urine sam- New pectoral girdle and upper limb cal supports in association with this die- ples at work (11-3 PM), home (approx. 6- elements were recovered from Dmanisi tary specialization. However, there has 10 PM) and during sleep (approx. 10PM- during the 2001-2005 excavation season. been little detailed study of their posi- 6AM), which were assayed for sodium, These remains significantly increase the tional behavioral repertoire and activity potassium and aldosterone. Using AN- hominid post-cranial sample from Dman- budgets beyond the field work of Youlatos COVA techniques, the results showed that isi and, more broadly, for lower Pleisto- (1999) and current work by Garber on AA had greater sodium (p<.015), lower cene hominids. This study is based on specifics of their leaping behavior in cap- potassium (p<.007) and lower aldosterone measurements from this sample, which tivity. (.026) excretion rates than EA at work includes one scapula, three clavicles, and This study reports the results of 80 during the day, but that these differences three humeri. Comparisons were made hours of observation of a pair of captive were not related to BP non-dipping. How- with modern humans, African great apes, pygmy marmosets. Details of their posi- ever, overnight, AA BP non-dippers ex- and fossil hominid specimens. tional behavior, support size and struc- creted 55% more sodium (p<.048) and 60% Our results indicate that the scapula ture, associated behavioral contexts, and more aldosterone (p<.05) than AA BP share characters with both extant and whether or not they were vocalizing or dippers, while EA BP non-dippers did not fossil humans as well as apes. Among the engaged in agonistic interactions were differ from their BP dipping counterparts. traits displayed by these specimens are a recorded. The animals were housed with These results may suggest that the non- small glenoid index, a somewhat cranially two other primate species, Leontopithecus dipping mechanism in AA is different oriented glenoid cavity, narrow spino- chrysomelas and Pithecia pithecia. than that in EA, and that non-dipping in trapezium and gleno-coracoid angles. The two marmosets did not differ sig- AA is related to altered sodium handling Regarding the humeri, several of the nificantly in most locomotor behaviors; during sleep. indices studied (capitular length and they did differ significantly in frequencies Supported by NIH grant HL47540 width, height of the lateral epicondyle vs. of many postures. Only further study will the capitular height) are out of the range indicate if these are sex-related or simply Injury and treatment of the pectoral of variation of modern humans and simi- individual differences. They shared a girdle in two medieval populations. lar with African great apes. The distal end strong preference for medium supports measurements are similar with Homo (76.5% at 6-10 cm) and for oblique (54.3%) H. Jarrell. Department of Anthropology, habilis and Homo erectus (excluding biepi- and horizontal (40.2%) supports. Claw Ohio State University. condylar dimensions). The articular di- clinging accounted for 79% of time spent mensions show a mixed pattern of simi- on vertical supports. Vertical leaping was Based on archaeological evidence, it has larities and differences relative to austra- rare. Vocalizations and agonistic behav- been suggested that the Dominican house lopithecines. iors were seldom seen. of the Blackfriars, Gloucester, may have The dimensions of the clavicles are in When compared to results on wild served in part as a form of infirmary. To the lower part of the range variation of pygmy marmosets. Major differences test this claim, individuals from Blackfri- modern humans and comparable to KNM- relate to the unavailability of opportuni- ars were compared to individuals from St. WT 15000 and OH 8. ties for gummivory and scarcity of both James and St. Mary Magdalene, Chiches- According to the morphometrical, mor- terminal supports and insect foods in cap- ter, a known medieval hospital. Macro- phological and stratigraphic contexts we tivity. Captive pygmy marmosets spend scopic and radiographic analysis of pecto- suggest that these remains belong to two far more time resting (76.7% either laying ral girdle trauma was undertaken in an different individuals (adult and adoles- or sitting) than do those in the wild. attempt to ascertain relative levels of care cent) and could be associated with the between the two communities. Fractures D2700 and D3444 skulls. The results of Overnight sodium excretion differen- of the clavicle, humerus and scapula as this investigation suggest that the Dman- tiates awake-sleep blood pressure well as dislocations of the acromioclavicu- isi post-cranial fossils are similar to early variation between African-American lar and glenohumeral joints were re- Homo, with minor similarities with extant and European-American women. corded. Other forms of trauma, including African apes. acromioclavicular and glenohumeral de- G.D. James. Decker School of Nursing and generative joint disease, rotator cuff im- Osteological remains from Salango, Department of Anthropology, Binghamton pingement and avascular necrosis, were Ecuador with comparisons to other University. included in the analysis. Ecuadorian coastal sites. In Chichester, the males appear to have A blunted decline in waking to sleep led a more hazardous lifestyle, resulting N.A. Jastremski1, D.C. Broadfield2, V.L. blood pressure (BP) (non-dipping) has in more fractures, than the females. Con- Martinez1. 1Department of Anthropology, been shown to predict cardiovascular versely, in Blackfriars there exists far Florida Atlantic University, 2Departments morbidity in women. Several studies also more females with traumas than males. of Anthropology and Biomedical Science, show that African-Americans (AA) in gen- This suggests that the elderly and infirm, Florida Atlantic University. eral, are more prone to non-dipping than as well as children, may have been shel- 110 AAPA Abstracts

Archaeological site 035 located in and that natural selection might disperse chanical stress is also a likely factor. The Salango, Ecuador contains remains asso- favored genes across a semi-permeable prevalence and patterning of specific le- ciated with the Manteño culture, which boundary, even as the lineages remain sions indicate that multiple individuals at flourished during the Integration period phenotypically distinct. Our group’s find- Dove Cemetery performed similar, cultur- from A.D. 500 until the Spanish Conquest ings in baboons support the latter view. ally patterned, behaviors consistent with in 1532. Although agriculture played a Specifically, some baboon populations those expected in an agriculturally based role in the diet of these people, marine belong phenotypically to one taxon, but community. resources were utilized for both food and are allied mitochondrially with another. trade. Osteological remains of 14 indi- As in other organisms as varied as crick- Investigating intra skeletal stable viduals were excavated from the Salango ets and elephants, “mitochondrial cap- isotope variation. site and examined to determine variation ture”, driven by massive, asymmetrical, in the population of this region. Two sites, male dispersal, probably explains such M.L.S. Jørkov1, J. Heinemeier2, N.Lynn- Ayalán, an Integration site containing 435 discordances. One major form of baboon erup1. 1Laboratory of Biological Anthro- individuals, and La Tolita, a Formative (Papio anubis) has yet to be associated pology, University of Copenhagen, 2AMS period site containing 18 individuals, were with any unique mitochondrial clade, and 14C Dating Centre, University of Aarhus. used for comparison based upon similar is tentatively identified as a stabilized environmental conditions. In addition, hybrid. In this respect, baboon allotaxa Stable isotope analyses of archaeologi- Real Alto south of Salango with 51 indi- are clearly quite different from Neander- cal human bone samples are routinely viduals and La Libertad with 24 individu- tals and “modern” humans, in which evi- used for reconstructing the dietary history als were used for comparisons to coastal dence for mitochondrial admixture and of individuals or populations. This project sites with environments that were drier capture is conspicuously absent. focuses on intra skeletal variability of the than that found at Salango. The Salango stable isotopic compositions (δ13C and site contains a wide range of ages of both Biomechanical stress markers in a δ15N) of human bone collagen. Previous sexes with fetal, newborn, juvenile, historic population from the Central studies on intra skeletal variability within subadult, adult and elderly remains pre- Coast of California: An analysis of single skeletons have been based on lim- sent. Preliminary data indicate that the Dove Cemetery, Atascadero, Califor- ited sample sizes and it has not always Salango population possesses fewer pa- nia. been possible to be consistent in the selec- thologies than the comparison sites. The tion of skeletal elements. few pathologies identified include cribra W.M. Jones1, W.R. Trask2, M. Adame3. This study comprises 73 well preserved orbitalia on two individuals, one case of 1Statistical Research Inc., 2Department of skeletons of both adults and juveniles non-specific infection and one or two cases Anthropology, Wichita State University, from a medieval cemetery in Denmark. of osteoarthritis. The rate of infection at 3Department of Anthropology, California Sampling strategy was based on the well the Salango site when compared to other State University, Los Angeles. documented archaeological and historical regional sites is surprising considering records indicating that these individuals that the others are coastal marine sites The remains of seventeen individuals, were a homogeneous population, consum- with populations that appear to have en- consisting of ten males, three females, and ing a similar diet throughout their lives. gaged in similar activities. This study four juveniles, were exhumed from a mid From each individual a sample from the indicates that pre-Colombian cultures of to late nineteenth century cemetery in femoral diaphysis and rib were selected, the region may not have been entirely Atascadero, California. During this period and furthermore a sample of the petrous integrated and that the various popula- of time, the area associated with the part of the temporal bone was taken from tions may have engaged in varied life- cemetery was predominantly a farming 59 of the individuals. styles. community with at least one nearby ran- Our results show that the petrous bone This study was made possible in part cho in operation. Indicators of biome- has an isotopic signal that differs signifi- through the Ann Adams Graduate Fellow- chanical stress, attributed to heavy labor cantly from both femur and rib values ship, Florida Atlantic University. and repetitive movement, were present in within the single skeleton. Conversely, the postcranial remains of approximately only minor variation was found between Mitochondrial capture in the evolu- 84% of the adults at this site. Approxi- femur and rib. tion of baboon and human allotaxa. mately 54% of the adults present exhib- The intra skeletal variations may re- ited at least one axial lesion while ap- flect differences in turnover rates among C.J. Jolly. Department of Anthropology, proximately 77% exhibited at least one the skeletal elements, with the petrous New York University, and NYCEP. appendicular lesion. bone usually being regarded as having a These lesions fit within four, general, very low turnover rate (and formed early Extant Papio baboons live as geo- categories: proliferative bone growth, de- in life), whereas the rib and femur have a graphically replacing, phenotypically and generative joint disease, loading and am- higher turnover rate. (often) behaviorally distinct taxa, which bulatory responses, and traumatic inju- Our results may have consequences for interbreed where they meet, forming ries. Furthermore, though apparent dif- sampling strategy in future projects con- hybrid zones of varying width. Such allo- ferences in sexual division of labor were cerning dietary reconstruction. taxa are considered species by some sys- observed, limiting factors attributed to the tematists, and subspecies or semispecies female population—such as inadequate Self sacrifice or slaughter? The mass by others, and have been suggested as sample size, poor preservation, and rela- burials of Kerma. possible analogs to contemporaneous hu- tively younger age ranges—are more man populations whose status is similarly likely the reason for such bias. As such, M.A. Judd¹, J.D. Irish², A. Froment³. contentious. Authorities on both sides of male and female populations were com- ¹University of Pittsburgh, ²University of the “Neandertal debate” apparently agree bined. In addition, juvenile individuals, Alaska Fairbanks, ³Musee de l’Homme, that evidence for significant genetic com- exhibiting no pathological lesions, were Paris. munication across the boundary between excluded from the analyzed sample. the forms would argue for conspecificity, Though age and genetics are possible Kerma’s (1750-1550 BC) royal cemetery while long-term persistence of distinct factors in several of these conditions, de- in Upper featured tumuli bisected phenotypes suggests genetic isolation, and generative changes in younger adults, as by mass inhumation corridors and a cen- hence species rank for each. Others have well as the overall skeletal pattern of tral royal burial chamber. Traditionally, argued that this distinction is simplistic, pathological lesions, indicate that biome- the corridor burials are attributed to sac- AAPA Abstracts 111

rifices of retainers or prisoners. Surround- Researchers often examine the factors protein containing 1.88 mg total isofla- ing smaller tumuli are associated with the shaping community structure from an vones/g protein (equivalent to a human Kerma elite. No previous bioarchaeologi- ecological or historical context. Environ- intake of approximately 129 mg/day). cal investigation has confirmed either mental characteristics shape the possible Whole body bone mineral content assumption. niches in a community, providing suitable (WBBMC) and lumbar vertebrae (2-4) Our study revealed a comparable habitats to some species and not others. bone mineral density (LVBMD) were de- trauma profile for both ‘corridor' and ‘non- Therefore, communities exhibiting similar termined at baseline and following 12 and corridor' samples, with no perimortem environmental characteristics are more 24 months of diet treatment. Bone bio- trauma among the ‘corridor’ sample to likely to display a more similar species markers were evaluated at baseline and suggest a violent death. The injury pat- composition. Additionally, as the geo- at 24 months. Social status was deter- tern observed did not indicate that one graphic distance between communities mined weekly. group was more susceptible than the other increases, dispersal between sites is more There were no significant differences to physical abuse. That is, although more limited and the probability of historical between casein and soy fed monkeys in frequent and intense skull injuries oc- vicariance increases. Therefore, communi- WBBMC or LVBMD. However, WBBMC curred among the ‘corridor’ sample, the ties in close proximity to each other are and LVBMD were significantly lower in ‘non-corridor’ people were more likely to likely to display a similar composition of subordinate relative to dominant monkeys suffer from parry fractures, other long species. The objective of this study was to at baseline, an effect that persisted bone fractures and multiple injuries. simultaneously examine the relative ef- throughout the study. Bone specific alka- Descriptive, univariate and multivari- fects of environmental and historical ef- line phosphatase was inversely associated ate comparisons of 13 cranial measure- fects on primate communities in the with both social status and WBBMC, but ments (Collett, 1933) in the two samples Neotropics, Asia, Africa and Madagascar. was unaffected by diet treatment. (n=253), by sex, suggest phenetic similar- Data for over 70 primate communities We conclude that high isoflavone soy pro- ity. Specifically, the coefficient of variation were gathered from the published litera- tein does not alter premenopausal mark- did not find the ‘corridor' measurements ture. Partial Mantel tests were conducted ers of fracture risk. In contrast, low social to vary more than the ‘non-corridor' – as to examine the relative effects of geo- status depresses bone mineral content and might be expected if the former comprised graphic distance and environmental simi- density, an effect that may reflect the a mixture of foreign slaves and prisoners. larity on community structure. The analy- relative estrogen deficiency and hypercor- Similarly, t-tests revealed that none of the ses showed that in the Neotropics and tisolemia that usually accompany this 13 measurements differed significantly. Asia there was a significant negative cor- behavioral condition. Discriminant analysis produced correct relation between geographic distance and Supported in part by grants to JRK between-sample classification rates only community similarity when controlling for from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood slightly better than random assignment. environmental similarity. There was no Institute (P01HL45666 and R01HL- Ethnic Nubian burial features and arti- environmental effect for these . 079421). facts did not suggest a predominant for- In contrast, in Africa and Madagascar, eign- or status-related element in either there was a significant positive relation- Historical peopling of the New World: context. In sum, we found nothing to sug- ship between environmental similarity Y chromosome roots. gest that the ‘corridor' and ‘non-corridor' and community similarity while holding samples derived from different popula- geographic distance constant. There was T.M. Karafet1, S.L. Zegura2 M.H. tions; both appear to have been biologi- no effect of geographic distance in these Hammer1,2. 1Division of Biotechnology, cally and culturally Kerman. regions. These results will be discussed in 2Anthropology Dept., University of Ari- the context of the evolutionary and geo- zona, Tucson, AZ 85721. TB in pre-contact North America: logic history of primates and their areas of Who had it and what was it. endemism. The early peopling of Americas is a topic of intense interest in numerous sci- F.A. Kaestle1,2, J.A. Raff1,2, K. Giesting2, Bone density and bone mineral con- entific fields. Although a large number of D.C. Cook1. 1Dept. of Anthropology, Indi- tent in premenopausal monkeys are studies from diverse disciplines have ex- ana University, Bloomington, 2Dept. of affected by social status but not by plored this question, a consensus still has Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington. high isoflavone soy protein. not been achieved. Unsolved problems include the timing of earliest migration(s) We have demonstrated the presence of J. R. Kaplan, C.J. Lees, H. Chen, Depart- to American continents, the number of a novel species of prehistoric Mycobacte- ments of Pathology and Public Health migrations, the geographic location of the rium tuberculosis complex (MTC) existing Sciences, Wake Forest University School founding Asian population(s), and the in a precontact Native American popula- of Medicine. nature of the evolutionary processes that tion from Illinois (M. hrdlickae sp. nov.). shaped patterns of Native American ge- Here we address questions as to its origin We investigated the potential bone- netic variation. and distribution, both temporal and spa- sparing effects of soy in female monkeys This paper reviews Y chromosome data tial, through phylogenetic analysis of mul- with a study designed to address two from the Americas and Asia in the context tiple loci and broad sampling of several questions: 1) does chronic exposure to soy of the early peopling of the Americas. populations of the Eastern Woodlands protein and isoflavones enhance premeno- Different modes of colonization based on region. We will discuss the implications pausal bone mineral content and density archaeological, demographic, and linguis- for the evolution of the MTC on the North (surrogate markers for future fracture tic data, as well as from computer simula- American continent in light of these re- risk)? And 2) is low social status (a condi- tions, were considered to examine what sults. tion often associated with suppressed scenario might be supported by Y chromo- reproductive hormones and elevated corti- some data from contemporary popula- How do environmental and historical sol) a premenopausal determinant of re- tions. We compared genetic diversity of effects shape primate communities? duced bone mineral content/density? three major Native American paternal Ninety-sex skeletally mature, premeno- founding lineages with similar parameters J.M. Kamilar. Interdepartmental Doctoral pausal cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca from Asian populations. The correlations Program in Anthropological Sciences, fascicularis) were assigned to consume a among paternal genetics, language, and Stony Brook University. diet that derived its source of protein from geography were examined to investigate either casein-lactalbumin, or from soy patterns of association in Siberia and the 112 AAPA Abstracts

Americas. To investigate the possibility of lus patagonicus. posterior element morphology may reflect clinal distributions for Siberian and Na- postural and locomotor behavior. How- tive American Y chromosomes we con- R.F. Kay1, T.C. Rae2, T. Koppe3 and M. W. ever, the loads to which they are subjected ducted spatial autocorrelation analyses on Colbert4. 1Deptartment of Biological An- are unestablished and the role of the pedi- the data from Americas and Asia. We thropology and Anatomy, Duke Univer- cle in force transmission has not been attempted to identify the most probable sity, USA, 2Evolutionary Anthropology defined. A simplified static free body geographic source for Native American Y Research Group, University of Durham, model, based upon biomechanical tech- chromosomes with phylogenetic analyses UK, 3Institute of Anatomy, Ernst-Moritz- niques, demonstrated that facet and pedi- of STR (short tandem repeats) variation. Arndt University Greifswald, Germany, cle orientations are necessary for the de- Estimated times of divergence for major Y 4Jackson School of Geosciences, University velopment of a more sophisticated model chromosome lineages between the Native of Texas, Austin. in which forces on last lumbar posterior American and Asian populations were elements are calculated. Using three- used to make inferences on the number Homunculus patagonicus, an early Mio- dimensional coordinates and matrix alge- and timing of migrations. cene (~16 Ma) fossil platyrrhine from bra, facet and pedicle center points were Patagonian Argentina, is known from determined and their orientations were Multi-modal analysis of an aye-aye several new cranial specimens discovered calculated for four orthograde species, brain combining histology, structural by a joint Argentine and Duke University Gorilla gorilla, Homo sapiens, Pan troglo- MRI, and diffusion-tensor imaging team at several sites north of Rio Gallegos dytes, and Pongo pygmaeus. The statisti- (DTI). in coastal Santa Cruz Province, Argen- cal analysis indicated that these vectors tina. The remarkable preservation of one are very consistent within species, sug- J.A. Kaufman1, E.T. Ahrens2, D.H. Laid- specimen from Killik Aike Norte allows a gesting that they can be used for the fu- law3, S. Zhang3, J.M. Allman1. 1Division of rare opportunity to explore internal cra- ture development of a biomechanical Biology, California Institute of Technol- nial anatomy in a well-preserved, undis- model. Pair-wise tests were also con- ogy, 2Department of Biological Sciences torted context. Among extant platyr- ducted using the Gorilla gorilla, Homo and the Pittsburgh NMR Center for Bio- rhines, paranasal pneumatization is pre- sapiens, and Pan troglodytes. Pongo pyg- medical Research, Carnegie Mellon Uni- sent in most taxa, in the form of the max- maeus was excluded due to sample size. versity, 3Department of Computer Science, illary sinus, but is lacking in a few species These tests demonstrated that the species Brown University. (Rossie, J., DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10263). have statistically different mean direc- This distribution suggests that the pres- tions. Within species consistency of vector The aye-aye (Daubentonia madagas- ence of a maxillary sinus is primitive for orientation, combined with the pair-wise cariensis) is the most highly-encephalized crown platyrrhines, as for anthropoids as results, may support the hypothesis that of the Strepsirhini, and occupies a unique a whole. To explore the internal cranial posterior element morphology reflects ecological niche that includes percussive anatomy, microCT scans were made in the postural and locomotor behavior. extractive foraging. We scanned the left coronal plane at the University of Texas hemisphere of an aye-aye brain using T2- CT scanning facility. The status of lemur species at Ant- weighted structural magnetic resonance The preservation of delicate internal serananomby: An update. imaging (MRI) and diffusion-tensor imag- structures is impressive; some ethmotur- ing (DTI) prior to histological processing binals are visible. Homunculus has no E.A. Kelley, K.M. Muldoon, R.W. Suss- and staining for Nissl substance and mye- paranasal pneumatization other than man. Department of Anthropology, Wash- linated fibers. The objectives of our ex- maxillary sinuses. The latter are present ington University. periment were to estimate the volume of above the molars and extend laterally gross brain regions for comparison with past the zygomatico-maxillary suture into Antserananomby is a site in western published data on other prosimians, and the zygomatic bone. The ostia are found Madagascar that is comprised of xero- to validate DTI data on fiber anisotropy bilaterally above M1. The floor of the si- phytic and deciduous Tamarindus forests. with histological measurements of fiber nus is below that of the nasal cavity ante- Since RWS researched this site in 1970, spread. Measurements of brain structure riorly, and the molar roots extend into the Antserananomby has been cited in the volumes in our specimen are consistent sinus space. Preliminary analyses of esti- literature as one of only a few remaining with those reported in the literature: the mated sinus volume (approx. 0.5 cc) in forests left within Madagascar’s western aye-aye has a very large brain for its body Homunculus conforms to a platyrrhine region where primates can be found in size, it has a reduced volume of visual sinus/size regression that is approxi- unusually high densities. structures (V1 and LGN), and an in- mately isometric. This is similar to the In August 2004, we revisited Antser- creased volume of the olfactory lobe. This situation in hominoids, suggesting that ananomby to conduct a survey of the di- trade-off between visual and olfactory maxillary sinus volume is highly con- urnal primates in the area. We found that reliance is a reflection of the nocturnal served in anthropoid evolution. although satellite images taken in 2000 extractive foraging behavior practiced by Research supported by an NSF and a indicated that the forests were intact, the Daubentonia. Additionally, frontal cortex NGS grant to RFK and NSF grant to 10 hectares known as Antserananomby volume is large in the aye-aye, a feature MWT. Forest have since been cleared, the sur- that could also be related to its complex rounding forests are regularly burned, foraging behavior and increased sensori- Morphology of the last lumbar verte- and the lemurs are hunted. In addition, motor intelligence. Our analysis of white bra in four orthograde primates: de- results of the primate survey found that matter fiber structure in the anterior cin- fining facet and pedicle orientation the population densities of Eulemur fulvus gulum bundle demonstrates a strong cor- using three-dimensional vectors rufus and Lemur catta have declined ap- relation between fiber spread as measured preciably. On two different days, these from histological sections and fiber spread D.A. Keifer1, P.I. Rumcheva2. 1Depart- two species were observed traveling as a as measured from DTI. These results ment of Anthropology, University of Flor- mixed species group within the frag- represent the first quantitative compari- ida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, 2De- mented gallery forests. Conversely, Pro- son of DTI data and fiber-stained histol- partment of Statistics, University of Flor- pithecus verreauxi verreauxi appears to be ogy in the brain. ida, Gainesville, Florida 32611. thriving, and it seems that there have been no local of primate spe- Paranasal pneumatization in the Recent morphological studies of the cies in the area. Of the nocturnal primates early Miocene platyrrhine Homuncu- primate spine indicate that last lumbar previously documented by RWS, all except AAPA Abstracts 113

Cheirogaleous medius were identified (i.e. peopling of the Americas. Furthermore, Americas (i.e., Jantz and Owsley 2001, Lepilemur ruficaudatus, Microcebus mur- Y-chromosome DNA extracted from the 2004; Pucciarelli et al. 2003, Schillaci and inus, Mirza coquereli, and Phaner furcifer sample confirms that the skeletal remains Stojanowski 2002). Postcranial variation pallescens). are from a male. This individual’s Y- has rarely been used in such studies, per- We conclude that although much of the chromosome belongs to haplogroup Q- haps because of the possible complications fauna previously recorded by RWS were M3*, placing a minimum date for the introduced by changes in mobility, subsis- observed during this survey, the current emergence of this haplogroup. tence strategy, health status (Larsen rate of deforestation at Antserananomby 1997), and climatic adaptation (Newman is unsustainable. If no action is taken to Sexual dimorphism in the bony birth 1962). This project seeks to examine pat- conserve what is left and restore what has canal of Papio and its relationships to terns of postcranial variation among three been lost, then the forests and its inhabi- true body mass, skeletal size, and geographically proximate pre- tants are likely to soon disappear. cortical area of the femoral midshaft. horticultural groups, which are selected in Supported by the Washington Univer- order to reduce the potential effects of the sity Anthropology Summer Travel Grant M.A. Kilberger, J. Kappelman, B. above complicating factors. (EAK). Santana. Department of Anthropology, Ninety-seven individuals from three University of Texas at Austin. Archaic sites in western Tennessee, Timing of the peopling of the Ameri- Cherry (84BN74, N=35), Ledbetter cas: genetic analysis early Holocene Many sexually dimorphic primate spe- (9BN25, N=38), and Eva (6BN12, N=24) skeletal remains. cies have a pelvis with dimensions related are examined for patterns of postcranial to the female bony birth canal that are variation in length, epiphyseal size, and B.M. Kemp1, R.S. Malhi1,2, J. disproportionately large when compared diameter. In total, thirty measurements McDonough1, D.A. Bolnick3, J.A. Eshle- to other skeletal measures of body size. taken on six elements are examined for man1,2, O. Rickards4, C. Martinez- Within these species, the reverse is true in intrapopulation and interpopulation Labarga4, J.R. Johnson5, J.G. Lorenz6, other skeletal measurements. Pelvic di- variation. Patterns of sexual dimorphism E.J. Dixon7, T.E. Fifield8, T.H. Heaton9, R. morphism has been attributed to factors and potential allometric relationships Worl10, and D.G. Smith1. 1Department of such as obstetrics, phylogeny, and hor- among various dimensions are considered. Anthropology, University of California, mones. Body mass can correlate with bony Comparable patterns of variance among Davis 2Trace Genetics, Inc., a DNAPrint birth canal size, other skeletal measure- the three sites indicate that these samples genomics company, Richmond, California, ments, and vice versa. Therefore, differ- are derived from affiliated populations. 3Department of Anthropology, University ences in body mass should reveal differ- of Texas, Austin, 4 Centre of Molecular ences in bony birth canal size within each Isotopic approaches to paleoecologi- Anthropology for Ancient DNA Studies, sex. cal reconstruction at Olduvai Bed I Department of Biology, University of This study uses the Bramblett savanna (Tanzania) and Kanjera (Kenya). Rome "Tor Vergata", Italy, 5Department of baboon collection, a skeletal collection of Anthropology, Santa Barbara Museum of wild adult Papio cynocephalus (n=30) with J.D. Kingston1, P.W. Ditchfield2 , T. Natural History, 6Laboratory for Molecu- associated body mass (taken at time of Plummer3, L.C. Bishop4, J. Ferraro5.1Dept. lar Biology, Corriell Institute for Medical death). Body mass is compared with of Anthropology, Emory University, Research, 7Institute of Arctic and Alpine measurements of the pelvis, femur, and 2Research Laboratory for Archaeology, Research (INSTARR), University of Colo- clavicle. This study contributes to the few Oxford University, 3Dept. of Anthropology, rado, Boulder, 8Prince of Wales Island studies testing correlations of true body Queens College, CUNY and NYCEP , Districts, Tongass National Forest, Craig, mass with pelvic size. The hypothesis is 4School of Biological and Earth Sciences, Alaska, 9Department of Earth Sci- strengthened while offering a different Liverpool John Moores University, 5Dept. ence/Physics, University of South Dakota, perspective. As expected, larger femora, of Anthropology, University of California, Vermillion, 10Sealaska Heritage Institute, larger clavicles, and some larger pelvic Los Angeles. Juneau, Alaska. measurements coincide with greater body masses. However in pelvic measurements The late Pliocene represents a critical Previous mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) traditionally deemed to be related to ob- period in hominin evolution, with a series studies suggest that human occupation of stetrics, gradients are separated by sex of speciation events suggesting an adap- the Americas occurred 15,000-40,000 differences. Larger birth canals tend to tive radiation in the hominin lineage be- years ago, which pre-dates widely ac- occur with larger females compared to tween 3 and 2 Ma. Adaptive scenarios cepted archaeological evidence. These smaller females, and females have rela- ultimately need to be assessed within the studies, however, rest on assumptions tively larger bony birth canals than males, dynamic framework of specific, local eco- about the genetic composition of the regardless of body mass. Since primate logical parameters. Fossil vertebrate founding population(s) and rates of mo- skeletal collections with actual body mass fauna associated with the archeological lecular evolution. We evaluated these associations are rare, high resolution X- and hominin fossil records arguably rep- assumptions with DNA extracted from ray CT scans of the femoral midshaft resent the most important archive of early human remains dating to 10,300 cal yrs (n=17) are analyzed to test a measure of hominin ecology. Here we utilize istotopic BP excavated from On Your Knees Cave cortical bone area as a potential proxy for analyses of fossil herbivore tooth enamel on Prince of Wales Island, Alaska (site 49- true body mass within this taxon. to develop high resolution reconstructions PET-408). The mtDNA of this individual of paleohabitats. The goal is to provide represents an additional founder lineage Postcranial metric variation in three comparative ecological data in which to of haplogroup D in the Americas and is Archaic period samples from western interpret hominin activities at Kanjera related to only ~1.4% of present-day Na- Tennessee. and Olduvai Gorge Bed I. The dietary tive Americans. Using 10,300 yrs BP as preferences of a suite of fossil ungulate the minimum age of this lineage and an K.A. King. Department of Anthropology, taxa are reconstructed through stable estimate of the level of phylogenetic dis- University of Tennessee. isotopic analysis of enamel to infer eco- persion (ρ) within descendant lineages, we logical characteristics of the habitats. show that previous calibrations of the Variations in cranial dimensions have Isotopic analysis of teeth and pedogenic mtDNA clock have underestimated the been extensively studied as a means of carbonates are suggestive of different rate of molecular evolution by 2-4 times determining affinity or dissimilarity environmental settings for the activities of and, thus, overestimated the timing of the among prehistoric samples from the early Homo at Bed I Olduvai Gorge and 114 AAPA Abstracts

Kanjera. The Oldowan site complex at morphology of non-metric characters, is Kanjera was formed in a wooded grass- Maternal and Paternal lineages of broadly consistent with these results in land to open grassland, with the ungulate African Americans. suggesting a more generalized, suspen- fauna dominated by C4 grazing taxa. In sory ape morphology. The weaker associa- contrast, Oldowan site assemblages at R.A. Kittles. Department of Molecular tion with Gorilla and Proconsul may re- Bed I Olduvai were formed in open wood- Virology, Immunology and Medical Genet- flect a phylogenetic signal or a unique lands, and are associated with fauna more ics, The Ohio State University. aspect of the positional behavior. RUD evenly spread across the C3 – C4 dietary 167 and 202 are consistent in size with spectrum. Habitat reconstructions at African Americans have a unique popu- specimens attributed to Dryopithecus. Olduvai and Kanjera (using isotopic and lation history. The population was origi- Supported by NSERC. ecomorphic analyses) suggest significant nally formed by the forced transport of heterogeneity in overall paleoenvironmen- millions of indigenous Africans during the Ossuary taphonomy: patterns and tal setting as well as in the specific habi- transatlantic slave trade from the early significance of commingled human tats archeological sites were forming in, 1600s to the mid-1800s. While the vast remains at the colonial Chapel of San indicating that Oldowan hominins were majority of contemporary African Ameri- Pedro de Mórrope, Lambayeque Val- utilizing a broad spectrum of the available cans are descendants of enslaved Africans, ley, Peru. settings. most African Americans know little about their specific African ancestry. There have H.D. Klaus1, M Tam2. 1Department of Use of JC virus sequence data to pro- been few comprehensive studies that ex- Anthropology, The Ohio State University/ vide independent estimates of popu- plore the genetic ancestry of African de- Museo Nacional Sicán, Peru, 2Universidad lation genetic parameters. scent populations in the Americas. This is Nacional de Trujillo, Peru. mainly because there has been a lack of A. Kitchen, C.J. Mulligan. Dept. of An- genetic data from west and central Afri- Complex secondary burials and ossuar- thropology, University of Florida. can populations which were the source of ies are often treated as specialized mortu- the enslaved Africans. Until recently, ary contexts and an understanding of JC virus (JCV) has been identified as a large geographic gaps existed in genetic their formation and composition can open useful, effectively vertically, and possibly samples from Africa, leading to poorly unique windows on population biology and maternally, transmitted haploid genetic defined areas (i.e., , , Congo, burial ritual. We demonstrate this as we marker for inferring human population and Zaire) where limited sampling of in- test the hypothesis that the ossuaries at history (Holmes 2004; Pavesi 2005). Pre- digenous African populations occurred. the colonial chapel of San Pedro de Mór- vious research has revealed significant The accumulation of genetic data compris- rope on the north coast of Peru represent discrepancies in the reconstructed world- ing lineage-defining markers such as straightforward exhumation and reburial, wide demographic history and basal mtDNA and the Y-chromosome from in- known from Old and New World churches branching patterns of JCV relative to digenous west and central African popula- alike in the effort to make space for new mtDNA and Y chromosome sequence data tions has sparked major interest in the interments. (Cann et al 1987; Wooding 2001; Under- use of DNA-based tests for African ances- We integrate multiple lines of data from hill et al 2001; Sugimoto et al 2002), con- try. I will discuss critical issues related to eight ossuaries, including stratigraphy, tradicting a global history of JCV and the construction of the African Lineage distribution of skeleton elements, bone human co-divergence and co-demography. Database (ALD), levels of genetic diversity breakage, forensic entomology, skeletal The goal of this research is to determine if across the African continent, and the health, and demography (including MNI JCV and human demography are corre- broad range of responses from the African and the seriation of sexually dimorphic lated within regional populations and, if American community to DNA testing for features and multiple cranial, dental, and so, use JCV data to provide independent ancestry. pelvic age indicators). estimates of population genetic parame- MNI ranged from at least three to 74 ters important for the reconstruction of Functional morphology of new individuals. Non-random distribution of demographic history. Dryopithecus carpals from skeletal elements strongly favors crania We assembled a dataset of 237 previ- Rudabánya, Hungary and long bones. These burials likely do not ously published coding region JCV DNA reflect a theoretically representative popu- sequences (~4850bps). We calculated es- T. L. Kivell, D. R. Begun. Dept. of Anthro- lation, skewed in favor of adult males and timates of Ne and time to most recent pology, University of Toronto. children lacking signs of morbidity, and common ancestor (TMRCA) for estab- adults exhibiting advanced degenerative lished regional populations (European, The functional morphology of a right joint lesions in the arms and wrists. Ex- African, Asian and AfroAsian) using a scaphoid and capitate from the late Mio- amples of perimortem bone breakage ac- Bayesian coalescent method and investi- cene site of Rudabánya, Hungary are de- companied by insect activity suggest some gated historical trends in Ne using the scribed. The body of the scaphoid (RUD exhumed individuals were not fully de- Bayesian skyline plot method (Drummond 202) is largely complete but the tubercle is composed and were exposed for 30 days or et al 2005) as implemented in the BEAST broken at the waist. RUD 167 is a nearly more. v1.0 coalescent analysis program (Drum- complete capitate of comparable overall We reject the hypothesis, and argue mond & Rambaut 2003). Preliminary data size to the RUD 202. Linear and surface these ossuaries demonstrate hybrid Colo- show that TMRCA and Ne estimates for area measurements of carpal size and nial mortuary rituals based on pre- all African JCV sequences are much facet morphology are compared to extant Hispanic fertility rites involving inten- greater than those for European se- non-human hominoids, four cercopithe- tional reburial of select individuals. Syn- quences (~2.25 and ~2.5 times greater, coids and Proconsul, Sivapithecus and thesizing taphonomic, archaeological, and respectively), consistent with greater age Oreopithecus. Multivariate analyses re- bioarchaeological data can thus shed light and diversity of JCV in Africa. These re- veal that RUD 202 clusters more strongly on both population biology and the en- sults suggest that JCV data may be able with Hylobates and Pongo and to a lesser coded meanings embodied in mortuary to provide estimates of human population extent with Gorilla. RUD 167 clusters practices, contributing to a biocultural genetic parameters that are independent most strongly with Pongo and is in close reconstruction of the past. of human genomic systems. proximity to Proconsul and Gorilla. The The Wenner-Gren Foundation, The interpreted positional behavior of RUD Ohio State University Office of Interna- 167 and RUD 202, based on the functional tional Affairs, and The Ohio State De- AAPA Abstracts 115

partment of Anthropology funded this identified ethnicity, self-perceived admix- This project was supported by the Na- research. ture proportions, social environment, and tional Geographic Society, National Sci- familial history is obtained. Relationships ence Foundation (BCS-0202329), the H. PIMA (portable infrared mineral ana- between genetic ancestry and self- John Heinz III Foundation, and the Uni- lyzer) as a quick and non-destructive perceived ancestry/ethnicity are examined versity of Wisconsin. tool for forensic anthropology. as well as the perception of others’ degree of shared ancestry as judged from facial Population structure analysis from L. Klepinger, S. Wisseman. Dept. of An- photographs where both respondent and prehistoric skeletal material. thropology, Program on Ancient Technolo- photographed individuals have known gies and Archaeological Materials, Uni- degrees of genetic admixture. Results L.W. Konigsberg1, J.E. Buikstra2. 1Depart- versity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. generally show that genetic admixture is a ment of Anthropology, University of Ten- moderately good predictor of a variety of nessee, Knoxville, 2Center for Bioarchae- The portable infrared mineral analyzer traits, and that these are influenced by ological Research, School of Human Evo- (PIMA) uses short wave infrared harmon- social and cultural factors. Implications lution and Social Change, Arizona State ics of bending and stretching modes of concerning human evolutionary ecology University. molecular bonds to elucidate crystalline and human diversity are discussed. and compositional variations in several As a result of the advent of aDNA stud- materials. Originally designed for field The life history of an Inka sacrifice ies, morphological analyses of prehistoric mineral analysis, it has proven useful in using archaeological chemistry. skeletal material are viewed by some as analysis of archaeological ceramics. Here relatively pedestrian and uninformative. we report its application to biomaterials K.J. Knudson1, J. Yaeger2, D.E. Blom3. The analysis of bones and teeth them- from forensic scenes and sites. Surface 1Center for Bioarchaeological Research, selves (as opposed to the DNA contained spectra are quickly taken by placing the School of Human Evolution and Social within them), however, still has an impor- object flush with the window lens roughly Change, Arizona State University, tant place within physical anthropology the size of a contact lens. 2Department of Anthropology, University because: 1) preservation, political, and Bone has a distinctive twin peak in the of Wisconsin at Madison, 3Department of other issues may preclude the extraction area of 1700 nm. that is the result of col- Anthropology, University of Vermont. of aDNA, 2) sample sizes for aDNA analy- lagen, not apatite. The spectrum of Knox ses are typically quite limited when com- gelatin is nearly identical to that of bone, In the Inka Empire, an important ritual pared to sample sizes for morphological whereas the spectra of geologic apatites practice involved sacrificing children to analyses, and 3) the number of independ- differ significantly. Because burning the apus, or regional deities, located in ent loci sampled in aDNA studies is typi- reduces collagen, the spectrum can distin- provinces across the empire. Despite an cally quite small. What aDNA studies do guish sun-bleached from calcined bone, as abundance of archaeological and ethnohis- provide, aside from a known genetic sys- well as a stained from a charred surface. torical data on the capacocha and related tem, is a framework for assessing past The collagen peaks can remain in un- rituals, many questions surround the studies of population structure made from burned bone for centuries. Tooth enamel identity of these children. Spanish ac- skeletal morphology. In this sense, there has very reduced collagen peaks, com- counts relate that children from the prov- is nothing particularly unique to aDNA pared to bone. inces came to the capital in Cuzco before studies, as they are typically founded on Hair also exhibits strong collagen then traveling to the region where they the coalescent model, the same type of peaks, which may distinguish it from look- would be sacrificed. Where were these model (genetic drift) on which past studies alike insulating materials. Fingernails children from? Were they chosen from of population structure are founded. and turtle shell (really bone) also show the local populations near their site of sacri- Where the two types of analyses (aDNA collagen twin peaks. The collagen twin fice? Or were they brought in from distant and morphological) diverge is in terms of peaks can distinguish many biomaterials regions under Inka control? appropriate analytical methods, with from skillfully made casts, wigs, or other Here we combine archaeological chem- some researchers being misled into think- materials. istry and bioarchaeology to investigate the ing that mismatch and intermatch distri- life history of an individual buried in an butions are an appropriate tool for analyz- Genetic admixture, phenotype, and Inka dedicatory sacrifice in front of the ing discrete skeletal morphology. To show perception of admixture in Hispanics Pumapunku pyramid at Tiwanaku as an the proper role of morphometric analyses, and Native Americans in New Mexico. apparent capacocha offering. Strontium we re-analyze nonmetric cranial discrete and oxygen isotope analysis of dental and traits from prehistoric West Central Illi- Y. Klimentidis. Department of Anthropol- skeletal elements that formed at different nois skeletal material (N = 1,082), which ogy, University of New Mexico. times over this individual’s life show Konigsberg (1990) previously analyzed movement between different geologic and within an isolation by distance model. Examining admixed populations is use- environmental zones. More specifically, Our reanalysis makes use of more recent ful for disease mapping, characterizing while the strontium isotope signatures developments that allow for estimation of inter-population differences, and for ex- (87Sr/86Sr) in three tooth enamel and two Fst, thus setting the context for the follow- ploring interactions between genetic ad- bone samples are within the Lake Titicaca ing symposium. mixture and various personal, social, and Basin signatures, the variability in the phenotypic outcomes such as BMI, % body isotope signatures implies movement Metric and non-metric variation in fat, skin pigmentation, and facial features. within the Basin or a geologic zone with a the clavicle of the Monongahela. This study considers a population of His- similar strontium isotope signature. How- panics and Native Americans from the ever, oxygen isotope analysis of the same M.E. Kovacik, J.H. Schwartz. Depart- state of New Mexico. A panel of AIMs dental and skeletal elements show that ment of Anthropology, University of Pitts- (Ancestry Informative Markers) is used to the oxygen isotope ratios (δ18Osc) are lower burgh. classify individuals along the European- than measured oxygen isotope ratios in Native American ancestry spectrum. groundwater and archaeological human This is part of a larger study of skeletal Measurements of skin pigmentation, remains from the Basin; these data imply variation in Monongahelans from Camp- height, weight, % body fat as well as facial that this individual spent time at a lower bell’s Farm, California, PA (1050-1100 photographs are obtained from each indi- altitude and is not in fact from the Lake CE). The Monongahela were horticul- vidual. In addition, various data on self- Titicaca Basin. turalists, whose staple crop was maize 116 AAPA Abstracts

(Johnson, et al. 1989). This study investi- silera (27º 20' S and 58º 40' W) in northern tolerant of food-motivated offspring. gates whether clavicular metric and non- Argentina. We recorded 319 displace- Overall, aye-ayes engaged in behaviors metric variation reflects occupational ments and registered who was leading the that are conducive to social learning sig- stress and/or male/female division of la- progression and the number of changes in nificantly more than ruffed lemurs. This bor. Metric variants included: mesi- leadership during feeding, resting and interspecific contrast helps to identify a olateral length, anteroposterior widths of intergroup-encounters. Considering all broad suite of features in species that inner/outer ends, minimum width, anter- behavioral contexts together, there were require extensive skill learning during oposterior width at conoid tubercle, height no significant differences in the sex that development. Furthermore, social learn- of inner end, circumference, thickness led movement (X2=0.2,df=1,p>0.05). Fe- ing appears to be a critical component of index, and indices of inner/outer ends. males led movement to feeding sites and skilled development, thus providing Non-metric variants included rhomboid resting sites more often than did males, skilled foragers with a capacity for cul- fossae and articular facets on the conoid and males led movement to intergroup ture. tubercle. encounters more often than females Bilateral asymmetry was significant in (G=17.2, df=2,p<0.05). There were no sig- Anatomical incongruity of the width of inner end (p=0.006, n=14), mini- nificant differences between the number glenohumeral joint in primates. mum width (p=0.008, n=23), width at of false starts and the sex of the initiator conoid tubercle (p=0.013, n=24), and index (G=0.48,df=1,p>0.05). C. Krause, M. Schmidt, M.S. Fischer. of outer end (p=0.029, n=14). Significant Females may benefit from leading Institute of Systematic Zoology and Evolu- sex differences were found in length movement to feeding sites if this enables tionary Biology and Phyletisches Mu- (p=0.004, n=9), width of outer end them to increase access to food resources. seum, University of Jena. (p=0.059, n=7), and circumference Males played an important role in leading (p=0.012, n=10). Rhomboid fossae were the group during inter-encounter groups The anatomical incongruity of the found in 91.7% of right (n=24) and 88.5% that related to territorial and group coop- glenohumeral joint surface areas were of left (n=26) clavicles. Articular facets on erative defense. Additional relationships determined through direct surface area the conoid tubercle were present in 16.7% between troop leadership and howler be- measurements by using an optical three- of right (n=24) and 4.3% of left (n=23) havioral ecology are discussed. dimensional digitizer in cooperation with clavicles. Non-metric variation did not Funded by The Leakey Foundation, The the Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Op- differ significantly with sex (p>0.05); how- Wenner- Gren Foundation, American tics and Precision Engineering (IOF) in ever, an articular facet was more frequent Association of Primatologists, University Jena, Germany. The left humerus and on the right clavicle (p<0.05). Occupa- of Illinois and Ideawild Inc. scapula of up to now 145 specimen belong- tional stress and sexual dimorphism may ing to 42 mammalian genera were exam- account for significance of data with re- Social influence on the development ined. gard, respectively, to asymmetry and sex. of foraging in Aye-Ayes (Daubentonia Preliminary data of glenohumeral sur- Non-sex-correlated variations, excluding madagascariensis) and Ruffed Le- face areas show that it is possible to dif- length, width of outer end, and circumfer- murs (Varecia variegata rubra). ferentiate between quadrupedal and sus- ence, may indicate similar male/female pensory locomotion by means of the de- activity. These data will be part of a lar- E.B. Krakauer, Dept. of Biological An- gree of incongruity. The latter type of ger examination of occupational stress thropology and Anatomy, Duke University locomotion may be initial for the high and division of labor among Monongahe- mobility of the glenohumeral joint which lans. Species with complex foraging behav- is proofed for genera like Hylobates and iors may require extensive skill learning, Symphalangus (Hylobatidae). To which A preliminary study of troop leader- particularly social learning, to develop extent the differences within quadrupeds ship during travel in black and gold adult-level competency. Uniquely among are due to locomotion type, different load howler monkeys. prosimians, aye-ayes display tap-foraging levelling or body size needs to be exam- behavior, a coordinated series of tapping, ined carefully. M. Kowalewski1,2, V. Fernandez2, G. gnawing, and extraction of wood-boring Cineradiographic studies on mammal- Zunino2. 1Dept. of Anthropology- larvae. Krakauer (2005) reported that ian locomotion including quadrupedal University of Illinois at Urbana- immature aye-ayes rely on social learning, primates showed that the mobility of the Champaign, 2Estación Biológica Corri- including food sharing and peering, to glenohumeral joint cannot solely be ex- entes-Museo Argentino de Cs. Naturales, develop tap-foraging skills. In this study I plained by locomotion but is probably Argentina. explored whether other lemur species rely determined by other forms of motion like on the same degree of social learning as grooming, feeding, reaching, etc., which in Sex-biased behaviors are common in aye-ayes during foraging development. I this context will be called “idiomotion”. non-human primates. They involve differ- compared aye-aye foraging development to We assume that the degree of mobility is ential resource and risk allocations as that of a similar-sized prosimian, the intimately connected with this non- functions of their anticipated reproductive ruffed lemur, which is a straightforward locomotive behaviour. Direct examination output. Greater direct female investment frugivore. Behavioral and experimental of these idiomotional parameters in con- in reproduction implies that females data were collected at the Duke Univer- nection with anatomical structures are should influence travel decisions affecting sity Primate Center, Durham, NC, USA, not available for such a diverse group of foraging efficiency more than males. We and the Durrell Wildlife Conservation mammals. So a comparative study of the explored evidence of sex-biased differences Trust, Jersey, Channel Islands, on imma- mobility of the shoulder joint needs to be in both travel progression and the initia- ture aye-aye (n=4) and ruffed lemur (n=4) made within and between primates and tion of group movement in Alouatta foraging development and novel food other mammals to find out if there are caraya. avoidance. Results show that the onset of any convergent findings or similarities in Data were compared across three activi- aye-aye foraging is markedly delayed rela- mechanisms for compensation of distur- ties, feeding, resting, and encounters with tive to ruffed lemurs. Aye-ayes co-fed bance. neighboring groups. Group leadership was with, shared food with, and peered at, defined by the sex of the individual initiat- mothers significantly more than ruffed Biomechanics of the mandible: Re- ing and ending progression. Two groups of lemurs, and demonstrated greater neo- sults from experimental impact test- A. caraya were followed 5 days a month phobia towards novel foods. Additionally, ing. from May to November 2004 on Isla Bra- only aye-aye mothers were found to be AAPA Abstracts 117

A.M. Kroman, T.A. Kress, S.A. Symes through an analysis of their patterns of alignment - has enhanced the understand- anterior dental microwear. ing of the qualitative alterations of 3D The geometry of the mandible makes Human dental remains of 100 individu- bone architecture caused by various un- investigation of its biomechanical proper- als from the Point Hope collection curated derlying pathologies such as tuberculosis ties a complex subject. Previous research at the American Museum of Natural His- or syphilis. Also, the bony microarchitec- has focused on everything from cross sec- tory were sampled. Sex determination ture appears completely different at local- tional geometry, internal architecture, was made using standard osteological izations of only a few millimeters distance. and the application of beam theory. In techniques. Dental molds and casts were Thus, µCT makes it much easier to find this study we used geometry and engi- produced for 25 males and 25 females the critical structures in the whole 3D neering analysis to predict fracture loca- each for both the Ipiutak and the Tigara volume of a particular specimen. tion and patterns. 15 human mandibles samples. Qualitative composite images of from fresh fully fleshed cadaver heads the dental microwear defects have been So early hominids grew up like apes -- were impacted during the testing. Five created in order to highlight dental sur- now what? were impacted in the mental region, five face features such as pits, scratches, and in the body of the mandible, and five in polish. K.L. Kuykendall. Department of Archae- the region of the gonial angle. All testing Preliminary results indicate distinctive ology, University of Sheffield. was conducted using an engineering drop differences in the patterns of occlusal tower system. Load cells in the drop surface defects between the male and This paper reviews recent research tower impactor allowed for monitoring of female dentitions from Point Hope. Addi- concerning life history evolution in early force through out the event, and recorded tionally, female Ipiutak incisors show a hominids in an attempt to reconcile avail- the peak force at which failure occurred. higher incidence of surface defects when able evidence for early hominid growth All of the mandibles were fitted with compared to their Tigara counterparts and development with predictions of life strain gauges, which measured the suggesting a greater frequency of more history theory. When questions about changes in stress and strain of different demanding paramasticatory activities. early hominid life history were first regions of the mandible during the impact raised, debate centered on whether early event. After impact, the mandibles were Value of micro-computed tomography hominids were characterized by a 'human- processed and the fracture patterns exam- versus light microscopy analysis for like' prolonged period of growth and de- ined and charted. The biomechanical human historic bone samples. velopment, which was cited as a prerequi- response of the mandible to external force site for key ‘human’ cultural and cognitive is more complex than simple beam theory G. Kuhn1, R. Müller2, M. Schultz3, F.J. behaviors. It is now recognized that the dictates, due to intrinsic factors and the Rühli1,4. 1Institute of Anatomy, University australopithecines and early members of complicated geometry and the constraints of Zürich, Switzerland, 2Institute for Bio- the genus Homo grew up 'like apes' with imposed by adjacent bony structures, pri- medical Engineering, ETH and University shorter periods of growth and develop- marily the interface with the temporo- Zürich, Switzerland, 3Department of ment compared to modern humans. Gen- mandibular joint. As expected, the biome- Anatomy, Georg August University of erally, this finding fits the predictions chanics of mandible fractures can be char- Göttingen, Germany, 4Institute for the primate and hominid life history models, acterized by the direction of force, magni- History of Medicine, University of Zurich, since at least some early hominids were tude of force, and geometry of the impact Switzerland. small-brained & small-bodied. Likewise, area. Experimental results were consis- Paranthropus is characterized by shorter tent with the engineering analysis for A common way to examine historic bone periods of dental (and presumably so- prediction of fracture location. pathologies is the use of conventional X- matic) development compared to Austra- ray and computed tomography (CT). Yet, lopithecus, conforming to life history pre- Anterior dental microwear of the both methods are not able to visualize the dictions for species subsisting on low- prehistoric Point Hope communities. microarchitecture of the bone, which pro- quality diets. vides the most information in terms of Other findings do not as neatly fit ex- K.L. Krueger. Department of Anthropol- pathological alterations. Until now only pectations based on life history models. ogy, Western Michigan University. histological methods could provide such While some species of early Homo were at insights. Micro-CT (µCT) is a relatively least moderately larger-brained and lar- The prehistoric coastal communities of new non-invasive method for high resolu- ger-bodied than the australopithecines, Point Hope, Alaska have been considered tion 3D visualization of bone (Feldkamp et analyses suggest that a significantly pro- important Arctic archaeological sites since al., 1989; Rüegsegger et al., 1996). Sur- longed dental (or somatic) developmental their initial excavations in 1939. The prisingly, the literature database Med- period only evolved in Neanderthals and majority of the archaeological artifacts are line® contains e.g., no single publication modern humans. Crown formation times grouped into two temporally distinct cul- about the visualization of osteomyelitis, in these taxa are in fact shorter, and den- tural components, the Ipiutak (2100- syphilis, Paget’s disease or tuberculosis by tal emergence times earlier, than life his- 1500BP) and the Tigara (800-300BP). means of µCT. We present the first ever tory models would predict from brain size Although debated, Arctic archaeologists application of µCT in the assessment of alone. This suggests that multiple factors have suggested that the Ipiutak depended bone architecture in a vast range of his- are ‘driving’ life history evolution, and heavily on land mammals with only sea- toric bone pathology samples (Rühli et al., that some have constrained the effect of sonal reliance on sea mammals, whereas 2005). increased brain size on early hominid life the Tigara relied primarily on sea mam- Bone fragments from an early 20th cen- history. mals including whales. While both groups tury AD human pathology reference series clearly utilized foraging subsistence (Galler collection, Institute for the History Life history perspectives on growth, economies, the contrasts in their food of Medicine University of Zurich / Natural productivity and adult physiology acquisition strategies would have placed History Museum Basel Switzerland; Rühli and function. different demands on the males and fe- et al., 2003) have been examined by μCT males, particularly with regard to pa- (μCT 40 Scanco Medical) and by light C.W. Kuzawa. Department of Anthropol- ramasticatory behavior. This paper ad- microscopy. ogy, Northwestern University. dresses aspects of the gender-based divi- The application of µCT – despite its sion of labor in the Ipiutak and Tigara restrictions in terms of maximal sample Comparative mammalian studies reveal size and its lack of information on collagen that, much like metabolic rate, inter- 118 AAPA Abstracts

specific variation in growth rate and off- data from these “ancillary” sources can be siamangs have noted extensive male in- spring birth size scale tightly with adult used to: 1) “flesh out” behaviors surround- volvement in infant care during the sec- body mass. These relationships suggest ings the infliction of wounds recorded in ond year of life, patterns of infant care deeply-conserved connections between bone; 2) more accurately identify and among wild siamangs have not been body size and metabolism that constrain quantify wound and victim frequencies, documented in detail, and the function of allocation to growth and reproduction. thereby permitting better assessment of male care in siamangs remains poorly Inter-specific models of mammalian life population-level impacts of violence; and understood. In this study, I collected be- history assume a continuity across the life 3) better contextualize these data within a havioral data from five wild siamang cycle in excess metabolic capacity, or pro- broader theoretical framework of violence groups at the Way Canguk Research Sta- ductivity: during the growing years, a and warfare causation models, as well as tion in southern Sumatra from shortly portion of productivity is devoted to build- other models that invoke violence and after the birth of an infant to age 15-24 ing the body, and after the cessation of warfare as causal factors in social change. months to test hypotheses about the func- growth, a similar metabolic fraction is tion of male care in siamangs. devoted to reproductive expenditures. Saltatory growth biology, dynamic Male care may function as a form of This framework may help shed light on systems and selection. parental investment by improving infant the now widely-described relationships survivorship or quality. Alternatively, between early life nutrition and growth M. Lampl. Department of Anthropology. male care may function as a form of court- and later function and physiology in Emory University. ship. Finally, male care may function as a adulthood. However, given that the com- form of investment in female fertility, plex developmental stages of the human At the level of the whole body, a growth reducing the energetic burden on females lifecycle are characterized by different process characterized by intermittent and shortening inter-birth intervals. growth velocities, it is not clear at what saltatory spurts permits complex net- Each of these hypotheses generates pre- stage growth rate should most tightly works of deterministic and stochastic dictions that could be directly or indirectly correlate with adult functional or repro- components to be integrated as the body tested using available data. As these ductive outcomes. Moreover, given this undergoes growth, differentiation and hypotheses are not mutually exclusive, human pattern, what are the long-term aging. A saltatory event is an outcome of male care may also have multiple func- implications of developmental plasticity, endogenous signals coupled to physiologi- tions. The results of this study were not such as growth faltering or catch-up cal responses as the organism interacts consistent with the courtship hypotheses, growth? This paper will explore the links with the environment. Variability in the while results of tests of the parental in- between growth and adult function, and timing and amount of growth at each sal- vestment hypothesis were mixed. The propose a model linking growth rate plas- tatory event permits maximum flexibility results of this study consistently sup- ticity with population variation in adult in a diversity of ecologies. ported the hypothesis that male care func- reproductive function and sexual dimor- Longitudinal studies employing a tions as an investment in female fertility. phism. growth event perspective, in which growth Funding was provided by the Leakey data are collected in parallel with biobe- Foundation, Sigma Xi, Fulbright, the Methods and sources for an informed havioral data, identify a sequence of be- Margaret and Herman Sokol Foundation, approach to the identification, quan- haviors that nonrandomly predict growth and New York University. tification, and interpretation of vio- saltations. These data generate hypothe- lent trauma in the bioarchaeological ses regarding candidate hormones that Health and disease in the Ipiutak and record. may drive or contribute to a cascade of Tigara of Point Hope, Alaska. signals involved in the timing and amount P.M. Lambert. Anthropology Program, of unique growth saltations. M. Latchaw1, C.E. Hilton2. 1Department Utah State University. Developing techniques to test these of Medicine, Northwestern University hypotheses in the laboratory is proving Feinberg School of Medicine, 2Department Reports of injuries attributable to vio- successful and is beginning to define out- of Anthropology, Western Michigan Uni- lence are common in the bioarchaeological lines of growth cascade biology. Aspects of versity. literature, and such injuries form the this cascade identify growth as a time of primary corpus of data for an increasing risk. Restricting growth to discrete tempo- Arctic foragers have long attracted an- number of biocultural studies. Sometimes ral events is an adaptive strategy and thropological interest for both their lagging behind this growing scholarly provides for a wide range of potential de- unique cultural patterns and their occupa- interest in osteological evidence of vio- velopmental pathways. A pulsatile system tion of extreme cold environments. Re- lence, however, is an informed approach to that reflects the integration of multi-nodal searchers have noted that the demands of the interpretation of these data in terms signals permits an interplay between the these polar lifeways most likely presented of injury/victim frequencies in death as- genome and the environment. By modify- greater health risks to these groups, espe- semblages and the living populations from ing its own pathway in terms of variable cially for prehistoric peoples. In order to which they derive, impacts of violence on pulsatile growth patterns, such a dynamic assess the relative patterns of environ- different sectors of society, and both system provides a mechanism by which mental and culturally induced stress as proximate and ultimate causation. The reproductive maturation can be attained well as the associated biological response data needed to construct such an interpre- in a diversity of environmental conditions. in such human groups, this study ana- tive framework are in many cases not lyzes postcranial pathological lesions in available from the existing bioarchae- Functions of male care of infants in two adult skeletal samples of pre-contact ological literature, but rather, must be siamangs (Symphalangus syndacty- Arctic foragers from Point Hope, Alaska. gleaned from alternative sources. These lus). The Ipiutak (2100-1500BP) and Tigara include: ethnographic, historic, and ar- (800-300BP) archaeological sites are situ- chaeological sources; historic and modern S. Lappan. Department of Anthropology, ated along the Chukchi Sea approximately medical reports; state and federal census San Diego State University. 150 miles above the Arctic Circle. The reports; and other government studies Ipiutak presumably relied seasonally on and publications (e.g., statistics on hunt- Siamangs are unusual among the gib- both land and sea mammals while the ing accidents). The purpose of this paper bons in that they display extensive male Tigara relied predominately on sea mam- is to expand on work by Lambert (1994, care of infants in the wild and in captivity. mals. Each subsistence strategy placed 1997) and Milner (2005) that explores how However, while previous studies of wild AAPA Abstracts 119

unique economic and physiological de- New Guinea, New Ireland, New Britain, much information on both the tempo and mands on adult males and females. and Bougainville, as had been previously the mode of hominid evolution. However, We examined the skeletons of 45 Ipiu- shown in the mtDNA results. The new until the fundamental molecular factors tak (25 males; 20 females) and 147 Tigara SNPs are K6 and K7, with K7 being underlying these changes are understood, individuals (81 males; 66 females) for mostly restricted to New Britain. knowledge of hominid skull evolution is postcranial evidence of fractures and in- limited. This project addresses the mo- fectious lesions. Pathological lesion types Conservation biology of Verreaux’s lecular/ morphological interface under a and frequencies were noted as well as sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi ver- comparative genomics framework by fo- their postcranial location. Results indi- reauxi): Prospective and retrospec- cusing on coding sequences experimen- cate a dramatic increase in the types and tive perturbation analyses. tally demonstrated to affect craniofacial incidence of lesions for both male and development, both early and later pattern- female Tigara with the shift towards an R.R. Lawler1,2, H. Caswell2. 1Dept. of An- ing, as well as suture morphogenesis. increased reliance on whale hunting when thropology, Boston University, 2Biology To date, 26 orthologous craniofacial compared to the non-whaling Ipiutak. Dept. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institu- gene trios have been extracted and Additionally, the Tigara exhibit a greater tion. aligned from the human (Homo sapiens), range of lesions indicative of infections chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) and ma- and infectious diseases. This analysis In this study, we employ two separate caque (Macaca mulatta) whole-genome contributes additional information to- analyses in order to understand how assemblies. Preliminary analyses of the wards understanding the range and vari- population growth rate (pgr) responds to ratio of non-synonymous to synonymous ability of health and disease associated changes in the population’s vital rates substitutions (KA/KS) among these trios with foraging economies. (rates of survival, growth, and fertility). reveal that most of these sequences do not Funding was provided by Grinnell Col- Prospective analyses are commonly used violate the neutral hypothesis of molecu- lege, Western Michigan University, and to inform management decisions and ask lar evolution (n=24). Yet the fossil record the American Museum of Natural History. the question: how would pgr change, given indicates the skull has undergone rela- a change in one or more of the vital rates? tively recent and rapid change in the Distributions of newly defined Y- Retrospective analyses examine how hominid lineage. Because a single amino chromosome haplogroups K6 and K7 variation in pgr is expressed a function of acid change can have dramatic effects on in Island . the (co)variation of the vital rates. These the encoded product, and hence pheno- analyses reveal how variation in growth, typic trait, the molecular position and K.E. Latham1, J.S. Friedlaender1, F.R. survival, and fertility contributes to varia- biochemical natures of the amino acid Friedlaender1, M.F. Hammer2, T.M. tion in pgr. Our prospective analysis was substitutions in all 26 genes are being Karafet3, G. Koki4, J.G. Lorenz5. achieved by developing a time-invariant, examined to consider structural, and po- 1Department of Anthropology, Temple five-stage matrix model using 17 years of tentially functional, changes in product. University, 2Anthropology Department, data collected on a wild population of Ver- Results of these analyses will be used to University of Arizona, 3Division of Bio- reaux’s sifaka. Using this matrix model, investigate overall patterns of change technology, University of Arizona, 4PNG we calculated sensitivity and elasticity among these three species. Future re- Institute for Medical Research, PNG, values that capture the prospective de- search will include analyses of expression 5Coriell Institute for Medical Research, pendency of how pgr would change, given differences in these genes among these Camden, NJ. a change in a vital rate. Our retrospective species. analysis draws from matrix models devel- Comparisons of human genetic varia- oped from the first half and last half of the A new approach to dental sexual di- tion in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) 17-year dataset. From these matrices, we morphism in the Krapina Neander- and in the non-recombining portion of the decompose temporal variation in pgr into tals. Y chromosome (NRY) often have tended to contributions from the temporal variation show distinct differences. Within Island in the vital rates. Our results show that S.-H. Lee. Department of Anthropology, Melanesia, the mtDNA haplogroups show pgr is most sensitive to transitions into University of California at Riverside. considerable island-by-island distinctions maternity, and less dependent on survival and geographic constraint, and have con- and growth of reproductively immature Sexual dimorphism is an important siderable antiquity dating to 50,000- animals. We also find that variation in component of morphological variation, and 40,000 BP. Previous studies of the NRY survivorship of mothers contributes the has been extensively studied in associa- did not detect similar variation or age. largest amount to variation in pgr. Our tion with other variables related to socio- Several demographic interpretations have results suggest that the long-term viabil- ecology, adaptation, phylogeny, and be- been put forth to explain this distinction. ity of the sifaka population depends on havior. The most frequently used meas- However, this apparent disparity may recruitment of females into motherhood urement of sexual dimorphism in size is a simply be the result of a bias in the ascer- and is less dependent on the survival of ratio between male and female averages; tainment of genetic variation in the non- pre-reproductive females. direct comparisons have been limited us- recombining portion of the notoriously This project was supported by a N.S.F. ing this measurement because it does not invariant Y chromosome versus the Postdoctoral Fellowship in Bioinformatics have a sampling distribution. This paper mtDNA, which is highly variable, espe- awarded to RRL (DBI-0305074). proposes that the mean of ratios be used cially in the control region. instead of the ratio of means. This new The identification of several new NRY A comparative genomics approach to way of quantifying sexual dimorphism is single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) primate craniofacial evolution. useful as it is associated with a variance, have added increased differentiation to which allows statistical comparisons be- the macrohaplogroup K in Island Melane- H.A. Lawson1, A.M. Lesk2, W. Miller2, tween populations or species. Using a sia, and have shown that NRY variation K.M. Weiss1. 1Department of Anthropol- data resampling approach, the new quan- in Island Melanesia is approximately ogy, Penn State University, 2Center for tification of sexual dimorphism can be equivalent with mtDNA diversity. These Computational Genomics and Bioinfor- estimated for samples of unknown sex. analyses may overcome the ascertainment matics, Penn State University. The question of whether sexual dimor- of bias associated with NRY variation in phism decreased or was in stasis through- this region of the world by showing clear Changes in primate craniofacial size out the evolutionary history of the genus differentiations between the islands of and shape are well documented, providing Homo is examined. Dental materials from 120 AAPA Abstracts

Krapina are analyzed to test the hypothe- somatometrics, were matched with pater- which indicates a poorly developed carpal sis of no change between Krapina and nity data based on microsatellite loci. tunnel. There is a distinctive, mediolater- other hominid dental samples of earlier Fisher's reproductive value and number of ally directed “spiral” facet for articulation and later periods: Sima de los Huesos, offspring sired are estimated, along with a with the triquetrum that is similar to that Zhoukoudian, and Předmostí. The results rate-sensitive measure of individual fit- of pronograde lemurs and Old World show the null hypothesis cannot be re- ness (lambda). Status (alpha vs. nonal- monkeys. The pollex is very reduced and jected: i.e., there is no demonstrable dif- pha) is also analyzed. represents only 48% of the length of meta- ference among these samples. However, Only 16 of the males in this population carpal V, as in Archaeolemur and Avahi. sampling error cannot be excluded as an sired. Canine size precisely matches re- Compared to Archaeolemur, the shaft of explanation. It is concluded that we sim- productive output, increasing as the tooth metacarpal V is more gracile and the head ply may not have enough data in fossil erupts and declining in the last 1/3 of the has no dorsal ridge. Proximally, the ar- samples to examine sexual dimorphism lifespan as the tooth wears. Both vari- ticular facet for the hamate is oriented with statistical rigor. ables are maximized between 10 and 12 more dorsally. Thus, the carpometacarpal years of age. Sires have significantly lar- joint V may have a distinctive “hyperex- Genetic diversity in the : ger canines than nonsires, but body di- tended” set that has no analogue among Gm and Inv markers in some Nepali mensions do not differ according to repro- primates. The carpals of Hadropithecus and Tibetan populations. ductive status. Alphas have significantly are diagnostic of a pronograde, arbo- higher fitness than nonalpha sires, but terrestrial locomotor repertoire without P. Lefèvre-Witier1, M.S. Schanfield1. not larger canines. A postreproductive suspensory or climbing specializations. 1CNRS – France; 2George Washington period is observed among the oldest Although highly derived, the hand of University, D.C. males. Hadropithecus shares several similarities Canine tooth length largely determines with that of its sister taxon Archaeolemur, We report in this study the polymor- the schedule of reproduction in mandrills, including a very reduced pollex and an phisms of the Gm and Km markers of the with the intensity of sexual selection enigmatically large prepollex. immunoglobulins in different casts or maximized during the brief window of Supported by NSERC (PL) and NSF ethnic groups of Nepal population sam- peak canine size. Big canines increase the BCS-0129185 (DAB, WLJ, and LRG). pled in Kathmandu and Kali Gandaki likelihood of siring offspring. The tight valleys, and Tibetans settled in the refu- correlation between canine size and re- Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains gee camps of Jawalakhel (Kathmandu) production provides direct insights into from the contact period in North and Tashi Ling (Pokhara). These samples life history parameters in fossils. We America: Implications for the evolu- have been tested for eleven (11) Gm allo- discuss the implications of these results tionary history of TB. types and two (2)à Km ones. The resulting for measures of selection. Gm phenotypes can be explained by nine This research was supported by the M.E. Leonard, J.E. Buikstra, A.C. Stone. (9) haplotype combinations. The haplo- Leverhulme Trust, project grant award School of Human Evolution and Social types reveals in Nepal a large admixture (No. F/01576/B). Change, Arizona State University. of ‘caucasoïd’ and ‘mongoloïd’ genes of populations related to different geographi- New hand bones of Hadropithecus The existence of tuberculosis in the cal localizations following their gene fre- stenognathus: implications for the New World prior to European contact has quencies and genetic comparisons with paleobiology of the Archaeolemuri- been confirmed with the identification of a Asian neihbours. Tibetans appear more dae. 123 base pair (bp) segment of IS6110, an homogenous surely because most of indi- insertion sequence unique to species of the viduals of the sample belong to the Drog P. Lemelin1, M.W. Hamrick2, L.R. God- Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex, in a Pa, a pastoral large tribe of west Tibet. A frey3, W.L. Jungers4, D.A. Burney5. 1Div. 1000-year old Peruvian mummy. How- clear genetic structure is displayed in this of Anatomy, University of Alberta, Ed- ever, the strains present in the Peruvian part of the Himalayas. monton, 2Dept. of Cellular Biology and remains have not been phylogenetically Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, defined. This project uses silent single Fitness and canine size in male man- 3Dept. of Anthropology, University of nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to place drills (Mandrillus sphinx). Massachusetts at Amherst, 4Anatomical ancient New World tuberculosis strains in Sciences, Stony Brook University, a phylogenetic context. 200-300 year old S.R. Leigh1, J.M. Setchell2,3, M. Charpen- 5National Tropical Botanical Garden, Ka- skeletal remains from the Arikara, a tier4, L.A. Knapp2, E.J. Wickings3. laheo. North American Indian population that 1Department of Anthropology, University inhabited the Missouri River Valley, were of Illinois, 2Department of Biological An- A partial and associated skeleton of tested for the presence of M. tuberculosis thropology, Cambridge University, 3 Cen- Hadropithecus stenognathus (AHA-I) was DNA. The remains were selected for tre Internationale de Recherches Medi- discovered in 2003 at Andrahomana Cave skeletal indicators of miliary tuberculosis. cales de Franceville, Gabon, 4Centre in southeast Madagascar. Among the A subset (n=7) yielded PCR product for d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, postcranial elements found were the first the 123 bp IS6110 fragment. In addition, CNRS. hand bones attributed to this rare subfos- two primer sets designed to amplify short sil lemur (right scaphoid, right hamate, (100-120 bp) segments of the M. tubercu- Interspecific comparative analyses show left first metacarpal, and right and left losis genome yielded PCR products of the that primate canine tooth size dimor- fifth metacarpals). These elements were expected size. The PCR products were phism covaries with intermale competi- compared to those of (1) extant strepsir- cloned and sequenced, and the SNPs tion. However, relations between male rhines and cercopithecoids to infer the within the regions of interest were used to fitness and canine size have not been positional adaptations of Hadropithecus construct a neighbor-joining tree that demonstrated at the population level. We and (2) Archaeolemur to assess similari- includes the ancient strains and modern test the hypothesis that canine size cova- ties in hand morphology among ar- clinical TB isolates. Our results indicate ries with male reproductive output in chaeolemurids. the North American strains are more mandrills, the most dimorphic primate The scaphoid tubercle does not project closely related to the progenitor strain of species. palmarly as in suspensory and climbing the M. tuberculosis Complex than they are Data from 61 semi-free-ranging male taxa, and shows a facet for a sizeable pre- to M. bovis. mandrills, including canine length and pollex. The hamate has no hook at all, AAPA Abstracts 121

This project was supported by the mented in the craniofacial complex. The isometry (an expected slope of 1.0). Thus, George E. Burch Fellowship to Dr. Jane E. presence of sexual dimorphism in dental as brain size increases, the ratio of corpus Buikstra, George E. Burch Fellow in arch shape has been documented (AJODO callosum area to brain weight may become Theoretic Medicine and Affiliated Sciences 125:716-725, 2004). The mean female arch larger or smaller. For four published data- at the Smithsonian Institution, 2003- displays a longer and narrower arcade in sets, RMA slopes of cerebellum volume 2007. contrast to males. Whether these differ- against brain volume are: 1.067, 1.141, ences are also reflected in the mandible 1.294 and 1.038, indicating some positive Metabolic variation and adaptation (MD), was the subject of this investiga- allometry in all cases. As brain size in- to cold stress among indigenous cir- tion. creases, the ratio of cerebellum volume to cumpolar populations. To address this issue, a new approach, brain volume increases. RMA slopes for computational shape analysis (CSA) was the cerebellum are more consistent among W.R. Leonard1, J.J. Snodgrass2, M.V. developed. It is based on a Fourier- studies than for the corpus callosum. The Sorensen3. 1Department of Anthropology, wavelet representation, which is com- large variation among results for the cor- Northwestern University, 2Department of prised of two aspects: [1] elliptical Fourier pus callosum is atypical of other intras- Anthropology, University of Oregon, functions (EFFs), providing estimates of pecific morphometric datasets. This may 3Department of Anthropology, University global aspects, and [2] continuous wavelet be due to measurement error in defining of North Carolina. transforms (CWTs), generating objective the anatomical boundaries of the corpus estimates of localized features. Two MD callosum. Measurement error may be a Previous research has suggested that samples were obtained, one from the Edo significant limitation in evaluating human arctic populations have adapted to their Period (1600-1868) (n=42 ♀; n =52 ♂) from intraspecific brain allometry. cold, marginal environments through the National Science Center in Tokyo, and increased metabolic heat production. the other, cadaver material (~1905) (n=32 Native South American history exam- Recent studies of indigenous populations ♀; n=29 ♂) from the Kyoto University ined by generalized hierarchical of the Siberia and North America have Museum. modeling. confirmed these findings, and have shed Each mandible was positioned with the light on the physiological and genetic inferior side facing the camera. Only C.M. Lewis, Jr, J.C. Long. Department of mechanisms through which northern specimens with relatively complete denti- Human Genetics, University of Michigan populations adapt to their environments. tions were utilized to minimize the effect Medical School. This paper will examine patterns of varia- of bone resorption due to tooth loss. The tion in basal metabolic rate (BMR) in a MD outlines were digitized with 90 points. In this study, molecular genetic data sample of 177 men and 228 women from 5 Each MD was fitted with EFFs standard- are used to evaluate scenarios for the indigenous circumpolar populations of ized for size. Both EFFs and CWTs inde- initial peopling of South America and to North America and Siberia. Native popu- pendently detected differences in sexual infer subsequent population histories. A lations of the north show significant ele- dimorphism. The mean female MD is generalized hierarchical modeling ap- vations in BMR compared to reference longer when compared with males. These proach is applied to mean nucleotide gene values based on body weight and lean results demonstrate that CSA based on diversity from mtDNA hypervariable re- body mass. Contrary to earlier research, global aspects and localized feature ex- gion 1 sequences (n= 768) that represent the elevated BMRs of indigenous circum- traction, is a useful method for numeri- 22 South American, 3 Central American polar groups are not attributable to high cally characterizing complex irregularly- and 3 North American populations. We dietary protein consumption. Although shaped forms of the type encountered in evaluated 26 models representing differ- consumption of traditional high pro- the biological sciences. ent genetic relationships within and tein/high fat diets does appear to increase among populations and regions. In the BMR by ~10%, northern populations con- Scaling of human brain components. process, we observed three major pat- suming non-traditional “mixed” diets still terns. i) The diversity in South America is show elevations in metabolic rate of about K.P. Lewis, R.J. Smith. Department of reduced from the total observed for North, 15-20% above reference values. Short- Anthropology, Washington University in Central, and South America. ii) Within term changes in thyroid hormone levels St. Louis. South America, there are complex re- appear to play an important role in in- gional differences in the extent and pat- creasing metabolic rate during the cold In recent years, there has been much tern of diversity. In the east, the diversity winter months. Additionally, it appears discussion regarding the interspecific within groups is low and the diversity that underlying genetic differences may scaling of brain components and their among groups is high. In the west, the regulate the influence of thyroid hormones relationship to overall brain size (e.g., diversity within groups is moderate, and on metabolic rate. We outline further Barton and Harvey, 2000; Finlay and the diversity among groups is low. iii) research directions for elucidating the Darlington, 1995). We have initiated a When the model permits this complex underlying mechanisms for metabolic series of investigations to examine similar patterning, we find that the eastern re- adaptation among indigenous northern issues for intraspecific brain size in adult gion harbors the entirety of diversity on populations. humans, and report here observations on the South American continent, whereas the corpus callosum and cerebellum. As the western region harbors only a portion Computerized shape analysis of the intraspecific correlation coefficients be- of the continental diversity. A single mi- Japanese mandible: Sexual dimor- tween brain size and brain components gration into South America followed by phism. are relatively low (0.20 – 0.50), differences regional differentiation is most parsimo- between reduced major axis (RMA) and nious explanation of the nested pattern of P.E. Lestrel1, F. Ohtsuki2, R.M. Cesar Jr.3, least squares (LS) regression slopes are diversity. We hypothesize that more fre- C.A. Wolfe4. 1Formerly, UCLA School of important. For three published datasets, quent fissions, extinctions, and bottle- Dentistry, 2Tokyo Metropolitan Univer- RMA slopes of corpus callosum cross- necks characterize the structure of east- sity, Tokyo, 3University of São Paulo, Bra- sectional area against brain volume are: ern populations, while an expansion of a zil, 4Wolfe Associates, Sylmar, California. 0.846, 1.636 and 1.243. All three studies single group characterizes the western indicate positive scaling of relative corpus populations. Although size differences due to sexual callosum size (given the expected slope of dimorphism are well established, differ- 0.66 for geometric similarity), but leave Biological indicators of hunter- ences due to shape are not well docu- unresolved the question of area-volume gatherer adaptation and cultural 122 AAPA Abstracts

change in the mid-Holocene Cis- anthropogenically dynamic landscapes. substances abused most commonly and Baikal. This study examines how Ateles geoffroyi conjointly during the period of prenatal uses a complex habitat mosaic in the low- development, and their consumption in A.R. Lieverse. Department of Anthropol- land wet and swamp forests at El Zota the human population has existed for ogy, Memorial University of Newfound- Biological Field Station, Costa Rica. Sur- many years and across many different land. veys utilizing line transect techniques cultures. It is hoped that the results pre- were conducted throughout the 1000 ha of sented will provide critical insight into the This investigation of the Cis-Baikal protected land to evaluate the effects of processes regulating the development of skeletal and dental record focuses on anthropogenic disturbance on Ateles den- bone and demonstrate the value of tera- health and lifestyle reconstruction of the sity. Transects were selected according to tology research to the anthropology com- region’s mid-Holocene foragers with par- habitat type and degree of disturbance munity, highlighting the value of cross- ticular interest in the circumstances sur- (plantation, gallery forest, secondary for- discipline collaborations. rounding an alleged fifth millennium BC est, swamp forest, mature and primary Supported by CTCRI 15017. biocultural hiatus (Weber 1995, Weber et forest). Transect length totaled 6.6 km al. 2002). The five cemetery populations accruing a cumulative distance of 110 km Characteristics of Pleistocene mega- considered – two representing the pre- from May-August 2005. Preliminary re- fauna extinctions in Southeast Asia. hiatus Kitoi culture and three the post- sults indicate Ateles successfully utilizes a hiatus Serovo-Glaskovo – provide an ex- wide range of habitats at the field station. J. Louys, D. Curnoe. Department of Anat- cellent opportunity not only to character- Adequate vegetation cover and food re- omy, University of NSW. ize boreal forest foraging adaptation, but sources combined with minimal poaching also to investigate cultural change in the activity support this interpretation. This The of large bodied taxa from region. Research focuses on three discrete study suggests behavioral plasticity is the Pleistocene in Southeast Asia is exam- lines of bioarchaeological inquiry: dental present among Ateles in response to regu- ined. Although the chronological resolu- enamel hypoplasia, osteoarthritis, and lated levels of tropical forest disturbance. tion of these extinctions is poor, and num- paleopathology (both skeletal and dental). Implementing similar conservation efforts ber of excavations in the region relatively Results reveal several discrepancies be- on local and global levels, along with am- few, broad characteristics of these extinc- tween the pre- and post-hiatus peoples, ple access to land management resources, tions are described. Many taxa which lending some support to previous asser- can reproduce the conditions currently became extinct appear to have been en- tions of distinct Kitoi and Serovo-Glaskovo observed at El Zota. demic to regions within Southeast Asia, adaptive regimes, particularly the nar- while some taxa which experienced ex- rower subsistence base and lower residen- The effect of substance abuse on tinction or severe range reduction oc- tial mobility of the former. For example, skeletal development: how the study curred in several regions. Members of the pre-hiatus individuals appear to have of teratology can benefit physical latter group include Stegodon, Hexaproto- suffered greater physiological stress than anthropology. don, Palaeoloxodon, Pongo, Crocuta, their successors, likely reflecting seasonal Hyaena, Ailuropoda, Tapirus, Megata- or annual fluctuations in resource avail- D.J. Livy1, W.J. Chen2. 1Division of Anat- pirus and . The loss of ability, and to have engaged in distinct omy, University of Alberta, Edmonton; these species cannot be assigned to a sin- activity patterns suggesting increased 2Department of Human Anatomy and gle cause. Rather their disappearance is (and sexually disparate) logistical foraging Medical Neurobiology, The Texas A&M likely tied to both climatic and human in response to reduced residential mobil- University Health Science Center, College agents. Unlike other regions which ex- ity. However, remarkable parallels have Station. perienced megafauna extinctions, eustatic also been observed between these two changes in sea level in Southeast Asia groups in terms of overall mobility, gen- With increasing frequency, physical seems to have been an important factor. eral health status, and numerous behav- anthropologists and skeletal biologists are ioral characteristics, suggesting a general being challenged to examine and evaluate Anomalies of dental development in pattern of continuity throughout the mid- bone specimens that have been exposed to modern humans and Homo floresien- Holocene period. Skeletal and dental data several different environmental insults. It sis. indicate that all occupants of the Cis- is important for these researchers to have Baikal employed variable but effective a good understanding of the results being J.R. Lukacs, G.C. Nelson, C. Walker. De- adaptive strategies: despite their docu- determined in other research areas such partment of Anthropology, University of mented differences, both pre- and post- as teratology, where environmental in- Oregon, Eugene. hiatus peoples appear to have been more sults are applied and then examined to than successful in exploiting the region’s determine the effects on development. The recent discovery of a dwarf hominin rich aquatic and terrestrial resources. For example, recent research in the field in Flores challenged consensus opinion on of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure has demon- biological variation in the genus Homo. Behavioral plasticity among black- strated how an environmental insult from LB 1, the only complete specimen from handed spider monkey (Ateles geof- the administration of alcohol during the Liang Bua, was determined to be an adult froyi) communities in a mosaic habi- critical period of intrauterine growth can female, who lived approximately 18 ky tat at El Zota Biological Field Station, impact the development of bone and that ago, and was one meter tall, with an endo- Costa Rica. this effect on bone growth and formation cranial volume of between 380 and 417 can be long-lasting, well into adulthood. cm3. The maxillary dentition of LB 1 pre- S.M. Lindshield. Department of Anthro- Such detrimental effects on bone growth sents an anomalous feature - bilateral pology, Iowa State University. have been shown in both irregular bones rotation of P4 - which investigators de- such as those in the craniofacial region scribed as an unusual anomaly not previ- Land conversion practices resulting in and for long bones such as the tibia. The ously described in any hominin. This deforestation pose a serious challenge to research presented here will examine the presentation places maxillary P4 rotation current conservation efforts. Arboreal effect of alcohol and nicotine exposure in evolutionary and genetic context by: a) forest-dwelling animals, such as primates, during the critical intrauterine growth presenting original data on P4 rotation in are especially at risk because of this activ- period on the on the development of long living and prehistoric samples of Homo ity. It is therefore imperative to assess the bones. Alcohol and nicotine are of particu- sapiens, b) reviewing clinical and patho- status of threatened species inhabiting lar importance because they are the two logical reports of rotation and associated AAPA Abstracts 123

dental anomalies, and c) considering the Qualitative and quantitative assess- scendants of Caribbean African slaves, evolutionary implications of dwarfism and ment of infraorbital surface topogra- who were brought to to dental anomalies in Homo floresiensis. phy in recent and fossil Homo. work on the construction of the Panama Axial rotation of maxillary P4s is not an Canal and the Costa Rican railroad or in uncommon dental variation, occurring S.D. Maddux, R.G. Franciscus. Depart- banana plantations through the entire with low but persistent frequencies in ment of Anthropology, University of Iowa. region. Less well known is the migration prehistoric and living South Asians and of people of East-Indian descent. among the Guanches, prehistoric inhabi- Infraorbital morphology has long played Since 2003, an international team of tants of the Canary Islands. Rotation of a role in genus Homo systematics, particu- anthropologists has been working with a maxillary P4s is clinically associated with larly for Homo sapiens and Neandertals, community of East-Indian descent located reduced (peg-shaped) or absent maxillary each of which is argued to possess a in Limon, Costa Rica. Initially, we col- lateral incisor teeth (I2) and with reduced unique infraorbital configuration. Most lected hair follicles for genetic testing, but or congenitally absent maxillary third studies of the infraorbital region have the follicles only yielded mtDNA markers. molars. The evolution of dwarf body size utilized either discrete coding or single We subsequently collected buccal swabs and the co-occurrence of a suite of dental linear chord and subtense measures that for Y-chromosomal markers. As of the anomalies (P4 rotation, I2 reduction and have failed to adequately assess the com- writing of this abstract, we have the M3 agenesis) in Homo floresiensis are plex topography of this region. mtDNA but not the Y-chromosomal mark- hypothesized to represent independent This study combines discrete coding ers ready for report. According to the ge- phenotypic consequences of geographic and 3D morphometrics to evaluate varia- nealogical reconstruction of the commu- isolation or in this instance, the island tion across the entire infraorbital region of nity by the cultural anthropologist in our effect. In Homo sapiens, this association of Homo sapiens and other members of team, we have at least a sample from each dental anomalies is significantly more Homo. Discrete coding of several infraor- and every one of the mitochondrial and common in females than males and is bital characteristics was conducted on 460 the Y-chromosomal lines in this group. therefore consistent with its expression in recent Homo sapiens crania from 9 glob- The mtDNA analysis yielded three hap- LB 1. ally diverse samples. 3D morphometrics logroups of East-Indian origin: M, U2a was then conducted on a subset of this and R6. These haplogroups have been The fate of the Greenland Norse: the sample (n=67), and casts of Middle and reported in different geographical areas of undramatic version Late Pleistocene hominids by using a laser India, and confirms reports from infor- to superimpose a standardized grid across mants that their ancestors came from N. Lynnerup. Laboratory of Biological the infraorbital region, and digitizing the different areas of the subcontinent. The Anthropology, University of Copenhagen. resultant grid intersection points. mtDNA analysis revealed a strong foun- Discrete coding analysis reinforces that der effect in the Indo-Costa Rican popula- The Norse who settled and lived in Homo sapiens is characterized by a de- tion. In addition, the high frequencies of Greenland AD1000-1500 provide a unique pressed infraorbital region, with only 2.6% Indian haplogroups (not found in other biological anthropological material for the of the sample lacking depression. Princi- Central and South-American populations) investigation of human and environ- pal components analysis following Pro- strongly indicate an Indian origin of this mental interaction. As a population, they crustes superposition of the 3D landmarks population. were generally secluded from much of the reveals that PC1 explains 41.3% of in- contemporary European medieval society, fraorbital shape and contrasts infraorbital Microwear and morphology: correla- and land suitable for their way of life was height and width, while PC2 (21.2%) con- tion between human molar mi- limited in Greenland. As such the trasts degree of infraorbital depression. crowear patterns and the mandibular Greenland Norse represent a relatively Both methodologies reveal lack of associa- corpus. isolated population, constrained in both tion between infraorbital depression and space and time. relative infraorbital width and height, P. Mahoney. Department of Archaeology, The skeletal remains of 450 Norse indi- geography, and sex in Homo sapiens. University of Sheffield. viduals have been analysed in terms of Interestingly, African Middle Pleistocene morphometry and non-metric traits (indi- specimens with complete infraorbital re- The mechanics of chewing can influence cating a homogenous population with no gions share equivalent levels of flat- the microscopic marks (microwear) on a admixture); stable isotope analyses (indi- ness/convexity found in Neandertals, thus tooth surface and the morphology of a cating changes in diet as well as climate requiring a reassessment of the actual mandible. Microwear can vary along the changes); and demographic modelling polarity of this trait in the broader genus molar row, seemingly in response to the based on both archaeological and biologi- Homo perspective. biomechanics of mastication. Aspects of cal data (indicating that simple migration jaw morphology, such as the size of the can account for the demise of settlements). A genetic analysis of an Indo-Costa corpus, can reflect the forces generated A further step will be clarifying the Rican population. while chewing. If both lines of enquiry genetic history of the Norse. Evidently, overlap in the aspects of function to which the genetic history of the Thule culture L. Madrigal1, R. Barrantes 2, M. Blell3, L. they are thought to respond then they Inuit must be examined also. We have Castrì4, D. Luiselli4, D. Pettener4, E. may the have potential to complement started these analyses by looking at Ruiz1. 1Department of Anthropology each other. The aim in the present ex- mtDNA variation, which showed complete University of South Florida, 2 Universidad ploratory study was to establish if mi- absence of European mtDNA types in a de Costa Rica, 3Department of crowear patterns along the molar row sample of 82 Greenland Inuit. Further- Anthropology, University of Durham, 4 were correlated with the size of a man- more, a study done in collaboration with Dipartimento di Biologia evoluzionistica e dibular corpus. British colleagues, found that Y- sperimentale, Laboratorio di Antropologia Digitized micrographs were taken with chromosomal diversity among present-day Molecolare, Università di Bologna a scanning electron microscope at the Greenlandic Inuit (N = 70) showed a bottom of facet nine on the first, second strongly male-biased European admixture The Atlantic coast of Central America and third mandibular molar, from an ar- to Inuit, which although probably is due to has been the recipient of large migrations chaeological sample of modern humans 18th century Danish-Norwegian colonisa- after its Native population nearly disap- (n=38) recovered from Semna South in tion of Greenland. peared following the invasion of Europe- northern Sudan (100bc-ad500). The size ans. Best known is the migration of de- and frequency of dental pits and scratches 124 AAPA Abstracts

were recorded from each micrograph and more extensive analyses of mitochondrial female with a physiologically dependent combined with size measurements taken and nuclear DNA sequences. infant, and a juvenile female. The exclu- from the corpus at the mid point of the sive territory of this group, at 6.25 ha, is first molar. Public interest in genetic ancestry the smallest within the sample Microwear was correlated with corpus testing. (mean=14.86, SD=3.89) and well-below width. Individuals with a narrow corpus the reported average of 17 ha for the spe- had significantly fewer and smaller R.S. Malhi1,3, A. Turner2. 1Trace Genetics, cies (Kappeler, 1981, 1984). Behavioral (length, width) pits and narrower Inc. A DNAPrint Genomics Company, profiles are discerned from focal group scratches on their first molar, compared to 2Rootsweb-DNA, 3Department of Anthro- scan data, and results from the analysis of either their second or third molar. Indi- pology, University of California, Davis. nearest neighbor and proximity mainte- viduals with a wide corpus had signifi- nance data indicate stable social relations cantly longer scratches on their first mo- The interest in genetic ancestry testing between both adult males and the adult lar, compared to either their second or has grown exponentially over the last 5 female (and infant). third molars. Some of the correlations years. Genetic ancestry testing companies Historical and ongoing patterns of hu- compared well to biomechanical predic- began by marketing to a niche segment of man disturbance are described, and impli- tions. genealogists, with an emphasis on Y- cations for both species-specific conserva- Study funded by the Institute of Human chromosome tests for surname studies. tion strategies and socio-ecological flexibil- Origins, Arizona State University. As the industry matured the interest in ity within the Hylobatidae are discussed. these tests has expanded beyond genealo- Our results from the analysis of remain- Sorting out population structure and gists to include the general public. The ing habitat, range use, and behavioral demographic history of the Tigara number of companies offering these tests data confirm the importance of under- and Ipiutak cultures using ancient has grown ten fold and the types of tests standing inter-population variability in DNA analysis. offered range from mitochondrial DNA light of specific ecological and anthropo- sequencing to biogeographic ancestry via genic parameters. B.C. Maley1, A.F. Doubleday2, F.A. the analysis of ancestry informative We acknowledge the financial support Kaestle2, K. Mowbray3. 1Department of markers. These tests have also begun to of the Chicago Zoological Society, the Cen- Anthropology, Washington University, be used to determine the inclu- ter for Asian and Pacific Studies at the 2Department of Anthropology, Indiana sion/exclusion of individuals in sociopoliti- University of Oregon, Sigma Xi, and the University, Bloomington, 3Division of cal groups such as Native American tribes American Society of Primatologists. Anthropology, American Museum of and to give African-Americans a sense of Natural History. connection to the land of their ancestors. Functional and evolutionary anatomy With this unprecedented growth in the of the primate atlas: A geometric Since the initial excavations at Point industry, genetic testing companies have morphometric approach. Hope, Alaska (Larson and Rainey, 1948), become the primary information providers scientists have been looking into the rela- on human biological diversity to the gen- E. Manfreda, P. Mitteroecker, K. Schaefer. tionship between the pre-contact Tigara eral public. In this presentation we will Dept. of Anthropology, University of Vi- (800-300 bp) and Ipiutak (2100-1500 bp) discuss the driving factors behind the enna cultures. Although dating is far from suf- growth in this industry and the challenges ficient, these two groups appear to have we face as genetic testing and information We present a geometric morphometric separate temporal associations, in addi- from DNA take on a more popular and study to quantify the relationship between tion to distinct archaeological assem- prominent place in our society. the morphology of the first cervical verte- blages. In order to better understand the bra, the atlas, and the locomotion pattern archaeological context of population The socio-ecology of the silvery gib- within primates. The cervical vertebral movement and history in what was and bon (Hylobates moloch) in the Cagar column bears the weight of the head continues to be a harsh locale vital to the Alam Leuweung Sancang (CALS), which is supported by the nuchal muscles peopling of the Americas, it is of funda- West Java, Indonesia. connecting the cervical vertebrae with the mental scientific importance that we sort head. The mass of the nuchal muscles out the relationship between these two N. Malone1, H. Oktavinalis2. 1 Department might depend on how a species balance groups and their relationship to modern of Anthropology and the Northwest Pri- the head during locomotion as well as on Inuit populations. mate Conservation Society, University of the overall size of a species. All these fac- Exploratory ancient DNA analyses were Oregon, 2 Konservasi Alam Nusantara, tors may result in a specific shape of the performed on tooth dentin samples from West Java, Indonesia atlas vertebra. In spite of these considera- five individuals associated with each tions, Ankel (1972) found that the verte- group to establish the level of DNA pres- Few data exist on the socio-ecology of bral morphology of Old and New World ervation and begin to explore the genetic silvery relative to other species monkeys remains uniform and that the relationship of these groups. Approxi- within the Family Hylobatidae. Here we taxonomic identification of single verte- mately 300 bp from the first hypervariable present information that will assist in the bral elements at the generic level is nearly segment of the mitochondrial D-loop was testing of ecological predictions for the impossible. amplified in three overlapping fragments evolution of hylobatid social organization Our analysis is based on a total of 116 and sequenced. and mating patterns. Data were collected vertebrae of Homo sapiens, Gorilla gorilla, Preliminary results show all individuals from a small population of silvery gibbons Pan troglodytes, Pongo pygmaeus, Hylo- successfully sequenced were members of (n=8 groups), and encompass the overall bates lar, Macaca mulatta, Papio hama- haplogroup A, which is found in frequen- ecology of the reserve, including: a popula- dryas, Ateles geoffroyi and Alouatta pal- cies up to 97% in modern Inuit popula- tion assessment, evaluation of territory liata. On every atlas 56 landmarks were tions. We will present preliminary phy- quality in both disturbed and undisturbed digitized and superimposed by a Pro- logenetic and statistical analyses of the areas, within and between group social crustes registration. The ensuing shape haplotypes to garner a clearer picture of behavior, and a summary of anthropo- variables were analyzed by principal com- levels of genetic variation, and the evolu- genic influences. The majority of intra- ponent analysis, and multivariate shape tionary forces acting upon these popula- group behavioral data were extracted regression. tions. Future work will entail DNA ex- from a single cohesive social group con- We found that the nine primate species traction from a larger sample size and sisting of two adult males, a single adult differ clearly in their atlas morphology. AAPA Abstracts 125

The shape differences are even clear sity, NC, 2Dept. of Ethology, Ecology, Evo- fruit (49%) while men acquire less pre- enough to allow a classification at the lution, University of Pisa, Italy dictable foods, primarily meat (40%) and generic level. We could further identify honey (30%). Although men’s foods are morphological features that relate to the The fibula has rarely been taken into shared widely outside their households, it species’ locomotion pattern. The shape of consideration in anthropological studies, appears that women and children in the the human atlas cannot be predicted from probably due to its relatively less impor- average household benefit more from men human locomotion based on an extrapola- tant role in carrying load. However, look- targeting different foods than they would tion of the non-human primate model. ing at hominoids, the difference in mor- if men targeted the same foods as women Supported by grant GZ 200.093/I- phology (and function) of the fibula be- and doubled the amount of those foods in VI/I/2004 of the Austrian Council for Sci- tween humans and apes, and within apes the diet. Without food sharing across ence and Technology. is evident, and is probably related to dif- households, however, it is true that ferences in positional behavior. Therefore, households with the least successful male A method for rejecting population study of tibio-fibular relations may be foragers would consume fewer kilocalories histories using genetic data. useful in characterizing such differences. of food than they would if men targeted This study examines cross-sectional geo- women’s foods. E.E. Marchani. Department of Anthro- metric properties (cortical area, CA and pology, University of Utah. polar moment of area, J) of the tibia and Knuckle-walkers unite: separating fibula at 35, 50, 65% of bone length across plantigrade locomotors through talo- I introduce a method to test proposed a sample (N=105) of chimpanzees, goril- calcaneal facet morphology. population histories via coalescent simula- las, orangutans, gibbons, and humans. tion. Input data include the size of the All cross-sectional variables are ana- H.E. Marsh, J.M. Polanski. Department source and two daughter populations, the lyzed against body mass x bone length. of Anthropology, University of Iowa. date(s) of divergence between the daugh- The fibula is compared against the tibia in ter populations, and the observed distri- the different groups. RMA lines are calcu- In light of the continuing debate over bution of mitochondrial or Y-chromosomal lated. ANOVA is performed as well as whether hominins passed through a haplogroups. The method estimates coa- post-hoc comparisons using the Tukey’s knuckle-walking phase, it becomes im- lescent trees based on the population his- honestly significant difference test. The perative to investigate any morphological tory entered,and identifies a specified calculation of the percent prediction error signatures that can discern knuckle- number of haplogroups in each tree. The is used to evaluate differences between walking locomotion. Previous research distribution of those haplogroups in each species. into this question has focused on the of the daughter populations is subse- When comparing the tibia against the wrist. Can ankle morphology also help quently tested for a match with the ob- fibula, it appears that gorillas and hu- identify knuckle-walking, a locomotion served distribution. The result is the mans have relatively stronger tibia as more commonly associated with the fore- probability that the proposed population compared to the other hominoids, and that limb? Gebo (1992) compared ankle mor- history is consistent with the observed orangutans and chimpanzees have rela- phology of the living apes (Pan, Gorilla, distribution of haplogroups in the daugh- tively stronger fibula as compared to the Pongo, Hylobates) and discovered six indi- ter populations. Estimating the matching other hominoids. Therefore, the lower ces that separated the knuckle-walking probability permits statistical testing of limb polar moment of area appears to be great apes from the Asian apes. These alternative population histories The re- useful in characterizing prevalently ter- differences are related to primate planti- sulting output probability can be used to restrial versus prevalently arboreal homi- grady, full plantar contact of the hind foot reject both population histories as well as noids, where the former appear to have during locomotion, seen only in knuckle- bottleneck severity indices, allowing for relative more robust tibia than the latter. walking apes and humans. future data acquision and analyses to Further studies on the loading role of the By selecting the indices that separate focus on more probable population histo- hominoid fibula will be necessary to better the knuckle-walkers from other apes, we ries, given the observed data. understand the biomechanical role of this investigate the ability of these indices to The method has been used to evaluate bone. separate the two plantigrady groups, alternative colonization scenarios for knuckle-walkers and bipeds, using talo- colonization. All The sexual division of foraging labor calcaneal measurements. Two of the indi- population histories with Eskimo/Inuit among Hadza hunter-gatherers. ces present statistically significant differ- female effective sizes of 350 or greater ences between humans and the measure- were rejected, as were those population F.W. Marlowe. Department of Anthropol- ments of Pan and Gorilla within the areas histories where the female effective popu- ogy, Harvard University. of the subtalar joint and the talo-fibular lation size of the Siberian Eskimos was facet. These indices relate to differences less than 30. The size of the source popu- The degree to which males and females of weight transmission and joint stability lation had no effect in determining which target different foods and share them in bipeds and quadrapeds, resulting from population histories were rejected. Results among human foragers stands in contrast bipeds passing their weight through two suggest that, although the most probable to virtually all other vertebrates. Tradi- limbs, and not four, as in apes. population histories involve a small effec- tional explanations for this sexual division Given that these indices do separate tive population size of the Eskimo/Inuit, a of foraging labor have increasingly been modern humans from their African ape severe bottleneck is not required to cause challenged over the past two decades. relatives, talo-calcaneal morphology can them to be monomorphic for mitochon- These challenges have raised the impor- serve as a powerful tool with which to drial haplogroup A. tant question of whether the division of investigate the origins of knuckle-walking labor benefits the household or whether it in the fossil record. If extinct ape forms Cross-sectional geometric properties results from males pursuing their indi- prior to the panin-hominin split show of the tibia-fibula complex of Homi- vidual interests. I use data collected over knuckle-walking indices, it is likely that noidea, and their relationships with 3 years on Hadza foraging (out of camp) last common ancestor of chimpanzees and locomotor behavior and food that is taken back to camp to hominins knuckle-walked. examine this question and suggest ways D. Marchi1, S.M. Borgognini-Tarli2. 1Dept. we might answer it. Hadza women ac- Calcium consumption and bone den- Biol. Anthrop. & Anatomy, Duke Univer- quire predictable foods like tubers (40% of sity in factory and farm workers in their total kcals arriving in camp) and central Mexico. 126 AAPA Abstracts

during periods of climate strongly developed occipitomastoid crest, D.L. Martin, M. Cerullo, J.N. Bido, J.A. fluctuations throughout the end of the small mastoid processes and shallow di- Colmenares. School of Natural Science, Miocene, Pliocene, and Pleistocene. The gastric grooves). Thus, the enlarged Sima Hampshire College. research presented here employs bio- de los Huesos sample suggests that the geographic methods to further investigate derived traits of the Neandertal temporal Mexico, with its intimate links to the the evolutionary history of Cercopithecini. bone did not appear collectively, but United States through trade and migra- If most taxa evolved in allopatry during rather first in the glenoid cavity followed tion, offers a compelling research site to times of forest contraction, then there by the mastoid region. investigate the consequences of economic should be a positive linear relationship globalization. One of the most dramatic between divergence time among sister Quantitative genetics and morpho- transformations is in the economy of corn, taxa and their geographic range overlap. logical integration in the human whose nutritional and symbolic centrality Data for three molecular phylogenies and skull: a functional and developmental to Mexican peasants' lives reaches back to the geographic range of 20 Cercopithecini approach to heritability. pre-Columbian times. Anecdotal evidence species were gathered from the published suggested that substantial nutritional literature and analyzed using linear re- N. Martínez-Abadías1, R. González-José2, consequences accompanied the shift from gression models. The results show that T. Sjøvold3, C.P. Klingenberg4, M. Santos5, a staple diet of native corn and tradition- there is a significant positive relationship M. Esparza1, M. Hernández1.1 Unitat ally made, calcium-rich tortillas to a reli- between divergence time and geographic d’Antropologia, Departament de Biologia ance on imported corn and tortillas made range overlap among sister taxa and these Animal, Universitat de Barcelona, 2 with purchased flour. However, no sys- results are robust to different phyloge- Centro Nacional Patagónico, CONICET, 3 tematic scientific investigation had been netic hypotheses. Therefore, the results Stockholm Universitet, 4 Faculty of Life undertaken to test these effects particu- support previous interpretations of Cer- Sciences, University of Manchester, 5 De- larly on Mexican farmers and the emerg- copithecini diversification, and are consis- partament de Genètica i Microbiologia, ing populations of factory workers. Work- tent with paleoclimate data from Africa. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. ing with two locales in the state of More- los - the subsistence farming region of the New temporal bones from the Middle The evolutionary potential of any bio- Sierra de Huatla and the municipality of Pleistocene site of the Sima de los logical quantitative character relies on the Emiliano Zapata, where a number of for- Huesos (Atapuerca, Spain). amount of genetic variation and its capa- eign-owned assembly plants (maquilado- bility to respond to selection or other, ras) have recently located – we collected a I. Martínez1,2, R. Quam2,3, J.L. Arsuaga2,4. nonadaptative, forces. In the case of com- combination of ethnographic and biologi- 1Dpto. de Geología, Universidad de Alcalá, plex morphological structures, such as the cal (body composition, bone density, cal- Spain, 2Centro UCM-ISCIII de Investiga- human skull, it also depends on its inte- cium intake) data. Results indicate that a ción sobre la Evolución y Comportamiento grated nature, because association be- significant proportion of the adults in both Humanos, Madrid, Spain, 3Dept. of An- tween traits can constrain potential for populations have calcium consumption thropology, State University of New York change. In fact, the human skull can be and bone density that is dangerously low. at Binghamton, USA, 4Dpto. de Paleon- viewed as an integrated whole made up of For example, 58% of the farm workers tología, Universidad Complutense de Ma- several relatively independent subunits have bone density well below normal, and drid, Spain. which have different developmental ori- for the factory workers, 46% of the women gins and which account for different func- have low bone density. Tortillas make up The Middle Pleistocene site of the Sima tional requirements. Hierarchical modu- a large part of the daily diet of both de los Huesos has yielded the largest larity yields to integration within struc- groups, and a chemical analysis of tortil- sample of fossil human remains in the tures sharing common developmental las revealed only 20 mg of calcium in the world. The collection includes both cranial pathways or functional basis. Covariation hand-made nixtamal tortillas, and a low of and postcranial remains belonging to at between cranial structures can thus re- 6 mg in U.S. imported store-bought tortil- least 28 individuals of both sexes and strict skull evolvability. Therefore, esti- las. different ages at death. A previous study mation of genetic variation and covaria- This 3-year project, “Feeding the Fam- described the temporal bone specimens tion of such structures is critical to incor- ily in Troubled Times: A Biocultural Study recovered up to the 1997 field season, with porate craniofacial data in models of evo- of Patterns of Work, Consumption and a special emphasis on their phylogenetic lution of quantitative traits. Nutrition at the Household Level in Three significance. In the last eight years the In this study, a skull sample from Hall- Communities in Central Mexico” was sample has been significantly augmented, statt (Austria) with 353 complete skulls funded by NSF Grant # 0354037. with the recovery of more than 40 new falling into extended, multigenerational temporal bone specimens, including sev- pedigrees has been analyzed by means of The biogeography of Cercopithecini eral nearly complete specimens. The 3D geometric morphometric techniques. primates and its evolutionary impli- enlarged sample provides an opportunity Several modules within the human skull cations. to re-evaluate the degree of variation in have been identified by analyzing covari- many morphological traits often used in ance patterns between morphological S.K. Martin, J.M. Kamilar. Interdepart- paleoanthropological studies within a components defined by functional and mental Program in Anthropological Sci- single Middle Pleistocene sample. The developmental a priori criteria, using a ences, Stony Brook University. present study focuses on the most rele- Partial Least Squares approach. Genetic vant traits in the new temporal bone parameters for size and shape of skulls The Cercopithecini is an adaptive radia- specimens as well as in the entire sample, have been computed following an animal tion including five extant genera and at and this new evidence is discussed within model and by applying restricted maxi- least 20 extant species. The evolutionary the context of the European Pleistocene mum likelihood methods. Phenotypic, history of this group is poorly known, with fossil human record. The Sima de los Hue- genetic and environmental estimates of its reconstruction largely based on mo- sos sample shows the derived Neandertal variance are thus provided for each of the lecular data in the absence of any sub- morphology of the glenoid cavity (i.e. a morphological craniofacial structures, stantial fossil record. Researchers have slender anterior wall and well developed showing different levels of plasticity and suggested this clade experienced rela- postglenoid pocess), while the mastoid ability to evolve. tively rapid allopatric speciation due to region lacks any of the Neandertal derived Grant support: Wenner Gren Founda- the expansion and contraction of forests in traits (i.e. anterior mastoid tubercle, tion for Anthropological Research (Gr. AAPA Abstracts 127

7149), Spanish Ministerio de Educación y gated the model from two standpoints, molar’s clinical crown initially increases Ciencia, MEC-FEDER (CGL2004- using lemurs as a paradigm case. First, in size followed by a reduction, movement 00903/BTE). we examined the assumptions underlying of the cusp tips toward the periphery and Simpson’s statistics. Second, we modeled a concomitant “sharpening” of the cusp Contradictions in the archaeological the fate of a pioneering population of le- and triangular ridges. These suggest that construction of the Ipiutak culture: murs, both as the occupants of a natural the tooth function changes from a mortar Sedentary, stratified walrus hunters raft subjected to a range of environmental and pestle action to a more efficient cut- and/or nomadic caribou hunters. conditions, and being transported by an ting one. extreme climatic event like a tornado or a O.K. Mason. Geoarch Alaska, PO Box cyclone across the Mozambique Channel. A comparison of anthroposcopic and 91554, Anchorage, AK. Simpson’s assumptions are consistently serological approaches to South violated when applied to scenarios of over- Asian human population genetics. Much remains contentious about the water dispersal by mammals. We suggest site structure, demography, and subsis- that a simple binomial is an inappropriate J.M. Mayher1, R.S. Corruccini1, V. Rami tence at the Ipiutak site at Point Hope, basis for extrapolating the likelihood of Reddy. Department of Anthropology, Alaska, with its >600 houses and 150 dispersal events, and that geometric mod- Southern Illinois University-Carbondale, burials. Radiocarbon dates (n=14) suggest els are more conducive to this type of 2Department of Anthropology, Sri that Ipiutak-like burials were placed as analysis. Our models of current and wind Venkateswara University. early as 200 BC, while the settlement was trajectories show that the most likely fate occupied AD 400-900. Population esti- for a raft emerging from an estuary on the Population genetic comparisons have mates range from a minimalist view of east coast of Africa, is to follow the Mo- often been made using populations from two or three households to several hun- zambique current and beach back on the the Indian sub-continent through the dred, between 300 and 400. It is unlikely African coast. Given prevailing winds and analysis of anthropometric, anthropo- that Ipiutak was a summer trading entre- currents, transport from Madagascar to scopic (visually scored external morpho- pot attracting thousands of people. The Africa is much more likely than the re- logical variation), and serological traits. archaeofauna, analyzed in the 1940s, re- verse process. Freak transport by means Many anthroposcopic traits are reported flect a subsistence focus on ringed, of a hurricane or tornado is even less by many to be under genetic control. To bearded seal and walrus, with only 10% likely than rafting for mammals. Our test this assertion, anthroposcopic traits caribou. Household inventories record models suggest that sweepstakes disper- are compared with serological traits in ivory-working and sewing specialists and sal is not valid either at the theoretical or five endogamous groups in India. A spe- many with an arsenal of war-related ar- the applied level to explain the invasion of cial opportunity to compare anthropo- row points, some recovered in cemetery- Madagascar by African mammals. scopic and serological traits was provided interred skeletons. Burials, placed in dis- This material is based upon work sup- by the research of V. Rami Reddy in An- crete precincts with functionally distinc- ported by the National Research Founda- dhra Pradesh. Using standardized meth- tive artifacts, vary drastically in associ- tion under Grant numbers 2047301 (Open odology, Rami Reddy and colleagues col- ated decorated objects, suggesting a sha- Programmes) to MJdW and 2053616 lected data on eight anthroposcopic vari- man-directed hierarchy; most have few or (Conservation and Management of Eco- ables for 150 subjects in each of five en- no objects. Year-round occupation (possi- systems and Biodiversity) to JCM. dogamous sub-castes of the larger Reddis bly sendentism) can be inferred from the caste in the Chittoor District of Andhra substantial wooden houses and the high Tooth wear in 3 dimensions: a longi- Pradesh, and eight alleles at three genetic number of burials. An apparent reliance tudinal comparison of 2 widely differ- loci for serological polymorphisms from on wood for heat and no evidence of cache ing populations. 250 individuals of the same five groups. pits for storage remain problematic, but Genetic distance analysis was performed may be related to sampling strategy J.T. Mayhall. Faculty of Dentistry, Uni- on the two data sets. This showed signifi- (houses in preference to extramural areas) versity of Toronto cant heterozygosity between the sub-caste or analytic constraints (unperceived alter- samples. Anthroposcopic trait average natives to oil lamps). The presence of dogs The wear on the same maxillary first distances were consistently larger than without evidence of use in traction also molars of each of 7 individuals of North- the serological distances. On the other remains problematic. ern European origin from Burlington, hand, the pattern of distances for the sero- Ontario, Canada and 28 Aboriginal Aus- logical traits was more consistent with the How good is Simpson’s “sweepstakes” tralians from Yuendumu, Northern Terri- expected patterns of gene flow according model in explaining the mammalian tory was studied over periods of up to 37 to social rank. The findings of this study colonization of Madagascar? years in the former group while the latter indicate that there is greater inter-group was characterized over as much as 21 variation among anthroposcopic traits J.C. Masters1, J. Stankiewicz2, C. Thiart years. The wear was measured using than serological traits. This may indicate 2,3, M.J. de Wit 2. 1Natal Museum, Pieter- moiré contourography and digital image a compounding of environmental and ge- maritzburg, and School of Biological & analysis along with buccolingual and me- netic influences in the endogamous caste Conservation Sciences, University of siodistal determinations. Areal, volumet- system. Use of anthroposcopic traits in KwaZulu-Natal, 2CIGCES, Dept of Geo- ric and intercuspal distances were accom- population genetic studies should be un- logical Sciences, University of Cape Town, plished indicating that in both groups dertaken with caution. 3Dept of Statistical Sciences, University of there was a centrifugal movement of the Cape Town. cusp tips with wear while there were dif- A new look at the early-middle Mio- fering rates of these movements. Although cene mammal fauna of Jabal Zaltan Simpson’s sweepstakes dispersal model the Aboriginals were younger than the (Marada Formation, Libya), with spe- is the preferred explanation for the coloni- Canadians they displayed heavier wear cial attention to the biochronology zation of Madagascar by non-volant and more alteration in their tooth form and zoogeographic relationships of mammals (tenrecs, rodents, carnivores over time. Males in both populations had Prohylobates. and lemurs), and holds that dispersal heavier wear. events that may be improbable at any The changes in the morphology of the M.L. McCrossin. New Mexico State Uni- limited period become much more prob- crowns of the groups indicated that the versity. able over geologic time scales. We investi- tooth changes its function with time. The 128 AAPA Abstracts

The Miocene mammal fauna of the information. In this longitudinal study we were most frequently observed inactive, Marada Formation, best known from Ja- investigate the association between pa- likely due to an increased consumption of bal Zaltan, is re-examined. Because the rental ethnobotanical knowledge and child low-quality foods: they were rarely seen Marada Formation yielded Prohylobates health among the Tsimane’, a highly au- eating higher quality food items like fruit simonsi, its fauna affords unique informa- tarkic horticulturalist and foraging society or flowers. All of these variables indicate tion concerning cercopithecoid origins and in the department of Beni in Bolivia. that A. pigra in the watershed area are diversification. In particular, the Zaltan Anthropometric data and capillary blood under dietary stress because of a lack of fauna contributes to our understanding of samples were collected from approxi- resources since the hurricane. This study the antiquity and zoogeographic relation- mately 300 Tsimane’ 2-10 year-olds, and represents a critical step toward increas- ships of North African victoriapithecids. mothers and fathers were interviewed to ing our understanding of primates living Previous studies concluded that Zaltan assess ethnobotanical knowledge and in disturbed areas and provides insights dates from 15-17 MA and that Prohylo- skills. Measures of parental schooling, into how they cope with habitat loss. bates tandyi from Moghara (Egypt) dates acculturation, and economic resources from 17-18 MA. These results were based were also collected. Dependent variables A critical analysis of the “wedge on the assumption that Zaltan and included four measures of child health: 1) strategy” in Ohio Moghara sample short time intervals, C-reactive protein, assayed in whole blood comparable to individual Miocene sites in spots as an indicator of infection; 2) hemo- J.K. McKee1, S. Rissing2. 1Department of eastern Africa, such as Maboko (15-16 globin, to indicate anemia; 3) height-for- Anthropology, 2Department of Evolution, MA). An assessment of the mammal fau- age (z scores), to assess the degree of Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The nas from Zaltan and Moghara, however, growth stunting; and 4) weight-for-height Ohio State University. reveals that geographically extensive de- (z scores), to assess the degree of wasting. posits in these areas sample different Analyses suggest that maternal and pa- “Change over time” used to be the only parts of a long time interval, mainly ex- ternal ethnobotanical knowledge are sig- vague reference to evolution in guidelines tending from 18-19 MA to 14-16 MA. nificantly related to child health, as are for Ohio k-12 educators. Only in 2002 did These results show that it is not possible measures of acculturation and wealth. In the Ohio Board of Education adopt science to pinpoint the geologic antiquity of early addition to its contribution to human capi- standards that included indicators per- cercopithecoids previously collected from tal and cultural diversity, the preserva- taining explicitly to evolutionary theory. . Although P. tandyi probably tion of ethnoecological knowledge may However, evolution was also singled out dates to 17-18 MA, the presence of Afro- have direct health benefits that may be as a controversial topic by requiring stu- choerodon kisumuensis at Moghara raises threatened by the process of accultura- dents to “Describe how scientists continue the possibility that it may be coeval with tion. to investigate and critically analyze as- Maboko Victoriapithecus. Proboscidean Research supported by the National pects of evolutionary theory.” The follow- and hyracoid remains from northwestern Science Foundation (BCS-0134225; BCS- ing parenthetical compromise was added: exposures of the Marada Formation indi- 0078801) and the Wenner Gren Founda- “(The intent of this benchmark does not cate that P. simonsi may date from the tion (#7250). mandate the teaching or testing of intelli- terminal Oligocene/basal Miocene. gent design.)” Analysis of the zoogeographic relation- A survey of Alouatta pigra in dam- Thus the “wedge strategy,” an attempt ships of mammal faunas from Zaltan and aged forests on Monkey River, Belize. by proponents of Intelligent Design Crea- Moghara reveals a mixture of endemic tionism to reintroduce creationism via North African, Eurasian, and sub- K. McGoogan1, M.S.M. Pavelka2. 1Dept. of misleading criticisms, not critical analy- Saharan African elements. Several taxa Anthropology, University of Toronto, sis, of evolutionary theory, was inflicted from Zaltan and Moghara provide support 2Dept. of Anthropology, University of Cal- upon Ohio’s schools. This led directly to for the establishment of a North African gary. the development of a model curriculum Zoogeographic Province near the begin- module, adopted in 2004 by the Board of ning of the Miocene. Habitat loss due to natural disasters Education, portraying standard creation- can highly affect primate populations via ist criticisms of evolution as legitimate Ethnoecological knowledge and child environmental stress and/or changes in scientific controversies. Organizations health in lowland Bolivia. food abundance. Five forest transects such as the Discovery Institute tout this were surveyed in Monkey River, Belize, sanctioned lesson plan as a model for T.W. McDade1, V. Reyes-Garcia2, W.R. Central America between January and other states, thereby widening the wedge’s Leonard1, S. Tanner1, C. Nyberg1, V. June 2004. This area experienced exten- impact. Vadez3, R. Godoy3, T. Huanca3. sive habitat damage due to Hurricane Iris The success of the thin end of the wedge 1Department of Anthropology, Northwest- in 2001. The goal of this study was to in Ohio is a matter of politics, not science, ern University, 2ICTA, Universitat document the population parameters of as legitimate controversies and true criti- Autonoma de Barcelona, 3Sustainable Alouatta pigra, the Central American cal analyses are absent. The Ohio science International Development Program, black howler monkey in Monkey River, an community will continue to work toward Brandeis University. area that has been significantly impacted better k-12 education, and share experi- by a hurricane. This study found that, in ences, resources, and tactics with those in Local ecological knowledge transmitted the watershed area, the population den- other states who will see similar political across generations is important for habi- sity is 12.31 individuals/km2 and the movements against science education. tat management, agriculture, health, and group density is 3.27 groups/km2. These nutrition, and represents a central com- are low densities in comparison to other Sexual dimorphism in hominine su- ponent of the human adaptive strategy. populations of black howler monkeys in praorbital morphology. In particular, ethnobotanical knowledge Belize. Based on these numbers there has may offer therapeutic options in societies been an 89.56% decrease in population K.P. McNulty1, K.L. Baab2,3,4. 1Depart- with limited access to commercial medi- size and an 81.63% decrease in the num- ment of Anthropology, Baylor University, cines. Globalization threatens such ber of groups since the hurricane. Along 2Department of Anthropology, CUNY, knowledge to the extent that formal with this decrease, group sizes are small, 3NYCEP, 4Paleontology, American Mu- schooling and integration into emerging the majority of groups are unimale, age seum of Natural History. market economies devalue local knowl- ratios are skewed towards adults, and edge and prioritize alternative sources of there is an even sex ratio. The monkeys AAPA Abstracts 129

The supraorbital region is frequently information were noted on the Terry sam- used as one indicator of sex in fossil homi- ple to assess sex and ethnic relationships; mtDNA analysis of human remains noid and hominin specimens. Known to be no sex identification was made for the from the Danish Iron and Viking useful in distinguishing sex within mod- archaeological samples. ages. ern humans and perhaps apes, morphol- The frequencies of septal aperture vary ogy thought to be “robust” is usually des- between 5 and 67 percent among the L.C. Melchior1, J.Dissing1, N. Lynnerup2. ignated as male, while more “gracile” populations. The smallest frequencies 1Research Laboratory, Institute of Foren- forms are thought to be female. Less at- belong to the individuals from Kagamil sic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, tention has been paid to metric variation Island, Alaska and the Terry Collection. Denmark, 2Laboratory of Biological An- between sexes beyond absolute size differ- Three indigenous American groups from thropology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, ences. Criteria of robusticity and size, New Mexico, Illinois, and Ohio reveal University of Copenhagen, Denmark. however, assume either actual (when mul- septal aperture frequencies that are sta- tiple specimens are thought to be con- tistically similar. The Terry sample re- The results are obtained as part of the specific) or potential (when only a single sults indicate no sex bias within the White project “Denmark’s Genetic Past”, focus- specimen is known) vectors of sexual di- group (6-10 percent), but do show a sig- ing on mtDNA from Danish prehistory. morphism within extinct species. This can nificant frequency difference between the Teeth were used as DNA source and be especially problematic in hominoid Black males (8 percent) and Black females cleaning of these, isolation and purifica- specimens where the canines are not pre- (34 percent). The overall results of this tion of DNA were carried out in a dedi- served and in hominins which are charac- study do not support sex determination of cated aDNA-extraction lab with positive terized by reduced canines. septal aperture. Further study needs to air pressure, frequent treatments with This study used landmark-based mor- define trait frequencies to population- bleach, full body suits, extraction-lab and phometrics to test a null hypothesis of specific ranges that may allow for sex PCR-lab in different buildings and se- monomorphism in the supraorbital re- identifications based on this trait. quencing of multiple clones. All analyses gions of extant African apes and humans. were preformed in triplets, with the first Patterns of shape differences between the North to Alaska: Fieldwork among two samples being analysed in our own sexes were then examined for each spe- Kobuk Nunamiut and Koyukon Atha- lab by two different researchers while the cies. Results found significant differences bascans in the Summer of ’63. third sample was sent to a reference lab. between male and female means in all At this stage of our project, we have four species, albeit with substantial range R.J. Meier, Indiana University, Bloom- haplotyped 34 individuals from four loca- overlap. The amount of total variability ington. tions dating to Iron and Viking Age (ca. accounted for by sex is small, ranging 900-2000 YBP). A surprising amount of from 6.6% in humans to 2.7% in Pan trog- Human biological fieldwork was initi- haplogroup diversity was observed, indi- lodytes. Moreover, patterns of shape dif- ated in the villages of Allakaket and cating that the individuals are as different ferences between the sexes were distinct Alatna in August of 1963 under the direc- from one another as present day Danes. in all four species. These results recom- tion of Charles F. Merbs. These villages Three haplotypes, not observed amongst mend caution in the use of supraorbital are located across from one another on the present day ethnic Scandinavians, were morphology to diagnose sex among fossil Koyukuk River in North-Central Alaska. also observed; this may be evidence of specimens. The native language of Allakaket is connections with populations from far This research was supported in part by Koyukon that has broader linguistic away regions. NSF grants to the NYCEP Morphometric grouping with Na-Dene or Athabascans. The overall aim of our project is to hap- Group (9982351), NYCEP (9602234 and Alatna people are ethnically affiliated lotype (mtDNA) population samples from 0333415), and K. Baab (DDIG 0424262). with the Kobuk River Eskimos, a branch various times in the past (Vikings, Iron of interior Nunamiut Inupiaq speakers. age, Bronze age, Neolithic and Mesolithic) Incidence of humeral septal aperture The economic significance of the proximity and from various locations in Denmark, in and its relation to population and of these two Native groups is that they order to look for population heterogeneity, sex. once were trading partners. This report maternal relationships, family and tribal applied dermatoglyphic variation to inves- patterns, population affinity and migra- L.N. Meier1, D.R. Hunt2. 1Department of tigate biological relationships between tion patterns. Anthropology, The George Washington them. This work is supported by grants from University, 2Department of Anthropology, Findings showed that for Allakaket the VELUX foundation. National Museum of Natural History, Koyukon pattern intensity (PII =16.9) and Smithsonian Institution. finger ridge count (TFRC = 178.6) far A histological analysis of Alouatta exceeded corresponding variables for palliata dental enamel. Septal apertures are circular openings Alatna Nunamiut (PII=13.5 & TFRC of varying size that appear in distal end of =141.8). These results are in close agree- S.M. Melillo1, S.W. Simpson2, D. De- the humerus, between the olecranon and ment with those from a review done for Gusta3. 1Case Western Reserve Univer- coronoid fossae. The appearance of this Native North Americans in establishing sity, Department of Anthropology, 2Case non-metric trait has previously been asso- that Eskimo/Inuits(20 village samples) Western Reserve University School of ciated with a higher prevalence in some and Amerindians(18 village samples) were Medicine, Department of Anatomy, population groups and in females, but this markedly different in their dermatoglyph- 3Stanford University, Department of An- relationship has not been clearly defined. ics in the time frame of the collected data thropological Sciences. To this end, population and sex presently from the past 75 years. were investigated through observation of An underlying question that will be Thirty permanent maxillary second 1,154 humeri from six archaeological discussed is whether Na-Dene and molars from a wild population of mantled populations and the Terry Anatomical Nunamiut shared a common origin in howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata) from Collection housed at the Smithsonian their migration to and then subsequently Barro Colorado Island were analyzed his- Institution. Each humerus was sided and diverged while in the New World, or tologically to determine: 1) normal A. pal- examined for an aperture. If applicable, whether they are descendent groups of liata enamel macro- and microstructure, the aperture was measured at its widest separate New World migrations that could 2) M2 crown formation duration, and 3) diameter and divided into one of four well have had still earlier Asian connec- frequency of dental pathology. The results categories of increasing size. Sex and race tions. from the dental pathology study were then 130 AAPA Abstracts

compared to results of a skeletal pathol- model is then developed whereby the sta- Evidence for the anatomical capacity ogy study [DeGusta and Milton, Int. J. bility and success of these populations (i.e. for spoken language in Homo erectus. Primatol. 19(3):615-650 (1998)] on the ones focused on herding) can be inferred same individuals. Enamel thickness, daily from the examination of infant skeletal M.R. Meyer1, D. Lordkipanidze2, A. Ve- increment width, and striae of Retzius remains. Results suggest that in non- kua2. 1University of Pennsylvania School periodicity and angulation are reported optimal and unstable situations, as esti- of Medicine, Department of Cell and De- here. A subset of 10 individuals was se- mated by non-specific skeletal indicators velopmental Biology, 2State Museum of lected to determine crown formation time of stress and by archaeological context, a Georgia using the method described in Shellis higher proportion of infant deaths oc- [Arch. Oral Biol. 29:697–705 (1984)]. curred in the Post-Neonate than in the Based on the singular fossil spinal col- Crown formation time is calculated as Neonate period. This is consistent with umn known for Homo erectus (KNM-WT- 419 days (min = 352 days, max = 492 ethnographic observations in modern non- 15000), it has been maintained that the days). The A. palliata M2 crown begins Western contexts. spinal cord of this early human species formation with a high extension rate Supported by the Social Sciences and was small and apelike, lacking a human which slows cervically. Although the mi- Humanities Research Council of Canada. level of innervation to respiratory muscles crostructure data for A. palliata does not involved in spoken language. Thus, it has vary drastically from data reported for A pilot survey of an endangered east- been suggested that this taxon had not other primates, inter-individual variation ern simpona, Propithecus diadema evolved the capacity for spoken language. in crown formation is higher than might diadema, in Betampona Strict Nature Recently, a second spinal column for be expected. Reserve, Madagascar. Homo erectus, dated to 1.78 million years Six pathological striae (PS) were noted before present, was discovered at the site in 5 individuals and 4 hypoplasias were E. Mertz1, C. Toborowsky2. 1Department of Dmanisi, Georgia (Meyer 2005). The noted in 4 individuals. However, only one of Anthropology, University of Colorado at Dmanisi vertebrae are the oldest known individual exhibits both pathological indi- Boulder, 2Department of Biology, Univer- for the genus, and present an important cators in association—supplying further sity of Missouri-St. Louis. opportunity to reconsider the neuro- evidence that the causes of these dental anatomical potential for language in early irregularities are likely distinct. A chi- Surveys are important conservation Homo. squared test reveals no association be- tools to estimate non-human primate Comparative analyses against 2257 tween dental pathology and skeletal pa- population densities, assess geographic human, chimpanzee and gorilla vertebrae thology in this sample. This dental pa- distribution and ecological needs, and show that the raw and relative size of the thology study supports the hypothesis monitor population trends over time to Dmanisi spinal cord in all vertebral re- that the BCI howler population is not effectively implement conservation and gions matched that of modern humans in chronically stressed. management plans. While line transect its shape and size. The results suggest survey techniques are discussed at length that early Homo erectus had evolved a Infant health: assessing adaptation in the literature, there is a paucity of in- fully human postcranial neuroanatomical and stability of transitional Early formation regarding a standardized tech- substrate associated with fine control of Neolithic subsistence economies in nique applicable to rare and cryptic pri- respiratory muscles involved in spoken the Zagros Mountains. mates that inhabit dense mountainous language. In contrast, this study confirms terrain, specifically lemur species in suggestions that the narrow vertebral D.C. Merrett. Department of Anthropol- Malagasy rain forests. Here we test a canals of the KNM-WT-15000 vertebrae ogy, University of Winnipeg. census method known as ‘recce-transect’ reflect a developmental pathology known at Betampona Strict Nature Reserve, as neural stenosis, and are unlikely repre- This research tests the hypothesis that northeastern Madagascar. This uses ex- sentative of the taxon (Latimer & Ohman children’s health can provide invaluable isting trails in conjunction with short line 2001; Meyer 2003). Thus, the evolution of information as to how people made a liv- transects cut at intervals perpendicular to the neuroanatomical capacity to produce ing, what they ate and how stable the the trail that permit the relationship be- spoken language appears to have been population’s biological and cultural adap- tween an index of abundance and density commensurate with the evolution of Homo tations to local conditions were. Evidence to be evaluated. This method has not erectus around 1.8 million years ago. is derived from four Near Eastern human been used to census Malagasy primates skeletal samples from the central Zagros prior to this study, although in principle Intra-skeletal variability in osteon Mountains, dated to between 8,000 and seems highly suitable for the undulating size. 4,000 B.C. terrain of the reserve and the rarity of The transition to agriculture has been Propithecus diadema diadema. E.R. Middleton, S.D. Stout. Dept. of An- viewed as a rapid irreversible transition ‘Recce-transect’ was found to be an inef- thropology, The Ohio State University. between two dichotomous stable states - fective method to survey P. d. diadema hunting/foraging and farming - with good due in part to small sample size and time Osteon size is one factor potentially health and poorer health, respectively. constraints. Thirteen individuals were affecting techniques for age-at-death es- However, a growing body of evidence indi- found, which may be the total number timations. Researchers disagree on how cates that ‘transitional’ economies based residing in Betampona making hypotheti- osteon size varies among bones, with some on herding supplanted hunting/foraging in cal inferences about the population size authors contending that bigger bones have the Zagros Mountains during the early based on a derived density estimate un- bigger osteons and others observing intra- Neolithic and that not all of these econo- necessary and inaccurate. This technique skeletal similarity in osteon size. To ex- mies led to the adoption of agriculture. may prove useful for more abundant taxa plore intra-skeletal osteon size variability, This study combines traditional skeletal residing in the reserve, such as Eulemur osteons were measured from thin cross- markers of health, correlations of dental and Hapalemur, and further emphasizes sections of the femora, humerii, radii, and formation and enamel prism cross- the need to improve the accuracy and ribs of 15 individuals from a twentieth striation age estimates with long bone general applicability of census techniques. century cadaver collection. Mean osteonal lengths, and Neonate (birth to one month Supported by the Saint Louis Zoo, Wild- areas were then compared across bones of age) to Post-neonate (one month to one Care Institute: The Center for Conserva- and individuals. year) Ratios to assess children’s health in tion in Madagascar. The average osteon areas of the femora these ‘transitional’ Neolithic economies. A and radii are significantly related, as are AAPA Abstracts 131

the mean osteonal areas of the radii and 2Department of Sociology and Anthropol- sis revealed that males engaged in more humerii. The ribs show no significant ogy, New Mexico State University. frequent locomotor activity and less time relationship to any of the other three feeding than females, as well as selecting bones. Cross-individual comparison of the The Victoriapithecidae is an extinct lower quality foliage. For example, adult mean osteonal areas of all bones for an early to middle Miocene (ca. 20-12.5 Ma) males allocated 3% of their daily activity individual demonstrates that inter- family of Old World monkey. As the sister- budget to foraging, while adult females skeletal variability exists. The observed group to modern cercopithecids, victori- spent 15% of their daily activity in forag- intra-skeletal relationships are within the apithecids play a pivotal role in our un- ing. An even greater distinction occurred margin of variability observed by Stout derstanding of the morphocline polarities when the percentage of higher quality and Gehlert (1979) for assigning mixed of cercopithecoids. At present only two forage (such as young leaf buds) was cal- bones to individuals. The results, there- genera and four species of victoriapithe- culated by gender – females spent ap- fore, suggest that osteon size differs more cids are recognized: Prohylobates tandyi proximately 20% of their daily foraging inter-skeletally than intra-skeletally, (Egypt) (N=4); Prohylobates simonsi activity consuming leaf buds while no which holds significance for forensic and (Libya) (N=1); an unnamed species of males were observed to engage in this bioarchaeological contexts. Prohylobates (Kenya) (N=17); and Victori- behavior. Thus, the data suggest that apithecus macinnesi (Kenya, Uganda) disparities in nutritional requirements Santeria, or why forensic anthropol- (N=>2500). Much less is known about the between males and females may be a ogy IS anthropology. morphology and adaptations of the vari- critical factor driving differences in their ous species of Prohylobates than is known activity patterns. The results are also E. Miller. Department of Anthropology, for Victoriapithecus, due to small sample compared to a number of published stud- California State University Los Angeles. size, limited representation of skeletal and ies, including the seminal work of Milton, dental elements, and/or poor preservation. which included assessments of the food Ritual crimes associated with “occult” We reexamined existing fossils of Pro- preferences of adult mantled howler mon- religions have been on the rise since the hylobates and Victoriapithecus and deter- keys. Finally, suggestions are addressed late 1980s. A search of several anthropo- mined the following: 1) significant differ- for more intensive projects with this spe- logical and criminal science databases ences in the mandibular symphyses of V. cies in the subject region, including more indicated no anthropological case studies macinnesi and Prohylobates from Buluk focused research parameters for investi- on the interpretation of human remains clearly indicate that the two species are gating the nutritional implications under- found in ritual contexts. distinct enough to belong in separate gen- lying activity patterns between males and Three ritual cases with human remains era; and 2) species currently attributed to females. were recovered by the Los Angeles County Prohylobates also differ from one from Coroner. In the first two cases ritual another in important features, including Changing the definition of science: items and human remains were recovered the development of lower molar roots, the new focus of anti-evolutionary from outdoor contexts. In both of these molar size sequence, size and development advocates. cases the human remains were of medi- of the M3 hypoconulid, degree of lower cal/educational origin, available from sup- molar bilophodonty, and mandibular K.B. Miller. Department of Geology, Kan- ply houses and online sources (including shape. Comparing the distribution of sas State University, Manhattan, KS e-Bay, the internet auction site). The these traits to that seen among extant 66506. third case involved the recovery of similar cercopithecoids indicates that the existing items and a modern cranium of forensic species of Prohylobates are best placed in Recent efforts by anti-evolutionary ad- value. distinct genera. In addition, morphological vocates have focused, not so much on sci- The cases were originally felt to repre- diversity within the P. tandyi sample may ence content, but on changing the defini- sent Santeria rituals. Human bone is be too great to retain in a single species. tion of science itself. These efforts are used in some Santeria rituals, although Recognizing greater generic diversity expressions of widely held misunderstand- human sacrifice is not commonly practiced among victoriapithecids has important ings of the nature and limitations of sci- and even the use of human remains is implications for understanding the bio- ence. The single word “natural” is the extremely rare. geography, biochronology and evolution- focus of a great deal of attention. Science Anthropological analysis of the cases, ary trajectory of Old World monkeys. is a methodology that provides a limited, particularly case three, indicated the ritu- This work is supported by The Leakey but very fruitful, way of knowing about als were more likely of Palo Mayombe Foundation. the natural world. This method works origin. Palo, although sometimes linked only if science confines itself to the inves- with Santeria, is a separate religion. Sex differences in the activity budget tigation of "natural" entities and forces. Unlike Santeria, Palo relies on the dead and foraging patterns of the mantled This self-limitation is sometimes referred for much of its power, and grave robbing howler monkey (Alouatta palliata). to as "methodological naturalism." Tradi- is often used to obtain ritual implements. tional creationists, and many intelligent Palo is feared by followers of other relig- J.R. Miller. Department of Anthropology, design advocates, argue that science arbi- ions, including Santeria. Based on the Bloomsburg University trarily and unjustifiably excludes the su- ritual items and the modern human re- pernatural from scientific explanations. mains, a more likely origin for the cases This poster presents the results of a They want to remove the word “natural” analyzed in Los Angeles County is Palo study of the foraging patterns and the from the definition of science so that su- Mayombe – this anthropological finding activity budgets of adult mantled howler pernatural explanations can be admitted. will dramatically impact the investigative monkeys (Alouatta palliata) at La Suerte This is a reflection of their false claim that direction of law enforcement in solving Biological Field Station, Costa Rica. The science, and particularly evolutionary these crimes. field study took place during January science, is inherently atheistic. However, 2004 and was undertaken for the purpose science does not deny the existence of a Systematics of the Victoriapitheci- of evaluating sex differences within sam- Creator -- it is simply silent on the exis- dae. ple populations drawn from three sepa- tence or action of God. Methodological rate contiguous troops. The results indi- naturalism simply describes what empiri- E.R. Miller1, B.R. Benefit2. 1Department of cate that this sample population exhibited cal inquiry is. It is certainly not a state- Anthropology, Wake Forest University, significant sex differences in behavioral ment of the nature of cosmic reality. An and foraging patterns. Statistical analy- important feature of science is that people 132 AAPA Abstracts

from any faith or culture can participate. Consortium3. 1Center for Computational We studied a sample of 550 adult indi- They can do this because scientific knowl- Genomics and Bioinformatics, Penn State viduals from Quilombos populations, re- edge is universally accessible. The at- University, 2Department of Anthropology, garding the phenotypes of over- tempt by anti-evolution advocates to in- Penn State University, 3BCM-Human weight/obesity (Body Mass Index ≥ 25 corporate the supernatural into science Genome Sequencing Center. Kg/m2) and high blood pressure ( ≥ 140/90 undermines this religious and cultural mm Hg). Quilombos are populations neutrality. This study examines primate evolution founded by runaway or abandoned African under a comparative genomics framework. slaves. The eight populations investigated Assessing the nature of cranial robus- To date, we have extracted and aligned inhabit the borders of the rain forest in ticity: an examination of morphologi- 6,831 orthologous coding trios from pub- the state of São Paulo where they have cal integration between cranial su- lished sequences from the human (Homo remained as partially isolated populations perstructures and implications for sapiens) and chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) until recently and thus, represent an in- the study of pre-modern hominins. genomes, and from a preliminary assem- teresting model for the study of diseases. bly of the macaque (Macaca mulatta) ge- Variants of the genes LEPR, ADRB2 S.F. Miller. Department of Anthropology, nome generated at Baylor College of and ACE are being investigated in all University of Iowa. Medicine. Estimates of synonymous (KS) subjects in order to assess their effects on and non-synonymous (KA) substitution body mass index (BMI) and blood pres- Robust cranial superstructures are rates have been used to test lineage- sure. Preliminary analysis do not reveal often cited as distinguishing characteris- specific selection. significant associations between allelic tics that separate earlier hominin forms Of these 6,831 orthologs, 211 are sig- and genotype frequencies in LEPR, from modern Homo sapiens. Cranial ro- nificantly suggestive of positive selection ADRB2, ACE and high blood pressure. No busticity has traditionally been studied in the human lineage, 255 in the chim- significant associations were found be- with only single characteristics in mind, panzee lineage, and 70 in the human/ tween variants in ACE and ADRB2 and such as supraorbital or occipital tori. chimpanzee common ancestral lineage. overweight/obesity. A significant associa- Other studies have indicated that cranial Preliminary Gene Ontology distributions tion was found between heterozygous robusticity should be analyzed as a “com- of these sequences reveal an overrepre- genotypes at the ACE locus and high BMI plex” where superstructures are consid- sentation of genes involved in cellular in males. Other genetic and environ- ered in unison to be informative in study- response functions, gametogenesis, and mental determining factors are currently ing hominin craniofacial variation. spermatogenesis in both the human and being investigated. This study addresses the nature of ro- the chimpanzee lineages. This study, the Financial support: CEPID - FAPESP busticity expression in the crania of a first genome-wide analysis of human/ sample (n=75) of recent Homo sapiens chimpanzee molecular evolution using the The role of binocular vision in pri- procured from the University of Iowa macaque outgroup, is especially informa- mate locomotion. skeletal collection. Robusticity is tested tive in identifying coding sequences that using an integration framework evolved since the most recent common T.R.T. Mitchell, D. Schmitt, R.F. Kay. (Cheverud, 1995), to determine if cranial ancestor of the African apes and Old Department of Biological Anthropology superstructures (supraorbital torus, oc- World monkeys. Capturing recent mo- and Anatomy, Duke University, Durham, cipital torus, mastoid process, and zygo- lecular evolution on this scale will lay the N.C. maxillary region) form modules, which are groundwork for more refined research, distinct units whose expression are inde- providing a valuable starting point for Most vertebrates possess a binocular pendent of one another, or if their expres- future analyses of specific genes and ge- visual field, an overlap of the right and sion is integrated, meaning all robusticity netic systems that may have played an left visual fields, which contains cues that elements co-vary together and as a result important role in hominid evolution. provide an accurate estimate of distance should be analyzed as a single “robusticity *These authors contributed equally to and three-dimensional shape. The addi- complex” in character analysis. this work. This study was supported in tional sensory input, not present in a mo- Results from geometric morphometric part by NIH grant HG 02238. nocular field, may be involved in enhanc- analyses including coordinate landmark ing the perception of a visual scene or in matrix comparisons and relative warps Association studies of obesity and controlling motor output. Primates have analysis show a mixed pattern of integra- high blood pressure to variants of the large binocular fields, and it has long been tion and modularity within the cranial genes LEPR, ADRB2 and ACE in afro- assumed that binocular vision played an superstructures tested. Modularity char- derived Brazilian populations. important role in primate origins. Despite acterizes most of the interactions between the importance of this assumption in superstructures, but higher levels of inte- R.C. Mingroni-Netto1, L. Kimura1; models of primate evolution, no study has gration of the mastoid process with the N.H.Cotrim1, A.C. Pereira 2; J.P.Vicente3; examined the advantage of binocular cues supraorbital and zygomaxillary regions, M.T.B.M. Auricchio1, C.B. Angeli1. during specific behaviors. demonstrates that the expression of this 1Departamento de Genética e Biologia To examine the role of binocular cues feature may not be an independent mod- Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Uni- during locomotion we videotaped two Le- ule. This research highlights the impor- versidade de São Paulo; 2Laboratório de mur catta in lateral view as they walked tance of recognizing which superstruc- Genética e Cardiologia Molecular, INCOR, on a horizontal pole and on a series of tures are integrated, and as a result Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade rungs under monocular and binocular should not be studied in isolation or used de São Paulo; 3Departamento de Pedia- conditions. On rungs and poles, monocu- as an independent character in the classi- tria, Instituto da Criança, Faculdade de lar animals exhibited increased crouching, fication of unknown hominin taxa. Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. higher maximum wrist position, and in- creased magnitude of peak vertical wrist An analysis of human/ chimpanzee/ Obesity and hypertension are common velocities compared to binocular animals. macaque orthologs. diseases determined by genetic and envi- Additionally, on rungs peak horizontal ronmental factors. Many genes have been velocities were higher under binocular W. Miller1*, H.A. Lawson2*, A. Nek- investigated as possible candidates in conditions. rutenko1, C. Addo-Quaye1, A. Buchanan2, different population groups, but studies in These results suggest that at similar J.T. Richtsmeier2, K.M. Weiss2, The African-derived populations are rare. speeds subjects with occluded vision are Rhesus Macaque Genome Sequencing less certain about distance estimates, and AAPA Abstracts 133

compensate with temporal and kinematic Adverse environments: investigating study of mtDNA variation to address changes that decrease the likelihood of a local variation in child growth and these issues. Approximately 300 samples dangerous misstep. Current theories health. from the Yavapai, Quechan, and Havasu- regarding primate origins lack experimen- pai were categorized as belonging to one of tal support for a functional advantage of T. Moffat, T. Galloway. Department of the five New World mtDNA haplogroups: forward facing eyes. This study provides Anthropology, McMaster University. A, B, C, D, or X. Haplogroup frequencies the first evidence in non-human primates as well as hypervariable region sequence that binocular cues are used to guide pre- Epigenetic and life history approaches data were used to assess the relationship cise movements and suggests one impor- to child growth are centered on the rela- of these populations with previously stud- tant proximate explanation as to why tionship between the organism and its ied populations from the Southwest, Baja primates have forward facing eyes. environment. However defining and op- California, Mexico, and Southern Califor- Funded by NSF-BCS 0525054 and erationalizing the concept of environment nia. One of our preliminary findings is 0452217, The L.S.B. Leakey Foundation, is challenging, in light of the multiple that the Yavapai experienced higher lev- and Duke University. variables that influence growth. Human els of geneflow with Athabaskan speaking biologists whose focus is health rather populations than previously determined. The modular cranial development of than adaptation face a similar challenge Additionally, this data suggests that Yu- humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas. when attempting to link biological out- man speaking populations are not homo- comes to proximate and distal environ- geneous and display genetic differentia- P. Mitteroecker1, P. Gunz1, F.L. Book- mental factors. This paper presents a tion despite linguistic affinity. stein1,2. 1Department of Anthropology, study of children living in three neighbor- University of Vienna, 2Department of hoods in the City of Hamilton, two of Prehistoric peoples and ancient mi- Statistics, University of Washington. which are considered adverse environ- grations: Exploring population affini- ments on the basis of low socioeconomic ties in East Eurasia. Because dissociability of developmental status, and their inner-city locations. In processes is a prerequisite for the hierar- contrast to children living in the higher K.P. Mooder1, T. Thomson2, F.J. Bam- chical organisation of higher animals as socioeconomic status area, children in forth2. 1Division of Medical Genetics, Uni- well as for complex adaptations, the con- these adverse environments display un- versity of Washington; 2Human Identifica- cept of modularity is a crucial tool for healthy growth indicators. While both tion Laboratory for Archaeology, Univer- understanding the evolution of develop- these inner-city neighborhoods constitute sity of Alberta ment. adverse environments, they differ in ways Inferences about modularity based on that have a significant impact on chil- The population history of females has morphometric data are usually drawn dren’s growth. One of the neighbourhoods been extensively deduced through the from the covariance matrix of measured is both low-income and multi-ethnic, com- characterization of global mtDNA diver- distances, log-distances, or shape coordi- prised of a number of refugee and new sity in modern populations, providing a nates of landmarks. We demonstrate an- immigrant families living in poverty and broad depiction of the migration of fe- other approach that is based on the onto- the other is comprised of mostly Cana- males throughout the world since the genetic sequences of different body parts dian-born children living in poverty. We emergence of modern humans. To truly assessed through their regional ontoge- argue that the growth of low-income, im- understand how observed global mtDNA netic trajectories. When trajectories of migrant children is influenced by both diversity has come to pass, one must con- different developmental modules differ in spatial and temporal aspects of the envi- sider gene flow and migration over multi- their geometry, there emerge more fo- ronment, including geographical location, ple temporal boundaries, something that cused and reducible explanations of devel- immigration and refugee status, and int- is possible only with the inclusion of an- opment than an overall analysis could ergenerational factors such as maternal cient DNA (aDNA) analysis. Over the last provide. And whenever geometric rela- growth and development. We argue for a several years, we have been working to tionships among trajectories of several definition of “adverse environment” that is characterize the matrilineal population species differ by region it seems appropri- broadly based, incorporating a range of structure of groups who lived in the Lake ate to call those regions “evolutionary physical, social, and temporal factors that Baikal region of Siberia from the Neolithic modules.” are highly localized and sensitive to com- onwards. To date, this has been accom- Using 333 anatomical landmarks and munity-level influences on growth and plished through the extensive aDNA sam- semilandmarks, we compared postnatal health. pling of three cemeteries which were geo- cranial ontogenetic trajectories of hu- graphically and temporally disparate. mans, chimpanzees, and gorillas. The Mitochondrial DNA variation of Yu- Our findings to date show that the matri- three facial trajectories are clearly dis- man speaking populations. lineal genetic structure of prehistoric tinct, similarly oriented, and almost lin- Lake Baikal is surprisingly diverse with ear. The neurocranial trajectories for Pan C.R. Monroe1, B.M. Kemp2, D.G. Smith2. mtDNA lineages from haplogroups A, C, and Gorilla, in contrast, are very similar 1Department of Anthropology, University D, F, G2a and U5a as well as undifferen- in shape space, but the Gorilla trajectory of California Santa Barbara, 2 Department tiated M and N types (Mooder et al., 2003; is extended nonlinearly. The shorter neu- of Anthropology, University of California 2005, in press). Building on these find- rocranial trajectory of Homo diverges from Davis ings, this current study has several aims. the apes. These results confirm that the Firstly, by integrating our Baikal data face and the neurocranium are not only Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has been with all other aDNA datasets published developmental but also evolutionary mod- instrumental in aiding reconstruction of for East Eurasia, we strive to create a ules. We will, in closing, speculate about North American prehistory and determin- comprehensive snapshot of the prehistoric specific evolutionary scenarios consistent ing population relationships. However, in matrilineal population structure of this with these observations. the Southwestern United States, limited region. Secondly, by comparing modern Supported by grant GZ 200.093/I- sampling of Yuman speaking populations and aDNA datasets for East Eurasia, we VI/2004 of the Austrian Council for Sci- has restricted the ability to draw conclu- aim to evaluate the temporal stability of ence and Technology. sions about genetic relationships between the matrilineal population structure. these populations, as well as with other, Thirdly, by integrating the combined non-Yuman speaking populations. We, mtDNA data with information gleaned therefore, conducted a more extensive from the archaeological and climatic re- 134 AAPA Abstracts

cords of East Eurasia, we endeavor to State University, 2Education Division, at the University of Tennessee, were construct a model describing the prehis- California Academy of Sciences. scanned using a GE Lightspeed 16 Slice toric dispersals of females throughout computed tomography scanner. Specially East Eurasia and beyond. In doing so, we Across extant humans, there is an ap- designed scanning boxes were created to hope to provide a portal through which proximate 90% right-hand preference for a facilitate later data processing and a bone another piece of the human evolutionary variety of tasks. To determine how preva- density phantom was used to calibrate the puzzle may be viewed. lent and longstanding this feature is in attenuation rate for approximately 15% of Social Sciences and Humanities Re- the order Primates, researchers have stud- the scans. Manual segmentation of JPG search Council of Canada, Canadian Cir- ied hand preference in nonhuman pri- images (converted from Dicom) was car- cumpolar Institute and May and Stanley mates. Research conducted so far has ried out on 49 femora and resulted in Smith Charitable Trust. produced inconclusive results. The major- three-dimensional triangular mesh mod- ity of these studies have been on captive els for each bone. The models consist of Initial investigation into the punc- animals, particularly the great apes. Al- between 800,000 and 1,000,000 coordinate ture and crushing resistance of food though individual hand preferences for data points. and nonfood items of the Tana River particular tasks have been demonstrated To make the models more compatible mangabey (Cercocebus galeritus). in different species, the only population- with morphometric techniques, evenly level result has been found in chimpan- distributed data points were created B.D. Moore, J. Wieczkowski. Department zees (Pan troglodytes). across the surface of each bone. This was of Anthropology, University of West Geor- This study focused on a group of white- accomplished by aligning and deforming a gia. faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus) at La ‘template’ femur to all other femora. The Suerte Biological Field Station in Costa ‘template data points were then projected Although Cercocebus mangabeys are Rica. Capuchins have the largest relative onto the surfaces of the other femora, known to have powerful jaws, no previous brain size of the New World monkeys and creating 7500 evenly distributed data studies have been conducted on the physi- have fine manipulative skills, both char- points for each bone. PCA was used to cal properties of diet items consumed by acteristics that have been proposed as describe the shape variation within this any Cercocebus species. This study was precursors to the evolution of handedness sample. The first 10 principal components undertaken to measure puncture and and brain laterality. capture 99.6% of the variation, with 96% crushing resistance of food and nonfood A group of fourteen capuchins was ob- captured by the first component. (e.g., fruit punctured to eat seeds) items of served for a period of two weeks. Data the Tana River mangabey (C. galeritus), a was collected in focal samples consisting Nutrition and lipids in a population critically endangered primate endemic to of three minute bouts while animals were exhibiting very low levels of serum Kenya. Two groups were followed for feeding, and recorded as right, left, or cholesterol: The Western Buryat of three consecutive days each month begin- bimanual. Feeding was defined as the Ust Orda, Siberia. ning July 2005. Items of the same stage placement of any food object in the mouth of ripeness consumed were collected from using the hands. At least thirty data M.J. Mosher1, M.V. Sorensen2, W.R. Leo- trees in or under which the mangabeys points were collected on each animal. nard3. 1 Department of Anthropology, were observed feeding. Puncture resis- Although there were some individual University of Kansas, 2 Department of tance of fruit was measured using a port- preferences while feeding, the results Anthropology, University of North Caro- able agricultural fruit tester (Model 719- demonstrated no group-level hand prefer- lina, 3 Department of Anthropology, 40MRP, Chatillon & Sons, Inc.) and ence. This study contributes to others in Northwestern University. crushing resistance of seeds was meas- suggesting that handedness evolved after ured using a valve spring tester (B4172, the split of New and Old World primates, Dietary manipulation to lower elevated RIMAC). Average puncture resistance of or that this characteristic did not evolve serum lipids is widely accepted as an ini- fruit ranged from 0 kg for ripe Rauvolfia simultaneously in Cebus capucinus. tial step addressing dyslipidemias, yet mombasiana (n = 21; all 0) to 10.4 kg for current research demonstrates inconsis- ripe Saba comorensis (n = 8; range 9.2 – Creating a statistical atlas of femora tent results. Moreover, dietary manipula- 12; SD = 1.0). Of seeds eaten in July and from three-dimensional CT data. tion frequently reduces the beneficial August, only the crushing resistance of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) along with Diospyros mespiliformes measured greater M.K. Moore1, A.D. Sylvester1, B.C. Merkl2, the detrimental low-density lipoprotein than zero. The average was 28.3 kg (n = M.J. Kuhn2, M.R. Mahfouz2, K.R. Kesler2. (LDL) and triglycerides (TG). Most re- 53; range 0 – 62.5; SD = 23.7) for unripe 1Department of Anthropology, University search is completed on populations with and 39.3 kg (n = 22; range 11 - 67.5; SD = of Tennessee; 2Department of Mechanical, elevated serum lipids. Therefore, we ex- 17.1) for ripe D. mespiliformes. These Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering, amined the role of nutritional variation on values are within the published range for University of Tennessee. serum lipids among Western Buryat of other primates. Additional items will be Siberia, a population exhibiting very low measured as data collection continues. Quantifying bone shape variation re- lipid levels. Dietary flexibility plays a critical role in mains one of the most fundamentally im- We collected fasting plasma lipids, an- the mangabey’s adaptation to its greatest portant tasks in biological anthropology. thropometrics, basal metabolism rate threats, habitat degradation and destruc- Geometric morphometric techniques are (BMR), and dietary data from 38 men and tion. increasingly replacing traditional linear 48 women. Mean total cholesterol, HDL Funded by Primate Conservation, Inc. measurement. The requirement of corre- and LDL were similar (137m/dl, 39mg/dl and a University of West Georgia Spon- sponding landmarks, however, has made and 86mg/dl respectively) for both sexes. sored Operations Faculty Research En- the application of these techniques to the Only TG differed significantly (92mg/dl in hancement Award. post-crania difficult since most bones lack males, 79mg/dl in females; P=0.02). sufficient well-defined landmarks. This Macronutrient composition in total energy Hand preference during feeding in study describes data collection and crea- intake (TEI) was also similar in males and white-faced capuchins (Cebus tion of a three-dimensional statistical females. After adjusting plasma lipids for capucinus). shape atlas of the human femur from sex, age, BMI and BMR, TEI was an inde- computed tomography data. pendent predictor of HDL variation only D.L. Moore1, A.E. Barr2. 1Department of 381 individuals from the William M. (P=0.02, r²=0.05), whereas, none of the Anthropology and Geography, Georgia Bass Donated Skeletal Collection, housed individual macronutrients were signifi- AAPA Abstracts 135

cant predictors of plasma lipids. Using The Field Museum (KMM), and NSF (SBR populations. We performed network sex-stratified samples, TEI was signifi- 96-30350), NGS (7692-04) (ELS). analyses using median joining methods cantly correlated to HDL variation in implemented in Network v.4.1 (Bandelt et males only (P=0.004, r²=0.23). Nutritional Bone microstructure in chimpanzees. al 1999). effects were not significant predictors of Overall, African-specific L haplotypes LDL or TG in either sex. These results D.M. Mulhern1,2, D.H. Ubelaker1, 1Depart- represented ~37% and ~27% of the varia- suggest males may be more vulnerable to ment of Anthropology, National Museum tion present in Ethiopian and Yemeni the negative effects of dietary manipula- of Natural History, Smithsonian Institu- Jews, respectively, in contrast to non- tion than females. Further investigation tion, 2Department of Anthropology, Fort Jewish populations in these regions where of sex-specific effects of diet on plasma Lewis College. African and Eurasian haplotypes were lipids is needed on larger populations. represented in almost equal proportion Funded by the National Geographic This study addresses the need for more (Kivisild et al. 2004). Haplotypes L1a1, Society (#5829-96), the University of Kan- data on the bone microstructure of non- L1a2 and L5a1 were detected at 0,0, and sas Summer Fellowship Program, and human primates in general and pongids in 7.5%, respectively, in the Ethiopian Jew Northwestern University. particular. The purpose of this study is to population in our study in contrast to a assess the bone microstructure of juvenile similarly defined population in which Ecogeographic size variation in and adolescent chimpanzees. these haplotypes were present at 8.3%, small-bodied subfossil primates from The study sample includes femoral and 21%, and 0, respectively (Thomas et al. Ankilitelo, SW Madagascar. humeral midshaft thin sections from 12 2002), emphasizing the need for addi- juvenile chimpanzees, ranging in known tional sampling in HOA. A starburst of K.M. Muldoon1, E.L. Simons2. 1Depart- age from 2-15.3 years. For each specimen, pre-HV-1 sequences in a network analysis ment of Anthropology, Washington Uni- numbers of osteons, osteon fragments, of the Ethiopian and Yemeni Jews lacked versity, 2Duke University Primate Center, forming osteons and resorption spaces depth relative to the rest of the network Division of Fossil Primates. were counted for sixteen fields. Haversian and was consistent with a back-migration canal areas and osteon areas were also event into both populations, possibly from Geographic variation in body size is measured throughout the cortex. the . Future work includes well documented for both extant Malagasy In the femur (n = 12), osteon population sampling of Eritrean and Omani popula- primates and giant subfossil lemurs. Less density (OPD), including the number of tions as well as simulation studies to attention has been paid to extant lemur osteons and fragments, is 4.13 ± 2.17 per model specific migration scenarios. specimens in subfossil collections, al- mm2. Haversian canal area is .0016 ± though Godfrey and colleagues (1999) .0005 mm2 and osteon area is .033 ± .006 Caboclo household food consumption have shown most extant species found at mm2. In the humerus (n= 8), OPD is 4.19 in two Amazonian ecosystems: a subfossil sites are characterized by ± 1.51 per mm2. Haversian canal area is comparative analysis. greater size. They hypothesized that this .0013 ± .0003 mm2 and osteon area is .033 trend towards “gracilization” may be re- ± .005 mm2. R.S.S. Murrieta 1, C. Adams 1, R. Strumpf lated to a shift to drier conditions between In the femur, age predicts 48% of the 1, M. Bakri1, P.S. Sousa2. 1Department of 2000-3000 years BP. The objectives of this variation in number of osteons and 63% of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Uni- study are to examine size variations in the variation in number of forming os- versity of São Paulo, 2Instituto Esperança subfossil small-bodied primates within a teons. Other variables did not exhibit de Ensino Superior. regional comparative context to determine significant relationships with age or sex. if Holocene primates and modern forms In both the humerus and femur, signifi- The objective of this study is to compare exhibit similar ecogeographic patterns. cantly more osteons were present in the preliminary data on household food con- We report on a uniquely rich subfossil endosteal cortex compared to the perio- sumption of caboclo populations settled in assemblage from Ankilitelo, southwestern steal cortex (p<0.05 and p< 0.01, respec- two different riverine ecosystems in the Madagascar dated to the late Holocene tively). These results will be compared lower Amazon: a terra firme (upper-land (~500 BP). The Ankilitelo primates are with other published studies on bone mi- forest) environment in the Caxiuanã Na- compared with 570 museum specimens crostructure in nonhuman primates. tional Forest and a floodplain environ- with associated locality information. Ex- ment on Ituqui Island. Data on household tant taxa are assigned to one of five dis- Migrations across the : Mito- food consumption were collected using 24- tinct ecogeographic regions, including chondrial DNA analysis of popula- hour recall in 1995/1996 on Ituqui Island spiny thicket, dry deciduous forest, succu- tions from the and and in 2004/2005 in Caxiuanã. Structured lent woodland, lowland and subhumid Arabia. interviews were undertaken in 12 house- rainforest. Comparisons of dental mor- holds with female heads in each popula- phometrics reveal significant geographical C.J. Mulligan, A. Non, A. Kitchen, De- tion during 7 consecutive days in the two patterns of size variation within taxo- partment of Anthropology, University of main seasons of the year (rainy and dry). nomic groups. In general, the primates Florida Caloric and protein values were calculated from Ankilitelo are both: (a) larger than using the three major Brazilian food com- their modern counterpart, (b) consistently Horn of Africa (HOA) and neighboring position tables. larger than similar taxa from localities regions on the are Preliminary results show significantly that are further south, but smaller than critical to our understanding of the higher caloric (P=0.001) and protein similar taxa from the forests in the north worldwide dispersal of anatomically mod- (P=0.002) intakes in the Caxiuanã popula- and east. This suggests that variations in ern Homo sapiens, as well as the recon- tion in comparison to the population in size in the Holocene forms can be related struction of more recent migrations be- Ituqui. Caxiuanã also shows higher values to broad scale habitat type. The predictive tween the two regions. We generated of caloric and protein intakes when the value of ecogeographic patterns in Holo- mitochondrial DNA sequence data from two most important food items, fish (Pcalorie cene primates is of significance for the the hypervariable region I (HVRI) for = 0.018, Pprotein =0.048) and manioc reconstruction of paleoenvironments in Ethiopian (n=40), Yemeni (n=44) and (Pcalorie=0.025, Pprotein= 0.029) are com- Madagascar. Ashkenazi (n=45) Jewish populations. A pared. Research supported by NSF (BCS collected comparative database of HVRI The differences observed between the 0408732), GSA, Sigma Xi, Lambda Alpha, sequences was used to expand our dataset two populations are most likely related to to include multiple HOA and Arabian higher resource diversity in the terra 136 AAPA Abstracts

firme environment, as well as less sea- “ethnic” populations, the comparisons for lations. Males and females in the same sonal environmental extremes observed in nonhuman primates have not focused on population vary markedly, as do individu- the flood-stressed environment of Ituqui. the correlates of variability. This study als from temporally distinct populations. In addition, the lower dependency of the compares the variability of cranial bone Taken together, this data strongly sug- Caxiuanã population on market products thickness in various regions of the adult gests that regardless of underlying causa- for meeting dietary needs may also play a cranium in a population of Papio cyno- tive factors and degree of severity, the role in the obtained results. cephalus anubis. The 37 (17 male/20 fe- specific placement of osteoarthritic Supported by FAPESP, CNPq and male) specimens used in this study were changes on a joint surface very likely re- IPAM. obtained from the Tappen collection, De- flect the biomechanical forces applied to partment of Anthropology at the Univer- that joint during habitual activities. Fordisc 2.0 the ultimate test: What is sity of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Palatal the truth? length (prosthion to staphylion) and Late Miocene primate fauna in Na- thickness measurements taken at mid- kali, central Kenya. N.A. Naar, D. Hilgenberg, G.J. Armelagos. frontal squama, right pterion, left pterion, Department of Anthropology, Emory Uni- basion, and opistion were recorded using a M. Nakatsukasa1, Y. Kunimatsu2, Y. Sa- versity. Mitutoyo Digital caliper and a modified wada3, T. Sakai3, H. Hyodo4, T. Itaya4, M. sliding caliper with extendable arms, read Saneyoshi3, H. Tsujikawa1, E. Mbua5. Numerous researchers have used ar- to the nearest (.01mm). Mean absolute 1Laboratory of Physical Anthropology, cheological populations to test the ability and relative (absolute point/palatal Kyoto University, 2Primate Research In- of Fordisc 2.0 to classify an unknown length) thickness at each of the five points stitute, Kyoto University, 3Department of adult cranium based on a worldwide ref- was computed for males and females. Geoscience, Shimane University, erence sample. The reference consists of Student’s t-test was used to compare 4Institute of Natural Science, Okayama twenty-eight sample populations from W. means between male and female values. University of Science, 5Division of Paleon- W. Howell's (1989) data base. Williams et Two of five absolute measurements tology, National Museums of Kenya. al. (2005), Belcher et al. (2002), and (basion and opistion) were significantly Leathers et al. (2002) have used a small different (p<0.05) and three of five relative The Nakali area is located on the east- homogeneous X-Group population from measurements (midfrontal squama, right ern shoulder of the central Kenyan Rift, Sudanese Nubia (350-550 CE) to demon- pterion, and left pterion) were signifi- 60km south from the Samburu Hills, and strate problems with the program. Freid cantly different (p<0.05). The two absolute 80km northeast from the Tugen Hills. In et al (2005), in "The truth is out there: points were both on the foramen magnum 2005, the Japan-Kenya Joint Expedition how NOT to use FORDISC,” charge that with males exhibiting 18% thicker bone. collected fossils of a large- and a small- using the Nubian archeological population The three relative points exhibit greater bodied apes, and a colobine monkey Mi- is an inappropriate use of Fordisc 2.0 values in females than in males. This is crocolobus from Nakali. Their age was since there is not a representative sample not surprising since palatal length is 25% dated as 10.0Ma by 40Ar/39Ar method. in the Howell database. In this test, we greater in males than in females. Studies Large hominoid materials include a large use crania from Howell's representative such as this will help in the interpretation (=male) mandibular fragment with heav- Egyptian sample to assess the perform- of variability of cranial bone thickness in ily worn M1-3 and large and small (= male ance of Fordisc 2.0. Of the 111 Egyptians, various populations of primates and fossil and female) isolated teeth. The size of the only 55 (49.5%) were correctly identified homininds. male specimens is equivalent to that of with significant statistical evaluation female gorillas. Compared to the almost (posterior probability greater than .500 Osteoarthritis as a behavioral indica- contemporaneous Samburupithecus and a typicality above .100). Sixteen tor: Patterning versus pathology. (9.5Ma), this hominoid is smaller in size, (14.4%) were classified as Egyptian with- and exhibits less specialized crown exter- out the statistically approximate value B. Nagy, Arizona State University. nal morphology of molars. The other and, according to Freid et al., are consid- “ape” is represented by a mandibular ered unclassifiable. Fourteen (12.6%) are Although behavioral interpretations fragment with M2-3. The molars display misidentified with results of appropriate based on the appearance and severity of the crown morphology resembling African statistical significance. Twenty-six osteoarthritic changes on joint surfaces Early and Middle Miocene small “apes” (23.4%) were misidentified but without have come under fire in recent years, an- and the overall size is smallest among statistically significant results. The in- other method simply evaluating the pre- them. It may be the latest survivor of the ability of Fordisc 2.0 to classify even half cise location of these changes remains a African small “apes”. The presence of mul- of the representative sample reaffirms viable and underutilized approach. This tiple “apes” in this confined area (Nakali earlier assessments that Fordisc is seri- paper evaluates the utility of this method, and Samburu Hills), which are supposed ously flawed. Cranial variation, even in using data collected from two prehistoric to be tropical forest periphery in those the one of the core samples, is too great to Kentucky skeletal collections. days, might suggest that a diversity of be reliably classified as belonging to that The idea that patterning of os- non-cercopithecoid catarrhines had been sample, thus highlighting issues with the teoarthritic changes may reflect habitual retained at least by 10Ma in Africa. use of geographic population (race) in activity is supported by the data in a Supported by the Grant-in-Aid anthropology. number of ways. 1. The patterning is not (#16370104) and the 21st Century COE random. Multiple individuals had Program (A14) from the JSPS. Variation in cranial bone thickness in changes in precisely the same location on a single population of Papio c. anu- a joint. 2. The patterning is not homoge- A comparative analysis of the rela- bis. neous. For many major joints, more than tionship between head posture and one pattern (each involving multiple indi- occipital condyle orientation in an- A.M. Nagy. Department of Anthropology, viduals) could be discerned. 3. The pat- thropoids. University of Pittsburgh. terning seen is consistent with biome- chanical information. In other words, T.K. Nalley. School of Human Evolution Cranial bone thickness has been a sig- they correspond to actions and positions to and Social Change, Arizona State Univer- nificant morphologically defining charac- which that joint may be subjected. 4. sity. teristic for modern humans and fossil Frequencies of different patterns vary sig- hominids. Although evaluated for various nificantly both within and between popu- AAPA Abstracts 137

The hypothesis that posture influences gary, Romania and Croatia. We used similar results. Lepilemur’s folivorous diet aspects of atlanto-occipital joint morphol- ArcGIS 9.0 to model the spatial distribu- may constrain energy available for activ- ogy has a long and persistent history. tion, geological, faunal and paleoenviron- ity budget changes. Highest tree zones Many researchers have focused on the mental attributes of these localities, which may expose animals to visual aerial occipital condyles and foramen magnum, include known primate occurrences at predators, e.g. owls. Risks of attracting historically using their position and spa- Mariathal, St. Stephan, Göriach, Klein predators by calling (or moving) more tial orientation in relation to other ana- Hadersdorf, Götzendorf (Austria), Devín- during bright moon may be offset by pri- tomical landmarks to determine taxo- ska Nová Ves (Neudorf, Slovakia), Fel- mates’ visual ability to detect them. nomic affinity or to discuss locomotion and sőtárkány, Rudabánya (Hungary) and Moonlight effects should be studied in posture. Unfortunately, due to the irregu- Taut (Romania). Layering biotic and more nocturnal primate species. lar shape of the basicranium, anatomical abiotic data over consecutive time slices Supported by National Geographic So- descriptions are commonly restricted to reveals a shifting pattern in the geo- ciety and Wenner-Gren Foundation. qualitative characteristics and 2D meas- graphical distributions and ecology of urements. These previous methods re- these vertebrate localities. This includes Beyond endocranial capacity and vealed the effects of increasing brain size, the extinction of non-cercopithecoid catar- indices: A new multivariate approach but failed to elucidate the influence of rhines and other forest dwelling taxa and to quantify endocranial variability. posture. Thus, 3D quantitative research the appearance of open country taxa, in- is more appropriate to analyze aspects of cluding cercopithecoids. S. Neubauer1, P. Gunz1,2, G.W. Weber1. atlanto-occipital joint morphology that Fossil taxa from the Pannonian Basin 1Department of Anthropology, University indeed reflect posture. document multiple dispersal events of Vienna, 2Max-Planck Institute for Evo- This study targets the occipital condyles within Eurasia and between Eurasia and lutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Ger- and quantifies the orientation of the ar- Africa. These events are thought to corre- many. ticular surface plane. Three-dimensional late to changes in climate, basin margin computer models obtained from 17 an- topographic relief, basin water levels and Usually, endocasts are characterized thropoid species (n=57) are used to explore the evolution of a brackish late Pannonian qualitatively by the appearance of particu- the relationship between articular surface lacustrine environment from fully marine lar anatomical traits and quantitatively angles and head posture. Two null hy- and epicontinental precursors during the by the endocranial capacity, a handful potheses are tested: 1) Pronograde an- middle and late Miocene. distance measurements and related indi- thropoids exhibit posterior facing facets This research is funded by NSERC, an ces. Here we present a multivariate ap- and acute angles to the reference plane Ontario Graduate Scholarship and a Uni- proach to obtain much more quantitative whereas orthograde anthropoids reveal versity of Toronto Graduate Fellowship. information of the endocranial morphol- anterior facing facets and more perpen- ogy using geometric morphometrics. dicular angles to the reference plane and Effects of moonlight levels on behav- For this purpose a new endocranial 2) Early hominins demonstrate orienta- ior of Lepilemur leucopus at Beza landmark set composed of 15 landmarks tions within modern human ranges. Pre- Mahafaly Special Reserve, Madagas- and 300 semilandmarks is established. liminary results indicate a functional car – do alternative analyses give the Ridge curves are measured on the midsag- affiliation between articular surface plane same answer? ittal profile, the clivus, the foramen mag- and head posture after correcting for body num, the transverse and sigmoid sinus, size. The morphology of fossil hominin L.T. Nash. School of Human Evolution the petrous crest and the lesser wing of specimens supports the second null hy- and Social Change, Arizona State Univer- the sphenoid. The calvarial and cerebellar pothesis and is discussed within the com- ity. surface are captured by surface- parative framework of the primate sam- semilandmarks. Differences in shape and ple. Several nocturnal primates show in- size are analyzed in shape and size-shape creased activity with more moonlight, but space. Reliability of the landmark set is Primates on the periphery: Current little is known about nocturnal lemurs. shown by comparisons of repeated meas- research on the biogeography and Moonlight effects on behavior may be urements. paleoecology of fossil primate locali- related to changes in predation risk at We demonstrate this approach in a ties in the Pannonian Basin of Cen- different light levels. Adult Lepilemur study of the evolutionary change of onto- tral Europe. leucopus (1 female, 6 males) were radio- genetic patterns. Three-dimensional coor- tracked in riverine forest for focal follow dinates of the newly established landmark M.C. Nargolwalla, D.R. Begun, M.P. observations across 7 months for about 50 set are measured on CT scans of Homo Hutchison. Department of Anthropology, hrs/individual. Activity budget and sub- sapiens and Pan troglodytes at different University of Toronto. strate height were assessed at 5 min point ages, and two Australopithecus africanus samples. Calling was measured as (1) specimens, Sts5 and Taung. The Taung The Pannonian Basin, surrounded by focal’s calls as 1/0 scores within 5 min specimen is mirror-imaged and missing the Carpathians, Alps and Dinarids, has intervals, and, (2) an index of amount of parts are estimated by reference-based long been known as a sedimentary catch- calling by other Lepilemur in the focal’s reconstruction using thin-plate-spline- ment area rich in information on the cli- vicinity. Moonlight level was measured warping. A principal component analysis matic and biological evolution of Central relative to both moon phase and moon of Procrustes coordinates shows that the Europe in the middle and late Miocene. rise/set times. Moonlight effects were ontogenetic trajectories of humans, chim- Primate diversity in the Pannonian Basin tested using the individual, the point panzees and australopithecines diverge in is high and includes Griphopithecus, Plio- sample, or the animal-night as the unit of a way familiar from published results pithecus, Dryopithecus fontani, Epiplio- analysis and test results compared. Activ- relying on ectocranial data. pithecus (MN6-8), Dryopithecus brancoi, ity budget did not change with moonlight The methodology employed here pro- Anapithecus (MN9), Mesopithecus (MN11) level. Animals spent more time in the vides a coherent framework for the analy- and Dolichopithecus (MN13?). Our cur- highest substrates during dark moon sis of shape and size of endocranial mor- rent research on the fossil localities lo- times (p<0.05). Calling by focal individu- phology with more geometric information cated along the margins of this basin is als did not change with moonlight level, than can be captured by distance meas- described here. but the index of calling in the focal’s vicin- urements and offers the possibility of Our surveys in the Pannonian Basin ity was greater when the moon was bright visualizing and thus localizing shape dif- have identified over 60 localities in Hun- (P<0.05). In general, all approaches gave ferences. 138 AAPA Abstracts

Supported by GZ200.093/I-VI/2004 and has finally participated, in modern times, with the in/del. In impulsive subjects, the FWF-P14738. in the debate on the settlement of the New frequency of haplotype B was .66 (p < .01) World. Human skeletal remains of the and the frequency of the deletion was .75 Assessing the reliability of analysis of first Americans are scarce, mainly in (p < .001). Like the human DRD4 pro- partial and fragmentary cranial re- North America. In South America the moter, the rhDRD4 promoter is highly mains. situation is less dramatic. Two important polymorphic, rich in CpG dinucleotides, archaeological regions have generated contains numerous Sp1 sites, and lacks D.L. Neuweger. Department of Anatomy, important collections that allow for an in TATA and CAAT boxes. Several SNPs University of New South Wales Australia. depth analysis of the cranial morphologi- occur in Sp1 and CpG sites, and thus may cal variation of the early Americans: be of functional significance. Our associa- The Matjes River collection is an exten- Lagoa Santa, Brazil, and Sabana de Bo- tion analysis, while preliminary, suggests sive series of Holocene skeletal remains gotá, Colombia. Human crania from the a role for rhDRD4 in influencing interin- that have been used in several studies former have been extensive studied by one dividual differences in impulsive behavior, although some of the original information of us (WAN) and collaborators over the and lends support to a potential functional on the cranial remains has been lost. The last 17 years. These studies have shown role for the promoter variants. Finally, fragmentary and partial crania from this that the cranial morphology of the first our work emphasizes the value of cross- site, have been analysed to determine sex South Americans was very different from species comparative analysis of functional and population affiliations. Modern South that prevailing today in East Asia and gene regions. African populations from the Dart collec- among Native Americans. These unex- tion are used as comparatives to deter- pected results have allowed for suggest- Identifying the most informative re- mine sex and population affiliations. This ing, among other things, that the New gions of the mitochondrial genome study endeavours to assess the validity of World may have been colonized by two using phylogenetic analysis. information obtained from the partial and very different biological populations in the fragmentary crania of this collection. The final Pleistocene/early Holocene. In this A. Non, A. Kitchen, C.J. Mulligan De- results based on only a few measurements study, 17 human skulls dated to between partment of Anthropology, University of are tested to determine the accuracy of 10 and 6 kyr, recovered in 4 different sites Florida. the discriminant analysis findings. This is of Sabana de Bogotá, Colombia, were not a case of eliminating variables by compared to the world cranial variation by Complete mitochondrial genome se- stepwise discriminant analysis. It is a two different multivariate techniques: quencing has become increasingly com- case of opportunistically selecting vari- Principal Components Analysis and Ma- mon in human genetic studies, although ables that tend to survive in fragmentary halanobis´ Distance. Both techniques gen- cost constraints limit many studies to the material. The results show that from even erated similar results: the early Colombi- small mitochondrial control region. The a single bone of the cranial vault, e.g. a ans show remarkable similarities with goal of our study was to identify informa- parietal, sex and population affiliation can those from Lagoa Santa, as well as strong tive regions of the mitochondrial genome be ascertained to approximately 65% ac- morphological affinities with present Aus- using two criteria: resolution of a phylog- curacy, using only three measurements. tralo-Melanesians and Africans. eny and reduced variances for estimates of Limiting the possible outcomes, i.e. by FAPESP Grant 04/01321-6. time to most recent common ancestor performing discriminant analyses with (TMRCA). We started with a dataset of only two possible results (SA Ne- Multiple, novel polymorphisms in the densely sampled members of macrohap- gro/Khoisan, Bushman/Hottentot) in- rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) logroup N (Palanichamy et al. 2004) in creases the rate of correct identification DRD4 promoter are associated with order to maximize the number of resolv- from 20% to 60% on very fragmentary impulsive behavior. able branch tips in the phylogenies. We remains. This result is consistent over generated a series of datasets in which the various combinations of populations and TK Newman1, 2, CS Barr1, 2, RE Holston2, complete mitochondrial coding sequence makes very little difference to the reliabil- NY Davis2, D Goldman2, JD Higley1. was systematically reduced by deleting ity of results. Thus using discriminant 1Laboratory of Clinical and Translational major genes, starting from both ends of analysis on even very fragmentary mate- Studies and 2Neurogenetics, NIAAA, NIH. the control region. These datasets were rial can yield valuable information about 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20852. used to generate Bayesian phylogenies in an assemblage of crania, and while not as which the topologies were compared based reliable as information from complete The human DRD4 gene contains nu- on the Approximately Unbiased test crania, can broaden our understanding of merous polymorphisms, including a func- (Shimodaira 2002). We used phylogenetic ancient populations. tional 48bp VNTR in Exon 3 that is asso- and coalescent methods to estimate the ciated with impulsivity related behavioral TMRCA of defined clades across all phy- Early human skeletal remains from phenotypes (e.g. novelty seeking, ADHD). logenies. Sabana de Bogotá, Colombia, South The VNTR is present in many non-human Visual inspection of the phylogenies America: Implications for the settle- primate species, but in rhesus macaques suggests that the second half of the mito- ment of the New World. is invariant. We are screening the rhesus chondrial genome may contribute dispro- DRD4 gene (rhDRD4) for novel variants, portionately to the resolution of the phy- W.A. Neves1, M. Hubbe1, G. Correal2, D. and here we present evidence for an asso- logeny, including two approximately de- Munford3. 1Laboratório de Estudos Evo- ciation between impulsive behavior and fined areas encompassing ATPase6 to lutivos Humanos, Universidade de São promoter region haplotypes. We se- ND3 as well as ND4 to the start of the Paulo; 2Museo de Historia Natural Uni- quenced 1.7kb of the rhDRD4 promoter control region. Phylogenies based exclu- versidad Nacional de Colômbia, Bogotá; using a screening panel of 24 subjects sively on control region sequences were 3Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. (12m, 12f) selected from a pool of 213 as- extremely poorly resolved, e.g. 1/3 se- sessed for impulsivity using an intruder quences formed a single polytomy. Pre- Since the investigations of Neves and challenge test. To date, we have identified liminary dating results, based on phy- Pucciarelli (1989,1990,1991) in South 8 SNPs within the promoter region, and a logenetic methods, demonstrated a sub- America and Steele and Powell 32 bp insertion/deletion near the putative stantial increase in TMRCA variances (1992,1994) in North America, the com- translation start site. Based on 48 chro- associated with a 60% reduction in se- parative study of cranial morphology of mosomes, the SNPs form two major haplo- quence length, again highlighting the human skeletons of the first Americans types (A&B), and exhibit high LD (.76) AAPA Abstracts 139

region between ATPase 6 and ND3 as Functional aspects of the ankle and highly informative. The genetics of cardiovascular dis- foot during the locomotor and pos- ease risk factors in American Indians tural behaviors of bonobos, chimpan- Morphological and molecular meas- and Alaska Natives: The Strong Heart zees and gorillas: a focus on captive ures of papionine diversity as stan- and GOCADAN Studies. animals. dards for the interpretation of hominin diversity. K.E. North1, S.A. Cole2, H.H.H. Göring2, M.G. Nowak, S.M. Ford. Department of L. Almasy2, V.P. Diego2, S. Laston2 A.G. Anthropology, Southern Illinois Univer- R.M. Norris1, A.J. Kuperavage2, R.B. Comuzzie2, B. Howard3, E.T. Lee4, L.G. sity. Eckhardt2, H.J. Sommer3, M. Henneberg1. Best5, R.R. Fabsitz6, S.O.E. Ebbesson7, 1Department of Anatomical Sciences, Uni- J.W. MacCluer2. 1Department of Epidemi- While African apes are predominantly versity of Adelaide, 2Department of Kine- ology, University of North Carolina at quadrupedal knuckle-walkers, the need to siology, Pennsylvania State University, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; negotiate variable terrestrial and arboreal 3Department of Mechanical and Nuclear 2Department of Genetics, Southwest substrates allowed the development of a Engineering, Pennsylvania State Univer- Foundation for Biomedical Research, San large positional repertoire as well as a sity. Antonio, TX; 3MedStar Research Institute, complex anatomy. Studies on positional Washington, DC; 4Center for American behavior have revealed differences be- We report early results from a compre- Indian Health Research, University of tween bonobos, chimpanzees, and gorillas; hensive project that uses landmark mor- Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Okla- however kinematic studies of the joint phometrics and superquadric modeling homa City, OK; 5Missouri Breaks Indus- movements at the ankle and foot have based on 3-D surface point coordinate tries Research, Inc., Timber Lake, SD; only recently become a focus. Here, fo- mapping and visualization (Sommer et al. 6Epidemiology and Biometry Program, cused observations on movements of the 2006, this meeting) to gauge morphologi- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute ankle and foot of captive African apes cal differences among papionine primates Bethesda, MD. 7University of Virginia, during daily locomotor and postural be- known to exchange genes among conven- Charlottesville, VA. haviors are used to further explore differ- tional species level taxa. Morphological ences in joint activity. findings are compared with genetic meas- Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and its Instantaneous focal animal sampling, ures on the same populations. associated risk factors are accelerating with the help of digital recording equip- Papionine biological diversity has re- rapidly in American Indians and Alaskan ment, was used to record the ankle and ceived extensive study recently. Unlike Eskimos. The Strong Heart Study (SHS) foot positions of African apes in three recurrent taxonomic rearrangements of was begun in 1988 to investigate CVD zoological parks, with complex substrates disjunct Linnaean categories, our investi- risk in American Indians, and in 1996 a during routine behaviors. In total 12 gations focus on comparisons of phenos- family study was initiated, to investigate bonobos, 7 chimpanzees, and 6 gorillas tructure and zygostructure (Jolly 1993) in genetic determinants of CVD and its risk were followed, resulting in approximately order to test hypotheses concerning factors. More than 1,200 members of ex- 216 hours (72 hours per species) of study broader patterns of early hominin evolu- tended families were recruited and exam- and 12,960 instantaneous samples (4,320 tionary continuity (Henneberg and Thack- ined at each of the three field centers in per species). Data was statistically ana- eray 1995, Henneberg 1997, Henneberg AZ, OK, and ND/SD. Similarly, the Ge- lyzed using chi-square tests. and de Miguel 2004, Eckhardt 2000). netics of Coronary Artery Disease in Preliminary results indicate that there Our primary data set comprises <66 Alaska Natives (GOCADAN) study was are few differences in ankle and foot measurement points on 1348 cranial initiated in 2000 to investigate the genetic movements during locomotor behaviors. specimens distributed among 42 nominal determinants of CVD and its risk factors. In contrast, there are marked differences species and genera of papionine primates More than 1,200 Eskimos from coastal during postures. Most notable is the ex- (with taxon sample sizes ranging from 1 to villages in the Norton Sound region of tensive use of dorsiflexion by chimpan- 88); data collection is continuing and Western Alaska were recruited and exam- zees, whereas bonobos show higher inci- being extended to elements of the post- ined. In both studies, information was dents of plantar flexion, and gorilla ankles cranial skeleton. Given the large and gathered on demographic, lifestyle, and are frequently more perpendicular. In expanding size of our data set, only se- medical variables, and traits related to addition, during sitting postures, chim- lected findings are reported here. CVD, diabetes, and obesity were assessed. panzees seem to place greater force on the For example, a maximum parsimony Genome-wide linkage scans have been ankle and foot than gorillas, while bono- tree of mitochondrial COII (Disotell 1992) initiated and several chromosomal regions bos occupy intermediate ground. Better groups Cercocebus with Mandrillus, while likely harboring genes influencing CVD understanding of specific differences in Lophocebus is placed closer to the pairing have been identified. For example, a locus joint use will aid in the understanding of of Theropithecus with Papio. However, a influencing LDL-C cholesterol was de- ankle and foot morphology. matrix of distances between cranial vault tected on chromosome 19q13.41 (LOD = points normalized by geometric means 4.3) in the SHS. Similarly, a locus influ- The biology of conquest: The effects shows that Cercocebus differs by >5% from encing HDL-C was detected on chromo- of Inka imperialism in Chachapoya, Mandrillus in three times as many com- some 19p13 (LOD = 3.9) in the GOCADAN Perú. parisons as Cercocebus differs from Lo- study. In our ongoing work, we are at- phocebus, and six times as many compari- tempting to identify the functional poly- K.C. Nystrom. Anthropology and Sociol- sons as Lophocebus in turn differs from morphisms that are responsible for these ogy Department, Santa Clara University. Mandrillus. Clearly, morphometric dif- linkage signals. These studies will pave ferences can misrepresent genetic dis- the way for determining how genes exert This research focuses on examining the tances drastically. their effects on disease susceptibility in effects of Inka conquest on the population Support for this investigation was pro- American Indians and Alaskan Eskimos structure of subjugated groups. While the vided by the Australian Research Council, and how interactions between genes and implementation of Inka administrative the Pennsylvania State University College environment differ among Native popula- policies was variable depending upon a of Health and Human Development, and tions. number of sociopolitical and economic the Department of Kinesiology’s Davis Supported by NHLBI grants HL41642 factors, there were some broad commonal- Fund for the Encouragement of Innova- and HL64244. ties. Inka imperialism often included tive Research. compulsory urbanism and relocation of 140 AAPA Abstracts

indigenous populations. While obviously protein and secondary chemical com- considerable attention. VBS and the con- influencing regional political and eco- pounds found in selected leaves. Further- comitant change in the number of thoracic nomic infrastructure, these imperial insti- more, the chemical make-up of the leaves and/or lumbar vertebrae are also seen in tutions would have also affected popula- is correlated with particular shades of low frequencies in the general population tion structure by altering established gene green and red. We are presently augment- of modern humans. Research reveals that flow patterns and mating networks. Util- ing these findings with data on dietary cranial shifts predominate in low latitude izing measures of genetic differentiation, mechanics, chemistry and behavior in groups, while caudal shifts characterize biological distances, and determinant captivity and the wild. high latitude groups. This suggests VBS ratios, this research characterizes the Funded in part by the CU Museum’s may be associated with eco-geographical biological effects of Inka conquest on the Burt Fund, CU Anthropology Department, patterning in trunk height. Chachapoya of northern Perú. Morpho- and the Zoological Society of San Diego. In order to test the hypothesis that logical data were generated from three caudal shifts are seen in higher frequen- pre-Inka skeletal samples (n = 246) and Towards a solution to the syphilis cies in high latitude groups, human skele- one Inka period sample (n = 13) in an enigma: trend in the arp gene sug- tal remains from Pt. Hope, Alaska were attempt to characterize the biological gests evolutionary relationships of examined. Pt. Hope is located on the effects of imperialism. Pre-Inka levels of the treponemes. northwest coast of Alaska, 150 miles regional phenotypic variation and biologi- above the Arctic Circle. Archaeological cal distances suggest an isolation-by- P.S. Ocampo1, H. Liu2, K.N. Harper1, R.W. investigations of Ipiutak (2100-1500BP) distance population structure. Compari- George2, G.J. Armelagos1, B.M. Steiner2. and Tigara (800-300BP) cultural compo- son to the Inka period sample suggests a 1Emory University, 2U.S. Centers for Dis- nents yielded nearly 500 human burials. reduction in phenotypic variance, though ease Control and Prevention. Both represent pre-Iñupiat foragers more Late Horizon samples will be needed adapted to harsh Arctic environments. Of in order to increase analytical power. The The origin of venereal syphilis has been these, 126 individuals (males=65; fe- results are discussed in relation to evi- a source of contention for historians, phy- males=61) with complete vertebral col- dence of imperialism from other regions sicians, and physical anthropologists for umns could be included in this study. conquered by the Inka. the past century. Though the genome Results indicate that 26 individuals sequence of the causative agent of vene- (21% of the total sample) exhibit VBS at A preliminary analysis of the me- real syphilis, Treponema pallidum subsp. the thoracolumbar border. Of these, 23 chanics, chemistry, and color of pallidum, has been determined, definite individuals possess caudal shifts. This leaves ingested by four colobine spe- evolutionary relationships between T. p. high frequency of caudal shifts is consis- cies in Vietnam. subsp. pallidum and T. p. subsps. per- tent with the pattern found in the high tenue and endemicum, the spirochetes latitude Sadlermiut Eskimo, and in J.A. O’Brien1, L. Ulibarri1, B.W. Wright2, responsible for the non-venereal diseases marked contrast with the high frequency K.A. Wright3. H.H. Covert1, T. Nadler4. yaws and endemic syphilis, have yet to be of cranial shifts documented in low lati- 1Department of Anthropology, University ascertained. We sequenced the repeat tude East African groups. These findings of Colorado at Boulder, USA, 2George portion of the Acidic Repeat Protein (arp) lend support to the hypothesis that the Washington University, Department of gene from 15 Treponema pallidum strains direction of VBS may be influenced by eco- Anthropology-CASHIP, 3Center for Func- and have discovered a marked trend be- geographical factors. tional Anatomy and Evolution, Johns tween the venereal and non-venereal Hopkins University School of Medicine, forms. Although the gene can be com- A comparison of microtomographic 4Endangered Primate Rescue Center, Cuc prised of 1 to 14 sixty basepair repeats, systems for the analysis of dental Phuong National Park, Vietnam. non-venereal syphilis strains have identi- tissues. cal repeats while venereal syphilis strains It appears that all catarrhine primates have multiple repeat types. Sequence A.J. Olejniczak1,2, T.M. Smith1, P. Taf- can equally differentiate leaf color. How- homology between the arp gene and fi- foreau3, H. Temming1, J.-J. Hublin1. ever, it remains to be seen if leaf monkeys, bronectin adhesins from gram-positive 1Department of Human Evolution, Max particularly sympatric and congeneric bacteria suggests this protein may simi- Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthro- species, select leaves that differ mechani- larly be involved in pathogenesis. The pology, 2Interdepartmental Doctoral Pro- cally and chemically, and if these leaf different types of repeats present in vene- gram in Anthropological Sciences, Stony characteristics are associated with certain real syphilis strains may account for the Brook University, 3ID 19 Beamline, Euro- spectrographic signatures. This study bacteria’s ability to bind to a range of cell pean Synchrotron Research Facility & examines variation in the toughness, types and result in a systemic infection LGBPH, University of Poitiers. chemical composition, and color of leaves unlike that of yaws and endemic syphilis. selected by four colobine species at the This is the first large-scale genetic differ- Modern microtomographic techniques Endangered Primate Rescue Center ence between the subspecies and the only facilitate accurate imaging and measure- (EPRC), Cuc Phuong National Park, Viet- one suggesting functional differences. ment of internal dental structures (e.g., nam. The location of the EPRC permits us These results provide molecular evidence surface area of the enamel-dentine junc- to provision the study species with a range for the subspecies designations, argue tion), as well calculation of tissue vol- of foods found in their natural habitat. that the agents of yaws and endemic umes. Such non-destructive studies are The inclusion of Pygathrix nemaeus, P. syphilis are more closely related to each becoming commonplace, and the accuracy cinerea, Trachypithecus delacouri, and T, other, and proposes that syphilis is a more of these techniques has been demon- laotum hatinhensis permit both intra- and recently emerged variant. strated for certain systems (e.g., conven- intergeneric comparisons. By providing tional laboratory micro-computed tomo- the primates with monospecific bundles of Vertebral border shifts in two pre- graphy (MCT) and synchrotron MCT). leaves we were able to rank the most pre- Iñupiat groups from Pt. Hope, Alaska. Nonetheless, fundamental differences ferred, moderately preferred, and least between microtomographic techniques preferred foods. The toughness of all se- M.D. Ogilvie. Department of Anthropol- have been shown to lead to differences in lected foods was found to be statistically ogy, University of New Mexico. image quality, which may result in differ- comparable among the four study species. ences in measurements of volumes and However, the species appear to partition In recent years, vertebral border shifts surface areas. In order to explore this their diets according to the percentage of (VBS) in fossil hominins have received variation, we took identical measurements AAPA Abstracts 141

on microtomographic images of a small clinical statistics, as well as a lack of sample of teeth that were scanned with knowledge about healthcare services of- Spatial variation in the activity and different techniques, including laboratory fered in their area. The results of this positional behavior of Ateles geoffroyi MCT, industrial MCT, and synchrotron study are intended to be presented in a ornatus and its relationship to forest MCT. Results indicate that image quality publication distributed to physicans work- disturbance at Estación Biológica La differs between scanning systems, and ing with indigenous populations, by the Suerte, Costa Rica. factors such as the degree of mineraliza- Venezuelan Ministry of Health. tion (or diagenetic remineralization), abso- The authors would like to thank the M.T. O’Mara. School of Human Evolution lute enamel thickness, and specimen size Venezuelan Ministry of Health for making and Social Change (SHESC), Arizona should be taken into account when choos- this research possible. State University. ing the most appropriate scanning tech- nique. While image quality differs be- Age/sex class differences in foraging Large body size, diet of ripe fruit, and tween systems (especially for fossil sam- on Acacia-dwelling ants by white- large home range size may make spider ples), measurements of the same teeth faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus). monkeys particularly vulnerable to habi- without strong remineralization scanned tat disturbance. Whether this is due to on different systems were comparable. R.C. O’Malley1, L.M. Fedigan2. 1Depart- their restrictive diet or to a forest’s matur- Post-processing of data and image ma- ment of Anthropology, University of ity and structure is debated. To explore nipulation (tissue segmentation and im- Southern California, 2Department of An- how disturbance level and forest structure age correction) requires more effort prior thropology, University of Calgary. impacts positional behavior, activity, and to recording measurements when using range utilization of spider monkeys, a conventional laboratory MCT compared to Feeding on Acacia-dwelling ants by single community of Ateles geoffroyi orna- synchrotron MCT, due to the greater inci- white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus) tus was observed in both selectively logged dence of scanning artifacts caused by con- is similar in some respects to termite- and unlogged forests. Qualitatively as- ventional polychromatic cone X-ray fishing by chimpanzees. Both food sources sessed disturbance levels differed signifi- beams. Combining measurements of teeth are predictable in time and space and cantly between forests. However, as dis- taken on different types of microtomo- presumably meet similar dietary needs, turbance level increased structural differ- graphic systems presupposes that the but also present formidable foraging chal- ences were observed only in decreased accuracy of each system is approximately lenges. The ants’ aggressive response to inter-tree spacing of trees and decreased equal, and the research presented here disturbance of their host plant may favor liana load and were not different in other indicates that this is often the case. the development of specific predation forest structure measures. Analyses of Supported by The Max Planck Society skills or strategies. We present data on ASTER satellite data show a homogenous and the European Synchrotron Research Acacia ant foraging by wild capuchins, forest canopy across both forests. Posi- Facility. discuss observed differences between tional behavior did not differ between the groups and age/sex classes, and note simi- forests. Activity budgets differ both by sex A health assessment of the Curripaco larities with termite-fishing by chimpan- and between the two forests. Males rest people in Amazonas State, Venezuela. zees. more than females, while females feed and We conducted observations on two forage more. As a percentage of time M.C. Oliver, J. Hill. Department of An- neighboring groups in Santa Rosa Na- spent in each forest, spider monkeys thropology, Southern Illinois University tional Park, Costa Rica, in 2001. We travel in the logged forest more often and at Carbondale. found significant differences in the rate of rest less than they do in the unlogged feeding bouts between groups. Juveniles forest. Feeding and foraging is unaf- The state of indigenous health in Vene- engaged in feeding bouts at higher rates fected. This suggests that highly disturbed zuela is a key political interest as nation- than other age/sex classes and also had areas do not act as core range areas of A. ally-funded programs such as Barrio the highest percentage of failed attempts. g. ornatus. Individuals may use logged Adentro, the Cuban-run healthcare initia- We identified several feeding methods but forests primarily as corridors to less dis- tive, are under constant public scrutiny. a preference towards single, detached turbed areas. Thus, selective timber ex- Researchers conducted a cross sectional branch thorns. We noted an aggressive traction in Costa Rican forests may not health survey of the Curripaco people, an response by the ant colony more fre- severely affect spider monkeys if a con- indigenous group who collectivley reside quently when subjects were feeding on tiguous refuge area remains and if logging throughout Amazonas State, during the thorns that were detached from the plant is executed in a sustainable manner that summer of 2005. The purpose of this study rather than left attached, though it was does not significantly alter forest struc- is to assess the current health state of unclear whether this was a cause or effect ture. indigenous peoples in Venezuela, and the of the method used. infrastructure of the public health ser- As in termite-fishing chimpanzee popu- Sources of mechanical work and vices offered to these groups. The Curri- lations, neighboring capuchin groups en- power for walking versus running in paco peoples’ perception of their health gaged in Acacia ant feeding at different ring-tailed lemurs. was documented through a verbally ad- rates despite living in similar habitat, and ministered health questionnaire in the the behavior was less frequently observed M.C. O’Neill1, D. Schmitt2. 1Center for rural settlements of La Esperanza, Pavóni in adult males. Adults were more skilled Functional Anatomy and Evolution, Johns and Saron. The survey, targeted at house- than younger individuals. We hypothesize Hopkins University School of Medicine, holds that included someone who spoke or that capuchins require several years to 2Dept. of Biological Anthropology and understood Curripaco, focused on diet and achieve proficiency, and that different Anatomy, Duke University, Durham, NC. nutrition, morbidity and mortality, im- foraging patterns of adult males and fe- munizations, prenatal and dental care and males reflect divergent foraging strate- Most quadrupedal animals, including access to medical treatment. Vital statis- gies. primates, increase their energetic cost of tics were also recorded for survey respon- This research was supported by an op- locomotion as they increase speed. Many dents. The perception data was then cor- erating grant from the Natural Sciences animals use energy-saving mechanisms related with local and national clinical and Engineering Research Council of including energy storage in tendons to statistics, where available. Results indi- Canada (NSERCC) and by a 2000 Grant- offset some of that cost. However, pri- cate discrepancies between the Curri- in-Aid of Research from the Sigma Xi mates are known to have limb muscles paco’s perceived morbidities and actual National Honor Society. with short, stiff tendons with a limited 142 AAPA Abstracts

capacity for strain energy storage. How tailed Pithecia using homologous verte- the arboreal quadrupeds, gibbons and primates balance power production and brae. Vertebral cross-sectional properties humans. As suggested by other research- energetic cost as speed increases is there- were regressed against vertebral length ers, gibbons might not follow the large- fore unclear. This study begins to address and equivalent structural properties of bodied hominoid pattern because during this question by evaluating how muscle limb bones using RMA. Caudal vertebral brachiation the TB is contracted to extend mechanical advantage, limb joint work strengths/rigidities are isometrically the elbow from flexion at the ends of the and power requirements change across scaled in each taxon (p>0.05). Elevations swing and support phases. gaits and speed in primates. of species-specific RMA lines are different Supported by NSF IGERT grant num- Four adult ring-tailed lemurs, Lemur in the proximal tail region (p<0.01), where ber DGE-9987619 catta (2 males, 2 females; 2.2 to 2.8kg Alouatta is stronger and more rigid than body mass), were studied at the Duke both Cebus and Pithecia, and Cebus is First evidence for ecological risks University Primate Center. Animals were stronger and more rigid than Pithecia. among juvenile Phayre’s leaf mon- trained to walk and run along a 12m x 1m However, the two prehensile-tailed taxa keys. runway constructed along a level stretch do not have different RMA elevations in of outdoor paddock. The runway was in- any other tail region, and both are K. Ossi1, C. Borries2, A. Koenig2. 1 Inter- strumented with a 0.6m x 0.4m force plat- stronger and more rigid that Pithecia. departmental Doctoral Program in An- form; animals were video recorded in 2D These results suggest that finer distinc- thropological Sciences, Stony Brook Uni- using a high-speed (250 Hz) digital cam- tions can be made among the tails of pre- versity, 2 Department of Anthropology, era. Inverse dynamics was used to calcu- hensile-tailed taxa if internal structural Stony Brook University. late the net ground reaction force and data are examined. limb inertia based moments, instantane- The juvenile risks hypothesis assumes ous power (W) and total work (Jkg-1) at Moment arm of the triceps brachii that juveniles lack ecological competence each limb joint. and habitual forelimb position in for optimal predator avoidance and forag- Initial results suggest that the me- primates. ing, leading to increased risks of mortal- chanical work and power produced at the ity. To investigate these ideas a pilot distal limb joints account for much of the C.M. Orr1,2,3, L.M. Raleigh3,4, M.C. Jacof- study was conducted on wild Phayre’s leaf change in whole limb work with speed, sky1,2,3, M.W. Marzke1,3. 1School of Hu- monkeys (Trachypithecus phayrei) at Phu allowing lemurs to recruit their shorter man Evolution and Social Change; Khieo Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand. We muscle fibers for increasing velocity. 2Institute of Human Origins; 3IGERT Pro- predicted that if juveniles are less efficient These data represent a first step in un- gram in Neural and Musculoskeletal Ad- foragers, they should: 1) dedicate more derstanding how an animal designed for aptation in Form and Function; time to feeding and foraging than adults, maximizing net power output maintains a 4Harrington Department of Bioengineer- and/or 2) rely more on ‘easy’ food items. If reasonable locomotor economy for walking ing, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ. their predation risk is greater, juveniles and running. should use tree heights at the highest or Supported by NSF-BCS 0525034, Habitual forelimb posture varies with lowest levels less often than adults. Activ- 452217. locomotor behavior in primates and other ity data were collected on all individuals mammals. Typically, arboreal quadru- from two habituated groups (12 juveniles, To grasp or not to grasp? Structure peds employ flexed forelimb postures that 14 adults; May-November 2004) using and function of platyrrhine caudal lower the center of gravity, aiding in bal- scan sampling. Juvenile and adult activity vertebrae. ance on small supports, while humans budget, diet and height were compared often use flexed elbow positions during using Wilcoxon’s signed ranks test with J.M. Organ. Center for Functional Anat- manipulative tasks. In contrast, terres- months as blocks to control for seasonal omy and Evolution, Johns Hopkins Uni- trial quadrupeds walk with more extended variation. Juveniles fed at a greater rate versity School of Medicine. forelimbs to mitigate high bending mo- than adults (P<0.05) and relied more ments resulting from higher substrate heavily on leaves in their diet (P<0.05), The prehensile tail may have evolved reaction forces. Non-human hominoids while adults ate fruit and flowers more twice in NW monkeys (Napier, 1976; also use extended elbows during quadru- often. These differences might be attrib- Rosenberger, 1983), suggesting it is an pedality and below branch suspension. uted to feeding competition as well as to effective adaptive strategy for negotiating Generally, primates that use more ex- the possibility that leaves are easier for arboreal habitats. However, little is tended forelimb postures have dorsally inexperienced juveniles to find and eat. In known about the mechanical structure of angled olecranon processes. This mor- contrast to predictions about predation primate tails, or even how prehensile and phology is assumed to result in peak mo- avoidance, juveniles did not use forest nonprehensile tails differ. Previous study ment arms (MA) of the triceps brachii levels differently than adults. However, has shown that external measurements of (TB) at more extended elbow angles, pro- this result is not unexpected if feeding caudal vertebrae can distinguish prehen- viding maximum mechanical advantage at competition forces juveniles to utilize sile from nonprehensile tails within the the habitual position—a model of TB func- more vulnerable spatial locations despite vertebral sequence, but only distally, not tion that has been used to reconstruct potential risks. Results suggesting age proximally (German, 1982). This study locomotor and manipulative capabilities in differences in foraging efficiency also may examines the structural properties of pre- fossil taxa. provide support for the hypothesis that hensile and nonprehensile caudal verte- We test this model of TB function using juveniles need time to learn ecological brae using pQCT, to test the hypothesis a tendon excursion method to measure its skills. that prehensile tail caudal vertebrae are MA in primate cadavers of several differ- Supported by ASP Small Research stronger and more rigid in bending/torsion ent lineages and locomotor modes. The Grant and NSF (BCS-0215542). than homologous vertebrae in nonprehen- MA is calculated as the first derivative of sile tails, and to examine the possibility the tendon excursion versus joint angle Northern Arctic population struc- that proximodistal location along the ver- curve, allowing measurement throughout ture, history, and migrations in light tebral sequence influences vertebral the range of motion. Our results mostly of new data and methods. structure differently between tail types. support the model, with the maximum The three regions of the tail were exam- MAs of the terrestrial quadrupeds and S.D. Ousley1, R.E. Hollinger1, C.J. Uter- ined for differences in prehensile-tailed large-bodied apes generally occurring at mohle2. 1Department of Anthropology, Alouatta and Cebus, and nonprehensile- more extended joint angles than those of National Museum of Natural History, AAPA Abstracts 143

Smithsonian Institution, 2Alaska Depart- tive behaviors occur most often between servation that an understanding of the ment of Health and Social Services. the adult male and female, both members health of such communities will assist in will bear equal responsibility maintaining our appreciation of how they accomplished Since 1916, physical anthropologists affiliation, 3) males and females will at- this feat and what biological costs or bene- have been analyzing skeletal measure- tack non-group members, 4) within-group fits they encountered as a result. ments from the North American Arctic to contest for food is minimal (i.e. low ago- ascertain interrelationships among an- nistic rates), and 5) between group contest Intrinsic and extrinsic factors pre- cient and modern populations. The analy- competition for food will be more common. dicting extinction risk at a fine taxo- ses have become more sophisticated due to It was also expected that social patterns nomic scale: The case of the colobine advances in anthropology, statistics, popu- would vary with food availability given monkeys. lation genetics, and computers. Statistical unpredictable phenological patterns ob- advances include multivariate methods, served in southeastern Madagascar. L.M. Paciulli1, J.M. Kamilar2. 1Depart- clustering algorithms, and the application Groups consistently maintained a one ment of Anthropology, Ithaca College, of population genetics models to quantita- adult male and female configuration. 2Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in tive traits. New analyses of craniometric Males, females, and offspring were Anthropological Sciences, Stony Brook variation in over 600 individuals from equally likely to be each other’s nearest University. northern Alaska, Hudson Bay, Greenland, neighbor and were equally likely to initi- Baffin Island, and Labrador, are re- ate grooming bouts. Individuals were There is mounting evidence that cur- markably in agreement with a recent more likely to be without a nearest rent species extinctions are non-random. reassessment (Hollinger et al. 2004) of neighbor (p < .001) and groomed less dur- Some taxa appear to possess traits that archaeological evidence for the Thule mi- ing food scarcity (p < .0001). As predicted, increase their risk of extinction. Previous gration and molecular results showing both males and females defended food analyses examining factors related to mitochondrial haplogroup monomorphism from conspecifics. Within group agonistic extinction risk often included several or- among Greenland Eskimos (Saillard et al. rates were low (.02/hour) and did not oc- ders of animals which may produce con- 2000). cur in a feeding context. Red-bellied le- founding effects due to the wide array of Craniometric data were carefully exam- murs primarily encountered rufous le- taxa considered. Notwithstanding, pat- ined for outliers and interobserver differ- murs (Eulemur fulvus rufus) in food trees terns of extinction risk are evident from ences. Despite quite different collection (n=54) but were consistently displaced (n these broad scale analyses. It is unclear, methods only one measurement of 19 = 46) except during food scarcity periods however, whether these same patterns of showed a significant difference. The cra- (n = 8). extinction risk will be observed at a finer- niometric results reveal strong regional grained taxonomic scale. Therefore, in patterning with the notable exception of Sub-arctic Hokkaido: trends in oral this study, the relationship between sev- Birnirk culture groups from Barrow, and physiological health from the eral intrinsic and extrinsic variables and Alaska, and later Greenland groups, pro- Jomon through Okhotsk periods. extinction risk was investigated in a sin- viding evidence of a Birnirk source for the gle subfamily, the colobinae. Thule migration of peoples eastward (900 M.F. Oxenham1, H. Matsumura2. 1School Colobines are often characterized as to 1300 AD). The Birnirk culture, which of Archaeology and Anthropology, Austra- medium-sized, folivorous monkeys. None- spanned the northern Bering Strait for lian National University; 2Sapporo Medi- theless, there is a fair degree of ecological centuries, shows remarkable Alaskan cal University, Hokkaido, Japan. diversity within the subfamily. There is within-site diversity, and has far greater also variation concerning conservation within-group heterogeneity than the other The dental and cranial remains of 99 status, with over one half of the colobines groups in this study. In contrast, the individuals recovered from archaeological threatened with extinction. Greenland groups (from three eastern and sites in Hokkaido, Japan, were assessed Data for over 25 colobine species were western coastal sites), and a Labrador for physiological stress and oral pathology. collected from the literature. Twelve pre- group, most of which are separated by Of these individuals, 60 span the middle dictor variables and three measures of thousands of miles, show great homogene- (4000-1000 BC) to epi-Jomon (300BC- extinction risk were employed in back- ity and similarity. Hudson Bay groups 700AD) period while 39 represent the wards stepwise multiple regressions using cluster together and are morphologically, Okhotsk (500-900AD) culture period. The independent contrasts. The results as well as geographically, intermediate aim of this research was to develop gen- showed that intrinsic factors such as the between the Greenland and Alaskan eral and specifically oral health profiles degree of folivory, group size, and ecologi- groups. for these samples. Results are compared cal flexibility were negatively correlated with other prehistoric Asian samples and with extinction risk while an extrinsic Resource defense and pair-bonding also published data on prehistoric peoples factor, local human population density, in red-bellied lemurs (Eulemur ru- living in similar ecological and behavioral was positively correlated with extinction briventer) in southeastern Madagas- conditions: pre and proto historic Eskimos risk. car. and Aleuts. These results largely corroborate previ- Specifically, results indicated that the ous studies, yet there are also new find- D.J. Overdorff, S. Tecot. Department of frequency of cribra orbitalia was similar ings. Body mass was not found to be a Anthropology, University of Texas, Aus- between the Okhotsk and Jomon samples significant predictor, while the degree of tin. (and also northern Vietnam) and higher folivory was correlated with extinction than that seen in North American sub- risk. Small, pair-bonded groups are common arctic samples (and also samples from among Malagasy lemurs and Fuentes Thailand). Linear enamel hypoplasia was Mortality considered as a proxy (2002) hypothesized that pair-bonding in comparable among the Hokkaidan sam- measure of morbidity. this case may arise from the need for re- ples, much higher than seen in Aleut source defense. To test this hypothesis, samples, but lower than in Southeast Asia J. Padiak. Department of Anthropology, we analyzed 14 months of social data from in general. McMaster University. three wild groups of red-bellied lemur Hokkaido is unique in East Asia in (Eulemur rubriventer) and evaluated the forming one of few extreme environments Information on mortality, whether following predictions: 1) small, pair- to which prehistoric peoples adapted and gleaned from skeletal remains, grave bonded groups occur most often, 2) affilia- thrived. Discussion will focus on the ob- markers or archival documents, is one of 144 AAPA Abstracts

the foundations for assessing health in J.A. Parga. Department of Anthropology, ing) and 50 male skeletons from St past populations. Levels of morbidity are University of Texas at Austin. Mary’s, Stratford Langthorne, Essex, Eng- often inferred from mortality estimates, land (a Cistercian monastery at which yet many anthropologists are unsure of Many female primates copulate with monks prayed standing). These were ex- the validity of this. The absence of re- multiple males when fertile. In one such amined for evidence of eight non-metric search in this area is due to several defi- species, the ringtailed lemur (Lemur traits reported to result from a kneel- ciencies: difficulty in assessing morbidity catta), females have short estrus periods ing/squatting posture. The two samples from hard tissues, paucity of reliable ar- which rarely overlap with other same- were also examined for evidence of os- chival morbidity data and problems inher- group females, creating the possibility for teoarthritis (OA) of the knee. ent in the study of none-fatal measures of a single high-ranking male to monopolize A trait comparison revealed that 72.8% health. This paper considers issues perti- matings. Despite this, multiple mating is of the skeletons from Merton Priory and nent to the question of using mortality as the norm for this species. This study’s 73% of the skeletons from Langthorne a proxy measure for morbidity. It uses the aims were therefore to quantify levels of exhibited one or more non-metric traits. investigation of morbidity and mortality promiscuity among female L. catta, and Chi-square analysis showed no statisti- records for British soldiers for a 70-year identify whether high-ranking males are cally significant trait differences between period in the 19th century. It concludes more reproductively successful than sub- the two monastic sites. Inter-site compari- that, for some specific illnesses and cate- ordinates. Data were collected on free- sons showed similar OA incidence (53.7% gories of diseases, there are dependable ranging L. catta on St. Catherine’s Island, of individuals at Merton Priory, and 59% relationships between morbidity and mor- USA across five breeding seasons. Four at Langthorne were affected). A signifi- tality, but for many diseases and condi- groups were studied, each having 4-8 fe- cant result was identified for the medial tions the relationship is erratic. males, and 2-4 non-natal males. A selec- and lateral tibio-femoral compartments tivity index (representing the proportion (p<0.001). This is potentially the result of A consumer’s perspective of genetic of group males mated) was calculated for different biomechanical forces acting on ancestry testing. each female. Male dominance ranks were the knee in the two groups. calculated using pre-breeding season ago- For these samples, non-metric traits G. Paige, African Ancestry, Inc. nistic data. For all mating females and osteoarthritis cannot be used to infer (n=40), the mean selectivity index was a kneeling posture. Although these skele- Consumers are embracing genetic tech- 62.7±29.2%. Among females whose entire tal changes may be influenced by biome- nology as a tool to help identify their an- estrus period was observed (n=6), multiple chanical forces, their aetiology is multifac- cestries. There is a great deal of variation mating was even more pronounced; these torial, and therefore, alone they are not in the type of consumer, the motivations females mated with 90.3±15.2% of group reliable indicators of lifestyle/occupational for testing, and the reactions to the re- males. However, an analysis of mating posture. sults. This presentation will examine order shows that alpha males were sig- these factors as well as the concerns that nificantly more likely to ejaculate with Hand postures reflect bone apparent people have about the process. females earlier in the cue than subordi- density patterns in the primate distal nates (Mann-Whitney: p=.011). Addition- radius. Nutritional deficiencies in the 14th ally, alpha males were the first to ejacu- century Northern Rio Grande. late in 70% of cases in which the onset of B.A. Patel1, K.J. Carlson2. 1Interdepart- estrus was observed and the first ejaculat- mental Doctoral Program in Anthropologi- A.M. Palkovich. Krasnow Institute at ing male was known (n=10). In conclu- cal Sciences, Stony Brook University, George Mason University. sion, though female L. catta mate multi- 2Anthropologisches Institut und Museum, ply, high-ranking males may have higher Universität Zürich – Irchel. Recent re-analyses of a variety of pre- reproductive success than subordinates if historic skeletal series have revealed a a first-mate fertilization advantage exists. Primates utilize diverse hand postures range of osseous pathologies not previ- Paternity analyses are currently in pro- during quadrupedal locomotion (e.g., ously recognized. Iron deficiency anemia gress to evaluate this hypothesis. knuckle-walking, digitigrady, and palmi- attributed to maize dependent diets was This project was supported by the Col- grady) that are characterized by different originally implicated as the primary lege of Liberal Arts at the University of degrees of dorsal-volar flexion. Hand source of skeletal pathologies at Arroyo Texas at Austin, the Wildlife Conserva- postures also differ during climbing be- Hondo Pueblo. Reanalysis of this skeletal tion Society, and by graduate fellowships haviors (e.g., differences in radio-ulnar series has recently identified the preva- from the National Science Foundation and deviation). These postures can influence lence of rickets at this site (Palkovich, Ford Foundation. wrist joint morphology differently. While 2005). Differential diagnosis now also studies have associated the external con- indicates the presence of scurvy among The sore price of piety: osteological figuration of bony wrist elements with sub-adults at the site. This study pre- evidence of kneeling in a monastic specific hand postures, fewer have inves- sents information about the spatio- community. tigated the internal morphology (e.g., ma- temporal distribution of these synergistic terial properties) of these bones. Because nutritional deficiencies at the site. It R.F. Pastor, C. Bennett, J.L. Buckberry. mineral density is directly proportional to appears that childrearing practices and Biological Anthropology Research Centre, bone compressive strength, load transmis- seasonal food shortages were likely re- Department of Archaeological Sciences, sion through a joint surface can be esti- sponsible for the observed morbidity and University of Bradford, United Kingdom mated by characterizing local distribution mortality patterns. In addition, onset of of bone mineral in articular surfaces (i.e., rachitic disabilities in infancy had signifi- It is often argued that bone modifica- the subchondral plate). cant implications for the viability of some tions make it possible to infer activity or In this study, we assess subchondral segments of the Arroyo Hondo adult popu- posture by examining the skeleton. To test bone density patterns of the distal radius lation. this, two skeletal samples were examined in catarrhine primates. Using computed from historic (12th-16th Century) British tomography osteoabsorptiometry (CT- Multiple mating and female mate monastic collections. The samples con- OAM), contour maps of optical densities choice in Lemur catta: does it pay to sisted of 180 male skeletons from Merton are constructed and superimposed onto be a dominant male? Priory, Surrey, England (an Augustinian virtual reconstructions of the distal ra- community at which monks prayed kneel- dius. Maximum density areas are identi- AAPA Abstracts 145

fied relative to dorsal-volar and medial- mones and facial asymmetry, there is still may represent a late pleistocene popula- lateral reference planes and these are no definitive evidence that these three tion with morphological characteristics compared across groups exhibiting differ- variables are linked. different from modern humans. In this ent hand postures. paper we discuss alternative possibilities Knuckle-walking apes have a greater Skeletal response to total hip for what these findings might be. There volar concentration of high density in the arthoplasty in skeletally mature indi- are several problems with the material as articular surface, unlike digitigrade and viduals: the effects of stress shielding presented: only one individual is described palmigrade monkeys which have a greater on bone mass and biomechanical in- (LB1) although the authors state that the dorsal concentration. Orangutans have a tegrity of the mid-shaft femur. site had several others; dates, age at greater medial (ulnar) concentration of death and sex of the material are contro- high density, while African apes have a J. Peck, S. Stout. Department of Anthro- versial, and even the pattern of associa- greater lateral (radial) concentration. pology, The Ohio State University. tion with stone artifacts found in the cave These results provide support for distin- is not clear. However, the most striking guishable loading regimes arising from Mechanostat theory postulates that feature is the small cranial vault, with an different hand postures adopted by pri- changes in bone mass and strength are inferred brain size of approximately 400 mates during quadrupedal locomotion and directly linked to loads imposed by me- cm3. One possible explanation for such climbing behaviors. We suggest examin- chanical stimuli. Surgical intervention can small size is that the Flores population ing both the external and internal anat- engender changes in the mechanical load- had shrunk as a result of insular dwarf- omy of the distal radius to better under- ing environment to which the mech- ing. Another hypothesis is that the indi- stand the functional morphology of the anostat responds; total hip arthroplasty vidual described was pathologic, suffering wrist joint. prostheses bear part of the postoperative from a case of microcephaly. A recent Funded by Sigma Xi Grants In Aid of load originally carried by bone. As a re- work using 3DCT concluded that LB1 is Research. sult, the reaction of bone tissue to total not microcephalic and has brain features hip replacement operations is usually resembling Homo erectus. Nevertheless, An investigation of the association explained as an adaptive response to a this comparison included only one micro- between facial asymmetry and hand significant alteration in the stress envi- cephalic of European origin. Unfortu- bone asymmetry in skeletal material. ronment. nately, since then LB1 has been severely The purpose of this study is to examine damaged creating serious difficulties for A.L. Peaper. Department of Archaeologi- the effect of total hip arthoplasty on pa- future analysis. Considering the known cal Sciences, University of Bradford, rameters of bone mass and strength in plasticity of the skull, and based on the United Kingdom. mid-shaft femora. For analysis, contra- medical literature, which reports dozens lateral femora were used as a control to of pathologies associated with micro- Exposure to sex hormones during gesta- represent the normal condition of in-vivo cephaly, with varying genetic and envi- tion affects different aspects of develop- implanted femora. A comparative sample ronmental origins and different morpho- ment, and finger length asymmetry, com- of individuals without hip prostheses was physiological presentations, we suggest monly referred to as the 2D:4D ratio, dif- also included in the analysis. Bone mass that there is still not enough evidence to fers between men and women. Men tend and geometric properties of strength were discard the possibility that the fossil de- to have a lower 2D:4D ratio (the ring fin- quantified using image analysis software. scribed is a pathologic hominid rather ger is longer than the index finger), but Results showed a decrease in bone mass than a new species. the 2D:4D ratio tends to be higher in in femora with prostheses, primarily women. Previous data suggests that through bone loss at the medullary enve- higher prenatal testosterone levels cause lope; however, a concurrent increase was Significance of amylase gene duplica- a lower 2D:4D ratio whereas increased observed in total cross-sectional area, and tions in human and non-human pri- prenatal estrogen levels cause the oppo- parameters of bone strength, Ix, and J. No mate evolution. site. Because the face and hands develop detectable differences were found between at the same time, facial asymmetry and femora of individuals without prostheses. G.H. Perry1, N.J. Dominy2, K.G. Claw3, hand bone asymmetry may be associated. This indicates that the abrupt change in F.A. Villanea4, A.J. Iafrate5, C. Lee6,7, A.C This study aimed to examine the relation- the mechanical loading environment en- Stone1. 1School of Human Evolution and ship of facial asymmetry and finger length gendered by the prosthetic implant may Social Change, Arizona State University, asymmetry in skeletal material. A stan- have lead to accelerated resorption and 2Department of Anthropology, University dardized asymmetry index was devised to apposition. These results suggest that, of California Santa Cruz, 3School of Life assess asymmetry in 13 paired bilateral even in skeletally mature individuals, Sciences, Arizona State University, cranial landmarks as well as maximum bone mass may accrue relatively rapidly 4Escuela de Biología, Universidad de finger length asymmetry and total articu- through periosteal apposition and serve as Costa Rica, 5Department of Pathology, lar finger length asymmetry. Asymmetry mechanical compensation for the reduc- Massachusetts General Hospital, calculations were then statistically ana- tion in mass resulting from endosteal 6Department of Pathology, Brigham and lyzed to show a correlation between facial resorption. Women’s Hospital, 7Harvard Medical asymmetry and finger length asymmetry. School. Following analysis, two measurements Homo floresiensis: New species, new were very highly significantly correlated questions, still no answers. Amylase is the digestive enzyme re- in females, but just one measurement was sponsible for starch hydrolysis. In ances- significantly correlated in males. The A.N. Peixoto1, H.P. Silva2, E. Cunha3. tral primates, only one amylase gene was trend that women exhibit longer index 1Colégio Pedro II, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; expressed in the pancreas, but subsequent fingers than ring fingers was confirmed. 2Department of Anthropology, Museu duplications and a tissue expressivity However, unlike studies of living subjects, Nacional/UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; change led to three functional amylase when skeletal material was examined, the 3Department of Anthropology, Universi- genes in apes, two expressed in the pan- index finger was longer than the ring dade de Coimbra, Portugal. creas and one in saliva. In humans, there finger in the majority of male specimens. have been additional salivary gene dupli- Although there has been a large number A new species of hominid called Homo cations, and most humans have three of studies examining the 2D:4D ratio and floresiensis was described in 2004 and copies, though copy number variation is its relationship with prenatal sex hor- generated considerable controversy as it common. Previous studies have shown 146 AAPA Abstracts

that the level of salivary amylase expres- in two artificially incomplete datasets. sion is 6-8 times greater in humans than Then we compared the results from com- Paleoclimatological analyses of western in chimpanzees. If additional gene copies plete data analysis to results from analy- North America reveal a prolonged period led to increased salivary amylase expres- sis of the artifically incomplete datasets. of extreme drought from approximately sion, then the human-lineage gene dupli- Two types of analysis, Procrustes super- AD 800-1350, termed the Medieval Cli- cations may have conferred a selective imposition and thin plate spline, were matic Anomaly (MCA). The purpose of advantage by facilitating more efficient employed. Analyses were performed using this study is to test the hypothesis that digestion of high-starch foods, hypothe- the freeware programme R. The compari- the MCA resulted in increased resource sized to have been a key resource during son showed that multiple imputation stress and decline in health in a setting of hominin evolution. We used quantitative gives acceptable results in geometric mor- north-central California. PCR to determine salivary amylase gene phometry. However, we also present some Data were collected on the remains of a copy number in multiple human popula- reservations concerning the methodology. temporal series (n=98) from the Canyon tions and in chimpanzees. In one human In part supported by the Danish Natu- Oaks site in Pleasanton, California. The population we also measured salivary ral Science Research Council. analysis focuses on stature, linear enamel amylase expression to determine the rela- hypoplasias, dental caries, and skeletal tionship between copy number and ex- Morphometric distinctions in the evidence of violence in order to document pression. While we observed widespread cranial bases of Pan troglodytes and and interpret temporal patterns of growth variation in copy number across human Pan paniscus. stress, oral health, diet, and interpersonal populations, all chimpanzee individuals violence. had a single gene copy. We also obtained T.R. Petersen, Department of Anthropol- Statistical treatment reveals little dia- amylase gene sequences across a panel of ogy, University of New Mexico. chronic change in occurrence of linear primate species to study the evolutionary enamel hypoplasias, stature, or interper- history of this gene family and to estimate Morphometric data for 31 basicranial sonal violence. However, prevalence of timing of duplication events. Interest- landmarks were collected on roughly sex- dental caries shows statistically signifi- ingly, both of the chimpanzee pancreatic balanced adult samples of Pan paniscus cant temporal and sexual differences (chi- amylase genes have frameshift coding (bonobos) and all three commonly- square; p<0.05). Specifically, males show region mutations, which disrupt a protein accepted subspecies of Pan troglodytes a decrease in carious lesions, whereas structure that is otherwise conserved (common chimpanzees), and then sub- females show an increase, mostly in pos- across mammals. These mutations may jected to Procrustes superimposition and terior teeth. These trends indicate a di- reflect the relative unimportance of high- principal components analysis. vergence in subsistence between males starch foods in the chimpanzee diet. Preliminary analyses indicate that this and females. In particular, females be- This study was funded by a research approach yields reliable species-level dis- came increasingly reliant on cariogenic grant from the L.S.B. Leakey Foundation. tinctions. For example, the bonobos and terrestrial resources such as acorns; chimps examined exhibit no overlap in whereas, males focused on marine re- Geometric morphometry, missing their respective centroid sizes, nor in PC sources such as shellfish and fish. values, and multiple imputations. scores for the first principal component. These results suggest a substantive (Following Procrustes superimposition, all shift in diet, without change in growth H.C. Petersen1, T. Ahlström2, W. Vach1. principal components reflect shape differ- stress or interpersonal violence during the 1Department of Statistics, University of ences.) Within Pan troglodytes, the west- MCA. This pattern contrasts with other Southern Denmark, Denmark, 2Institute ern subspecies (P. t. verus) appears to prehistoric populations from southern of Archaeology, University of Lund, Swe- exhibit the greatest separation from the California (Santa Barbara Channel Is- den. others on PC1. An ANOVA test indicated lands region) where health declines are no significant differences between the well documented during the MCA. At In morphometric studies of human three subspecies’ mean centroid sizes, but least for this setting, populations were skeletal material, the problem of missing all were significantly larger than bonobos. able to mitigate stress, perhaps through values is inevitable. Traditionally, missing Interestingly, however, allometry ap- social and cultural means of buffering values have been treated by leaving out pears to play little or no role in adult basi- negative environmental circumstances. incomplete individuals, or by obtaining cranial variation within bonobos or any of These findings also reveal the complexity single estimates for the missing values, the common chimp subspecies. There of stress as it relates to climate and the and analysing the completed data as if does not appear to be any bivariate or diversity of human responses, even within they were genuinely complete. Both pro- multivariate relationship between cen- the restricted geographic setting of central cedures potentially lead to biased infer- troid size and any of the first ten principal and southern California. ence. Recently, proper methods for han- components, which together account for This research supported by William Self dling missing values have been developed, over 65% of the observed shape variation. Associates, Inc. and The Ohio State Uni- one method being multiple imputation, The apparent absence of allometric versity. where the missing values are estimated, effects in adult Pan basicrania has impli- e.g., 5 times with a stochastic element. cations for paleontological studies focused Discriminant function for sex deter- This leads to, e.g., 5 slightly different on the basicranium. It may not be neces- mination in talus and calcaneous for completed datasets that are analysed sary to consider size as a factor when in- Mexican population. taking into account the uncertainty in vestigating the taxonomic or phylogenetic estimating the missing values. Based on importance of morphometric basicranial M. Pimienta1, A. Gallardo2, H. Cisneros3. some assumptions, this leads to proper distinctions in the adult chimpanzee. 1Unidad Académica de Ciencias Sociales y inference. Supported by NSF Doctoral Disserta- Humanidades en Mérida., UNAM; 2Centro Here, we show results of the application tion Improvement Grant BCS-0451969. INAH Yucatán/ Escuela Nacional de an- of multiple imputations to a dataset con- tropología e Historia; 3Instituto de Inves- sisting of 9 2D craniometric landmarks on The medieval climatic anomaly and tigaciones Antropológicas., UNAM. 53 complete crania (26 male, 27 female) its impact on health in the Pacific from Africa (courtesy John M. Lynch). In Rim: A case study from Canyon Oaks, The purpose of this study is to present order to evaluate the efficiency of multiple California. the discriminant analysis of twenty metric imputations, we randomly generated 5% variables from the talus and calcaneous of and 10% missing landmarks respectively M.A. Pilloud. The Ohio State University. 113 individuals of known age and sex from AAPA Abstracts 147

the Mexican skeletal collection housed at their large numbers and interesting posi- Surprisingly, male anthropoid primates the Medical School of the National Uni- tion at the local-global intersection, very are characterized as a group by canines versity of México. All of the bodies came little data is available on their health and that are relatively larger and at least as from cadavers used in the dissection room nutritional status. Data on height, strong as those of carnivores. Anthropoids of the Medical School of the National Uni- weight, skinfolds and circumferences were show strong positive allometry of canine versity, and all of them are from several collected using standardized procedures strength, while strepsirrhines show iso- hospitals and the Forensic Medical Ser- on a population of 469 rural Ribeirinhos metry. Within any given species, male vice of Mexico City. All of the measure- (birth – 77 years) in the lower Amazon. primates have canines that are as strong ments were found to have significant dif- The population showed a high degree of as or stronger than those of females in ferences by sex, and some measurements stunting. Average HAZ fell below –2.0 for spite of the fact that they are considerably were different by side as well. It was pos- all age groups over 3 years and 60% of taller. These observations suggest that sible to obtain more than 20 discriminant adult males and 70% of adult females selection generally favors strong male functions with one and two variables that were considered stunted. Wasting was canines. However, we find only weak sup- minimally had 80% correct classification. rare among children and adults. Average port for the hypothesis that primate ca- adult BMI’s were above the US 25th per- nine strength is associated with measures Reassessing Osteitis deformans centile until age 50 after which both sexes of male competition. (Paget’s disease) in a pre-contact showed a steady decline. Average upper- population at the Briarwoods site, arm muscle area were above the U.S. 50th Articular and diaphyseal responses to Gulf Coast Florida. percentile for most age/sex groups. loading in the femora of subadult Twenty-six percent of adult males and mice. D.C. Pinto, S.D. Stout, M.-T. Cosgriff- 25% of adult females were considered Hernández, L.E. McCormick. Department overweight or obese and the highest rates J.H. Plochocki, C.J. Riscigno, M. Garcia, J. of Anthropology, The Ohio State Univer- of overweight/obese status were seen Rivera. Department of Biology, The Penn- sity. among 40-45 years olds for both sexes. sylvania State University, Altoona, Al- Overweight and obese status was associ- toona, PA 16601. In 1980, J. Mitchem and S. Gluckman ated with household structure and shifts performed a salvage excavation at the in subsistence strategies. For example, Phylogenetic relationships, body size, Pre-Columbian Briarwoods site (8PA66), mature households with adolescent and and physical activity patterns are fre- located in northern Pasco County, on Flor- adult children tended to have higher BMI quently assessed from observations of ida’s Gulf Coast (Mitchem 1985). The site values. Higher BMI values were also skeletal elements. However, the regula- dates to A.D. 1000-1500. In 1982, Y. more common among men who partici- tion of bone and cartilage tissue growth by Işcan and J. Gomez found evidence of pated in wage labor, especially timber mechanical stresses is not fully under- Osteitis deformans (i.e., Paget’s disease). extraction, but not necessarily among stood. The accuracy of interpretations Since Briarwoods is a Pre-Contact site, other members of their households. made from the skeleton is dependent upon the presence of Paget’s disease is unlikely Support: Wenner-Gren Foundation our understanding of the physiological because it is seen primarily in individuals Grant #6861, NSF Grant #BCS 0201936. adaptation of bone and cartilage. We of European descent (Barry 1969). As examined the effects of exercise on femo- such, these findings are potentially very Canine size and bending strength in ral growth in mice to test the hypothesis significant. Paget’s is a generalized bone primates and carnivores. that increased mechanical loading leads to disease that produces a characteristic accelerated tissue proliferation in bone mosaic pattern visible through histologic J.M. Plavcan1, C.B. Ruff2. 1Department of and articular cartilage. analyses. This pattern is produced by Anthropology, University of Arkansas, The hypothesis was tested using 50 increased osteoclastic and osteoblastic 2Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, subadult mice of the strain C57BL6/J. activity resulting from focally accelerated The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. The mice were divided into control and bone remodeling. Although the five skele- experimental groups of equal sizes. Mice tal elements used by Işcan and Gomez are Past analyses demonstrate that carni- in the experimental group had continuous from five different burials and are ex- vore canine bending strength is associated voluntary access to an activity wheel. The tremely fragmented as well as eroded, an with killing behavior. While it is widely housing and diet of both groups was simi- histological analysis was performed to try accepted that male primates have tall lar in all other respects. Calcein was ad- to identify the histological mosaic pattern canine teeth in association with male ministered by intraperitoneal injections that is pathognomonic of Paget’s disease. competition, no study has evaluated ca- on days 8 and 22 of the 4-week experiment Our reassessment of the Briarwoods nine bending strength in primates. Here, to label bone growth. Histological thin- skeletal samples found no histological we test the hypotheses that male primate sections through the midline of the femo- evidence that definitively supports the canines are weaker than female canines ral head and midshaft were compared presence of Paget’s disease. (because male canines are primarily used between groups. for display), and relative bending strength The results show that cartilage thick- Nutritional status of tropical horti- is associated with male competition. We ness, cartilage area, bone area, sub- culturists involved in the market employ carnivores as a baseline of com- chondral bone joint perimeter, and sub- economy in the lower Amazon, Brazil. parison. chondral bone joint diameter were all Male and female canine data for 114 significantly greater in the exercised B.A. Piperata. Department of Anthropol- anthropoids, 30 strepsirrhines, and 45 group (P<0.05). Diaphyseal cross- ogy, University of Colorado-Boulder. carnivores were obtained from the litera- sectional geometry and histomorphomet- ture. We calculated canine bending ric variables also differed significantly The majority of inhabitants of the Ama- strength using a beam model presented in between groups (P<0.05). The exercised zon Basin are people of mixed ethnicity van Valkenburgh and Ruff (1987). Several groups were 2%-7% larger on average for (Indigenous/Portuguese/African), referred behavioral and demographic measures most variables. The results show that the to locally as Ribeirinhos. While most were used to quantify male competition. articular region of the femur exhibited a practice subsistence horticulture, Ribeir- Independent contrast methods were used greater osteogenic and chondrogenic re- inhos also engage in other economic ac- to evaluate allometric scaling of tooth size sponse to loading than the diaphyseal tivities and are intimately linked to the and strength versus body mass and skull region. national and global economies. Despite length. 148 AAPA Abstracts

Stone tool marks on precontact hu- of living humans (n=70) and conditional posture were measured using standard man remains from Mangaia, Cook independence modeling to evaluate two video-photogrammetric techniques and Islands: anthropophagy or bone tool questions. First, what is the pattern of the INCL group were found to use more production? integration at different developmental flexed knee postures (15◦) than the HORZ stages in living humans? Secondly, what group. Subchondral bone density was B. Pobiner1,2, A. Ridgely3, S.C. Antón3. 1 differences, if any, occur in the pattern of measured using CT scans and AMIRA 3D Department of Anthropology, National integration during ontogeny? visualization software. While increased Museum of Natural History, 2 Department While modern humans do not demon- sample size is clearly required for more of Anthropology, Rutgers University, strate a difference in the amount of inte- statistical power, preliminary results pro- 3Department of Anthropology, New York gration during ontogeny, there is a signifi- vided support for the hypothesis by dem- University. cant shift in the pattern of integration. In onstrating that the HORZ group had more juveniles, there exists a high degree of anteriorly placed regions of maximum Prehistoric human colonization of Oce- integration between the corpus and ra- density than the INCL group. These re- ania resulted in major landscape modifi- mus, particularly involving the base of the sults indicate that differences in habitual cation. In late prehistory, population corpus. In adults, the ramus becomes joint loading can be reconstructed from growth led to dramatic resource scarcity separated from the corpus; the anterior patterns of subchondral bone density. resulting in dietary shifts to marginal portion of the corpus undergoes the most This research is supported by the Re- resources, such as rat. This resource dramatic shift, becoming highly modular- search Board of the University of Illinois. stress has been argued to have led to in- ized from the ramus. This decoupling of tertribal warfare and sometimes to canni- the corpus and ramus during growth is Locomotor Energetics and Ranging balism. Archaeological evidence of such similar to what has been seen in the Afri- Ecology of Fossil Hominids. practices comes from a series of rockshel- can apes and is likely due to differing ter sites on Mangaia, Cook Islands that functional needs of the two regions. H. Pontzer. Department of Anthropology, contain burnt and broken human remains These results show that, as in the cra- Harvard University. in midden contexts; however, their inter- nium, the pattern of morphological inte- pretation has been hampered by the ab- gration is not constant throughout ontog- Previous researchers have suggested sence of tool marks indicative of butchery. eny. Because the pattern of integration that locomotor energy efficiency was a To further understand the meaning of changes, likely due to dental growth in the driving selective force in hominid evolu- these sites, we report the first evidence of corpus and musculature in the ramus tion, yet debate continues regarding stone tool marks on human remains from (Daegling, 1996), small changes at differ- hominid locomotor performance and its Mangaia. We micro- and macroscopically ent developmental stages could produce ecological relevance. To investigate these evaluate 1635 bones or bone fragments different adult morphologies and influence issues, I developed a biomechanical model from a late prehistoric rockshelter site cranial development throughout hominin linking limb design to the energy cost of (MAN-84) that yielded abundant fragmen- evolution. locomotion (Pontzer, 2005. J Exp Biol) and tary human remains (MNI = 41) in and validated the model empirically for a around traditional earth ovens. These Validation of the relationship be- range of species including humans and remains and the limited material culture tween subchondral bone density and chimpanzees. Using this model to esti- from MAN-84 differ from other habitation posture during locomotion. mate the energy cost of locomotion for sites and from mortuary practices recog- different hominid species, I tested the nized in burial caves on Mangaia; suggest- J.D. Polk1, J. Blumenfeld1, K. Ahluwalia2. hypothesis that locomotor cost in early ing that MAN-84 is a special-use site that 1University of Illinois, Urbana- Homo is significantly lower than in earlier may have included ritual or nutritive can- Champaign, 2University of Chicago hominids. Results suggest two grade- nibalism similar to that predicted for pe- shifts in locomotor efficiency, with austra- riods of resource stress. Stone tool marks Functional morphologists have fre- lopithecines more efficient than an ape- including cutmarks (slice, scrape, and quently sought to determine differences in like ancestor, and Homo more efficient chop) and percussion pits and striae are habitual joint loading patterns and differ- than earlier hominids. found on 36 of these. While some relate to ences in posture based on gross morpho- To place these changes in locomotor areas of potential muscle removal or mar- logical and osteological differences be- energy cost into an ecological context, I row extraction, a large number are found tween extant, fossil and subfossil primates then examined published estimates of day on fibulae – suggesting the possibility that and especially hominin limb joints. The range, locomotor cost, and daily energy bone tool blanks were being prepared at analysis of spatial patterns in sub- expenditure in 225 terrestrial mammals. the site. chondral bone density across convex joint Interspecific comparisons suggest selec- Partial support provided by a grant surfaces is a relatively new and poten- tion for increased locomotor efficiency (i.e., from the National Geographic Society to tially powerful non-invasive tool for func- lower energy cost of locomotion) is driven SCA and DW Steadman. tional morphologists to use. This study primarily by decreased habitat productiv- provides an in-vivo experimental test of ity and increased diet quality. These re- Morphological integration during the relationship between patterns of sub- sults are consistent with previous hy- ontogeny of the mandible in living chondral bone density and joint posture in potheses suggesting the increased humans. the knee joint. The hypothesis to be hindlimb length apparent in early Homo tested is that animals using more ex- reflects an increase in diet quality and the J.M. Polanski. Department of Anthropol- tended knee postures during locomotion invasion of drier habitats. Similarly, ogy, University of Iowa. should have more anteriorly located re- changes in habitat quality may have se- gions of maximum density on their articu- lected for increased locomotor efficiency in Morphological integration has become lar surfaces than animals that use more early hominids. an area of increasing research in physical flexed knee postures. To test the hypothe- anthropology. While most studies of inte- sis, six sheep were exercised twice daily Habitat use and ranging behavior of gration have focused on the cranium, the on motorized treadmills at moderate trot- Callimico goeldii. mandible is a key component in skull ting speeds for a period of 45 days. Three morphology, mastication, and phyloge- were exercised on inclined treadmills L.M. Porter1, S.M. Sterr2, P.A. Garber3. netic analyses. This project, therefore, (INCL) while the remainder used horizon- 1Dept. of Anthropology, Northern Illinois uses ontogenetic mandibular radiographs tal treadmills (HORZ). Differences in joint University, 2Dept. of Anthropology, Uni- AAPA Abstracts 149

versity of Washington, 3 Dept. of Anthro- challenge notions of definable biological Middle Pleistocene auditory ossicles pology, University of Illinois. race categories and point to significant from the Sierra de Atapuerca (Spain). individual variation in dental develop- One group of Callimico goeldii was ment. Much more variation is seen during R. Quam1,2, I. Martínez2,3, J.L. Arsuaga2,4. studied from September 2002 – August enamel formation than during other 1Dept. of Anthropology, State University 2003 in northwestern Bolivia. Data were stages. Although the results of statistical of New York at Binghamton, USA, recorded using focal animal sampling at 5 analyses revealed no significant difference 2Centro UCM-ISCIII de Investigación minute intervals for a total of 1,375 obser- (p < .05) in timing of dental development sobre la Evolución y Comportamiento vation hours. The C. goeldii diet consisted between race, sex, or decade groups, mean Humanos, Madrid, Spain, 3Dpto. de Ge- of fungi (38%), fruit (31%), arthropods comparisons did show differences, espe- ología, Universidad de Alcalá, Spain, (14%), and exudates (14%). Fungi and cially with regard to sex and decade dif- 4Dpto. de Paleontología, Universidad exudates were consumed principally in ferences. Girls have an earlier average Complutense de Madrid, Spain. the dry season while fruits were consumed age at each stage of second molar devel- mostly in the wet season. The group con- opment than boys. An increase in average The present study describes and com- centrated its ranging activities in secon- age at each stage of development from pares the large collection (n = 25) of audi- dary forest (50%), primary forest with 1980s to the 1990s suggests that at least tory ossicles from the Middle Pleistocene dense understory (30%) and bamboo (17%) some secular change has occurred in re- site of the Sima de los Huesos in the Si- habitats. The group’s total home range cent years. These results indicate that erra de Atapuerca in Spain with living was 85 ha; on average it used 38.6 ha per variation in dental development warrants great apes and humans and selected fossil month (range 27-55 ha), with an average further study. hominids. Although the Atapuerca mallei day range of 1.1 km (range 0.8-1.4 km). This research was funded by the Robert C. tend to fall toward the upper size range of Monthly average day ranges increased as West Grant of Louisiana State University. living humans, the manubrium length is frugivory declined, however monthly home nearly identical, and in all of the most range sizes showed no correlation with Hand manipulation skills of gibbons. diagnostic variables, the Atapuerca diet. Encounters with callimicos from specimens are easily differentiated from other groups occurred on only 2 days. The J.M. Prime, S.M. Ford. Anthropology De- the great apes and very similar to living ranging pattern of C. goeldii appears to be partment, Southern Illinois University humans. The principal dimensions of the influenced primarily by two factors: its Carbondale. incus also show the Atapuerca specimens seasonal shift in diet requires that it for- to differ little from modern humans, and age in a variety of habitats across the Current neurological research has sug- the very straight long process which year; and its lack of territorial behavior gested that hylobatids lack capacities for seems to characterize the Neandertal eliminates the need to patrol boundaries higher cognitive functions characteristic of incus is not present in the Atapuerca as part of its daily movement. As a result, the great apes; accordingly little research hominids. The stapes, however, clearly C. goeldii differs from many other callitri- has been done on the behavioural expres- retains the primitive characteristic of a chines in its low ratio of day range length sions of cognition in the lesser apes in small footplate seen in the living great to home range size. conjunction with their hand manipulation apes and Australopithecus africanus. The Research was funded by the Research skills. Previous researchers have sug- footplate area in the Atapuerca specimens Board of University of Illinois, the Chi- gested that gibbons possess limited ability falls toward the lower limit or outside of cago Zoological Society and the Margot to grasp objects because of their unique the modern human range of variation, and Marsh Biodiversity Fund of Conservation hand shape; however information on the is more similar to the gorilla mean value. International. manipulative abilities of their hands is Morphologically, the Atapuerca specimens scarce. Object use and hand manipulation show an anterior deflection to the A radiographic study of the impact of skills were monitored in this study, as an stapedial head, a condition which is also race and sex on 1st and 2nd molar de- attempt to understand the ways in which present in the few known Neandertal velopment. gibbons use their hands to transport, ma- stapes. The functional significance of this nipulate and hold objects, which in turn trait is not at present clear, but may indi- S.T. Price. Dept. of Anthropology, New offers insight into the cognitive and func- cate a slightly different relative position- York University tional abilities of the species. ing of the stapes head within the tym- Focal animal studies on two pairs of panic cavity. These anatomical traits in Research aimed at understanding the adult gibbons recorded all manipulation of the Atapuerca sample suggest that the variation in tooth formation due to race objects (including introduced items), indi- auditory ossicles in the genus Homo are a and sex helps to more accurately deter- vidual activity patterns, and interaction source of important phylogenetic informa- mine the age at death of remains of between group members to discern if gib- tion. subadult individuals. This project exam- bons are capable of finding ways to use ines the impact of race, sex, and time pe- their hands to manipulate objects as other The Excess Iron Hypothesis: High riod on first and second molar develop- apes do. Preliminary analysis of data sug- levels of iron in infant formula may ment. The sample consists of 303 panorex gests that gibbons are able to manipulate influence infant health via lactoferrin radiographs of individuals from southern objects in a variety of different manners. saturation. Louisiana with known age, sex, and racial Frequency of specific types of hand con- affinity (Black or White), ranging in age tact with objects suggest that there are E.A. Quinn, Department of Anthropology, from 4 years to 14 years. The first and significant differences between the sexes Northwestern University, Evanston, IL second molars are scored for developmen- in terms of object manipulation, as well as 60208. tal stage according to the method devel- time spent in contact with various objects. oped by Demirjian, Goldstein, and Tanner It is apparent that gibbons use their pol- Since 1979, the American Academy of (1973). Statistical analyses explore the lex extensively during a variety of activi- Pediatrics has recommended that infants effects of each variable on molar develop- ties and they appear to show marked dif- receive only iron-fortified formula in an ment and analyze the variability in this ferences in the way they use their hands attempt to prevent iron deficiency anemia. sample. to manipulate objects that are suspended This fortification has significantly im- Variance analyses show large variation versus loose (mobile). proved infant health by reducing the pro- within racial and sex groups comparable portion of infants with iron deficiency to variation between groups. Such results anemia in the United States. However, 150 AAPA Abstracts

iron fortification has also introduced the 100 years, i.e., changes in stature in Asian tree (1973) sample consisted of two young potential for diseases related to excess populations from 1900 to 2000, etc., not juveniles, researchers have questioned the iron which may predispose an infant to realizing that this too is a form of evolu- reliability of these data. Despite the de- infection. tion. This ignorance of science especially bate over their study, we still do not fully This paper proposes a mechanism by when evolution is supported by the same understand the determinants of chimpan- which high levels of unbound iron, such as science further isolates evolution. In zee energetic costs, and therefore cannot that found in infant formula, may increase summary, the ignorance of science and easily interpret the results of Taylor and illness risk via effects on lactoferrin, an evolutionary time coupled with the almost Rowntree (1973) or apply them to the iron transport protein commonly found in blind acceptance of the recent date for hominid fossil record. mucosal secretions and mammalian milks. “creation” has worked on the general pub- We examined locomotor biomechanics Lactoferrin plays a significant role in im- lic to dampen the sound of Evolution. in a sample of five chimpanzees (two ju- mune defense as an anti-viral, anti- veniles and three adults) within the con- bacterial, and anti-fungal agent. At birth, Morphological study of the upper text of the Force Production model, which infants are unable to produce lactoferrin, limb articulations and muscular in- suggests that locomotor energy costs are and are reliant upon lactoferrin from sertion in humans. determined by the amount of muscle vol- breast milk for the first several months of ume used to generate force to support life (Goldman et al. 1990). K. Rabey. Département d’anthropologie, body weight and the rate of force genera- It has been established that formula fed Université de Montréal. tion. Chimpanzees use longer contact infants are at a greater risk for infection times during quadrupedalism compared to than breast fed infants (Ball and Wright Many studies have shown that muscu- bipedalism, suggesting they can produce 1999). Problems with the management of lar contractions seem to impose important muscle force at slower rates, and therefore iron resources, through a lactoferrin physical forces on the articular surfaces should have lower quadrupedal energy mechanism, may be one mechanism in- and other tissues, such as the joint cap- costs. Our results show that longer quad- creasing the risk of illness among formula sule, ligament, tendons, and articular rupedal contact times are offset by the use fed infants. cartilage. During growth, continued use of forelimb muscles that have relatively There are potentially two key mecha- of the muscular forces helps regulate the long muscle fascicles, and therefore acti- nisms by which lactoferrin could contrib- development of the joint and reduces risk vate larger volumes of muscle per step ute to these health differences: 1) lactofer- of damage to the tissues. Since few stud- compared to bipedalism. Therefore, the rin sequestration of iron in breastfed in- ies have been able to demonstrate directly force production model largely explains fants could limit the iron available for the influence of the muscular contractions why chimpanzees do not pay an extra bacterial growth, and 2) over-saturation of on the shape of the joints in humans, this energetic price for walking bipedally. The available lactoferrin with iron in infants study investigates whether or not size implications of these results for the evolu- fed formula could limit the immunological and/or shape of the articulations of the tion of hominid bipedalism will be dis- functions of lactoferrin. upper limbs change according to the forces cussed. that cross them. It is hypothesized that This project was funded by a grant from Biological anthropology, evolution, the favored side of the upper body will the L.S.B. Leakey Foundation. and science: a new perspective on have larger or differently shaped articular why the theory of evolution is not surfaces. Upper limbs are used because The significance of derived charac- resonating with the general public. they are not involved in locomotion and ters that Australopithecus afarensis are often recruited for asymmetrical ac- shares with the robust clade. C.B. Quintyn. Dept. of Anthropology, tivities. Size of the muscle insertions for Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania. each side of the body is used as a surro- Y. Rak1, W. Kimbel2. 1Dept. of Anatomy gate for the charges incurred by upper and Anthropology, Tel Aviv University, In 1991 and again in 2000, the Gallup limb articulations during life. So far, the 2Dept. of Anthropology, Arizona State Organizations asked the American public results show an asymmetrical tendency of University. their opinions about Evolution versus muscle insertions at the individual level, Creationism. This sample of the American but no significant correlated differences in With the recent discovery of a virtually public was merged into one large category the joint sizes. Possibility, differences in complete Australopithecus afarensis man- labeled “Everyone.” Broken down, this loads incurred by articulations of the right dible, our attention was drawn to the category consisted of men, women, college and left arm may be reflected by shape similarity of its ramal outline to that of graduates, no high school diploma, income differences rather than just size differ- robust australopiths. Both species display over 50,000, income under 20,000, Cauca- ences. an extremely wide, elevated coronoid sians, and African Americans. The public process that constitutes a large percent- responded to three belief systems: Crea- Energetics of chimpanzee locomotion: age of the ramal width. The coronoid's tionism, Theistic evolution, and Naturalis- Force production during bipedal and superior end is flat and terminates in a tic evolution. Forty-seven percent believed quadrupedal walking. posteriorly pointing tip, lending the proc- God created man in his own image within ess a hook-like appearance. As a result, the last 10,000 years, 40% believed man D.A. Raichlen1, H. Pontzer1, M.D. Sockol2. the mandibular notch is narrow and con- had developed over millions of years from 1Department of Anthropology, Harvard fined. Quantification of the ramal outline less advanced forms of life but God guided University, 2Department of Anthropology, confirmed the results of our visual obser- this process including man’s creation, and University of California, Davis vations. This morphology joins other a mere 9% believed that man developed characters that A. afarensis shares with over millions of years from less advanced In 1973, Taylor and Rowntree per- the robust australopiths, including the forms of life; God had no part in this proc- formed the only study to date measuring pattern of blood drainage from the brain, ess. The 2000 data showed little change. energy costs of locomotion in chimpanzees which differs from the common primate Human beings in general and the and found similar costs regardless of pattern; the robustness of the mandibular American public in particular have always whether they walked quadrupedally or body; and the proportion of the total facial had problems grasping “deep” time, in bipedally. Additionally, the cost of loco- height occupied by the mandibular body's which major evolutionary events occur. In motion for chimpanzees was 30% higher depth. Although A. afarensis still exhibits contrast, they seem to accept without than those of similarly sized mammals. rather primitive facial and dental mor- anxiety changes that occur within 50 or However, because the Taylor and Rown- phology, the features that it shares with AAPA Abstracts 151

the robust australopiths indicate that it is contributions. Preliminary findings are boundary conditions, and material varia- not primitive enough to fulfill the role of presented here from a biocultural study of tion involves application of structural common ancestor to both humans and the stress among rural and urban female uni- finite element models whose implementa- robust clade. versity students. Stress is measured via tion for comparative purposes is currently blood pressure, EBV antibody analysis, impractical. Variation in the upper-midface of and both the researcher's and the individ- We have developed a method for ap- modern ‘Hispanic’ samples compared ual’s assessment. Policy implications and proximating the torsional resistance of to Caucasoid and Amerindian sam- future research goals are discussed. skeletal elements that incorporates the ples. Women (N=180) were recruited from a irregular geometries of and the inhomo- southeastern provincial university in the geneous bone tissue stiffness distribution E.J. Ramirez, University of Wyoming. People's Republic of China. Each woman within cross sections. Our approximation participated in three sitting blood pres- assumes the corpus to be a prismatic or The interorbital method can separate sure readings, a finger-prick blood draw slightly tapered rod under torsion at each Caucasoid from Amerindian crania with for EBV antibody analysis, anthropomet- end. We use radiographic grayscale varia- considerable accuracy. However forensic ric measurements, and a questionnaire tion to determine an effective shear anthropologists face a problem when at- and semi-structured interview exploring modulus and thereby arrive at an image- tempting to identify admixed remains household background, social support, based measure of torsional stiffness. with this method. The crania in this stress, and goals. Rural and urban back- We apply our method to a sample of study are suspected to possess a genetic grounds were defined by a self assessment great ape mandibular corpus sections. contribution from Caucasoid and Amerin- and an index of household background Incorporation of heterogeneity data in dian populations. This study tests the created through the inclusion of several addition to geometric information signifi- hypothesis that admixed individuals will indicators of material style of life, ideolo- cantly disrupts the rank ordering of indi- not resemble either the Caucasoid or gies, goals and exposure to urban envi- viduals within and across samples with Amerindian sample. The results are quite ronments. This second measure is em- regard to relative stiffness. These stiff- variable when attempting to identify ad- ployed to create a more continuous vari- ness values derived under our method are mixed remains employing this method’s able of household background that is more not proportional to corresponding values classification scheme. One should take inclusive of moderate or more middle of J; rather, these values are more accu- into account the traits that each parent backgrounds. The validity of this meas- rately characterized as being proportional population contributes to the succeeding urement of household background is dis- to the reciprocal of J. These findings es- generations. This study examines the cussed. Upon preliminary analysis, sig- tablish that the metrics used to infer tor- utility of the interorbital method devel- nificant differences (p<0.05) were ob- sional stiffness and strength in the litera- oped by G.W. Gill and colleagues applied served among self-identified rural and ture will, in most cases, fail to predict to admixed samples. The method gathers urban women in the following variables: shear stress and strain values with suit- data from the interorbital area measuring BMI, triceps and scapular skinfolds, arm able accuracy. breadths from paired points and sub- and calf circumference, and multiple tenses of the nasals using a simometer. measurements of household backgrounds Joint plasticity, degradation and ag- Measurements using the interorbital including family income and a measure- ing in the masticatory complex. method are taken on 50 modern admixed ment of personal material style of life. human crania from Mexico City (Mestizo), There was no significant difference in M.J. Ravosa1, E.K. Nicholson1, E. Klopp1, in addition to 15 modern crania from the blood pressure. J. Pinchoff2, R. Kunwar1, S.R. Stock3, M.S. Maxwell Museum of Anthropology classi- This work is supported by the National Stack1, M.W. Hamrick4, L. Gonzalez5. fied as ‘Hispanic.’ A modified classifica- Science Foundation under Grant No. BCS- 1Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg tion scheme finds that 56% of the Mexico 0434104. Any opinions, findings, and School of Medicine, Northwestern Univer- City sample is classified as Amerindian conclusions or recommendations ex- sity; 2Department of Anthropology, with 20% as Caucasoid, or 24% as unclas- pressed in this material are those of the Northwestern University; 3IBNAM, Fien- sifiable. 73% of the Maxwell sample is author and do not necessarily reflect the berg School of Medicine, Northwestern classified as Caucasoid and 27% as Amer- views of the National Science Foundation. University; 4Cell Biology and Anatomy, indian. This classification shows that Medical College of Georgia; 5Chemistry, forensic anthropologists face an accuracy Image-based measure of torsional University of Puerto Rico – Mayaguez. problem when assessing ancestry from stiffness of skeletal elements: incor- admixed remains. The parental popula- porating tissue inhomogeneity with Research on the longitudinal effects of tions of admixed populations should be cross-sectional geometry and its im- altered biomechanical stresses on the taken into account when classifying these plication for comparative biomechan- anatomy and integrity of joint systems is populations. ics. important for several reasons. First, pa- leontologists require an understanding of Stress among Chinese university A.J. Rapoff1, B.W. Brown1, D.J. Daegling2. the extent behavioral variation induces women: Preliminary findings among 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, morphological variation due to adaptive rural and urban populations. Union College, 2Department of Anthropol- plasticity. Second, aging is often charac- ogy, University of Florida. terized by degenerative changes in soft- J.M. Randall. Department of Anthropol- and hard-tissues due directly or indirectly ogy, State University of New York at Buf- Modeling torsional stiffness in the pri- to the cumulative effects of repetitive or falo mate skeletal elements is challenging excessive loads. Our study presents a given both variation in cross-sectional multifactorial and temporal analysis of University life in China provides an geometry and heterogeneity inherent to the mandibular symphysis and TMJ in urban, modern environment for young bone tissue. The computationally simple growing rabbits raised on foods of differ- Chinese adults. This often means expo- polar moment of inertia (J) is only valid in ent material properties as well as my- sure to drastic differences in ideology, restricted contexts but is often used out of ostatin deficient mice. Such variation in culture, and material environments for convenience under the assumption that jaw-adductor muscle activity and forces students coming from rural China. Un- modest errors ensue. An "exact" solution are known to underlie variation in loading derstanding this transition and adjust- for torsional stiffness that includes geo- patterns, which in turn are posited to ment has theoretical as well as applied metrical complexity, loading parameters, affect macro- and microanatomical varia- 152 AAPA Abstracts

tion in joint tissues. Data are derived in clavicular than humeral dimensions, the presence of two separate populations from morphometric, microCT, histological and are not sexually dimorphic. Clavicu- being represented in the postcranial sam- and immunohistochemical analyses. lar length is significantly left biased, ple from the Willandra Lakes. Results indicate that rabbits and mice though diaphyseal breadth is significantly routinely subjected to joint over-loading right biased. Individuals exhibit crossed Genetic structure and admixture exhibit significantly larger masticatory symmetry in humeral and clavicular among U.S. ethnic groups based on Y- structures, greater biomineralization and length asymmetries. As expected, there chromosome SNPs. more robust jaw joints. Soft-tissue com- are no systematic humeral or clavicular ponents of the TMJ and symphysis also asymmetries in chimpanzees and gorillas. A.J. Redd1,2, V.F. Chamerlain1, V.F. Kear- develop marked anatomical changes These results suggest humans have a ney1, D. Stover1, Gina Zhang1, T. Karafet1, linked to postnatal variation in mastica- unique pattern of upper limb asymmetry, and M.F. Hammer1. 1University of Ari- tory loading patterns, specifically changes and further indicate some independence zona, Division of Biotechnology, in extracellular matrix elements related to in length and diaphyseal asymmetries in 2University of Kansas, Department of variation in compressive and tensile loads. human limbs. Anthropology. Interestingly, some of this ‘adaptive’ plas- Funded in part by the Institute for ticity may reflect compensatory changes Bioarchaeology and by a NSF Graduate We typed a set of 61 Y chromosome in one tissue type to offset degradative Research Fellowship. single-nucleotide-polymorphisms (Y- changes in another component of a joint SNPs) in a sample of 2,517 individuals system. This highlights the great benefit A reassessment of the “gracile” vs from 38 populations to quantify popula- of integrating myriad sources of data so as “robust” dichotomy in the Pleistocene tion structure and admixture among Afri- to provide a comprehensive rendering of of Australia. can-American, European-American, His- the cascade of ontogenetic changes in joint panic-American, Asian-American, and bony and connective tissues vis-à-vis al- D.R.T. Rayner1, A.C. Durband2, M.C. Native-American ethnic groups. An tered mechanical loads. Westaway3. 1School of Archaeology and analysis of molecular variance indicates Anthropology, The Australian National that most of the genetic variance (64.7%) Patterns of clavicular asymmetry in University, 2Dept of Sociology, Anthropol- is found within populations; a notable relation to humeral asymmetry in ogy, and Social Work, Texas Tech Univer- amount (33.3%) is found between ethnic humans and great apes. sity, 3The Willandra Lakes World Heri- groups while only 1.9% is found within tage Area, National Parks and Wildlife each ethnic group. Only the Native- M.H. Raxter1, B.M. Auerbach2, K. Barker3. Service, Australia. American populations contain significant 1Department of Anthropology, The George among population variation. Admixture Washington University, 2Center for Func- Pleistocene human crania from Austra- estimates vary greatly among populations tional Anatomy and Evolution, Johns lia have been assigned to "gracile" and and ethnic groups. The frequencies of Hopkins University School of Medicine, "robust" categories as descriptors of their non-European (3.4%) and non-Asian 3Department of Anthropology, University size and morphology. These categories (4.5%) Y chromosomes are generally low of Missouri-Columbia. have likewise been cited as evidence for in European-American and Asian- the existence of multiple founding popula- American populations, respectively. The Previous studies on clavicular and hu- tions for the continent. Individuals from frequencies of European Y chromosomes meral bilateral asymmetry examined the Willandra Lakes region are commonly in Native-American populations range them separately. As they are parts of a used to support these hypotheses as they widely (i.e., 7-89%) and follow an East to functional unit, however, examining them appear to exhibit great variation in cra- West gradient, whereas the frequencies of together would benefit understanding nial robusticity. Contributions to this European Y chromosomes in African- patterns of asymmetry in the upper limb. discussion have so far neglected the rela- American populations is relatively consis- This study examines whether patterns in tively large post-cranial sample available tent (26.4% ± 8.9%) across different loca- length and average diaphyseal asymmetry from the region. This paper will assess the tions. The European (77.8% ±9.3%) and significantly differ for clavicles and hu- validity of claims for multiple populations Native-American (13.7% ±7.4%) compo- meri among humans. These patterns are being represented in the post-crania from nents of the Hispanic paternal gene pool also compared to those of chimpanzees the Willandra Lakes. are also relatively consistent among geo- and gorillas, whose lateralized behavior Our team collected an exhaustive bat- graphic regions; however, the African and upper limb mechanics differ consid- tery of postcranial measurements from contribution is higher in the Northeast erably from humans. the available Willandra Lakes skeletal (10.5% ± 6.4%) than in the Southwest 400 Native American and Egyptian skele- sample, including both the specimens (1.5% ± 0.9%) or Midwest (0%). The his- tal remains were measured, as were 10 published by Webb (1989) as well as a tory of paternal admixture in the U.S. has great apes. Clavicular and humeral number of undescribed individuals discov- been neither symmetric nor geographi- maximum lengths and average 50% hu- ered more recently. These measurements cally uniform. meral and clavicular diaphyseal diameters will be compared to a number of Austra- This research was supported by an Na- were measured. Percentage directional lian samples both from the Pleistocene as tional Institute of Justice grant to M.F.H. asymmetries (%DA) and percentage abso- well as the Holocene, in an effort to exam- lute asymmetries (%AA) were calculated ine whether Willandra Lakes post-cranial to allow for direct comparison of asymme- material falls within the range of varia- Studies of genetic variation and their tries in dimensions of different size. Non- tion for other, modern and ancient, Aus- relevance to questions of the origin parametric tests were used in analyses tralian populations. and evolution of human species. due to limitations inherent in analyzing Our results suggest that that the terms proportional data. "robust" and "gracile" may only be useful J.H. Relethford. Department of Anthro- As demonstrated previously (Auerbach for the discussion of Australian crania and pology, State University of New York Col- and Ruff, in press), human humeri are not appropriate in the description of post- lege at Oneonta. significantly right biased in length and cranial samples. For example, the Lake diaphyseal breadth %DAs and %AAs. Mungo 3 individual is commonly consid- It has become increasingly common to Males have greater diaphyseal asymmetry ered to be "gracile" and yet exhibits large consider the past two million years of and females have greater length asymme- and relatively "robust" post-cranial skele- human evolution in terms of several taxa, try (p<0.05). %DA and %AA are greater ton. Further, our findings cast doubt on including Homo erectus, Homo heidelber- AAPA Abstracts 153

gensis, Homo neanderthalensis, and Homo conservation activities on resource use B.G. Richmond1, W.L. Jungers2. 1Center sapiens, although considerable debate and mammals in the protected area since for the Advanced Study of Hominid Paleo- remains over whether these labels best its inception. This study indicates great biology, Department of Anthropology, The represent reproductively distinct species, declines in mammal abundance in com- George Washington University, semi-species, or sub-species, and the ex- munity hunting and logging sectors; with 2Department of Anatomical Sciences, tent to which their relationship over time humans no longer restricting their activi- Stony Brook University. can best be described by anagenesis or ties close to the villages. Many Park sec- cladogenesis. Genetic data have often tors also show increasing human impacts Analyses of the femora attributed to been used to support a model of modern and declines of wildlife. Local residents Orrorin tugenensis suggest that they pro- human origins in Africa followed by an have responded to booms and busts in the vide among the earliest evidence of expansion with replacement outside of local logging industry by increasing com- hominin bipedalism, and characterize Africa. This conclusion, based in large mercial hunting and diamond extraction, them as being morphologically more simi- part on evidence from mitochondrial and escalating declines in wildlife. This study lar to those of humans than to those of Y-chromosome DNA, has been called into helps us to evaluate the relative successes Australopithecus afarensis, especially AL question by several new lines of evidence, and challenges of the ICDP model of con- 288-1. This study examines the Orrorin including: 1. lack of a consistent signature servation and argues for both increased femora (BAR 1002’00, 1003’00, 1215’00) in of population expansion in nuclear DNA, community participation and law en- a comparative and allometric context in 2. Templeton’s multilocus analysis dem- forcement as ways to improve conserva- order to test hypotheses about their mor- onstrating several expansions out of Af- tion outcomes in forests. phological affinities and functional mor- rica combined with admixture with popu- This research was supported by Purdue phology. lations outside of Africa, and 3. Eswaran’s University and National Geographic Soci- Measurements were collected on proxi- demonstration of how a diffusion wave ety Grant # 787305. mal femora of a large sample of adult process could have incorporated archaic humans (n=132), chimpanzees (n=49), human genes during the transition to, and Evaluation of estimated dental age bonobos (n=14), gorillas (n=59), orangu- subsequent expansion of, modern humans versus real age of “unknown” bodies - tans (n=32), and most available early in Africa. These findings are reviewed and a 20-year survey. hominin taxa. The human sample in- considered in terms of possible evolution- cludes individuals from large- and small- ary relationships between three mor- K. Reppien, B. Sejrsen, N. Lynnerup. Unit bodied (African Pygmy, Andaman Island) phospecies: H. erectus, H. heidelbergensis, of Forensic Odontology, Institute of Fo- populations. Scaling was examined by and H. sapiens. It is suggested that each rensic Medicine, University of Copenha- comparing individual measurements to of these “stages” in human evolution was gen. proximal femur size, defined as the geo- accompanied by a dispersion out of Africa metric mean of all femoral measurements. combined with gene flow, resulting in The aim of the study was to evaluate Results show that, at their relatively primarily (though not necessarily exclu- the reliability of methods used for forensic small size, the Orrorin femora are charac- sively) anagenetic transitions in Pleisto- dental age estimation. We found all cases terized by unusually long and anteropos- cene human evolution. However, the exact over the last 20 years (1984 – 2004) where teriorly narrow necks, like those of A. role of Neandertals in this process is still unidentified bodies were examined for afarensis (AL 288-1, AL333-3), Paran- not clear. identification purposes (including age thropus robustus (SK82, SK97), and assessment), and where secure identifica- KNM-ER1503 (P. boisei ?), but unlike Impacts of human activity on apes tion was subsequently achieved. In all, the those of extant great apes and fossil and and other mammals at the Dzanga- study included 51 cases and 11 different modern Homo (KNM-ER1481, KNM- Sangha Reserve, Central African Re- methods had been used for estimation, ER1472, Berg Aukus). The femoral head public with the Bang/Ramm and the Gustaf- is relatively large compared to Australo- son/Johanson methods being the most pithecus, Paranthropus, and African ape M.J. Remis. Department of Sociology and frequent. The age estimates had usually femora, but smaller than those of extant Anthropology, Purdue University. been recorded as 10-year intervals. Real orangutans and humans. Overall, the ages were in the range of 6 – 76 years, the Orrorin femora are most comparable to Collaborative biological and cultural largest concentration of cases being in the early hominin femora, weakening support anthropological research examines the age interval of 25 – 55 years (34 cases). for scenarios in which Orrorin is ancestral impacts of humans on apes, monkeys, and There was good agreement between esti- to Homo to the exclusion of A. afarensis, other mammals in the Dzanga-Sangha mated age interval and real age in 37/51 = but supporting arguments that Orrorin is Reserve (RDS), Central African Republic, 72% of the cases. In 8 cases the real age a hominin and adapted to bipedalism. an integrated conservation development deviated up to +/- 5 years from the esti- Supported by The George Washington project (ICDP), since the late 1980s. The mated age, and in 6 cases more than 6 University and Stony Brook University. local human population at RDS has ex- years. Overall, the average difference panded five fold in recent years with in- between real age and estimated age was Sentry male behavior of the Meso- creases in hunting, logging and diamond 4,5 years. american black howler monkey extraction. Duikers and primates are Our study showed that forensic, odon- (Alouatta pigra) at the Calakmul Bio- principal protein sources; increasing tological age estimates are reliable. Fu- sphere Reserve, Mexico. numbers of apes and elephants are now ture considerations for age estimation sold as bushmeat. Preliminary research could be a computer based visualisa- K.A. Rizzo. Department of Anthropology, has suggested local declines in these spe- tion/evaluation of selected age estimation University of Illinois at Chicago. cies. Analysis of repeated transects in methods, focusing on morphometrical different sectors of RDS at intervals over a analyses. Such a study will be done in the The vast majority of studies of the 20 year period permit assessment of near future at the Institute of Forensic Mesoamerican black howler monkey changes in the relative frequency of Medicine, University of Copenhagen. (Alouatta pigra) have focused on popula- mammal abundance with respect to dis- tions within rapidly disappearing frag- tance from villages, hunting intensity and Comparative morphology and allome- mented forests to further characterize the logging activity. Historical records and try of the Orrorin tugenensis femora. genus. Only recently have studies of A. ethnographic interviews allow us to ad- pigra within undisturbed forests been dress the relative impact of logging and conducted. To date, demographic data 154 AAPA Abstracts

from undisturbed habitats have derived tence and mobility should result in differ- n=14, IMI=0.73) and Mongolian gerbil primarily from brief population surveys of ences in growth and development. Both (Meriones unguiculatus, n=16, IMI=0.63). this species. periods demonstrate growth suppression In each individual, left limbs were used to In contrast this presentation introduces in late infancy and a decline in the quan- determine bone growth rates; and right new behavioral data as an important tity and quality of cortical bone after 6 limbs were thin-sectioned for analysis of variable to explanations of howler group months of age. However, the lack of sig- cellular properties in the growth plates of dynamics. In this study, demographic and nificant differences between the Early and the proximal humerus, distal radius, dis- behavioral data was collected from three Late Jorwe in length of the humerus (p = tal femur, and tibia. Results indicate that social groups of A. pigra within the 0.6000) and the femur (p = 0.792) and in differences in rates of chondrocyte prolif- Calakmul Biosphere Reserve in the % cortical area (p = 0.454) supports the eration are significantly correlated with southeastern portion of the Yucatan pen- hypothesis that more subtle shifts in sub- interspecific differences in bone growth insula, Mexico. A series of intensive non- sistence occurred in the Late Jorwe. rates and interlimb proportions. Cellular invasive observations was performed dur- properties of the growth plates do not ing June and July 2001 and January and Out of Africa with admixture. contribute significantly to differences in February 2002 representing natural wet growth or limb proportions between spe- and dry seasons, respectively. Data was A.R. Rogers, Department of Anthropology, cies or ontogenetic stages. These findings collected on social organization, group University of Utah. are discussed in the context of the devel- composition, diet and activity patterns for opmental genetics and evolution of pri- each social group. Human genetic loci seem to tell differ- mate limb proportions. By far the most significant contribution ing stories about the origin of modern This work was supported by NSERC of this study is the documentation of sen- humans. Some support a recent African PGS D grant #316273 to the author try male behavior. This proximal spacing origin, others a long history of subdivision. of adult males relative to the rest of their The “diffusion wave hypothesis” of Es- Preservation of the La Jolla skeletal group appears to be a ubiquitous feature waran and others makes sense of this. It population’s cranial morphology. to this population. Indeed, there may be a has recently received additional support correlation between sentry behavior and from loci suggesting admixture between T. Rose1, T.D. Heflin2. 1University of Mon- the observed lack of dawn and dusk vo- archaics and moderns. This presentation tana, 2San Diego Museum of Man. calizations. As previous studies of A. pigra will argue that these data cannot be ex- group dynamics have suggested inter- and plained by balancing selection or by a long The San Diego Museum of Man’s La intra-group differences based on habitat, history of less than complete geographic Jolla skeletal population is comprised of documentation of behavioral anomalies subdivision. 82 individuals who mainly occupied the such as that observed in this study, and The data imply that the modern popula- coastal region of San Diego County ap- particularly that of sentry male behavior, tion includes alleles derived from popula- proximately 9000 to 3000 BP. Of these 82 now argues for a more complex explana- tions that were separated from most of the individuals, at least 32 have crania that tion for A. pigra social structure and ad- Pleistocene. The rate of gene flow be- may be of interest for future research. In aptation. tween these populations was probably no an attempt to preserve as much informa- greater than 10-6 per year. tion on the cranial morphology of the La Adaptive diversity, growth, and de- Jolla skeletal population as possible, we velopment in Chalcolithic India. Comparative growth plate kinetics in have taken digital photographs of all as- rodents: insights into the evolution pects of these crania (anterior, lateral, G. Robbins, J.R. Lukacs. Dept. of Anthro- and development of limb length al- posterior, superior, and inferior views). In pology, University of Oregon lometry. addition, we have electronically recorded Cartesian coordinates (x, y, z) of various The development of sedentary agricul- C. Rolian. Department of Anthropology, cranial landmarks using a digitizer. The ture is often associated with growth sup- Harvard University. benefit of collecting three-dimensional pression and an increase in stress mark- coordinate data is that the spatial ar- ers in human populations (Cohen and The primate appendicular skeleton rangement of the landmarks is retained. Armelegos 1982; Steckel and Rose 2002). shows significant diversity in the propor- Relative to traditional one-dimensional Archaeologists have proposed a transition tions of fore- and hindlimbs. Humans have (linear) measurements, such as cranial from settled agriculture to semi-nomadic proportionately longer hindlimbs (inter- length and breadth, Cartesian coordinate pastoralism at the beginning of the Late membral index = 0.70), quadrupeds have data allows for a much more accurate Jorwe (3100-2700 BP) period at Chalco- limbs approximately equal in length reconstruction of the cranial morphology. lithic Inamgaon, India (Dhavalikar 1988). (IMI=0.95), and brachiating apes have the This project is especially timely due to the Data on decreasing LHPC frequency in longest relative forelimb length (IMI fact that there is an imminent possibility the Late Jorwe at Inamgaon supports this >1.20). These differences are thought to that this collection will be repatriated. hypothesis (Lukacs and Walimbe 1997). have evolved in response to selective pres- Therefore, we are trying to preserve as However, recent reevaluation of the ar- sures relating to the energetics and bio- much data as possible while the skeletal chaeological record (Panja 1995, 1999) and mechanics of locomotion. However, the remains are still available. A potential LEH frequencies (Lukacs 1992) indicate developmental mechanisms that selection future direction of this project is the cou- that perhaps there was a more subtle shift acts upon to generate these interspecific pling of the image files with the coordi- in species preference in an economy that differences have been poorly studied. For nate data. Ideally, it would be possible to was diverse throughout the sequence. example, differences may be due to merge these two data sets to get a final This study examines growth in long bone changes in rates affecting endochondral three-dimensional computerized represen- length, cortical bone maintenance, and bone growth, or they may result from tation of the La Jollan’s cranial morphol- bone histology for 79 sub-adults (0-5 variation in the cellular properties of phy- ogy; i.e., images that can be rotated on an years) from Early and Late Jorwe seal growth plates, such as the size and axis. Inamgaon. Long bone growth and cortical number of proliferative and hypertrophic area are particularly strong indicators of chondrocytes. Here I present a rodent HLA-DQB1 allele diversity, reproduc- nutritional status for infants and children model to address these hypotheses, using tion and health in consanguineous (Larsen 1995; Cameron 1998; Steckel et cross-sectional ontogenetic series of two and non-consanguineous families in al. 2002) and a dramatic shift in subsis- species, the house mouse (Mus musculus, Bangladesh. AAPA Abstracts 155

fueled by the interests of various indi- chaic human populations, and that the S. Roy Choudhury, L.A. Knapp. Depart- viduals and groups seeking additional mandible is more dimorphic in some ar- ment of Biological Anthropology, Univer- insight into their genetic and social identi- chaic populations than in recent humans. sity of Cambridge. ties. This research was funded in part by a However, this new wave of genealogical Social Sciences & Humanities Research Human leukocyte antigens (HLA) play services raises a number of unique as well Council of Canada Doctoral Fellowship to important roles in human health and re- as familiar ethical and psychosocial is- D.F.R. and a grant from the Leakey production. HLA genes encode proteins sues. This presentation highlights some Foundation to F.E.G. which control cell-cell interactions and of the most prominent of these issues in- peptides capable of T-cell stimulation. It cluding: database access and security; Mitochondrial DNA variation in Old has been argued that HLA heterozygous privacy and confidentiality of information; Believer and ethnic Russian popula- individuals will have advantages for dis- misuse and/or misapplication of test re- tions of northern Siberia. ease resistance due to their diversity of sults; the informed consent process; and peptide binding molecules. Contrastingly, the psychological impact of the test re- S. Rubinstein1, N. Mehta2, M. Cocca2, S. HLA homozygotes may suffer deleterious sults. Implications for scientists leading Zhadanov2,3, L. Osipova3, T.G. Schurr2 . health consequences if they cannot re- these efforts are also discussed. 1Department of Anthropology, Temple spond to a range of immunological chal- University, 2Department of Anthropology, lenges. In populations where consan- Mandibular size dimorphism in Mid- University of Pennsylvania, 3Institute of guineous matings occur, HLA homozygos- dle and Late Pleistocene archaic hu- Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS, Novosi- ity may be high since consanguineous man populations. birsk, Russia relatives are more likely to share HLA alleles identical by descent. While it is D.F. Royer1, C.A. Lockwood2, F.E. Grine3. We surveyed 201 unrelated Old Believ- possible that offspring from close-kin mat- 1Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in ers for mtDNA variation from Burnyi in ings may have health disadvantages, the Anthropological Sciences, Stony Brook the Baikitsk Raion of the Krasnoyarsk impact of these matings on human fitness University, 2Department of Anthropology, Krai, and Isetsk and Kirsanovo in the remains contentious. This study assessed University College London, 3Departments Tyumen Oblast. We also analyzed mtDNA HLA-DQB1 homozygosity and health of Anthropology and Anatomical Sciences, variation in 169 unrelated ethnic Rus- status in non-consanguineous and con- Stony Brook University. sians from three villages across Siberia. sanguineous couples in Bangladesh. DNA Results from SNP analysis and control was obtained from hair and buccal cell While studies of archaic human post- region sequencing indicate that West samples collected from 44 non- crania have revealed modern human-like Eurasian haplogroups are the predomi- consanguineous and 36 consanguineous levels of size variation, several workers nant mtDNA lineages present in Old Be- families living in Dhaka, the capital of have opined that the mandibles exhibit lievers, with haplogroup U comprising Bangladesh. HLA-DQB1 typing of 308 greater dimorphism than modern hu- 30%, haplogroup H 28%, T 12%, K 5%, individuals was conducted by reference mans, although this has not been quanti- and J 4.5%. Other West Eurasian lineages strand conformation analysis (RSCA) and fied. This study investigates size varia- found in them include haplogroups I (3%), reproductive and health data was col- tion and, by inference, sexual dimorphism W (1%), and X (1%). There was also con- lected from mothers using questionnaires. in the mandibles (corpus height) and teeth siderable mtDNA variability between Overall, there were differences in the (buccolingual crown diameters of M1 and villages, with haplogroups T, J, W, and X number of alleles in consanguineous and M2) of Middle to Late Pleistocene archaic found at highest frequencies in the Burnyi non-consanguineous groups, but no sig- human populations. Seven fossil samples village in the Baikitsk Raion of the Kras- nificant differences in frequencies of al- representing three species were analyzed: noyarsk Krai, and haplogroups H, U, K, leles or genotypes shared by both groups. Homo sapiens (Klasies River and Skhul), and I found at highest frequencies in the Additionally, an excess of homozygous H. heidelbergensis (Arago and Sima de los Kirsanovo village. Although many hap- offspring was observed in non- Huesos), and H. neanderthalensis (Krap- logroups are shared between Old Believ- consanguineous couples (p= 0.06), consan- ina, Shanidar and Vindija). Three geo- ers and ethnic Russians, they vary in fre- guineous couples (p= 0.009) and all cou- graphically diverse recent human samples quency. Ethnic Russians contain higher ples together (p= 0.0015). These results (Inuit, Nubian and Zulu) of mixed sex frequencies of haplogroups H (44%), J will be discussed in the context of health were employed as reference samples. For (6%), and W (5%), and lower frequencies of and reproductive data from the study each comparison, 10,000 randomized haplogroups U (16.6%), T (11%), and K population and general anthropological samples allowing replacement were gen- (4%). Somewhat surprisingly, haplogroup issues. erated in order to test the null hypothesis C mtDNAs were also detected in Old Be- Research supported by the Association that the variation in each fossil sample lievers at a frequency of 2.5%, suggesting of Commonwealth Universities, the Brit- did not exceed the level found in the refer- that they had admixed with local indige- ish Council, the Harold Hyam Wingate ence sample. nous groups, since haplogroup C mtDNAs Foundation and the Evans Fund. The results of this study demonstrate a are not usually found in ethnic Russians, variable and heterogeneous pattern of size and comprise a mere .6% of those sam- Ethical implications of ancestry test- variation in archaic humans. For exam- pled. Genetic diversity within Old Believ- ing and genetic identity. ple, the early H. sapiens (Klasies, Skhul) ers, the biological consequences of their and H. heidelbergensis (Arago, Sima) isolation, and their genetic relationships C.D.M. Royal. National Human Genome samples were each significantly more with other Slavic groups will be discussed. Center, Howard University. variable in mandibular corpus height compared to most reference samples. The Life in a Neolithic community: body Advances in human genetics and the Klasies sample also showed statistically size and activity levels at Çatalhöyük, understanding of human genetic variation significant variation in molar buccolingual Turkey. have revolutionized not only biomedicine crown diameters. On the contrary, while but also the inquiry into personal genea- the Neandertal samples were generally C.B. Ruff1, C.S. Larsen2, L.W. Cowgill3, logical histories and ancestral origins. variable, they were not significantly more L.D. Hager4. 1Center for Functional The rapid growth in the number of com- dimorphic than recent humans. These Anatomy and Evolution, Johns Hopkins panies offering ancestry testing through mixed results probably indicate variability Univ. Sch. Med., 2Dept. Anthropology, DNA analysis has fueled and has been in the degree of dimorphism among ar- Ohio State Univ., 3Dept. Anthropology, 156 AAPA Abstracts

Washington Univ., 4Archaeological Re- still in situ in the thoracic cavity of the increased placental efficiency and de- search Facility, Univ. California, Berke- mummy (Gostner and Egarter-Vigl 2002). creased parent-offspring conflict. Twin ley. Murphy et al. (2003) summarized the and triplet fetuses may pursue different hitherto radiologically detected intrauterine strategies for maximizing Çatalhöyük is one of the earliest known anatomico-pathological findings as well as allocation of the placenta. Since complete large agglomerated settlements in the the - by CT only - visible ongoing post triplet litters are almost never success- world. Located in central (Tur- mortem alterations of the mummy. fully reared to weaning, the triplet intrau- key), the site was occupied between 9400 We present new imaging data of the terine strategy represents conflict with and 8000 yrs BP. We report here on 24 of Iceman as obtained by the first ever mul- maternal interest in long-term reproduc- the best preserved, recently discovered tislice CT (MSCT; Siemens Somatom Sen- tive success. adult skeletons from the middle-upper sation 16) and magnetic resonance imag- This research supported in part by NIH levels. While the sample analyzed to date ing (MRI; Siemens, Magnetom Harmony) grants R01-RR02022 and P51-RR1396. is relatively small, it provides some im- performed on this cadaver (Department of portant insights into the effects of urbani- Radiology, General Hospital Bolzano). Influence of workplace programs on zation in this early Neolithic community. The MSCT data allow not only to fur- initiation and duration of breast- Body mass was assessed from regres- ther trace the ongoing post mortem al- feeding in the United States: a na- sion equations based on femoral head size, terations - such as e.g. marrow air distri- tional study, 2005. and stature from a Euroamerican formula bution changes - but also help to better based on femoral length (crural indices visualize the suggested hematoma to be A.S. Ryan, M.E. Arensberg. Ross Prod- indicate modern European limb length found next to the possibly deadly arrow ucts Division of Abbott Laboratories. proportions). Cross-sectional geometric head. Surprisingly, we were able to properties of the femoral midshaft were achieve high-quality MRI images from the In the United States, more mothers are determined from biplanar radiographs currently still frozen body too, thus en- part of the workforce than ever before. combined with molding of external con- hancing the possible methodical spectrum Based on a national survey of infant feed- tours. The polar section modulus, stan- for analyzing this unique corpse in future ing practices, this study considered the dardized over the product of body mass studies. influence that different workplace poli- and femoral length, was used as a meas- cies/programs had on the intention to ure of overall relative femoral strength. Intrauterine parent-offspring con- breastfeed. Mothers (n=1,113) with in- Comparisons were carried out with a large flict: lessons from the marmoset pla- fants (birth to 12 months of age) were (n = 228) sample of Upper Paleolithic centa contacted by telephone. Nearly all (85%) through Bronze Age Europeans. viewed breast-feeding as healthier for The inhabitants of Çatalhöyük were J.N. Rutherford Goehl1,2, D.G. Layne2, their baby. Seventy-two percent of moth- relatively small, with average estimated S.D. Tardif2. 1Department of Anthropol- ers reported that they breastfed their body masses of 59.6 kg (males) and 54.9 ogy, Indiana University. 2Southwest Na- infant for some period of time during the kg (females), and statures of 162 cm tional Primate Research Center, San An- first year. Of those who were working (males) and 156 cm (females). However, tonio. full-time or part-time at the time of the relative femoral strength was high com- survey (n=546), 72% indicated that the pared to our European Neolithics, and Coall and Chisholm (2003) suggest that need to return to work had a big/some more similar to our European Mesolithics. differences in the fetal/placental weight impact on the length of time they breast- The combined results indicate a popula- (F/P) ratio may reflect variation in intrau- fed; 28% returned to work within 6 weeks tion that was not particularly well nour- terine parent-offspring conflict. Haig after giving birth and an additional 49% of ished and that engaged in hard physical (1993) has hypothesized that faced with mothers returned to work between 7-12 labor. Results are consistent with a sce- intrauterine resource restriction, which is weeks after giving birth. Only 29% of nario in which the later inhabitants of likely to happen with an increase in litter mothers who worked (prenatally and/or Çatalhöyük had to work increasingly size, fetuses may solicit placental over- postnatally)(n=874) indicated that their harder to obtain scarcer resources. growth to meet their demands. The com- employer provided a workplace pol- mon marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) regu- icy/program to support breastfeeding or First ever multislice-CT and magnetic larly gives birth to twins, and triplet lit- expression of milk. A majority of these resonance imaging of the Iceman, ca. ters are common in captivity. Litter size mothers (70%) indicated that a dedi- 3300 BC. variation along with maternal condition cated/secured room and flexible break (age, prepregnant weight, and pregnant times/work hours for breastfeeding or F.J. Rühli1,2, E. Egarter-Vigl3, P. Gostner4. weight gain) is explored in relation to expressing milk were very important fea- 1Institute of Anatomy, University of Zu- placental and fetal weights to answer the tures for an employer to offer. Attitudes rich, Switzerland, 2Swiss Mummy Project, following questions: 1) Do twins and trip- concerning workplace policies/programs Orthopedic University Clinic Balgrist and lets differ in their access to the placenta? were evaluated across demographic char- Institute for the History of Medicine, Uni- 2) Do differences in maternal age and acteristics including maternal age, educa- versity of Zurich, Switzerland, weight reflect differences in access indi- tion, region of residence, total family in- 3Department of Pathology, General Hospi- vidual fetuses have to the placenta? 3) Do come, and ethnic origin. Results indicated tal Bolzano, Italy, 4 St.Johann Gasse 11, differences in F/P ratios reflect differences that employer programs supporting work- Bolzano, Italy. in intrauterine “strategies”? ing mothers who breastfeed are critical for Triplets have lower individual birth- the nation to reach the Healthy People The Iceman - so-called “Oetzi” - a natu- weights than do twins, but are associated 2010 goals for breastfeeding. ral human glacier mummy from the Tyro- with a relatively greater share of placen- lean Alps dating to ca. 3300 BC, has been tal tissue (and thus a lower F/P weight Patterns of morphological homoplasy investigated scientifically in depth since ratio), consistent with solicitation of pla- in extant and extinct Malagasy strep- its discovery in 1991. Non-invasive imag- cental overgrowth. Mothers who gain sirrhines. ing has been performed on multiple occa- more weight during gestation tend to give sions by using conventional / digital radi- birth to offspring with a more limited K.E. Samonds1, C.P. Heesy2, M. Grgas2. ography, single and spiral computed to- share of the placenta per fetus, indicating 1Department of Biological Sciences, Mount mography (CT). Consequently, these in- that an elevated maternal nutritional Holyoke College, 2Department of Anat- vestigations revealed e.g. an arrow head plane during gestation may be reflected by AAPA Abstracts 157

omy, New York College of Osteopathic groups, this hypothesis has not been modules and dentition are connected in Medicine. tested. In this study, stable isotope some degree. However, the differences in analysis was used to gather empirical growth trajectories would indicate that There are conflicting phylogenetic sig- information about the diets of Kulubnarti modules and as well as dentition are in- nals between morphological and molecular juveniles, adult females, and adult males fluenced by different underlying develop- datasets used to investigate the relation- from both groups. Carbon and nitrogen mental factors. ships among and between Lemuriformes isotope ratios (δ13C and δ15N) were ana- Supported by a Fondation Fyssen and Lorisiformes. For example, molecular lyzed in collagen isolated from ribs. The Grant. data have demonstrated the monophyly δ13C of the late Christian sample (-17.6‰) and single biogeographic origin of Mala- is subtly, yet significantly different from Somatic Variation in a Wild Popula- gasy strepsirrhines, implying that mor- the early Christian sample (-18.2‰), while tion of Ring-tailed Lemurs. phological traits once thought to unite the δ15N of the late Christian sample cheirogaleids with Lorisiformes must have (9.7‰) is not different from the early M.L. Sauther1. F.P. Cuozzo2. 1Department evolved convergently. However, the homo- Christian sample (9.9‰). However, when of Anthropology, University of Colorado- plasious characters that have evolved in the groups are pooled, the Kulubnarti Boulder, 2Department of Anthropology, strepsirrhines have yet to be examined for juvenile δ15N (9.2‰) differs significantly University of North Dakota, underlying patterns of convergent evolu- from that of adult females (10.0‰) and tion. In addition, it has not yet been dem- adult males (10.4‰). These data suggest Understanding somatic variability onstrated that different data partitions, significant age and sex related dietary among wild primates can provide insight such as the skull and postcranium, dis- differences during the Kulubnarti Chris- into natural patterns of developmental play biases in the number and pattern of tian period. plasticity, but published data are rare. convergent character evolution. Here we provide such information for a This study combines multiple datasets Craniofacial growth trajectories and wild population of ring-tailed lemurs. of phenotypic characters in order to char- dental development in humans. From 2003-05 morphometic and dental acterize and evaluate patterns of corre- data were collected on 141 individuals as lated homoplasious character evolution in M.L. Sardi1, F. Ramírez-Rozzi2. 1De- part of a long-term study of lemur health extant and subfossil Malagasy strepsir- partamento Científico de Antropología, and nutrition. A number of variants have rhines. Data were analyzed by mapping Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, been observed. One individual has mi- character distributions onto a molecular Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argen- crotia, in which one ear is normal but the tree that includes ancient DNA from sev- tina, 2 UPR 2147, Centre National de la other exhibits an absence of the majority eral subfossil taxa (Karanth et al. 2005, Recherche Scientifique, France. of the pinna. Two individuals are intersex. PNAS). The proportion of characters that Both individuals appear to be females evolved convergently either within lemuri- Previous ontogenetic studies suggested with male secondary sexual traits that formes or between lemuriformes and lor- that main craniofacial differentiation include masculinized genitalia. The dental isiformes ranged from 30-40%. The num- among primates arises before the M1 variants observed include a supernumer- ber of characters that evolved conver- emergence, humans developing a large ary maxillary premolar, a maxillary pre- gently within lemuriformes was not con- brain and a retracted face by semi- molar that has erupted horizontally, and siderably different from the number that independent growth patterns. This study one individual with a severe case of mal- evolved between the two clades. Results assesses age-related changes in human occlusion, in which the toothcomb occludes also do not demonstrate a significant bias craniofacial modules and its associations only with the left anterior maxillary teeth. in convergent characters between cranial with dental development. The under- The frequency of non-dental variants is and postcranial partitions. standing of associations between different relatively high. Among humans, the fre- developmental systems at the individual quency of microtia is .02% while among Isotopic evidence for variation in diet level can give insight on the underlying the lemurs it is .71%. The frequency of and health in the Kulubnarti Chris- causes of differentiation and of associa- female pseudohermaphroditism among tian period of Sudanese Nubia. tions at the evolutionary level. humans is .008%, while for this popula- The skull was decomposed into 8 mod- tion of ring-tailed lemurs it is 1.41%. The P.A. Sandberg, M. Sponheimer, D.P. Van ules (anteroneural, midneural, poster- frequency of dental variants in our sample Gerven. Dept. of Anthropology, University oneural, otic, optic, respiratory, mastica- is comparable to other lemuriformes, but of Colorado at Boulder. tory and alveolar). Growth trajectories for is far less than that seen in extant homi- modules were obtained by the analysis of noids, which, for example, exhibit super- Stable isotope analysis was used to 226 human skulls of known age at death numerary teeth frequencies of up to 8% in reconstruct the dietary patterns of the (0-20) using the non-parametric smooth- some samples. The lower frequencies of Christian period Sudanese Nubian site of ing spline. All modules grow at high rates dental variants in lemurs may be a prod- Kulubnarti in light of established patterns up to 3-5 years and at lower rates later. uct of their relatively fast dental develop- of health. Extensive paleopathological Midneural and posteroneural modules ment, when compared to large-bodied research has documented higher child- present the highest rates after birth anthropoids. hood mortality for the early Christian whereas the alveolar one shows the most group (550AD-750AD) than the late different trajectory. Changes in growth An assessment of the taxonomic va- Christian group (750AD-1450AD). A rates occur just before the emergence of lidity of Homo ergaster. demonstrated correlation between child- the first permanent tooth, M1. Hierarchi- hood mortality and skeletal growth de- cal clusters revealed that ontogenetic C.J. Scarry. Interdepartmental Doctoral fects associated with nutritional stress at integration among modules is different Program in Anthropological Sciences, Kulubnarti suggests a difference in diet before and after the M1 emergence, being Stony Brook University. between the two groups. Archaeological the alveolar one the least integrated. Fo- and biological evidence indicates that C3 cusing on individuals with full deciduous The African hypodigm of Homo erectus and C4 cereals were cultivated and con- dentition and those with the full emer- sensu lato is currently a matter of debate. sumed throughout the Christian period. gence of M1 (with no other cheek-tooth at In particular, cranial differences have Although a shift in diet is a reasonable the occlusal plane) and standardizing by been used to argue that the earlier Afri- explanation for the difference in nutri- age, growth trajectories were not decoup- can specimens represent a separate spe- tional stress experienced by the two led. Results would suggest that cranial cies, Homo ergaster. 158 AAPA Abstracts

This study utilized geometric mor- in shape space and in size-shape space, cies; which only shows variation among phometric techniques to assess the degree and the corresponding ontogenetic trajec- populations, with lower frequencies in of variation between Asian Homo erectus tories compared (multivariate regressions Indo-Europeans and higher frequencies in and the proposed representatives of Homo of shape on log Centroid size). Sub-Saharan Africans; correlated with the ergaster. Casts of African and Asian fossil We find that (1) neurocranial and facial degree of African admixture (Pearson r = crania were measured, and the variation ontogenetic trajectories differ within 0.66, p=0.037, Spearman r=0.67, p=0.033) in the fossil sample was compared to the groups, and (2) both differ as well between and not Asian admixture. variation among 18 presumed male mod- the groups. As the trajectories are neither ern human crania representing several overlapping nor parallel, the differences of What does growth mean? Biomedical geographically distinct populations and 18 ontogenetic trajectory between these two and adaptationist interpretations. chimpanzee crania representing both groups cannot, or should not, be explained sexes. A MicroScribe 3DX three- as heterochrony. This is true both regard- L.M. Schell, Department of Anthropology, dimensional digitizer was used to collect ing overall cranial morphology and for University at Albany, SUNY. measurements of 11 cranial landmarks analysis of facial and neurocranial form from the extant and fossil specimens. The separately. Interpretations of growth trajectories Morphologika software package was used Supported by grant P200.093/I–VI/2004 fall into two general frameworks. An to perform a generalized Procrustes from the Austrian Ministry of Culture, adaptationist view interprets growth as a analysis and the translated data were Science and Education, and the Austrian means of adaptation while a biomedical analyzed using principal components Council for Science and Technology. view interprets a growth trajectory as a analysis. The average taxonomic distance measure of child health, and by extension (ATD) between specimens was calculated GM and KM phenotypes and haplo- of community health. In the former, slow for each taxonomic group. The ATDs be- types in Southwest Asia: Populations growth, departures from norms, etc. can tween individual fossil African and Asian at the crossroads. be adaptive while in the latter view, it specimens were compared to the total indicates poor health. Some attempts to distribution of pairwise comparisons in M.S. Schanfield1, R.E. Ferrell2, A.P. resolve the apparent opposition in inter- modern humans and chimpanzees. The Gelpi3, A.A. Hossaini4, N. Mizan5, S. pretative frameworks have focused on the ATD between Asian and African speci- Nevo6, G. Sandler7, J.C. Stevenson8. problem of operational levels (population mens falls within the bounds of the ob- 1George Washington University, vs. individual benefit), and though making served variation in modern humans and 2University of Pittsburgh, Palo Alto Medi- an important distinction, has not forged a chimpanzees. The results of this study cal Clinic, Palo Alto, CA, 4 University of resolution. One resolution strategy is a suggest that the level of morphometric Richmond, Richmond, VA 5Turkish Red program of empirical tests of relationships differences among Asian and African fossil Crescent, Ankara, Turkey 6University of between environmental stressors, growth crania do not warrant the division of this Haifa, 7Georgetown University Hospital, and adaptation in terms of some measure assemblage into Homo erectus and Homo 8Western Washington University. of benefit other than growth such as fit- ergaster. ness or more commonly, function. This SW Asia has a long history of gene flow would be a program of “regular science” in Can Khoi San cranial morphology be from Central Asia and contact with Sub- Kuhnian terms. Some research using this explained by paedomorphism? Saharan Africa. Populations here should approach has been conducted. However, be admixed consistent with historical and testing these relationships is complicated K. Schaefer1, P. Gunz1,2, C. Fenes1, P. prehistoric population movements. We by the lack of agreement as to what con- Mitteroecker1, F.L. Bookstein1,3. 1Depart- present GM and KM data from stitutes a proof of adaptation. Another ment of Anthropology, University of Vi- Abkhazians (n=97), Afghanis (n=58), Arab approach is the formation of a decision enna, Austria, 2Department of Human samples from Israel (n=330), Iraq (n=242), rule regarding the application of different Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evo- and Saudi Arabia (n=88), Israeli Beduins interpretative frameworks. Indeed, some lutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Ger- (n=38), and Turks (n=123), and examine regularities already exist in the applica- many, 3Department of Statistics, Univer- the population structure with reference to tion of interpretive frameworks. This sity of Washington, Seattle. SE European, African and Asian popula- paper describes the problem, and seeks a tion samples. GM haplotypes are largely resolution in terms of a decision rule for Many classic examples of heterochrony continent specific for East Asia, Sub- the application of interpretative frame- do not survive the transition from uni- Saharan Africa and Indo-Europeans mak- works, using data from current research variate to multivariate analysis. Among ing it an excellent tool for the detection of on toxicants and growth, as well as em- them might be the phenomenon of paedo- gene flow. Only two of nine haplotypes pirical tests of growth - function relation- morphism in humans. We study this pos- detected have ambiguous distributions; all ships by others. sibility using data about craniofacial on- other haplotypes detected are either found togeny from the Khoi San of the Kalahari in all non-Sub Saharan African popula- Minicolumns in Broca’s area in apes Desert, a group typically small in stature tions, African specific, Asian specific or and humans whose cranial morphology has previously Indo-European specific. The results indi- been claimed paedomorphic. In the multi- cate variable but significant Sub-Saharan N.M. Schenker1, D.P. Buxhoeveden3, K. variate context, the classic language of African components in Arab and Beduin Semendeferi1,2. 1Department of Anthro- paedomorphy translates into a claim of populations, but not Abkhazi or Afghanis, pology and 2Graduate Program in Neuro- overlapping growth trajectories that differ but significant Asian gene flow in the sciences, University of California, San only in extension. Afghanis, and varying amounts of Asian Diego, CA; 3Departments of Anthropology 47 traditional three-dimensional land- gene flow in the other SW Asian popula- and Psychology, University of South Caro- marks and 300 semilandmarks were col- tions. Using principal components analy- lina, Columbia, SC. lected on 116 crania (92 adult, 24 sub- sis SW Asians cluster with other Indo- adult, in a mixed sample of Khoi San and Europeans and reflect the degree of Afri- We analyzed minicolumns in Brod- Caucasians). Both samples range in age can and Asian gene flow. The overall re- mann’s areas 44 and 45 in both hemi- from infancy through adulthood; the sam- sults support the historical contacts of the spheres of the ventrolateral frontal cortex ples were group-matched by dental stage. populations of SW Asia and reflect the of human, chimpanzee, bonobo, gorilla, Procrustes shape coordinates were ana- power of the GM haplotypes in dissecting and orangutan brains using a quantitative lyzed with principal components analysis population relationships. KM*1 frequen- approach. A semi-automated method AAPA Abstracts 159

based on ImageJ software was used to skeleton of KNM-WT 15’000 is in fact digitize images of Nissl-stained material. pathological. Critical is the distinction of Proportions of fiber types in intrinsic Minicolumns were compared for spacing normal and pathological morphology, par- shoulder muscles of small primates distance, neuropil space, and gray level ticularly in view of the juvenile age of and non-primate mammals related to index (GLI) across species. KNM-WT 15’000. We show that the diag- forelimb protraction and loading. We found that minicolumns in BA44 nosis of a congenital dysplasia is not justi- and BA45 in apes were generally as large fiable. Indeed, most of the above features M. Schmidt, N. Schilling, M.S. Fischer. as in the human brain, except in left of the Nariokotome boy fall within the Institute of Systematic Zoology und Evo- BA45, where they were significantly lar- normal human variation. There are, how- lutionary Biology, Friedrich-Schiller- ger in the human. The same region in the ever, indications of a possible disc herni- University Jena. human (BA45) displayed lateralization in ation at the lower lumbar spine. the form of larger minicolumns and lower Primates protract their forelimbs to a GLI in the left hemisphere. A comparative study of the growth greater degree during locomotion than Our previous studies reported larger and morphology of the Singapore other mammals. In order to balance the minicolumns in humans than apes, but Macaques (Macaca fascicularis) demands of increased mobility but re- were based on the left hemisphere. The quired stability in the glenohumeral joint, current study and our previous examina- M.A. Schillaci1, L. Jones-Engel2, B. Lee3, many primates shift most of their body tion of posterior BA22 (Tpt), which exam- A. Fuentes4, G. Engel5,2, N. Aggima- weight onto hindlimbs and thus, reduce ined both hemispheres, found larger mini- rangsee6.1Department of Social Sciences, forelimb’s loading. columns in humans only in association University of Toronto at Scarborough, Differences in glenohumeral joint ex- with an asymmetry, raising the possibility 2National Primate Research Center, Uni- cursion and forelimb loading should be that minicolumn size is similar in apes versity of Washington, 3Central Nature reflected by the percentage of fatigue re- and humans except in regions with later- Reserve, National Parks Board, Singa- sistant slow-twitch (SO) muscle fibers in alization. This suggests that lateralization pore, 4Department of Anthropology, Uni- shoulder muscles, which are responsible of minicolumns in human brains results versity of Notre Dame, for the stabilization of the joint. To test from an enlargement of minicolumns in 5Swedish/Providence Hospital, this hypothesis, serial sections of the one hemisphere rather than a diminution 6Department of Biology, Chiang Mai Uni- shoulders of tamarins, squirrel monkeys, in the other. versity, Thailand. slender loris, tree-shrews, and common Lateralization in BA22 corresponds to squirrels were treated by enzymehisto- increased spacing between interconnected Although the variability in macaque chemistry to differentiate muscle fiber cell clusters in a modular network in left morphology has been well described in the types. Muscle fibers were counted on BA22 in humans (Galuske et al., 2000). primatological literature, to date, little cross-sections of the shoulder muscles on The extent to which this also occurs in research has been published on variability six proximo-distal-levels from scapula to Broca’s area requires further investiga- in growth patterns in a single species of humerus midshaft. tion. We have yet to detect left-right dif- macaque. The purpose of the present In non-primate mammals, only su- ferences in minicolumn spacing in a non- study is to investigate differences in praspinatus muscles contained a distinct human primate brain. growth and adult morphology in two geo- region of SO-fibers. In primates, most Supported by NSF 0406605. graphically distinct wild populations of shoulder muscles showed an inhomogene- crab-eating macaques (Macaca fascicu- ous fiber type distribution. In the in- How pathological is the Nariokotome laris) from Singapore (N=76) and Thai- fraspinatus muscle, the percentage of SO- boy KNM-WT 15'000 (Homo erectus)? land (N=49). The results of our compari- fibers amounts up to 50 percent related to son of these populations indicate there are the muscle’s role in preventing the hyper- R. Schiess1, M. Haeusler1,2, E. profound differences between these two extension of the shoulder during fore- Langenegger,1. 1Anthropological Institute, populations in male and female growth limb’s protraction. The overall highest University of Zuerich, 2Institute of Foren- patterns resulting in statistically signifi- percentage of SO-fibers was observed in sic Medicine, University of Zuerich cant differences in adult body weight for the slender loris that showed the greatest both males (t=7.956, P<0.001), and fe- amount of forelimb protraction and load- KNM-WT 15’000 is the most complete males (t=8.393, P<0.001). Significant dif- ing. The lowest percentage was found in skeleton of a Homo erectus and generally ferences in adult body length, cranial the squirrel monkeys, which shift most of of an early hominid and is therefore a key length and breadth are also found for both their weight onto the hindlimbs. Squirrel fossil for understanding human evolution. males and females, with the Singapore monkeys are the only species under study It belongs to an 11-15-year-old boy who macaques exhibiting smaller dimensions. in which the humerus moves outside the lived 1.5 million years ago in area of Nari- Interestingly, although the Singapore scapular plane. This finding demonstrates okotome at the shore of Lake Turkana adult male macaques exhibit lower mean the importance of the weight shift for the (Kenya). Recently, a number of patholo- testicular volume than the Thai adult mobility and stability of the shoulder in gies have been recognized, such as kypho- males (t=1.883, P=0.089), the Singapore primates. scoliosis and associated pelvic, rib and males exhibit significantly greater testicu- clavicular asymmetries, spina bifida, di- lar volume relative to body weight Scaling of brain and body weight minutive and platyspondylic vertebrae, (t=2.586, P=0.027). The observed differ- within modern and fossil hominids: condylus tertius, and neural canal steno- ence in relative testicular size may reflect implications for the Flores specimen sis. Based on these observations Latimer differences between these two populations & Ohman (2001) suspected an axial dys- in levels of male-male competition, or P.T. Schoenemann12, J.S. Allen3, 1Dept. plasia. The presence of such a severe con- some other aspect of social organization. Behavioral Sciences, University of Michi- genital pathology would challenge current This study is significant because it dem- gan-Dearborn, 2Museum of Archaeology knowledge of the biology and behaviour of onstrates there can be considerable varia- and Anthropology, University of Pennsyl- Homo erectus that is founded on this im- tion in growth and adult morphology vania, 3Department of Anthropology, Uni- portant skeleton. within a single species, suggesting statis- versity of Southern California. In the present study, the fossil is com- tical significance may not be a meaningful pared to the normal variation of subadult indicator of taxonomic differences. This The recently discovered hominid from modern humans as well as to scoliotic research was funded in part by the Uni- Flores has a cranial capacity and body spines in order to analyse whether the versity of Toronto’s Connaught Fund. size approximating fossil australopith- 160 AAPA Abstracts

ecines. It has been argued that it is not ering the segments important for locomo- Americans, indicating a maize-rich diet. pathological, but instead may represent tion (i.e. fore- and hindlimb segments), Apatite of a premolar tooth (formed at ~ 6 some form of a Homo erectus endemic our preliminary findings suggest that years) gave δ13C = -4.6 ‰, indicating a dwarf relic. While no modern analogs for differences in absolute or relative segment diet extremely rich in maize; both values endemic dwarfism exist in modern human lengths, masses and positions of the cen- suggest a Mexican or Mesoamerican cul- populations, there does exist quite a large tre of mass between chimpanzees and tural background, not Asian. Oxygen iso- range of variation in brain/body sizes in bonobos are subtle. tope analyses of apatite should reflect populations that have presumably experi- Although our bonobo dataset comprised δ18O of local drinking water which varies enced a wide range of ecological environ- 11 individuals, a more extensive dataset is geographically. δ18O of the premolar ments selecting for varying brain and required to draw firm conclusions. Yet, tooth is consistent with a childhood in body sizes. Using Beals' cranial capacity this study demonstrates that differences Southern California or Arizona, while and body weight estimates for 37 modern between both species are more subtle than δ18O of a rib (average of last 10 years of human populations, as well as Kapple- previously described. life) was 4 ‰ higher, consistent with S. man's (1996) estimates for a number of Mexican or Guatemalan origin. These fossil hominids, the relationship between The distribution of a Native Ameri- data indicate an origin in Southern Mex- encephalization quotient (EQ) and body can-specific allele. ico or that is consistent with weight is found to be consistently negative independent craniometric and DNA evi- within all hominid species (for which K.B. Schroeder1, D.G. Smith1,2. dence. there were more than 2 data points). 1Department of Anthropology, University Within modern humans the correlation is of California, Davis, 2California National Across the ecological divide: Dental r=-.74 (p<.0001, N=37); recent Homo Primate Research Center, University of developmental diversity in Madagas- sapiens fossil specimens r=-.95 (p<.0001, California, Davis. car’s giant lemurs. N=12), archaic Homo sapiens r=-.55 (p=.10, N=10); Homo erectus r=-.54 (p=.27, Because the evolutionary history of a G.T. Schwartz1, L.R. Godfrey2, K.E. Sa- N=6); Australopithecus boisei r=-.998 population is the realization of several monds3, W.L. Jungers4, K.K. Catlett1. (p<.05). These negative relationships independent gene genealogies, it rarely 1SHESC & Institute of Human Origins, indicate that brain size tends to decrease can be reconstructed with data from a Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, more slowly than body weight across single locus. However, if a population 2Department of Anthropology, University specimens/populations. Flores brain/body event is accompanied by a genetic event, of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, values are not predicted by the relation- the locus of the genetic event affords a 3Department of Biological Sciences, Mount ships demonstrated for modern human powerful resolution of the population Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA populations, nor any of the fossil popula- event. Here we provide further evidence 01075, 4Department of Anatomical Sci- tions except the australopithecines. This that a short tandem repeat polymorphism, ences, Stony Brook University, NY 11794. suggests either that Flores underwent a identified by Zhivotovsky et al. (2003) as wholly different kind of selection regime Native American-specific, is unique to and We summarize our research on the than any of the populations studied here, ubiquitous in Native Americans. We dental microstructure of subfossil Mala- or it is pathological. The difficulties with demonstrate that this Native American- gasy lemurs. By combining microstruc- uncritically using EQ as a measure of specific polymorphism occurs at high fre- tural analyses of teeth with analyses of behavioral complexity will also be ad- quencies in diverse populations and lan- somatic growth and dental development, dressed. guage groups throughout the Americas we are able to address questions never and discuss its implications for the peo- before asked of extinct lemurs: How den- Comparative morphometrics of pling of the New World. tally precocious were they at birth? When chimpanzees and bonobos. did M1 erupt? How long was gestation? Characterization of a murder victim Standard histological sections (n>50) K. Schoonaert1,2, K. D’Août1,2, P. Aerts1. using stable isotopic analyses. were prepared from teeth representing 1Department of Biology, University of living indriids (Propithecus, Indri), le- Antwerp, Belgium, 2Centre for Research H.P. Schwarcz1 and P. L. Walker2, 1School murids (Varecia, Lemur) and the fossil and Conservation, Royal Zoological Soci- of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMas- species Megaladapis edwardsi, Palaeopro- ety of Antwerp, Belgium. ter University, 2Department of Anthropol- pithecus ingens, and Archaeolemur majori. ogy, University of California at Santa M1s initiate early in Palaeopropithecus Of the two closely related Pan species, Barbara. (187 days prior to birth), as in indriids (94 the bonobo (P. paniscus) is typically de- days in Propithecus), and erupt at 2-6 scribed as being more gracile than the In May, 2003 a semi-skeletonized body months of age. M1 crowns are also accel- chimpanzee (P. troglodytes), and thereby a was found in a remote area of Mammoth erated, though not to the same degree, in better potential “model” for early Lakes, California, which had been par- Megaladapis, starting 132 days prior to hominins. However, quantitative mor- tially disinterred from a shallow grave by birth and erupting ca. 9-13 months post- phometric data to demonstrate this are bears. A coroner’s examination showed natally. Archaeolemur initiates and scarce. Therefore, we set out to enlarge that this was a 30 to 40 year old female erupts its M1 relatively late (85 days be- the existing morphometric dataset for murder victim who had been buried 6-9 fore birth, and at ca. 15-19 months, re- chimpanzees and we add new comparative months before discovery. A preliminary spectively). Reconstructed gestation data of bonobos. report suggested that she was a person of lengths are not short: 9-11 months for We collected morphometric data for 64 Southeast Asian ancestry based on her Palaeopropithecus, 8-9 months for Megal- anaesthetised subjects (53 chimpanzees small stature (137 ± 5 cm) and dental adapis, and 5-6 months for Archaeolemur. and 11 bonobos). Using a morphometric morphology. Our data underscore a remarkable diver- model (cfr. Crompton et al., 1996) we ob- Isotopic analyses of her hair, teeth and sity of developmental patterns in subfossil tained lengths and inertial properties bone were used to further characterize her lemurs. Development in Palaeopropith- (mass, position of the centre of mass, mo- cultural background and place of origin. ecus is like that of indriids: slow somatic ments of inertia) for the upper and lower Strands of hair 20 cm long representing growth and fast teeth. Megaladapis also limb segments, the trunk and the head. about 1.4 years of growth gave δ13C val- shows rapid dental development, but is In chimpanzees, the head was proportion- ues (base and end) of -14.3 ± 0.3 ‰, about less precocious at birth. Developmental ally larger than in bonobos. When consid- 2 ‰ higher than the average for North schedules in Archaeolemur are reminis- AAPA Abstracts 161

cent of lemurids: relatively rapid somatic characters that align these specimens n=22 (the total number of specimens) to growth and slow dental development. It with Anthropoidea. Both characters were n=7 and n=11 by grouping similarly sized appears that giant lemurs with relatively used in recent descriptions of new taxa specimens into “individuals,” and confi- rapid dental development (Megaladapis and have been included as qualitative dence limits are generated using the boot- and especially Palaeopropithecus) experi- characters in cladistic analyses of anthro- strap. In addition, the methods commonly enced relatively slow brain growth, and poid relationships; they have also been used to infer dimorphism in fossil samples the opposite for species with relatively discussed from a functional perspective. are evaluated in order to document possi- slow dental development (Archaeolemur). For example, a new eosimiid taxon, ble bias in the estimates. The results Phenacopithecus krishtalkai, was deter- indicate that the potential degree of un- Recognizing contrasting lifestyles in mined to be diurnal on the basis of a tall certainty in estimates of dimorphism for Medieval England. maxilla. A. afarensis based on the A.L. 333 sample This study quantitatively investigated probably does not allow for specific state- M. Schweich, C.J. Knüsel, Biological An- the phylogenetic and functional utility of ments regarding which living member of thropology Research Centre, University of mandibular depth and maxillary height. the African ape-human this extinct Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, U.K. Two mandibular depth indices (MDI) and hominin most resembled in terms of skele- a mandibular height index (MHI) were tal dimorphism. Previous research demonstrates that devised and compared among 46 extant males from past populations appear to and fossil primate genera. While these Habitat score: inferring hominid pa- have been more sensitive to environ- indices separate living anthropoids from leoenvironments based on equid and mental stressors than were their female other extant primate taxa, there is no bovid metapodial morphology. counterparts. Based on these findings, separation when fossil taxa are included. four male population samples from medie- Therefore, fossil specimens can not be R.S. Scott, Department of Anthropology, val England were compared to assess confidently placed into Anthropoidea on University of Arkansas. their bio-cultural environment based on the basis of MDI or MHI values. their statures, body proportions, and Mandibular depth and maxillary height Ecomorphological analyses of bovid skeletal pathology prevalences. The bio- were also analyzed for functional signifi- femora, metapodials, and astragali all cultural environment is defined as the cance. As previously noted by many au- seek to reconstruct habitats available to combination of, and interaction between thors, relatively deep mandibles are asso- various hominids. However, elements that socio-economic status, nutritional status ciated with greater degrees of symphyseal are common in the fossil record are not and health status, i.e., the inferred life- fusion and/or tougher diets. Maxillary always the most informative ecomor- style. The samples come from: Fishergate, height seems indicative of activity pattern phologically. Bovid metapodials, for ex- York, a Gilbertine monastic cemetery; St- among haplorhine primates only, with ample, while informative with respect to Helen’s-on-the-Walls, York, an urban large MHI values associated with diurnal- habitat preference, are typically very parish cemetery; Towton, North York- ity among extant taxa. The MHI value fragmentary at important fossil sites. In shire, a battlefield mass grave from the calculated for P. krishtalki suggests this contrast, hipparion metapodials tend to be Wars of the Roses (dating to the latter taxon was diurnal, as originally described. well preserved. Unfortunately, no large half of the 15th century); and Chichester, extant radiation of equids is available for West Sussex, the cemetery of a medieval What does the A.L. 333 sample tell us comparative study. leprosarium and almshouse. Results sug- about sexual dimorphism in Austra- Here a bovid analog was used to model gest that these samples belong to four lopithecus afarensis? hipparion metapodial morphology and distinct social groups identified in previ- habitat preference. Analogous measure- ous research. J.E. Scott, L.K. Stroik. School of Human ments were taken on bovid and hipparion This assessment of the bio-cultural Evolution and Social Change and Insti- metapodials and canonical variates were environment based on selected physical tute of Human Origins, Arizona State computed for plains and forest bovids on parameters of the four samples was com- University. the basis of residuals of these measure- pared with their inferred social status as ments versus skeletal size. An independ- determined from archaeological spatial Most studies of skeletal variation in ent test of this model was made using relationships and historical information. Australopithecus afarensis suggest that light cover and heavy cover bovids. The It was found that an assessment based on this hominin was characterized by a high first canonical variate summarized rela- physical parameters complements and level of body size dimorphism. This view tive metapodial elongation and slender- adds to a purely archaeological/historical was challenged by a recent study, which ness and was the main correlate of habi- assessment. concluded that previous estimates of di- tat. The equation for this canonical vari- morphism in this early hominin are in ate was next applied to residuals for a The phylogenetic and functional util- error and that A. afarensis—as repre- large sample of fossil hipparions. This ity of mandibular depth and maxil- sented by the A.L. 333 postcranial mate- variable was useful for placing bovids and lary height. rial—is similar to modern humans in its fossil equids on a continuum from degree of skeletal dimorphism. However, open/dry to closed/wet habitats and is J. Scirbona, C. C. Gilbert. Interdepart- the data set used to make this claim is proposed here as a habitat score. mental Doctoral Program in Anthropologi- problematic due to the fact that some of Resulting habitat scores for bovids in- cal Sciences, Stony Brook University, the individuals represented in the A.L. creased across a habitat continuum from Stony Brook, New York. 333 assemblage probably contributed mul- more closed habitats to more open ones. tiple specimens to the sample. This situa- Similarly, hipparion habitat scores ranged The phylogenetic affinities of the Asian tion results in estimates of dimorphism from low for forest forms (e.g., Höwenegg) fossil primate families Eosimiidae and that are biased toward monomorphism to high for plains forms (e.g., La Roma). Amphipithecidae have been debated since and an improperly inflated level of statis- When applied to hominid sites, habitat their initial description. These specimens tical confidence in inferences derived from scores from Can Llobateres, for instance, are often described as anthropoids, pri- the sample. confirm a more forested paleoenvironment marily based on dental characters. Two The analysis reported here examines for Dryopithecus. additional features, deep mandibles and the statistical confidence of estimates of This work was supported by NSF grant vertically tall (“deep”) maxillae, have also dimorphism derived from the A.L. 333 BCS-0112659. been identified as important non-dental sample. The data set is reduced from 162 AAPA Abstracts

Do early South Americans show bio- with a general geographic or “racial de- physiologically healthy and previously logical similarity to Australians?: scriptor”. Would these historical skulls be adaptive thresholds. Lagoa Santa in odontometric and of any value for the forensic odontologist Conclusions are that complementary craniometric perspective. and anthropologist concerning teaching feeding evolved as a facultative strategy and casework? We tried to clarify this for resolving tradeoffs between maternal N. Seguchi1, 2, H. Umeda3, A.R. Nelson2,4, question by recording non-metric dental costs of lactation and risk of poor infant and C.L. Brace2. 1Department of Anthro- traits and by performing craniometric outcomes. It increased hominid maternal pology, University of Montana, Missoula, analyses. fertility by accelerating the transition to 2Museum of Anthropology, University of A morphological and morphometric weaning without decreasing offspring Michigan, Ann Arbor, 3School of Science, investigation of anatomical/dental traits survivorship. Future research should fo- University of Tokyo, 4Department of An- in 80 adult skulls was performed. For cus on understanding where in the homi- thropology, University of Wyoming, each skull we recorded four non-metric nid clade this key adaptive shift occurred. Laramie. dental traits using the ASU-System and Supported by the Canada Research three non-metric cranial traits. Nineteen Chairs program. In this study, odontometric and cra- cranial measures were also taken follow- niometric data are used to assess the simi- ing the FORDISC programme manual. HPLC identification of major oxyto- larities and differences between the Bra- The non-metrical data were tabulated as cin metabolites in primate urine – a zilian Paleoindian Lagoa Santa and major frequencies, and the metric data was en- radiolabeled study. population groups of the world. Neves tered in the FORDISC programme. Ob- (1991, 2003, 2005) suggest that Lagoa served non-metric trait frequencies were L.J. Seltzer1, T.E. Ziegler2, S. Prudom2. Santa is more closely related to Austra- compared with published data. The 1Dept. of Anthropology, University of Wis- lian Aborigines than Native Americans FORDISC programme computed a dis- consin-Madison, 2Wisconsin National Pri- and Northeast Asians using Howells' criminatory analysis for each skull and mate Research Center, Madison, WI. worldwide comparative craniometric data- thereby assigned the skull to the most set. On the other hand, in our previous probable ethnic category. The role of oxytocin in the governance of study we concluded that Lagoa Santa The results for the non-metric traits social phenomena such as pair bonding, individuals exhibit close craniometric showed that the traits generally followed sexual behavior, and conspecific recogni- affinities with Archaic Indians of North the expected frequencies in 80 % of the tion has been examined in a number of America and the prehistoric Jomon of cases. The FORDISC programme correctly species. Its function in regulating the Japan, and do not show a resemblance to assigned ethnicity based on skull meas- social behavior of humans and nonhuman Australians. ures in overall 70% of the cases. primates, however, is not well understood. Using odontometric data we obtained This is partly because typical sampling results that support our previous cra- Coevolution of human lactation, methods (cerebrospinal fluid taps and niometric study. First, it is well-known complementary feeding, foraging and blood draws) are sometimes considered too that human tooth size underwent a reduc- life history. invasive for these species, whereas non- tion during the Late Pleistocene and the invasive techniques have not proven con- Holocene. The total dental size of modern D.W. Sellen. Department of Anthropol- sistently successful in recovering this Australians is much larger than Lagoa ogy, University of Toronto. molecule intact and in sufficient quantity Santa. Second, the tooth size profiles of for measurement. To address this prob- the Early Jomon are similar to Lagoa Comparative data on lactation biology lem, a radiolabeled study was performed Santa except for the canines. Third, the are used to test the hypothesis that use of on four (4) male common marmosets (Cal- profiles of cross-sectional areas of each “complementary” foods specially collected lithrix jacchus) in order to determine tooth show that Lagoa Santa exhibits and processed for juvenile consumption is whether or not oxytocin is breaking down closer affinities to Tierra del Fuego, a species-typical, derived characteristic of into urinary metabolites, and whether or Michigan Native Americans and Polyne- humans. Although limited, they suggest not these metabolites can be measured in sians which can be Jomon-derived groups that three ancestral adaptive advantages lieu of oxytocin itself via a non-invasive rather than to Australians and Melane- of lactation (infant immune protection, assay. sians. Fourth, the results of multivariate infant nutrition, maternal fertility regula- Ten (10) microcuries of tritium-labeled statistics indicate that Lagoa Santa is tion) are retained. There is no cogent evi- oxytocin were injected intravenously into closer to Michigan Native Americans and dence for additional derived features of each subject. For a 48 hour period, all Tierra del Fuego than to Australians. human milk (significantly altered fatty urine was collected and then subjected to Using both odontometric and cranioimet- acid content to support brain growth) or extraction and HPLC fractionation. Two ric data, our results suggest that Lagoa mammary glands (signaling residual re- major metabolites were identified via Santa is derived from the inhabitants of productive value). Humans need breast analysis of these fractions for presence of Northeast Asia during the Late Pleisto- milk for optimal growth and development, the radiolabel. Intact radiolabeled oxyto- cene including the ancestors of the Jomon just like any other mammal. cin was also recovered, corresponding to and not from Australia. However, humans have evolved a the retention time of pure oxytocin, with uniquely flexible and comparatively less changes in concentration correlating An historical skull collection and its costly strategy for feeding. Individuals are strongly (r ≈ 0.93) with metabolite concen- use in forensic odontology and an- weaned at a relatively wider range of trations. We conclude that oxytocin me- thropology weights and ages relative to adult body tabolites are measurable in the urine of size and age at maturity and weaning this species, and also that HPLC analysis B. Sejrsen, N. Lynnerup, M. Hejmadi. weights tend to be low relative to birth is an effective methodology for measuring Unit of Forensic Odontology and Unit of weight. The pattern of postnatal “transi- them accurately. This may prove instru- Anthropology, Institute of Forensic tional” feeding is distinctive, and comple- mental to endocrine studies of human and Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Den- mentary feeding appears to be unique nonhuman primate social behavior. mark. among extant mammals. Only humans Work supported by the American Pri- have evolved the capacity to keep young matological Society, Small Research The Institute of Forensic Medicine, alive without consumption of any mater- Grant to L.J.S., MH70423 to T.E.Z. and Copenhagen, houses a collection of his- nal milk, a biocultural innovation that has RR000167 to the Wisconsin National Pri- torical skulls of unclear origin, marked eroded breastfeeding practice below mate Research Center. AAPA Abstracts 163

food web and the structure of modern average ratio of second moments of area Measuring tooth diameters at the African wetland ecosystems. Then, I ex- than all other samples, representing a cervical margin to minimize the ef- amine the evidence for the distribution of mediolaterally-broad proximal section. fects of wear: A test. these ecosystems during the Plio- Given the relationship of this section with Pleistocene, and I summarize the fossil body breadth, this value is more likely S. Serafin. Tulane University. evidence for the distribution of Atilax and correlated with body shape than habitual Aonyx (both are known from Olduvai and activity. Although levels and patterns of This study evaluates a largely untapped Swartkrans) and for the freshwater crabs activity suggest that Point Hope was a method to minimize the effects of tooth (known since the Miocene). Finally, I pre- highly active population, additional envi- wear and maximize sample size in studies sent carbon isotope data for freshwater ronmental factors also contributed to dif- of tooth crown diameters. Metric dental crabs from six southern African localities, ferences in the robusticity of this popula- traits have a high heritable component, including the sites of Swartkrans and tion. and can be used to measure biological Taung (crabs are abundant in the wet- This research was supported by NSF distance between different populations lands adjacent to these sites). The mean #BCS-0314002, the American Museum of (Jacobi, 2000). They also allow charac- δ13C value of crab muscle tissue from the National History, Sigma Xi, the Scientific terization of dental sexual dimorphism, as Transvaal region was -20.98‰ (sd=1.88, Research Society and Lambda Alpha. males have teeth that are two to six per- n=56). A preliminary analysis of bone cent larger teeth than females’ (Scott and collagen from Aonyx and Atilax yielded a A preliminary survey of the primates Turner, 1997). However, tooth wear modi- mean δ13C value of -16.35‰ (sd=1.17, in the Upper Essequibo Conservation fies the original size and shape of teeth, n=12) as would be expected for animals Concession, Guyana. and must, therefore, be identified and feeding predominantly on crabs. When controlled for. As a result, teeth with compared to the published δ13C values for C. A. Shaffer. Department of Anthropol- marked occlusal or approximal wear are Paranthropus dental enamel (x=-7.62‰, ogy, Washington University in St. Louis. excluded by most researchers from metric sd=1.13, n=18), it is evident that the du- analysis, greatly reducing sample sizes rophage model has not been falsified. In Guyana offers tremendous opportuni- (Hillson, 1996). conclusion, in light of all evidence, I ad- ties for primate conservation, as it retains An alternative method involves measur- dress the question of whether the robust over 80% of its original forest and harbors ing mesiodistal and buccolingual diame- australopithecines are better conceived as at least 9 species of primate. Unfortu- ters at the cervical margin. This tech- ecological specialists or generalists. nately, these forests are almost completely nique has been shown to minimize the unprotected. In an initial step toward effects of wear and yields similar results Long bone robusticity and behavioral establishing a protected areas system in (Colby, 1996; Falk and Corruccini, 1982; variability in the Inuit sample from Guyana, Conservation International cre- Goose, 1963; Hillson, 1996). Both the Point Hope, Alaska. ated the 81,000 hectare Upper Essequibo alternative and more standard techniques Conservation Concession in 2002. were applied to a sample of Mayan dental L.L. Shackelford. Department of Anthro- In July 2005, I conducted surveys in the remains representing 50 individuals to pology, University of Illinois, Urbana- concession to establish which primate determine if they yielded similar results. Champaign. species were present and estimate their Ancient Mayan skeletal remains are often abundance. I walked transects, conducted very poorly preserved, limiting their use- Because of the demands of an Arctic boat surveys along the Essequibo River fulness for measuring biological distance. foraging existence, the Point Hope Inuit and several creeks, and interviewed local Thus, this study has the important impli- skeletons have been considered robust people. I surveyed approximately 167 km cation of maximizing sample size, which relative to other human samples. Cross- during the study period (88km during applies to studies of fragmentary human sectional properties (J, Ix/Iy) of the hume- land surveys and 79km during boat sur- remains in general. rus and femur were analyzed to assess the veys). This research was made possible by robusticity of this sample. Males and I observed 22 primate groups (11 during grant number 05033 from the Foundation females were evaluated in the context of land surveys and 11 during boat surveys) for the Advancement of Mesoamerican five additional Holocene and recent hu- representing 8 species. The total sighting Studies, Inc (FAMSI). man samples that represent a wide range rate was 1.32 groups/10km. The most of cultural and environmental conditions frequently encountered primate was The paleobiology of the robust aus- (Jomon Japanese, Andaman Islanders, Alouatta seniculus macoconnelli which tralopithecines (Paranthropus): a Libyan nomadic herders, Predynastic accounted for 27% of groups observed. preliminary test of the durophage Egyptians, recent East Africans). Chiropotes satanas chiropotes (18% of model using carbon isotope analysis. Humeral robusticity in Point Hope is total groups) and Cebus apella apella relatively high, and it is consistent with (14% of total groups) were also commonly A.B. Shabel. Museum of Paleontology, samples engaged in strenuous upper body observed. I only sighted one group of Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, and Dept. activity (Andaman Islanders). However, Pithecia pithecia pithecia. These results of Integrative Biology; University of Cali- robusticity in this sample is significantly were consistent with estimates of primate fornia, Berkeley. lower than in other highly active hunter- abundance provided by local people. gatherers (Jomon). Between-group differ- Guyana’s primates are relatively un- The durophage model reconstructs the ences are greater in females than in studied and these data are the first re- robust australopithecines (Paranthropus) males. Point Hope is distinguished by an ported on the primates of the Upper Esse- as opportunistic consumers of hard- antero-posteriorly reinforced distal hu- quibo Concession. Individual species and shelled invertebrate prey in wetland and meral section. total sighting rates are fairly high com- mesic ecosystems. Here I report an em- The Inuit sample demonstrates signifi- pared to those reported from other sites in pirical test of the model with a carbon cantly greater robusticity in midshaft and Guyana, suggesting that the concession is isotope analysis of two mammalian analog proximal femoral strength than all other an excellent site for future research on taxa (the marsh mongoose Atilax paludi- samples, with females again showing Guyana’s primates and for their conserva- nosus and the clawless otter Aonyx capen- greater between-sample differences. Most tion. sis) and their preferred prey (freshwater distinctive, however, is the distribution of crabs of the family Potamonautidae). cortical bone at the proximal femur with First, I detail the natural history of this the Inuits having a significantly lower 164 AAPA Abstracts

What the stone tools can (and can't) organized by acoustic form. Niemitz and ior while relative dominance rank does tell us about hominin evolutionary others followed up on these observations, not. Controlling for associations, matur- relationships. and results of field surveys indicate that ing males had preferential play partners. Niemitz’s T. s. spectrum is organized into Juvenile and early adolescent males J.J. Shea, Anthropology, Stony Brook at least 16 discrete acoustic forms, each of played significantly more than middle or University. which is hypothetically a distinct taxon. late adolescents. Finally, dominance rank The distribution of these acoustic forms had no measurable effect on play behav- The similarity of the stone tool indus- points toward a biogeographic hypothesis ior. These results indicate that play be- tries associated with morphologically- that offers a compelling synthesis between havior is more important for younger different hominins has been seen as evi- two seemingly incompatible biogeographic males than it is for older males. It ap- dence for contemporaneity, cultural inter- hypotheses—based on geological and bio- pears that as males age they devote more actions, and even biological continuity. logical data, respectively. Tarsier genetic of their time to competing for dominance This interpretation treats Paleolithic in- data confidently reject the previous bio- and mating opportunities. dustries as if they are the functional geographic hypotheses to explain patterns equivalent of ethnographic and recent of tarsier genetic variation, but cannot Quantitative genetics of modern ba- archaeological "cultures". They are not. reject the new hypothesis using the boon (Papio hamadryas) craniofacial Paleolithic industries span time periods Templeton test. Discriminant function variation. and geographic ranges orders of magni- analysis of tail-tuft shape provides quanti- tude greater than any known historical or tative support for the MacKinnon’s asser- R.J. Sherwood1, D.L. Duren1, B. Towne1, ethnographic culture. Unlike recent hu- tion that tarsier morphology shows geo- M.C. Mahaney2,3. 1Lifespan Health Re- man cultures, most of the named Paleo- graphically-structured variation when search Center, Wright State University lithic industries were defined on the basis organized by acoustic form. Thus, genetic School of Medicine, 2Department of Ge- variation in a single dimension of material and morphologic data are broadly com- netics, Southwest Foundation for Bio- culture, technological and typological patible with the hypothesis that Eastern medical Research, 3Southwest National variation among stone tools. Most Paleo- Tarsier acoustic forms are discrete taxa. Primate Research Center. lithic stone tools are technologically sim- The process of revising tarsier taxonomy ple (few require more than a few minutes to reflect this will take years, given the The primate craniofacial complex is an effort by a skilled flintknapper). Conse- lack of holotypes for key taxa and many integrated structure composed of several quently, there is an intrinsically high putative new ones. developmental and functional compo- likelihood of "convergence" among the This material is based on work sup- nents. During ontogeny the three primary lithic archaeological records of closely- ported by the National Science Founda- components, the neurocranium, splanch- related hominin species. Similar stone tion under Grant No. INT 0107277, and nocranium, and basicranium, are vulner- tool industries associated with morpho- by a grant from the Margot Marsh Biodi- able to genetic and epigenetic influences, logically-different hominin fossils may versity Foundation. often showing a coordinated response to signal ecological overlap, or competition those influences. Previous work with for the same niche. A further difficulty is Play behavior among wild, maturing human data has demonstrated a signifi- that most linkages between particular male chimpanzees at Ngogo, Kibale cant heritable component to quantitative hominins and stone tool assemblages are National Park, Uganda. variation in measures of craniofacial mor- usually inferred from burials (strati- phology at various stages of development. graphically intrusive features), assem- H.M. Sherrow. Department of Anthropol- However, the magnitude of genetic influ- blages that formed over prolonged periods, ogy, Yale University. ences, and the nature of the correlated or cave sediments with complex geological effects of genes, on normal variation in and taphonomic histories. In principle, it Play behavior is common among imma- these three craniofacial regions within may be possible to infer patterns of ture primates, and it has been theorized nonhuman primates have yet to be eluci- hominin cultural variation from the Paleo- that play is important for the behavioral dated. lithic record, but the methods archaeolo- development of young primates. Maturing To examine the genetic underpinnings gists use to describe stone tool variation chimpanzees spend a lot of time playing of the structure and development of the are not yet adequate to do this. each day and males usually play more primate craniofacial complex, twenty-one than females. However, few data exist craniofacial measures were taken from Taxonomy and biogeography of East- about the variation in play behavior, rela- lateral cephalograms of 304 baboons at ern Tarsiers. tive to developmental stage, in wild chim- the Southwest National Primate Research panzees. Here, I present data on play Center, San Antonio, TX. Two subspecies, M. Shekelle. Center for Biodiversity and behavior among maturing male chimpan- Papio hamadryas anubis and P.h. cyno- Conservation Studies, University of Indo- zees, focusing on most frequent play part- cephalus, and their hybrids were included. nesia. ners, developmental stage and dominance All animals ranged in age from 2 to 8 rank. years at the time of examination. Herita- Niemitz (1984) classified tarsiers from I conducted research at Ngogo, Kibale bility (h2) of each trait, as well as the addi- Sulawesi and surrounding island groups— National Park, Uganda. The Ngogo chim- tive genetic correlations (ρg) between animals that I refer to herein as Eastern panzee community is the largest on re- traits, were estimated using a maximum Tarsiers—into a single species, Tarsius cord, with a total of about 140 animals. likelihood method for pedigree data. All spectrum, with two subspecies, T. s. spec- During my study I focused on twenty- heritability estimates were significant, trum and T. s. pumilus. Just prior to three males, including all of the adoles- ranging from 0.15 - 0.99. Genetic correla- Niemitz’s taxonomy, however, MacKinnon cents in the community, six young adult tion analysis identified varying degrees of and MacKinnon (1980) wrote “there is males and two, apparently, orphaned pleiotropic effects on craniofacial traits. clearly much more taxonomic work to be juvenile males. I collected data during all Future work will seek to identify the spe- done to sort out the Sulawesi tarsiers”, day follows of mixed age-sex parties. I cific genes influencing variation in the based on their observations that these used focal, scan and ad libitum methods morphology of the baboon craniofacial tarsiers possess a duet call that shows to collect data on play behaviors. complex. geographically-structured variation and Results indicate that; individuals are Supported by NIH grant P51 RR13986 that museum skins appear to show geo- selective in their choice of play partners, to the Southwest National Primate Re- graphically-structured variation when age has a significant effect on play behav- AAPA Abstracts 165

search Center; NIH R21 DE016408; and very similar to the rate of female steriliza- When optimized on a cladogram based on NIH R01 DE016692. tion reported for Mexico as a whole, pro- 173 dental, cranial, and postcranial char- vides an opportunity to examine the de- acters, the form of the I1 shows extensive Genetic mapping of natural variation terminants of tubal ligation within this homoplasy, with the evolution of an apical in the teeth of recombinant inbred population. division occurring at least three times in mice. Univariate analyses indicate that early primate evolution. Thus, recent women who were single or divorced at claims that the enlarged, multicuspate S.J. Sholtis, K. Kawasaki, K.M. Weiss. interview were significantly less likely to incisors of certain plesiadapiforms are Department of Anthropology, The Penn- report having undergone a tubal ligation clear evidence against a plesiadapiform- sylvania State University. (18.3% and 28.3%, respectively) compared euprimate link are in need of re- with married women (49.5%, p<.01). Fre- evaluation. The prevalence of teeth in the fossil quencies of tubal ligation increased with Supported by NSERC and NSF. record and their use in establishing pri- increasing parity up to 7 children – 0 chil- mate taxonomic relationships has led to dren (3%), 1 child (11%), 2 (36%), 3 (51%), Disease patterns and nutritional their importance in anthropology. Under- 4 (50%), 5 (60%), 6 (60%), 7 (59%). status of populations from protected standing the genetic basis of dental pat- Women with 8 or more children reported areas in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest: terning enhances our ability to interpret fewer tubal ligations (40%). In separate Are human health and environmental morphological variation in primates. logistic regression analyses, younger age preservation linked? Work among humans has identified genes at first birth and higher socioeconomic involved in dental dismorphology, but, due status were significant determinants of H.P. Silva. Department of Anthropology, to the limitations of primates as model tubal ligation (p<.01). Age at last birth, Museu Nacional/UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, experimental organisms, little is known level of schooling, and use of other contra- Brazil. genetically about the many subtle but ceptive methods were not significant de- adaptively important aspects of natural terminants. When all variables were ex- In most rural areas of the Brazilian dental variation. Here we use a mouse amined by logistic regression analysis, Atlantic Forest (AF) poverty and envi- model to investigate the genetic basis of parity and marital status remained sig- ronmental degradation are rampant. the kinds of natural dental variation seen nificant. Cox regression analyses will be However, the health effects of these fac- in primates and in the fossil record. In- utilized to examine these and other vari- tors on human populations have not yet formation gained from the mouse relates ables in relation to the risk of tubal liga- been investigated. Using an ecosystems directly to primates because of the conser- tion by age. health approach, different economic, socio- vation of genes and signaling pathways ecological and health characteristics of the through evolution. Upper incisor evolution in ple- populations living near three protected We identify a dental variant resembling siadapiform primates. areas in Espírito Santo state, Brazil, were variation among primates between the investigated in order to understand the upper second molars of two inbred strains M.T. Silcox1, J.I. Bloch2. 1Department of complex relations between humans and of mouse, C57BL/6j (B) and A/j (A). Ge- Anthropology, University of Winnipeg, their environment in the AF, and to facili- netic mapping using 25 AXB/BXA recom- 2Florida Museum of Natural History, Uni- tate the conservation of protected areas. A binant inbred strains of mouse, each de- versity of Florida. total of 178 families participated in the rived from a cross of B and A mice fol- research. The study population is experi- lowed by inbreeding, identified regions on Morphology of the upper central inci- encing an epidemiological transition char- mouse chromosomes 11, 13, and 19 asso- sors has been stressed as being of particu- acterized by continued high levels of infec- ciated with the dental variant. From the lar importance in early primate systemat- tious diseases such as intestinal parasites, genes in these regions we identified sev- ics. The simple conical form of the I1 in which infect 23.2% of individuals and eral candidates through prior knowledge the microsyopid Megadelphus has been diarrhea, which affects 10.5% of children of dental genetics, gene expression data, contrasted with the more complex I1 of below five years of age, a high fertility and sequence variation between A and B plesiadapids, saxonellids, carpolestids, rate (2.2%/yr), and growing levels of mice. This analysis suggests a possible paromomyids, and micromomyids, in chronic diseases, including overweight role in natural dental variation for Dlx3, which the tip is divided into two or more (19.8%), obesity (9%), and hypertension associated with trichodentoosseous syn- apical cusps, and there is a cusp near the (13.4%). High levels of acute diseases drome causing enamel hypoplasia and base of the crown (posterocone). Thus, it among children are related to low socio- dental patterning, Dkk1, involved in tooth has been argued that microsyopids were economic status and poor sanitary infra- crown patterning and enamel formation, only distantly related to (other) ple- structure, while a reduction in physical and Barx1, a determinant of molar tooth siadapiforms. The presence of an appar- activity levels, dietary modification and identity. ent synapomorphy linking non- increased dependency on the market microsyopids plesiadapiforms, which is economy appear to particularly impact the Determinants of tubal ligation in absent in euprimates, was also seen as adult women, who show a higher preva- Puebla, Mexico. cause to doubt a euprimate- lence of chronic diseases compared to men plesiadapiform relationship. (p>0.05). Previous research has shown L.L. Sievert, A.E.F. Rudzik. Dept. An- Recent recovery of I1s from other mi- that populations undergoing intense socio- thropology, UMass Amherst. crosyopids demonstrates that the mor- ecological stress are likely to develop an- phology of Megadelphus is not typical of tagonistic relationships with protected In the state capital of Puebla, Mexico, the family. While no known microsyopid areas as these cannot be used for their women aged 40-60 were recruited from has an apical division of I1, in both Nip- economic activities. This study supports open air markets and city sidewalks to tomomys and Berruvius I1 bears a pos- the hypothesis that it is not possible to participate in a study of age and symptom terocone. In these taxa I1 is similar in protect the environment without taking experience at menopause. Contraceptive general form to the very simple I1s of the into account the health situation of the use and history of tubal ligation were basal plesiadapoids Chronolestes and local populations. queried as part of that study. Of the 755 Pandemonium. These new microsyopid Acknowledgements: CNPQ (Proc. women surveyed, 42.5% had undergone a and plesiadapoid specimens demonstrate 690149/01-8) and FUJB/UFRJ (Proc. tubal ligation at a mean age of 32.9 years that a simple model of incisor evolution is 10772-7). (s.d. 5.4, range 18-50). This frequency, no longer feasible for plesiadapiforms. 166 AAPA Abstracts

Assessing the relative contribution of within and among samples of five regional anatomical details (e.g. occipital bunning, the EDJ and enamel cap to the occlu- populations of longtail macaques (Macaca upper midfacial projection, suprainiac sal morphology of molar tooth crowns fascicularis) and one sample each of fossae, aspects of mandibular form) that using microCT and GIS. Japanese (M. fuscata) and Taiwanese (M. probably do not. We evaluate the prob- cyclopis,) macaques. lems with these features (definition, ge- M.M. Skinner1, A. Evans2, J. Jernvall2. The mtDNA haplotypes of longtail ma- netic basis) and note that the same prob- 1Hominid Paleobiology Doctoral Program, caques clustered into two large highly lems characterize the general cranial form Department of Anthropology, The George structured reciprocally monophyletic that is widely accepted as defining modern Washington University and Department clades (Fas1 and Fas2) of a neighbor- humans. In addition to morphological of Human Evolution, Max Planck Insti- joining tree that were quite divergent details that may demonstrate Neandertal tute for Evolutionary Anthropology, from those of rhesus macaques (M. mu- contributions to early modern humans in 2Institute of Biotechnology, University of latta) from five different countries that western Eurasia, we identify a broad “hy- Helsinki. were also studied. Both clades exhibited brid zone” extending from North Africa to haplotypes of Indonesian and Malaysian . We conclude that the Occlusal surface morphology of the longtail macaques widely dispersed available evidence, including ancient DNA tooth crown carries functional, taxonomic throughout them, but a well-defined sub- and extant human genetic analyses, are and phylogenetic information. The devel- clade of Fas1 contained all Indochinese most commensurate with an “extinction opment of this surface can be simplified haplotypes and two different well-defined by swamping model” in which Neander- into two, somewhat distinct, processes: subclades of Fas2 contained all haplotypes tals are genetically and demographically formation of the enamel-dentine junction from Mauritius and the Philippines, re- swamped over a period of several thou- (EDJ) and overlying deposition of the spectively. sand years by modern populations with enamel cap. Understanding the relative Longtail macaques from Malaysia and markedly superior numbers. This type of contribution of each process to features of Indonesia were far more genetically di- “extinction” is common in the biological crown morphology will improve interpre- verse than those from Indochina, the Phil- world, and it calls into question whether tations of their variation as well as identi- ippines and, especially, Mauritius. Nu- the ESC is applicable to Neandertals. fying the most appropriate surface of cleotide diversity between mtDNA se- study [e.g., EDJ or outer enamel surface quences of longtail macaques from differ- Paleopathology of the 1856 Neander- (OES)] for particular research questions. ent geographic regions is nearly as great tal: new data, new insights. This paper presents the results of a as that between Indian and Chinese pilot study that uses microCT scanning rhesus macaques. Rhesus macaques from M.O. Smith1, F.H. Smith1, R.W. and GIS software to assess the relative China were more closely related to both Schmitz2,3. 1Department of Anthropology, contribution of the EDJ and OES to sur- Taiwanese and Japanese macaques than Loyola University Chicago, 2Rheinishes face morphology of the occlusal basin. to rhesus macaques from India. Approxi- LandesMuseum, Bonn, 3Institut für Ur- MicroCT scanning provided high- mately equal amounts of genetic diversity und Frühgeschichte und Archäologie des resolution 3D surface data of the EDJ and is due to differences among animals in the Mittelalters, Universität Tübingen, Ger- OES of mandibular and maxillary molars same regional population, different re- many. from modern humans and a small sample gional populations and different species. of hominoids. GIS software was used to The results of this study support the in- The recent discovery of, and excavation quantify surface orientation (i.e., facing clusion of Japanese and Taiwanese ma- in, deposits removed in 1856 from the mesially, buccally, etc.) and surface slope caques in the species M. mulatta. Kleine Feldhofer Grotte cave floor yielded for both the EDJ and OES. EDJ data, This study was supported by grant further pieces of the original Neandertal either orientation or slope, were then sub- RR05090 to DGS from the National Insti- skeleton (Neandertal 1) as well as evi- tracted from the OES data in order to tutes of Health. dence for a second adult and a single determine their relative contribution to subadult. Paleopathological examination each aspect of occlusal basin morphology. Problems with species identification of this new material provides further in- The results indicate that the orientation in the human fossil record with spe- sight into the quality of life of the Euro- of occlusal basin morphology is largely cial emphasis on the Neandertal pean Neandertal. Traumatic injury is established early in development with the question. acknowledged to be common in the gen- growth and folding of the inner enamel eral Neandertal sample. Indeed, the Ne- epithelium, while the slope of the occlusal F.H. Smith1, J.C.M. Ahern2. 1 Department andertal 1 remains of 1856 display signifi- basin morphology is established later in of Anthropology, Loyola University Chi- cant elbow joint remodeling that is argua- development with the formation of the cago, 2Department of Anthropology, Uni- bly traumatic in origin. The fragmentary enamel cap. Variations in this pattern versity of Wyoming. remains of a second individual (Neander- between upper and lower molars and with tal 2) also reveal forearm trauma under- differences in enamel thickness are dis- Despite many forceful statements to the scoring the ubiquity of traumatic injury cussed. contrary, the identification of species among Neandertals. But in addition to a units in the human fossil record continues likely debilitating traumatic injury, new Mitochondrial DNA variation within to be a difficult undertaking. Many pa- fossil fragments indicate that Neandertal and among regional populations of leoanthropologists utilize some variation 1 had inflammatory responses to chronic the fascicularis group of macaque of G.G. Simpson’s evolutionary species pathological conditions which would species. concept (ESC), which defines species on minimally have caused discomfort, if not the basis of morphology that reflects re- pain. Extensive periostitis of the maxil- D.G. Smith, J.W. McDonough, D.A. productive exclusivity so that the species lary and sphenoid antra indicates extreme George. Molecular Anthropology Labora- (lineage) maintains its identity from other chronic paranasal sinusitis. Additionally, tory, Department of Anthropology, Uni- lineages and has definitive evolutionary if not as a corollary to the sinusitis, there versity of California, Davis. tendencies and a unique historical fate. is new dental evidence for chronic perio- Using Neandertals as an example, we dontitis. The health history of what is An 835 base pair sequence of mitochon- show that identifying such traits is not likely Neandertal 1 also suggests com- drial DNA, including the first hypervari- simple, and that while much of the Nean- promised growth and development. Lin- able segment of the control region, was dertal morphological pattern is distinctive ear enamel hypoplasia is present on newly used to characterize genetic variation and may meet the ESC criteria, there are recovered dentition. AAPA Abstracts 167

graphic diaphyseal length (focal length = tions against a strict interpretation of Metacarpal fractures as a key to un- 228.6 cm). population continuity throughout the time derstanding culturally patterned vio- Correlations between bone length and frame investigated. These results are at lence in a historic urban cemetery stature are high in all cases (r2 range, 0.94 variance with an earlier study based on a sample. to 0.99), and F- and t-statistics indicate subset (n=36) of the full database de- strongly significant results. Differences scribed here. The disparity emphasizes M.J. Smith, M.B. Brickley. Institute of between sexes are, as expected, minor. the importance of sample size and direct Archaeology and Antiquity, University of Equations for stature (cm) for the com- dating of individual specimens in ancient Birmingham, United Kingdom. bined-sex sample are as follows: Hume- DNA studies. rus, y = 0.4658(x) + 27.053 (S.E. = 3.00); Physical manifestations of aggression Radius, y = 0.6229(x) + 27.500 (S.E. = High resolution microtomography of vary considerably between cultures. Con- 3.16); Ulna, y = 0.5898(x) + 23.742 (S.E. = Middle Stone Age human molars from sequently, the type and distribution of 2.91); Femur, y = 0.2928(x) + 36.923 (S.E. South Africa. injuries resulting from such hostility are = 2.46); Tibia, y = 0.3519(x) + 38.614 (S.E. similarly culturally specific. Using data = 2.24); Fibula, y = 0.3620(x) + 37.273 T.M. Smith1, A.J. Olejniczak1,2, P. Taf- derived from a historic cemetery, St. Mar- (S.E. = 2.24); Femur + Tibia, y = 0.1612(x) foreau3, F.E. Grine4, J.-J. Hublin1. tin’s, England, we consider a pattern of + 36.981 (S.E. = 1.97). 1Department of Human Evolution, Max violence related injuries in relation to Comparative examples using tables Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthro- modern clinical data and contemporary previously published by Maresh (1970) to pology, 2Interdepartmental Doctoral Pro- written and artistic sources. Particular obtain “ballpark” estimates yield similar gram in Anthropological Sciences, Stony consideration was given to the possibility results, but the equations are easier to use Brook University, 3ID 19 Beamline, Euro- of a relationship between types of violence and allow one standard error estimate for pean Synchrotron Research Facility & regarded as socially acceptable and those the mean. Testing of these equations is LGBPH, University of Poitiers, that are popular in sport. Walker (1997), encouraged. 4Departments of Anthropology & Ana- observed that a rise in facial injuries sug- tomical Sciences, Stony Brook University. gestive of fist-fighting in early 20th cen- Inferring population continuity ver- tury America coincided with the growth in sus replacement with aDNA: a cau- Recent technological advances in micro- popularity of boxing. Contrary to Walker’s tionary tale in the Aleutians. tomography have made possible the non- opinion our research demonstrates that a destructive analysis of dental structures, pattern of injuries consistent with fist- S.E. Smith1, M.G. Hayes2, J.B. Coltrain3, including internal tooth morphology, with fighting can also be discerned in 18th-19th D.H. O’Rourke3. 1School of Human Evolu- high resolution and accuracy. This study century British populations. In particular, tion and Social Change, Arizona State employs conventional and synchrotron a large number of injuries to the hands University, 2Department of Human Genet- microtomography to examine molar (specifically the metacarpals) of adult ics, University of Chicago, 3Department of enamel thickness and volume, and the males are argued to derive from punching Anthropology, University of Utah shape of the enamel-dentine junction in a style specific to bare-knuckle boxing. (EDJ) in Middle Stone Age (MSA) human At St. Martin’s a pattern of injuries is The Aleutian archipelago comprises a molars from the sites of Die Kelders Cave apparent which is both consistent and chain of volcanic islands extending 1,900 1 and Equus Cave, South Africa. Enamel coincident with the adoption of boxing kilometers westward from the Alaskan thickness and aspects of EDJ shape were styles as the accepted ‘manly’ way of set- peninsula, forming the Bering Sea/Pacific characterized in virtual two-dimensional tling disputes. It is of further relevance Ocean boundary. We studied mitochon- (2D) planes of section, analogous to those that much of this sample represents a drial DNA of 80 prehistoric Aleuts from frequently used in histological studies. working class, urban population as op- three archaeological sites (Chaluka, Ka- These data were compared to those from a posed to the predominantly middle-class gamil, and Shiprock) that span approxi- sample of approximately 250 recent hu- British samples previously studied. This mately 3500 years of Aleutian prehistory. man molars. Enamel volumes were de- research underlines the importance of Our aim was to test whether early (Pre- termined from microtomographic data considering data from skeletal analyses in Aleut) and late (Neo-) Aleut populations after 3D segmentation, and were com- their specific socio-cultural context in represent a genetically continuous popula- pared to data from published and unpub- order to gain the maximum information tion or present evidence of a replacement lished sources. on patterns of past behaviour. as hypothesized by Hrdlicka (1945), and to When tooth type was accounted for, assess the genetic affinity of ancient and values of average and relative enamel Juvenile stature estimation using modern Aleuts with other populations of thickness from the 2D slices were found to long bone lengths. the circumarctic. Mitochondrial hap- be within the range of recent human val- logroups were identified using polymerase ues, as were aspects of EDJ shape. S.L. Smith. Dept. of Sociology & Anthro- chain reaction (PCR) and restriction en- Enamel volumes were also found to be pology, University of Texas at Arlington. zyme digestion. The exclusive presence of similar to those of recent human molars. haplogroups A and D indicates that the These results provide additional evidence Forensic anthropologists routinely es- Aleutian Islands were probably colonized for the similarity between sub-Saharan timate stature for adult cases, but stature from the East, since neighboring Siberians MSA and recent humans, and are consis- estimation of juveniles is comparatively to the West have high frequencies of hap- tent with previous observations that MSA rare, and few published regression equa- logroup C, as well as other mtDNA hap- human teeth are comparable to those of tions for juveniles are available for consul- logroups absent in the Aleutians. Statis- recent sub-Saharan Africans in terms of tation when necessary (e.g., with commin- tical analyses show that mitochondrial discrete morphological features. This gled remains). Data from the Denver haplogroup frequencies of Pre-Aleuts are study demonstrates several applications of longitudinal growth study (31 boys and 36 significantly different from those of Neo- virtual paleoanthropology, an increasingly girls) are utilized to produce combined-sex Aleuts, suggesting prehistoric population important approach to the characteriza- and single-sex least squares linear regres- movement, if not replacement. Moreover, tion and analysis of rare and valuable sion equations for the individual long modern Aleut mtDNA haplogroup fre- fossil remains. bones of the limbs and for the summed quencies are more similar to the later Supported by The Max Planck Society femur and tibia lengths for 3-10 year old Neo-Aleut samples. This apparent tempo- and the European Synchrotron Research children. Measurements are of radio- ral trend in haplogroup frequencies cau- Facility. 168 AAPA Abstracts

regarding the interpretation of these re- Ontogeny and functional histology of The anterior pituitary plays a critical sults. the first ethmoturbinal in strepsir- role in reproduction, growth, and meta- I examined the energy costs of locomo- rhines. bolic function through its secretion of hor- tion in a sample of five chimpanzees of mones that act on target tissues through- both sexes, ranging from six to thirty- T.D. Smith1,2, K.P. Bhatnagar3, J.B. out the body, including the adrenals, go- three years of age, which were trained to Rossie4, A.M. Burrows5, M.P. Mooney2, nads, and thyroid gland. Although pitui- perform on a treadmill. Oxygen consump- M.I. Siegel2. 1School of Physical Therapy, tary hormones can provide a wealth of tion was measured during bipedal and Slippery Rock University, 2Department of information on human health and physi- quadrupedal locomotion at normal walk- Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, ology, they are rarely included in popula- ing and running speeds. Adult chimpan- 3Department of Anatomical Sciences and tion-based research because of the re- zees are notoriously difficult to control. Neurobiology, University of Louisville, quirement of relatively large sample vol- As a result, no treadmill data for adults 4Department of Anthropology, SUNY umes (typically obtained by venipunc- exist. I was able to overcome this obstacle Stony Brook, 5Department of Physical ture), and difficulties related to the stor- by using animals trained for the enter- Therapy, Duquesne University. age and transport of plasma, serum, or tainment industry. Using these profes- whole blood samples. The development of sional animals has allowed data to be Conventionally, maxilloturbinals com- Luminex multi-analyte profiling (xMAP) collected on adult chimpanzees for the prise the “respiratory turbinals” whereas technology helps remove these obstacles first time. Preliminary data suggest little nasoturbinals and ethmoturbinals com- by allowing for the simultaneous meas- difference between energy costs of bipedal prise “olfactory turbinals,” denoting the urement of multiple biomarkers from a vs. quadrupedal locomotion, but may show primary type of mucosa that lines these small volume of sample. some dependence upon speed. Possible conchae. However, the first ethmoturbinal In the present study, we describe the confounding factors to energy measure- (ETI) appears exceptional in its epithelial development and validation of a micro- ments unique to chimpanzees will be dis- variability in primates, including taxa sphere-based immunoassay for the simul- cussed as well as implications for the evo- that possess the most primitive nasal taneous quantitation of five pituitary lution of bipedalism in hominids. fossae structure. The present study was hormones (follicle-stimulating hormone undertaken to determine how the rostro- [FSH], luteinizing hormone [LH], growth Variation in postcranial robusticity caudal distribution of olfactory epithelium hormone [GH], thyroid-stimulating hor- in the Albany County Almshouse. (OE) versus non-olfactory epithelium mone [TSH], and prolactin [PRL]) from (non-OE) scales relative to cranial length dried whole blood spot samples based on M.C. Solano. Department of Anthropol- (prosthion-inion distance) in strepsir- the modification and optimization of a ogy, University at Albany. rhines. Serially sectioned heads of twenty commercially available kit. We compared strepsirrhines (15 neonates, 5 adults) pituitary hormone concentrations in 80 The analysis of postcranial robusticity were examined to map the location of OE matched blood spot and serum samples is useful for determining relative activity and non-OE on ETI, rostral to its root and assessed assay performance using the levels in past populations. However, ro- (primary lamina). Based on known dis- following measures: blood spot-serum busticity research on poorhouse popula- tances between sections of ETI, the ros- correlation, sensitivity/detection limit, and tions is limited. Almshouse paupers rep- trocaudal length of OE was measured and assay variability. We report highly signifi- resent the underprivileged segment of an compared to the length lined solely by cant correlations between matched blood industrial population, most of which en- non-OE (primarily respiratory epithe- spot and serum samples for all five ana- gaged in heavy labor. Subject to severe lium). In five specimens (3 neonates, 2 lytes, and provide equations for converting mechanical stresses, these people are adults), the total surface area of OE and blood spot concentrations to serum/plasma expected to exhibit some of the highest non-OE was calculated. equivalents. Our results demonstrate the levels of robusticity in modern human Results show that non-OE length scales feasibility of simultaneously measuring populations. nearly isometrically with cranial length, multiple pituitary hormone concentrations Postcranial measurements were taken while OE is negatively allometric. Fur- from a single blood spot sample. on 532 individuals from the Albany thermore, non-OE length correlates more Support: National Institute on Aging County Almshouse skeletal collection and highly with cranial length (R = 0.88) than (P01 AG18911). compared for differences in age, sex, and does OE length (R = 0.62). In surface area, bilateral asymmetry. A non-significant the ETI of larger species had a greater Origin of hominid bipedalism: the increase was observed in diaphyseal di- percentage of non-OE than smaller spe- energetics of chimpanzee locomotion mensions with age, indicating that exter- cies; adults had more non-OE% than neo- nal robusticity is largely determined by nates. Such results are consistent with M.D. Sockol. Department of Anthropology, early adulthood. When corrected for body recent suggestions that the olfactory University of California, Davis size, males and females have similar structures do not scale closely with body diaphyseal robusticity in the upper limb, size whereas respiratory structures (e.g., One popular hypothesis for the origin of suggesting similar mechanical demands. maxilloturbinals) scale close to isometry. hominid bipedalism posits an energy sav- In the femur, higher pilastric and robus- In primates and perhaps other mammals, ings associated with bipedal locomotion. ticity indices in males indicate greater variation in ETI morphology may reflect Despite the attractiveness of this hy- mobility compared to females. In terms of dual adaptations for olfaction and endo- pothesis, a paucity of data exists with bilateral asymmetry, both males and fe- thermy. which it may be tested. In 1973, Taylor males have significantly greater right and Rowntree conducted the only study to humeral diaphyseal dimensions than the Measurement of human pituitary date of the energy costs of locomotion in left side, and males additionally have hormones in dried blood spots by chimpanzees. They found no significant greater right forearm dimensions. multiplex immunoassay. difference in energy costs between bipedal Compared to several other prehistoric and quadrupedal locomotion at any speed. and industrial samples, the almshouse J.J. Snodgrass1, S.R. Williams2,3, T.W. The reliability of these results, however, skeletal sample possesses high diaphyseal McDade3. 1Department of Anthropology, has come into question because the Taylor dimensions in the humerus, but a rela- University of Oregon, 2Center on Aging, and Rowntree (1973) sample comprised tively low level of asymmetry. In contrast, University of Chicago, 3Department of only two male chimpanzees, each two the lower limb shows low robusticity indi- Anthropology, Northwestern University. years of age. Moreover, debate exists ces, similar to other industrial samples, AAPA Abstracts 169

indicating low mobility compared to ear- Anatomical Sciences, University of Ade- are the decennial censuses for Orkney and lier types of subsistence strategy. This laide. consist of individual level records indicat- research shows that the almshouse sam- ing household membership, relationship ple was subject to major mechanical Four commercial coordinate digitizers to head, age, sex, marital status, occupa- stresses on the upper limb, but relatively are evaluated for measuring external cra- tion, birthplace and amount of land held. low physical demands on the lower limb, nial vault surfaces in our study of papion- For the six islands in the study area, a which is associated with known occupa- ine metric, morphological and molecular total of 34,559 individuals and 17,242 tions for these individuals. diversity (Norris et al. 2006, this meeting). households are represented. Hierarchical Primary concerns are fidelity of surface linear models are used to test for inter- Information loss in the reduction of geometry and ease of use, with cost a sec- generational effects of kin on the number multi-state scores to presence/ab- ondary consideration. The four instru- of children in the household, conditional sence proportions using Carabelli’s ments employed are: electromagnetic on household occupation, amount of land cusp. Ascension Bird with standard receiver held, immigrant status, and presence of and pencil stylus (SB); electromagnetic servants in the household. Preliminary V.A. Solomon, K.E. Crawford, R.S. Cor- Ascension miniBird with two 8mm receiv- results for one of the islands indicate sig- ruccini. Dept. of Anthropology, Southern ers (MB); Immersion Microscribe G2 me- nificant positive effects of post- Illinois University. chanical arm (MS); and Polhemus Fast- reproductive females (grandmothers), but SCAN laser stripe digitizer (FS). a significant negative effect of total num- The causation of dental traits such as Two tests were conducted. First, points ber of kin. This indicates that, although Carabelli's cusp is still not completely (N=28 - 30) on the upper hemisphere of a some extended family types are beneficial understood (Dahlberg 1971; Scott and hard plastic ball (nominal 55mm radius, with respect to household fertility, in- Turner 1997) complicating comparative 0.05mm asphericity) were digitized with creased competition for resources within analysis. The Arizona State University each device. Radius (R), root mean square the household presents a limiting factor to dental anthropology system (ASUDAS) errors (RMS) and maximum radial devia- household fertility. These results are has standardized dental trait scoring and tion (MD) of data points from a spherical compared to an analysis of the other five become a widely accepted method (Irish numerical model were computed (all islands in the study area. Fertility and 2005). The Barbados collection, housed at measurements in mm). For SB, R = kinship structure are varies across the Southern Illinois University, represents 54.7675, RMS = 0.4162, MD = 1.8111; for islands as a result of differences in local the human remains from a slave cemetery MB, R = 55.9208, RMS = 0.3274, MD = ecology and local resources. on the Newton sugarcane plantation dat- 0.7991; for MS, R = 56.6342, RMS = ing from the 1680s to about 1820 (Corruc- 0.1375, MD = 0.3442. Second, we digi- Spatial structure of Japanese ma- cini et al. 1982). This collection offers a tized points (N>204) on the exocranial caque habitats: GIS analysis of core unique opportunity to examine genetic surface of an adult female Macaca mu- areas and habitat expansion in mixed admixture through the analysis of dental latta calvarium with left and right porions agro-forest landscapes. traits. Accordingly, we utilized the ASU- and right infraorbitale establishing a spa- DAS to determine the level of expressivity tial orientation plane. Radial deviations D.S. Sprague, N. Iwasaki, Nat. Inst. Agro- of the Carabelli's cusp on the upper first of data points were computed for a spheri- Environmental Sciences, Japan molars of the Barbados collection. Using a cal model, an ellipsoid model and a ta- score of five as a threshold for pres- pered superquadric model. For example, Japanese macaque habitats are spa- ence/absence of the Carabelli's trait as using MB, superquadric model, RMS error tially structured by agriculture and for- described by Scott and Turner (1997), the = 0.8612 and maximum asymmetry = estry. We carried out GIS analysis to (a) slave sample, at 25.5% presence, corre- 1.2673; sagittal/transverse squareness = identify core areas distant from agricul- sponded to the range that characterizes 0.1037, coronal squareness = 0.0643. ture, and (b) model the spatial inertia of populations from , but also With device precisions differing within habitat expansion. First, the core area Western Europe. To better understand acceptable limits, particular applications analysis extracted monkey habitats that our own data, we compared our original dictate equipment choices. were more than 1 km from agriculture sample to another random sample of loose, Support for this investigation was pro- using vegetation maps of the Ministry of unidentified, but mostly Egyptian, Euro vided by the Australian Research Council, Environment for two, contrasting regions, American and Native American teeth the Pennsylvania State University College the Kii Peninsula in central Japan, and collected from the Smithsonian. Both of Health and Human Development, and the Boso Peninsula near Tokyo. In both samples were characterized by overlap- the Department of Kinesiology’s Davis peninsulas, small farm communities dis- ping bimodal distributions indicating a Fund for the Encouragement of Innova- tributed along rivers insert fields deep more appropriate presence/absence scor- tive Research. into monkey habitats. Core areas com- ing threshold of three. This new threshold prised 44% of monkey habitat in the lar- better represents the expressivity of Intergenerational and kinship effects ger Kii Peninsula, and only 10% in the Carabelli's trait in the two samples and on household fertility: A test from the much smaller Boso Peninsula. Contrast- also better illustrates the differences be- Orkney Islands, Scotland. ing histories of forestry lead to a core area tween them. The study also explores diffi- containing over 70% conifer plantation in culties in scoring the phenotypic expres- C. S. Sparks. Department of Anthropol- the Kii Peninsula, but a much smaller sion of dental traits due to the various ogy and Population Research Institute, core area with over 60% broad-leaf forests factors that may affect that expressivity. Pennsylvania State University in the Boso Peninsula, while little differ- ence in forest vegetation between core and Comparison of coordinate digitizers Many times historical demographic non-core areas in either peninsula. Sec- for cranial surfaces. studies are descriptive in their approaches ond, a spatial expansion model applied to to documenting the change in recent hu- the Boso Peninsula tested whether mon- H.J. Sommer1, A.J. Kuperavge2, R.B. man populations, rather than testing hy- key habitat expansion was better ex- Eckhardt2, R.M. Norris3, M. Henneberg3. potheses based on predictions from mod- plained by a cost-distance variable ac- 1Department of Mechanical and Nuclear els. This study tests the effects of kinship counting for land use or by distance alone. Engineering, Pennsylvania State Univer- structure on net household fertility over Statistical significance improved for a sity, 2Department of Kinesiology, Penn- the period 1851 to 1901 in the northern logistic model of habitat expansion using sylvania State University, 3Department of Orkney Islands, Scotland. The data used the cost-distance variable, compared to 170 AAPA Abstracts

one using only distance. Thus, land use though these measurements might carry These results indicate that nesting tree seems to affect the speed of habitat ex- phylogenetic and functional signals. species preferences are stable both within pansion in the Boso Peninsula. In this paper, we compare different and across years. Four tree species are measurement methods for cusp surface favored for nesting. The analysis suggests Sexual dimorphism in the pelvis of areas of extant cercopithecine lower M2s. that Bwindi chimpanzees’ choice of nest- Microcebus Measurements are made on digital photo- ing tree species is not dependent on tree graphs and on 3D models of the occlusal species density or use of the tree for food. E.M. St. Clair. Interdepartmental Doc- surface acquired by different 3D methods toral Program in Anthropological Sci- (CT / microCT and optical surface scan- Investigations of a thermally affected ences, Stony Brook University. ners). Both photographs of the occlusal burial from a historic cemetery in surface and 2D projections of the 3D mod- central California. Sexual dimorphism in pelvic morphol- els are analyzed using ImageJ. 3D surface ogy has been documented in many an- area measurements are made in Amira™ P. Stanton, M. Keur. Statistical Research, thropoids, and is frequently interpreted as after isolating the four main cusps. We Inc. a result of obstetric selection on females. investigate the measurement error of the Few studies of pelvic sexual dimorphism projected cusp surface areas due to differ- In Spring 2005, seventeen discrete have focused on strepsirrhines, which ences in orientation. We compute 2D and burials were exhumed for relocation from typically have relatively smaller infants 3D cusp area ratios, and compare 2D and a small historic cemetery in central Cali- than do anthropoids. However, as female 3D intra- and interspecific variability. fornia. Only two of these burials featured primates of smaller body size typically Preliminary results indicate that differ- grave markers. The burial population give birth to relatively larger infants, it is ences in 2D and 3D cusp area ratios may comprised ten adult males, three adult possible that the pelves of the mouse le- help in future in species recognition females and four juveniles. The grave mur Microcebus, the smallest extant pri- among fossil cercopithecines. The ratio of orientations, burial postures and associ- mate genus, will show some evidence of the 2D and 3D cusp surface areas charac- ated funerary artifacts were largely con- selection on obstetric adequacy (i.e. some terizes the amount of relief on the teeth sistent among the individuals, with the degree of pelvic sexual dimorphism). and has mainly functional relevance. exception of one adult male. This study examined osseous pelvic Supported by the Austrian Federal Although interred in a similar manner variation within a sample of Microcebus Ministry of Science, Education and Cul- as others in the cemetery, this individual from the American Museum of Natural ture, GZ200.093/I-VI/2004. exhibited evidence of burning, particularly History. These specimens were collected on the cranial vault and right knee. A from a single locality, Amboasary Mada- Sleeping tree choice in Bwindi chim- concentration of charcoal, burned human gascar, and probably represent one popu- panzees. and faunal bones and personal effects was lation. Eight pelvic and three femoral discovered on the lid toward the foot of the variables were measured. Males (n=8) and C.B. Stanford, R.C. O’Malley. Jane coffin. The human remains recovered from females (n=12) were compared using in- Goodall Research Center, Departments of this concentration included many ele- dependent sample t-tests on raw data, and Biological Sciences and Anthropology, ments of the hands and feet, likely belong- Mann-Whitney tests on shape or ratio University of Southern California. ing to the individual in the coffin. data (the geometric mean of five pelvic Historical documentation from the variables was used as the denominator). Unlike other anthropoid primates, great township describes a fatal structure fire. Females significantly exceeded males in apes build sleeping nests. In Bwindi Im- Preliminary observations of the skeletal absolute values of sacral width, pelvic penetrable National Park, Uganda, chim- elements are consistent with the individ- height, pubic length, and in distances panzees build nests nightly. We investi- ual involved in this event. Furthermore, from the pubic symphysis to the ischial gated patterns of nest tree use by Bwindi comparison of the burn patterns with tuberosity and points on the sacrum. chimpanzees, in order to understand eco- those observed in controlled experiments Measurements of the femur were not sig- logical influences on nest tree selection. and case studies suggests that this indi- nificantly greater in females, thereby sug- Between 2000 and 2004, 3,414 chim- vidual was involved in a structure fire. gesting that the pelvic differences are not panzee nests were recorded. Chimpanzees The contents of the charcoal concentration simply reflecting overall size dimorphism. at Bwindi were selective in their use of suggest a post-fire recovery and clean-up. Significant shape differences included nest trees. Of 163 tree species found in Through multiple lines of evidence includ- greater relative pubic length and sacral Bwindi (Butynski, 1983), chimpanzees ing historical documentation, osteological width in females than in males. These utilized 38 for nesting. Of these, four tree investigations and assessment of recov- data suggest that selection for obstetric species (Cassipourea sp., Chrysophyllum ered artifacts, the authors were afforded a adequacy may be present in these ex- sp., Drypetes sp. and Teclea nobilis ac- rare opportunity to identify an individual tremely small-bodied strepsirrhines. counted for 72.1% of all nest trees. from an unmarked historical grave. Ninety-three per cent of all nests were 2D vs 3D – Comparison of different constructed in food tree species, although The victimology of warfare and risk approaches to the quantitative de- not necessarily while the tree bore food of death at Orendorf. scription of cusp surface areas on items used by the chimpanzees. For in- cercopithecoid teeth. stance, chimpanzees fed in Ficus sp. dur- D.W. Steadman. Department of Anthro- ing 82.4% of all scan sampling periods pology, Binghamton University, SUNY. A. Stadlmayr, T.B. Viola, G.W. Weber. between 2001 and 2004, but only 2% of all Department of Anthropology, University nests were made in Ficus sp. Orendorf, a Middle Mississippian site of Vienna, Austria. Using tree abundance data, a Spearman (~AD 1150-1250) from the central Illinois rank correlation found no significant valley, appears distinctive in that it is In paleoanthropology, descriptions of differences in relative tree species prefer- likely the earliest fortified site in the re- teeth are usually based on simple linear ence among any of the five years of the gion and 9% of the skulls exhibit defini- measurements such as mesio-distal or study. A series of pairwise Wilcoxon tive perimortem scalping. Other skeletons bucco-lingual diameter, cusp height and signed ranks tests found no significant demonstrate cranial blunt force trauma, related indices. Important features of the differences in the relative tree species projectile wounds and decapitation. There occlusal surface such as 2D or 3D cusp preferences across any two months (with is no evidence of large-scale massacres surface area are often not considered even data pooled across years). and the burial context is more suggestive AAPA Abstracts 171

of raiding-type warfare. Warfare at the match analyses, however, suggest that ment of Anthropology, University of Colo- nearby Norris Farms Oneota site (~AD Bornean orangutans have undergone a rado at Boulder, 4Endangered Primate 1300) is also classified as raiding-type and population expansion between 39 - 64 Rescue Center, Cuc Phuong National Milner, et al. (1991) suggest victims of thousand years, and Sumatran orangu- Park, Vietnam. war were handicapped by pre-existing tans may have experienced population conditions, such as tuberculosis. The pur- contraction. Pleistocene events may have Vietnam contains a diversity of folivo- pose of this study is to evaluate whether contributed to these aspects of orangu- rous primate species, the locomotor kine- demographic factors and/or antemortem tans. These conclusions are applied to the matics of which are relatively unexplored. diseases increased an individual’s risk of debate on orangutan taxonomy. Recent work in Cuc Phoung National Park dying by warring activities at Orendorf. reveals marked differences in tail postures Age and sex were assessed using standard Daily energy expenditure in fossil among four similarly sized leaf monkey osteological techniques and antemortem hominins: the contribution from lo- species. Housed in seminaturalistic enclo- conditions were described and categorized comotor costs reevaluated. sures, subjects were filmed walking on (e.g. arthritis, infections, fractures, verte- horizontal supports approximately 2 bral pathologies, lytic lesions) for all of the K.L. Steudel-Numbers. Departments of inches in diameter. Cameras were posi- nearly 300 individuals in the sample. Zoology and Anthropology, University of tioned in lateral view, far enough from Victims of warfare were identified by the Wisconsin-Madison. subjects to reduce effects of parallax. presence of scalping, cranial blunt Frame rates were optimized to catch rapid trauma, dismemberment, or, in some Previous studies of daily energy expen- movements, with shutter speeds set to cases, burial context. Victimology in- diture (DEE) in hominin fossils have es- reduce motion blur. Video clips were im- cludes adults of both sexes but lacks timated locomotor costs using a formula ported into Peak Motus and kinematic subadults. While victims of warfare ex- that was based on six mammalian species, points along the back and tail digitized at hibited a number of pre-existing condi- all 18 kg or less in mass and none of forelimb and hindlimb touchdown, mid- tions, especially vertebral arthritis, few which are primates. Such factors create a support and lift off. Data were rank- individuals were likely debilitated by their number of problems when applied to transformed and analyzed using ANCO- afflictions. In contrast, several individu- hominins, especially as it is well estab- VAs with locomotor velocity as the covari- als lacking traumatic injuries likely had lished that the energetic cost of human ate. During symmetrical walking, doucs significant physical disabilities due to walking is lower than that of representa- (Pygathrix nemaeus and P. cinerea) typi- tuberculosis, treponematosis, spinal pa- tive mammals, particularly for individuals cally allow the tail to hang down, falling thologies and arthritis. More intricate with long lower limbs. The current study along the substrate behind them during mortality models are required to better reevaluates the DEE of a variety of travel. Delacour’s langurs (Trachypithecus examine the relationship between multi- hominin species using more specific ap- delacouri) exhibit greater variability, of- ple factors (e.g. pre-existing pathological proaches to estimating locomotor costs. ten arching the tail higher in concave- conditions, age, status) and risk of dying To estimate non-locomotor DEE for pri- downwards posture. Hatinh langurs from warfare. mates, I relied on published data on body (Trachypithecus laotum hatinhensis) ex- mass, day range, and the percentage of hibit the greatest variability in tail pos- Orangutan evolutionary history time spent in various activities. I then ture, often raising the tail in a concave- based on an analysis of 7 loci. used more up-to-date methods to calculate upwards arc with the tip reaching over the daily cost due to locomotion and the thorax. These patterns may reflect M.E. Steiper. Department of Anthropol- summed the two to calculate total DEE. adaptations to different substrate types in ogy, Hunter College, of the City Univer- This method results in lower estimates of the wild. Whereas doucs are entirely arbo- sity of New York. energy expenditure for locomotion than in real, wild Delacours and Hatinh langurs previous studies. Values obtained here for include steep limestone karst formations This paper presents a population ge- DEE in various representatives of Austra- to varying extents in their substrate rep- netic reanalysis of orangutans based on lopithecus are lower than reported previ- ertoires. Further exploration of postural seven genes collected from both Sumatran ously, by around 200 kcal/day. Taking and locomotor adaptations in these taxa is and Bornean populations. These analyses into account the greater economy of hu- pivotal to their conservation and captive provide insight into orangutan population man walking, particularly that due to the management. history, based on inferences of genetic longer limbs found in many Homo, also Research supported in part by Zoologi- diversity, population size, population di- results in lowered estimates of DEE. cal Society of San Diego. vergence times, genetic differentiation, Elongation of the limbs in H. erectus over and migration rates. These estimates that seen in AL 288-1 reduced H. erectus Attention–Deficit Hyperactivity Dis- allowed a comparison of diversity and travel costs nearly 50%. The present order (AD/HD) and fluctuating population size between Sumatran and method for calculating DEE further indi- asymmetry (FA) in another college Bornean orangutans. Within orangutans, cates that female H. erectus total DEE sample: male/female difference. the Sumatran population is about twice as was 84% greater than that of female Aus- diverse as the Bornean population. tralopithecus, even larger than that sug- J.C. Stevenson1, P.M. Everson1, D.C. Wil- Orangutans are more diverse than African gested by previous workers. liams1, G. Hipskind2, E.R. Mahoney3, M. apes. Sumatran and Bornean populations Mehler1, M. Cawley1, W. Chamberlin1, L. show significant genetic differentiation Tail posture during arboreal quadru- Watts1. 1Western Washington University, and their history does not differ signifi- pedalism in four species of leaf mon- 2Bellingham Neurobehavioral Consulting, cantly from an ‘island model’ (population keys at the Endangered Primate Re- 3PeaceHealth Corp, Bellevue. splitting without geneflow). Two different search Center, Cuc Phuong National methods support a divergence of Bornean Park, Vietnam. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and Sumatran orangutans at ~3.1-5.4 (AD/HD) represents a developmental lag million years ago. This suggests that N.J. Stevens1, K.A. Wright2, H.H. Covert3, that may be reflected in fluctuating Pleistocene events, such as the cyclical T. Nadler4. 1Department of Biomedical asymmetry (FA), differences from perfect exposure of the Sunda shelf and the Toba Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, symmetry in traits that display bilateral volcanic eruption, did not have a major Ohio University, 2Johns Hopkins Univer- symmetry. Burton et al. (2003) found a impact on the divergence of Bornean and sity School of Medicine, Center for Func- statistical trend for FA to increase (Der- Sumatran orangutans. Pairwise mis- tional Anatomy and Evolution, 3Depart- matoglyphic Index or as a Total Index) as 172 AAPA Abstracts

the behavioral measure for AD/HDness simpler dental morphologies and excessive (Rasch logit values derived from Wender malocclusion. Spatial-genetic distances Fluctuating asymmetry has been dem- Utah Rating Scale [WURS]) increases in were significantly correlated for females onstrated to be a useful tool for osteologi- males but not in females. The objective only, suggesting a matrifocal burial pat- cal analysis as it detects disruptions in here is to do a similar study in an inde- tern. We propose Pond C at Windover the developmental stability of osseous pendently collected sample of college stu- was used by two bands that congregated structures attributed to pathological proc- dents (n = 222, 61m, 161f) not selected for seasonally. Annual variation in water esses, genetic predisposition, congenital AD/HD looking at FA vs. symptoms for level precluded direct tracking and place- abnormalities, environmental influences, AD/HD listed in the Diagnostic and Sta- ment of kin, and segments were demar- or biomechanical stresses. As measure- tistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM cated by burials stakes. That morphologi- ments of fluctuating asymmetry are usu- IV) and the more comparable shortened cal data patterned perpendicular to the ally small, great care must be taken dur- WURS (both as summed Likert [L] and pond margin suggests low mortality in ing data collection. Any observer error in Rasch versions [R]. FAs were lowest for relationship to the range of water level measurement or an inability to distin- hand and foot, intermediate for ridge fluctuations through time. guish taphonomical processes from bio- counts and highest for face and ranged logical asymmetry could either disguise or from 0.01 ± 0.001 in foot traits to 0.6 ± An elusive paleodemography? Age create false interpretations of the results. 0.005 in face width for both sexes; they distributions of death at Copan. Similarly, it is important to distinguish are consistently the same or higher in between asymmetry that is normal popu- males relative to females for all traits R. Storey. Department of Anthropology, lation variation from that which is the except for digit 5 length. Males display University of Houston. result of individual developmental insta- higher AD/HD symptom rates overall. bility. The current study assesses the After Bonferroni correction the only sig- For paleodemography, the age distribu- presence of fluctuating asymmetry in the nificant FA correlation with a behavioral tion of deaths of a skeletal population has human cranium and sets criteria for the measure is between the foot index and the potentially useful demographic informa- differential diagnosis of taphonomic de- R-WURS in females (p = 0.002, r2 = 0.034). tion about past populations. However, it formation, pathological and ‘normal’ popu- Female feet are sexually selected for small has also been obvious to researchers that lation asymmetry through the creation of size which may lead to increased vulner- one of the most important problems that a database of twenty-two bilateral meas- ability to developmental stress in some must be solved to allow valid investigation urements from over 600 crania from seven individuals. of the past is determining with some accu- English skeletal populations. The results racy this age distributions of deaths. indicate at least a quarter of the crania Intracemetery biological patterning However, present methods tend to overage available for study had to be disregarded at Windover Pond. and then underage older individuals. The due to taphonomic deformation and that a result is that most paleodemography has high degree of fluctuating asymmetry is C.M. Stojanowski1, M.A. Schillaci2, G.H. been criticized for having populations that the population norm. However, many Doran3. 1School of Human Evolution and are probably aged too young, with too low individual asymmetry scores exceeded Social Change, Center for Bioarchaeologi- proportion of individuals over 50 years of this population norm and could be attrib- cal Research, Arizona State University, age at death. While various suggestions uted pathological conditions such as mus- 2Department of Sociology and Anthropol- have been made about dealing with this cular torticollis, paralysis and premature ogy, University of Toronto, 3Department of problem, one that is gaining popularity is cranial synostosis. It is the conclusion of Anthropology, Florida State University. to use Bayesian methods comparing age- this study that fluctuating asymmetry is related morphological stages of an indica- an efficient way to highlight “deviants” Analysis of phenotypic variation in tor from a reference population to those of from the population and that in many relationship to spatial structure is pre- a skeletal sample. cases cranial asymmetry has previously sented for burials at Windover Pond, an The goal here is to investigate exactly been both under- and over-diagnosed in Early Archaic period mortuary site located what age distribution of deaths result past populations. near the Atlantic coast of Florida. Previ- when various techniques are applied to ous analysis of burial stakes that were the auricular surfaces of the adults of a Age estimation and paleohistopathol- recovered in situ suggested their use as skeletal population, in this case, from the ogy of a late pre-Hispanic elite: de- markers of discrete burial areas within Precolumbian Maya of Copan, Honduras. mography and health among the the pond, hypothesized to represent main- The seriation method suggested by Sicán leadership, Lambayeque Valley, tenance of family or kin-specific burial Lovejoy and associates in 1985 is com- Peru. areas. Woven fabrics associated with pared with the Bayesian estimations re- burials differed spatially in their manu- cently suggested by Buckberry and S.D. Stout1, H.D. Klaus1,2, J. Martínez2, facturing technique and size of raw mate- Chamberlain in 2002. The differences are C.Wester2. 1Department of Anthropology, rial components, suggesting the presence instructive. The Bayesian estimation The Ohio State University, 2Museo Ar- of distinct weaving groups (possibly matri- results in a population that is too old to be queológico Nacional Bruning de Lam- lines) within the cemetery. a realistic age distribution of deaths, bayeque, Peru. Data were collected for several hundred while the seriation method has the draw- craniometric, odontometric, cranial non- backs of not enough old adults and no From AD 900-1350, the Sicán state metric, dental morphological, dental statistical rigor. Determining an accurate (also called the Lambayeque Culture) anomaly, and malocclusion variables and age distribution of deaths continues to be flourished on the north coast of Peru. analyzed in reference to micro (kin buri- elusive. Bioarchaeological studies of two elaborate als) and macrostructure (larger social high-status tombs under the Huaca Loro units) within the pond. Pattern recogni- Fluctuating asymmetry in the human pyramid demonstrate significant demo- tion, join count analysis, and Mantel tests cranium: differential diagnoses of graphic and health status differences were used to test for spatial structure to taphonomical, pathological and ‘nor- among the male principle personages and the biological data. mal’ population asymmetry. occupants (Shimada et al., 2004). Building Results suggested a basic east and west on this initial characterization of elite division of burials within Pond C. West R.A. Storm, Biological Anthropology Re- demography and health, we employ a division burials demonstrated crown com- search Centre (BARC), Dept. of Archaeo- histological approach to assess age and plexity, while east division burials had logical Sciences, University of Bradford. health profiles of a lower-echelon elite AAPA Abstracts 173

from Illimo, Peru. Poor preservation con- tion studies have shown that the model Phu Khieo Wildlife Sanctuary, Thai- founded most data collection, but visual deforms in a broadly realistic fashion. land. inspection of skeletal and dental frag- Five modeling experiments were per- ments suggest the Illimo principle person- formed in which the position and extent of S.A. Suarez. Department of Anthropology, age was a skeletally healthy male over the the bite point along the cheek teeth var- Miami University. age of 35. ied. Results indicate that postcanine bite A cross-section from the midshaft of the point position has a substantial influence Despite their name, Asian leaf monkeys left clavicle was examined under light on craniofacial strains, which are highest are known to consume a variety of food microscopy. As osteon and osteon frag- when the premolars are loaded in isola- items in addition to leaves. While young ments were hard to distinguish, our re- tion. Results are consistent with hypothe- and mature leaves form an important part sults are conservative. Using the Stout ses stating that some derived craniofacial of leaf monkey diets, fruit and seeds are and Paine (1992) formula, we estimate an features in “robust” australopiths may be also important when available. The con- age of 41.96 years; using the Stout et al. adaptations to withstanding premolar sumption and consequent destruction of (1996) formula, age-at-death is calculated loads. Although a diet of small, hard ob- seeds may be an important factor in habi- at 48.1 years. Osteon size suggests the jects cannot be ruled out, our data are tat dynamics where leaf monkeys are individual was not over 50. Resorptive consistent with a hypothesis that these common. I investigated annual variation bays on periosteal surfaces appear ab- craniofacial features evolved in “robust” in the consumption of immature seeds by normal and may represent initial stages of australopiths for premolar use in the ini- Phayre’s leaf monkeys as part of a long- a lytic pathological condition. tial stages of preparing large, resistant term study of their behavioral ecology and Age-at-death of the Illimo principle food items for ingestion. sociobiology. Five 20-minute focal sam- personage is consistent with the other Supported by NSF Physical Anthropol- ples were conducted each month for all tombs, suggesting life expectancy of Sicán ogy grant BCS 0240865. adult monkeys in three social groups (or Classic Lambayeque) elite males aver- (N=23), with instantaneous sampling of aged approximately 45 years. While the Age estimation method for the behavior at one-minute intervals. Food Huaca Loro personages did not manifest subadult rib cortex. category, age, and part were described for chronic skeletal infection, the Illimo data all feeding behaviors, and plant samples may suggest lower-level elites were per- M. Streeter1, S.D. Stout2. 1Department of were collected for identification and nutri- haps not equally buffered from infectious Anthropology, Boise State University, 2 tional analysis. Feeding time is calculated disease, highlighting the socially con- Department of Anthropology, The Ohio as a percentage of total instantaneous structed relationships between health and State University. samples for each category. Samples social status in this culture. pooled across a twelve-month period indi- The Ohio State University Office of Cortical bone retains a record of the cate that the consumption of young seeds International Affairs and The Ohio State systematic changes associated with (22% of the diet) was second only to the Department of Anthropology funded this growth and development. Studies on consumption of young leaves (28%). Ma- study. adult cortices have yielded information on ture leaves and fruits made up an addi- metabolic processes such as bone forma- tional 30%. Furthermore, young-seed Craniofacial strain patterns during tion and remodeling rates, that have been consumption was substantial in nine of premolar loading: implications for used to assess the health status of past twelve months, with its contribution to australopith feeding. and modern populations and to develop the diet varying across the year, occupy- histomorphometric age-at-death estima- ing as much as 50% of the monthly diet. D.S. Strait1, B.W. Wright2, B.G. Rich- tion methods. While many studies have Phayre’s leaf monkeys consumed seeds mond2, C.F. Ross3, P.C. Dechow4, M.A. focused on the adult rib cortex to ascertain from the family Leguminosae most often. Spencer5, Q. Wang4. 1Department of An- information on age, nutritional and health Preliminary analysis suggests that imma- thropology, University at Albany, 2Center status, and the quality of bone, few stud- ture seeds are good sources of dietary fat. for the Advanced Study of Hominid Paleo- ies have included subadults. Until now no This project was funded by the National biology, Department of Anthropology, studies have focused solely on the rib cor- Science Foundation (BSC-0215542) George Washington University, tex of subadults. As a result, there is a 3Department of Organismal Biology and paucity of information on histological The utility of carpal bones for sex Anatomy, University of Chicago, variables useful for describing the nature determination. 4Department of Biomedical Sciences, and timing of the normal processes that Baylor College of Dentistry, 5Institute of determine rib morphology of the growing C.E. Sulzmann, J.L. Buckberry, R.F. Pas- Human Origins, Arizona State University. skeleton. As a result, there is no histo- tor. Dept. Archaeological Sciences, Uni- logical aging method for use in subadults. versity of Bradford, UK. Relative to other hominids, “robust” This analysis of the systematic changes in australopiths exhibit massive “molarized” the microstructure of the rib cortex of 72 Sex determination is a key issue when premolars, and it has been suggested that autopsied, nonpathological subadults (2 to investigating human remains either from at least some of the derived facial features 21 years old with a mean age of 14.2±5.2 crime scenes or archaeological sites. Sex is seen in these species are adaptations de- years), establishes a baseline of parame- usually determined by examination of the signed to resist elevated premolar loads. ters that permit a more thorough investi- skull and pelvis however this may not The premise of this hypothesis is that the gation of juvenile growth, health, and always be possible if a skeleton is frag- stresses in the face induced by premolar activity patterns. This research also pro- mented or incomplete. The present study loading differ from those induced by molar vides a method of age-at-death estimation investigated the potential for using carpal loading. This premise is tested using that can be applied to subadults in foren- bones to determine sex, utilizing one hun- finite element analysis. sic, archaeological, and paleontological dred individuals of known-sex from the A finite element model of a Macaca contexts. Christ Church, Spitalfields Collection, fascicularis skull was constructed, as- Supported by Sigma Xi dissertation housed at the Natural History Museum in signed the elastic properties of craniofa- improvement grant. London. A series of newly-defined meas- cial bone, subjected to forces correspond- urements were applied to different carpal ing to the muscles of mastication, and Phayre’s leaf monkeys (Trachypith- bones. Paired t-tests to investigate side constrained at the temporomandibular ecus phayrei) as seed predators in the asymmetry of the carpals revealed that joints and the bite point. Previous valida- some, but not all, measurements were 174 AAPA Abstracts

consistently larger on the right hand side ciency of gastro intestinal tract and die- The goal of this study was to investigate than the left. Inter- and intra- observer tary types. how acculturation and economic integra- error tests showed that all measurements Support: CNPq (Brazilian National tion influence the distribution of soil- were satisfactorily reproduced by the first Research Council (grant 20025699-8); transmitted helminths among the Tsi- author and another observer. Margot Marsh Biodiversity Foundation, mane’ Amerindians of lowland Bolivia. Independent t-tests confirmed that all Instituto Florestal, SP, Passeio Público of Although several researchers have exam- carpals were sexually dimorphic in vari- Curitiba Zoo, PR; Dept. of Anatomy, Uni- ined the effects of culture change on intes- ous degrees. Using SPSS program (version versity of Hong Kong, China; WWF- tinal parasitism, results have been mixed. 12.0), discriminant function analysis of Brasil, Idea Wild, British Airways. In a one year panel study, fecal samples osteometric data from the carpals pro- and lifestyle interviews were collected for vided reliable methods for determining Native-American-DNA.com: genetics 119 adults (64 females and 55 males) sex from single and multiple carpal bones. and race online. ranging in age from 17 to 69 years. Micro- Stepwise discriminant function accuracies scopic examinations revealed high levels ranged from 71.1 to 88.6%, direct ranged K.M. TallBear. American Indian Studies, of helminth infections with 86% harboring from 74 to 100% and univariate meas- Arizona State University. one or more species of helminth. The most urements from 64.6 to 84.7%. All func- common infection was hookworm (Ancy- tions derived were tested for accuracy on a Roughly 15 companies market DNA lostoma duodenale or Necator americanus) sample of twenty additional individuals tests for “Native American markers” on with 82% of adults infected. Ascaris lum- from the Christ Church, Spitalfields Col- the Y chromosome, mtDNA, and in auto- bricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and lection. somal DNA, with new companies coming Strongyloides stercoralis were also identi- on-line each year. At least two companies fied at lower frequencies. A repeated Digesta passage time in Southern market DNA fingerprint tests to tribes. I measures linear regression model was Muriquis (Brachyteles arachnoides, focus on the scientific-cultural claims of used to examine how variation in behav- Atelidae, PRIMATES) five companies that target the Native ioral factors, education levels, and eco- American identity market; i.e. genealo- nomic resources was associated with the M.G. Talebi. Pró-Muriqui Research and gists, recognized tribes, would-be tribal distribution of the soil-transmitted Conservation of Atlantic Forest, Brazil. members, and nonprofit organizations helminths. Formal education was most concerned with legitimating Native strongly associated with reduced levels of Several primate species lack informa- American identity. Specifically, I look at soil-transmitted helminth infection. Age, tion on their food choice nature and how the practices of DNAPrint Genomics, sex, and household access to potable water those are related with their digestive DNAToday, Genelex, GeneTree, and Or- also were significantly associated with physiology. This includes whether food chid Cellmark. parasite levels. Variation in individual choices are based upon physical or chemi- I examine how each company targets material wealth and cash income was not cal factors and its interface with digestive one of two overlapping categories, “race” associated with the distribution of efficiency. The importance of evaluating or “tribe”, as scientific objects when they helminths throughout the study commu- primate gastrointestinal adaptations in are primarily political, cultural, social and nities. This study suggests that for Tsi- understanding primate ecology and be- historical categories. I highlight company mane’ adults the occurrence of parasitic haviour has also been recognized. claims—both textual and in creative im- disease is more closely related to educa- Brachyteles have notable adaptations of agery—that tie Native American ra- tion and individual behaviors than eco- the digestive tract (e.g. dentition traits cial/tribal identity to DNA markers. I also nomic resources. and large cecous) compatible with both look at how several companies target the Support: University of Michigan; Na- folivory and frugivory. Although muriquis political arena of tribal enrollment and tional Science Foundation (#0078801, preferentially rely on fruits, they are able rights, either by marketing in Native 0134225, 0200767). to support a diet that almost comprises American theme venues or directly to entirely of leaves during fruit scarcity. tribes. Some directly claim that ancestry Variation in brain size and ecology in Muriquis also present suspensory locomo- DNA might be used to access “Native Pongo. tion and digesta passage times that are American benefits”, and others steer clear more compatible with frugivory. This of such claims. However, others also use A.B. Taylor1,2, C.P. van Schaik3. 1Depart- study presents digesta passage times for imagery that locates Native American ment of Community and Family Medicine, southern muriquis inhabiting a semi- identity closely to the DNA double helix. Duke University School of Medicine, captive environment with some natural While not all companies that provide “Na- 2Department of Biological Anthropology vegetation. Six animals were individually tive American DNA” testing use problem- and Anatomy, Duke University, monitored from one to four complete di- atic marketing claims and imagery, the 3Anthropological Institute and Museum, gestion trials (144 hours each trial). Sub- extent to which a company’s imagery and University of Zürich. jects were fed food loaded with small plas- claims are politically charged tends to rise tic markers. Continuous day and night with the extent to which it targets Native In primates and other mammals, in- observations registered all defecation American-related forums. creases in brain size, independent of body episodes times of subjects. Digestive This material is based upon work sup- size, generally reflect cognitive specializa- measures estimated from these observa- ported under a National Science Founda- tions or increased intelligence. Brain size tions included transit time, time of last tion Graduate Research Fellowship. is also correlated with important life his- appearance and mean retention time. tory variables. The strength of this rela- Sex, age, and body weight did not affect Culture change and helminthiasis tionship varies considerably among taxa, digestive strategies. However, muriqui among the Tsimane’ of lowland Bo- and the nature of the underlying proc- females (including one lactating female) livia. esses is still widely discussed. Studies at retained food for longer periods than the lowest macro-evolutionary levels may males. It is suggested that this may be an S. Tanner1, T. Huanca2, V. Reyes-Garcia2, help identify relevant social or ecological effect of metabolic requirements maximiz- V. Vadez2, W.R. Leonard3, T.W. McDade3. factors that affect the correlation between ing digestive processes of nutrients ex- 1University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; brain size and life history. traction and absorption. These results are 2Brandeis University, Waltham, MA; Here we explore brain size variation in discussed in context to body size, effi- 3Northwestern University, Evanston, IL. orangutans. We measured cranial capac- ity (CC) and skull dimensions on a maxi- AAPA Abstracts 175

mum sample of 250 adult orangutans disturbed site. All six females delivered comprising four geographic populations Heterosis and heterochrony in hybrid infants. Two females (TRI, GS) delivered (Pongo spp). Palate length and a GM of macaques. infants outside the typical birth season, selected skull measurements were used to which survived less than 2.5 months. This control for skull size differences amongst N.D. Taylor, M.A. Schillaci. Department study investigated whether adult females populations. Factorial ANOVA was used of Anthropology, University of Toronto. differed in the relative amount of time to test for significant sex, population, and spent feeding, and preferred resources. interaction effects on CC. To evaluate Hybridization has received attention in There was no difference in the percent size-adjusted differences in CC, we em- the primate literature, with respect to its of time spent feeding in any of the fe- ployed the method of residuals derived effects on non-metric traits. Heterosis males. However, TRI did have a lower from regressions of CC on palate length (hybrid vigor) is achieved when the hybrid mean feeding time (8.4%). Females in and the GM. phenotype exceeds the midpoint of the Vatoharanana exploited a greater diver- There are significant (p<0.05) sex and parental taxa. Thus, hybrids exhibiting sity of species (range 29-30) than females population differences in CC, but no in- heterosis typically have larger body size in Talatakely (range 10-19). Each female teraction effect. When adjusted for skull and increased size in other phenotypic focused on a single plant species 17% of size, average CC is significantly smaller in characteristics than the average of the the time or more. Two females overlapped Pongo pygmaeus morio compared to P.p. two parental species (Schillaci et al., in their preferred species, feeding most pygmaeus and P. abelii for both sexes. 2005). often on guava, an invasive species only Amongst orangutan populations studied, The goal of this study is to evaluate the present in Talatakely. Of the four Ta- P.p. morio has the shortest interbirth effects of hybridization/heterosis on latakely females, only these two individu- interval, supporting the existence of the growth, particularly heterochrony and als had successful births. life-history link at the lowest taxonomic growth allometry. Least squares regres- While feeding rates may not be a good level. They also face the longest and most sion was used to assess hybrid growth measure of reproductive ability in E. ru- unpredictable lean periods, suggesting trajectories relative to non-hybrids for briventer, nutritional content and distri- this is one context in which brain size males and females of hybrid and parental bution of resources may play a role. As E. reduction may have been favored. subspecies of Macaca mulatta using age, rubriventer ranges are somewhat re- Funded in part by the Leakey Founda- crown-rump length (CRL) and weight data stricted by sympatric species, and guava tion. from Smith & Scott (1989). is a patchy resource at this site, females In both male and female rhesus ma- lacking guava in their home ranges may Skeletal dimorphism in Australopith- caques, the regression lines for weight to not have access to this resource. ecus afarensis: a reply to Reno et al. age and CRL to age are similar. All hy- (2003). brids achieve a larger adult size, consis- Bioarchaeological evidence for nutri- tent with heterosis. The regression lines tional variation among prehistoric L.M. Taylor. Department of Anthropol- indicate a pattern consistent with predis- Jomon foragers. ogy, University of California at Davis. placement in males and acceleration in females, resulting in a slight adult pae- D.H. Temple, Department of Anthropol- In a recent publication, Reno et al. domorphosis in hybrids. However, slope ogy, The Ohio State University, Columbus (2003) deviate from the general consensus and intercept estimates for hybrids and and suggest that Australopithecus afaren- non-hybrids fall within 95% confidence Recent data indicate complex subsis- sis had a human-like pattern of skeletal intervals of each other indicating associ- tence networks among prehistoric Japa- dimorphism. To increase the fossil sample ated growth trajectories. Therefore, a nese foragers. Greater dietary reliance on size, they use “Lucy” (AL 288-1) as a tem- paedomorphic descendant shape cannot be marine resources is recorded among the plate, and estimate other specimen’s di- supported and larger adult size is a result eastern Jomon, while plant dependence mensions from the straight ratio formed of hypermorphosis. There is little or no prevailed in western and inland Japan. by her frame. This assumption of isome- variation in the relationship between CRL Given the preponderance of evidence link- try in A. afarensis is likely to be errone- and weight in hybrids vs. non-hybrids, ing plant dependent diets to wide-spread ous. In this paper I address this by using indicating closely associated allometric nutritional stress, this study tests the Lucy as an “allometric” template rather trajectories. hypothesis that regional variation in Jo- than as an “isometric” template. Her Although hybridization results in het- mon dietary patterns led to differing rates frame determines the appropriate RMA erosis, it does not appear to significantly of nutritional stress. The hypothesis that (reduced major axis) regression equation affect growth allometry or heterochronic the marine based foraging patterns of the (human or African ape) that is used to processes in this sample. eastern Jomon led to lower nutritional predict the femoral head measures of the stress rates than those observed among other fossils. The influence of feeding behavior on samples from western/inland Japan is also I use the same analyses Reno et al. reproduction in Eulemur rubriventer tested. (2003) employ to estimate sexual dimor- in SE Madagascar. The presence/absence of porotic hy- phism in skeletal elements: CV (coefficient perostosis (n=477 crania), carious lesions of variation), BDI (Binomial Dimorphism S. Tecot, D.J. Overdorff. Department of (n=3456 teeth), and enamel hypoplasia Index), and MMR (maximum/minimum Anthropology, University of Texas at Aus- (n=674 teeth) was recorded from skeletal ratio). As in Reno et al. (2003), CV and tin. remains recovered from five archaeologi- MMR are checked for sampling error with cal sites: Yosekura and Kitamura from bootstrap analysis. The findings suggest Research suggests synchronized breed- inland/western Japan and Yoshigo, Inari- that the degree of sexual dimorphism in ing within lemur species allows weaning yama, and Nakazuma from eastern Ja- the femoral heads of the A. afarensis sam- to occur during the time when food is most pan. Isotopic data are available for Yo- ple is greater than that of the human or likely to be abundant. Six groups of E. shigo, Kitamura, and Yosekura; zooar- chimpanzee samples, and very close to but rubriventer were studied in Ranomafana, chaeological remains evidence subsistence below that of the gorilla sample. This Madagascar to determine whether feeding choices at Inariyama and Nakazuma. All degree of skeletal dimorphism implies behavior had an effect on reproductive sites date between 4000 and 2300 yBP. that monogamy was not likely the princi- output. Two groups were observed in Va- Lesion frequencies were compared using a ple mating structure of these hominids, as toharana, a pristine rain forest site, and G-statistic. Reno et al. (2003) argue. four groups were observed in Talatakely, a 176 AAPA Abstracts

Porotic hyperostosis was significantly suggest that, although H. erectus may be sufficient saliva to assay is uncertain and less prevalent among eastern foragers composed of multiple species, the differen- requires the use of cotton swabs, known to (4.8%) than western gatherers (15.2%). tiation is complex, and specimens cannot interfere with quantifiable levels of testos- Similar differences were observed in easily be grouped geographically or tem- terone. Given these methodological diffi- enamel hypoplasia frequencies: eastern porally. Therefore, the division of H. erec- culties, the present study aim was to fur- foragers (39.1%), western gatherers tus (s.l.) into early African/European and ther expand the scope of our non-invasive (50.5%). Carious lesion disparities be- later Asian species is not supported by investigations of hormonal activity in tween eastern (5.5%) and western (5.5%) these results. infancy by developing and validating a Jomon were absent. The overall trend in Research supported by funding from the method for assessing fecal testosterone lesion frequencies, however, demonstrates National Science Foundation, Institute of levels. significant variation in nutritional stress Human Origins, Arizona State University Fecal samples (N=500) from a subset of patterns among eastern and west- School of Human Evolution and Social 10 infants enrolled in a longitudinal study ern/inland Jomon. These differences sup- Change, and the American Museum of were collected in diaper liners. Samples port the hypothesis that dietary heteroge- Natural History. were excised, weighed, and subjected to neity led to differing rates of nutritional methanol extraction, modified from that stress among the Jomon, with fewer le- The National Missing Persons DNA previously developed for non-human pri- sions observed among eastern marine Database (NMPDD): A resource for mates. Extracts were assayed using a foragers. the identification of unidentified modified DSL testosterone RIA kit. This research was funded by a Predis- human remains. Method validity was supported by a recov- sertation International Travel Grant from ery rate greater than 90%, a sensitivity of the Office of International Affairs at Ohio R.M. Thomas. J.E.B. Stewart. P.A. Aa- 0.01 pg/ml, and inter- and intra-assay State University and a Dissertation gaard. E.G. Pokorak. D. Polanskey. coefficients of variations less than 10%. Fieldwork Grant from the Wenner-Gren J.M. Dahl. T.W. Sipe. Laboratory Divi- Testosterone was detected in both male Foundation for Anthropological Research. sion. Federal Bureau of Investigation. and female samples, with discernible sex differences in hormonal levels. Samples Variation and diversity in Homo erec- The Federal Bureau of Investigation’s also provided evidence for significant in- tus: A 3D geometric morphometric (FBI) National Missing Person DNA Da- ter- and intra-individual variation. analysis of the temporal bone tabase (NMPDD) program assists in iden- Fecal measurement of testosterone is a tifying missing and unidentified persons powerful non-invasive tool for exploring C.E. Terhune1, W.H. Kimbel1, C.A. Lock- using the National DNA Index System both the development and function of wood2. 1Institute of Human Origins, (NDIS) of the FBI's Combined DNA Index testosterone in human infancy and the School of Human Evolution and Social System (CODIS). Samples for the relationship between testosterone and Change, Arizona State University, NMPDD are typed for mitochondrial DNA salient biobehavioral variables. 2Department of Anthropology, University and nuclear DNA. DNA profiles from uni- College London. dentified human remains are compared to Neolithic human remains from Dak- DNA profiles from missing persons and hleh Oasis, Egypt: an analysis of the The taxonomic composition of H. erectus biological relatives of missing persons. dentition. (sensu lato) has been widely discussed in Samples that are not matched are up- the scientific literature and increasing loaded into the NDIS of the CODIS. Sam- J.L. Thompson. Department of Anthropol- numbers of researchers are utilizing met- ples are submitted to the NMPDD from ogy and Ethnic Studies, University of ric variables in their analyses of this spe- Local, State and Federal Agencies. Most of Nevada, Las Vegas. cies. However, these studies have seldom the unidentified human remains are re- moved beyond basic indices or linear ceived as osteological specimens. This Paleoenvironmental evidence suggests measurements, and consequently there is presentation outlines the history and suc- that a humid phase took place in the a lack of consensus regarding the parti- cesses of the NMPDD, describes the proc- eastern Sahara from the early to mid- tioning of variation within this taxon. essing of submitted samples for DNA pro- Holocene (c. 9500 to 6100 B.P.), followed To test the hypothesis that variation filing, and provides information to the by a period of aridification. This climate within H. erectus (s.l.) is consistent with anthropological community on how to change would have had a great impact on that of a single species, eighteen 3D submit unidentified skeletal remains available dietary resources. Most landmarks of the temporal bone were through local, state and federal law en- archeological sites in the Dakhleh Oasis digitized on 520 fossil and extant hominid forcement agencies for inclusion in the dating to the mid-Holocene are located crania. Landmarks were registered by NMPDD. near the center of the oasis and it is likely generalized Procrustes analysis, and Pro- that the local Neolithic pastoralist crustes distances calculated for compari- Measurement of testosterone from populations were under considerable sons of individuals within and between infant fecal samples. dietary stress. This paper uses dental and the extant taxa. Distances between fossil A.L. Thompson, M. Lampl, P.L. Whitten. gnathic evidence from Neolithic sites in specimens and a priori groupings of fossils Department of Anthropology, Emory Uni- Dakhleh to determine if human were then compared to the distances cal- versity. populations show evidence that may be culated within the extant taxa to assess related to climatic deterioration. Seven variation within the H. erectus sample The relationship between salivary tes- individuals, recovered from several relative to that of known species and sub- tosterone and a variety of physiological, localities, exhibit a number of dental species. behavioral and biosocial variables in chil- pathologies. These include enamel Results of these analyses indicate that dren has been the focus of much recent hypoplasia and hypocalcification, dental shape variation within the entire H. erec- research. Salivary testosterone studies, caries, periodontal disease, and dental tus sample is higher than extant hominid however, are complicated by difficulties in abscesses. These data indicate that the intra-specific variation. Shape distances collection, gender differences in reliability, population, as represented by these within geographical groups of H. erectus and questions about the power of salivary individuals, was likely subject to long are also high, and OH 9 and Dmanisi 2280 measures to detect behavioral associa- periods of health stress during childhood are morphologically distinct from the tions. These problems are further exacer- and throughout their lifetime. What Koobi Fora specimens, which some work- bated in young infants where, prior to caused the health stress is unknown, but ers assign to H. ergaster. These findings teething, the provocation and collection of diet, malarial infection, and/or parasitic AAPA Abstracts 177

infestations are possible candidates and Howard3,5, A. Helm3, D. Pollack3. through 3D laser-assisted stereo model- this may reflect worsening environmental 1Department of Anthropology, University ing. conditions. These burials therefore of Louisville, 2Sociology Department, Uni- An optical laser scanner, accurate to provide new information about the versity of Wisconsin, 3Kentucky Archaeo- 300 µm, was used to create digital replicas Neolithic peoples of Dakhleh Oasis and logical Survey, 4AMEC, 5Ball State Uni- of the femoral and humeral head, auricu- expand knowledge of the desert versity. lar surface, and scapular glenoid cavity of populations during the mid-Holocene of each skeleton from the sample. A mathe- Egypt. Once lost to history, the Old Frankfort matically rule-based algorithm, written at Cemetery was discovered in March 2002. ASU’s Partnership for Research in Spatial The effects of body proportions on Archival research simply indicates that Modeling laboratory, was used to segment thermoregulation: an experimental the cemetery was in use between 1800- the surface of each feature. Area was approach. 1860, and inferences concerning the quantified by summation of voxels in the demographics of the cemetery must be segment. M.J. Tilkens1, C. Wall1, T.D. Weaver2 and made from excavated materials and re- Surface area was found to be similar in K. Steudel-Numbers1. 1Dept. of Zoology, mains. Who was buried in the Old Frank- the degree of sexual dimorphism and util- University of Wisconsin Madison, fort Cemetery? While the Commonwealth ity in predicting stature compared to tra- 2Department of Human Evolution, Max may have used this cemetery to bury in- ditionally-used variables. Age-related Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthro- mates of nearby First State Penitentiary, morphological changes of the auricular pology. it was likely used as a community ceme- surface did not manifest in measurement tery by poor and lower middle class fami- of surface area. Although more labor in- Numerous studies have discussed the lies. Analysis of an early cemetery used by tensive than traditional methods of meas- influence of thermoregulation on hominin regular folk can provide insight into the uring surface area, 3D digital quantifica- body shape concluding, in accordance with demographic dynamics of early to mid- tion is most accurate, most objective, and Allen’s rule, that the appearance of rela- nineteenth century Kentucky. Anthro- most replicable and in this study has tively short limbs on both extant as well pometric data suggest contributions from shown to be an innovative approach to as extinct hominin populations offer an Native American, African, and western studying skeletal sex, stature, and age at advantage for survival in glacial climates Eurasian populations, but rigors of man- death. In addition, the methods used here by reducing the limb’s surface area to ual labor within a largely agricultural can serve as a springboard for other stud- volume ratio. Conversely, longer limbs are economy left their mark, and many popu- ies to incorporate digital modeling into thought to be advantageous in dissipating lation assignations are tentative. DNA their research designs, such as those on heat. analyses were undertaken to clarify popu- musculoskeletal stress markers or allome- If longer limbs result in greater heat lation affinity of maternal lineages. try. dissipation, we should see higher resting Mitochondrial sequence was amplified metabolic rates (RMR) in longer limbed using DNA isolated from intact teeth in Quadric-based metrics for shape individuals when ambient temperatures order to assign population affinity. Multi- analysis of three-dimensional oste- are significantly below 98.6, since the ple clones of each replicate were se- ological surfaces. resting rate will need to replace the lost quenced to ensure stability of phylogenetic heat. The reverse should be true of signal. After successful extraction, ampli- M.W. Tocheri1,2, J.C. Femiani2, C.M. shorter limbed individuals. We collected fication, and cloning of 40 samples at 5x Orr1,3, M.W. Marzke1,3. 1School of Human resting oxygen consumption on volunteer coverage for HV1, preliminary sequencing Evolution and Social Change (SHESC), human subjects to assess the correlation of 10 individuals at 3x coverage document Arizona State University, 2Partnership for between RMR and lower limb length in the presence of both African and Euro- Research In Spatial Modeling (PRISM), human subjects. pean mitochondrial lineages in the ceme- Arizona State University, 3Inter- Total leg length exhibits a statistically tery. These results support the anthro- disciplinary Graduate Education and Re- significant relationship with resting pometric data suggesting that the ceme- search Training (IGERT) program in neu- metabolic rate (p<0.001; R-square = tery was demographically diverse. ral and musculoskeletal adaptation in 0.794). This strongly supports the hy- Acknowledgements: The Old Frankfort form and function, Arizona State Univer- pothesis that as leg length increases, rest- Cemetery Project was funded by the sity. ing metabolic rate increases as predicted. Commonwealth of Kentucky. It appears that this relationship is driven A quadric-based method for analyzing primarily by femoral length, rather than Three-dimensional digital quantifica- 3D osteological surfaces is presented. tibial length. tion of joint surface area and its con- Many bone and joint surfaces often lack The results of the present study confirm tribution to osteological research. easily discernable anatomically homolo- the widely held expectation of Allen’s rule, gous landmarks raising problematic is- that short limbs reduce the metabolic cost D. To. JPAC-Central Identification Labo- sues for comparisons using established of maintaining body temperature, while ratory, Hickam AFB, Hawaii; School of morphometric methods that rely on land- long limbs result in greater heat dissipa- Human Evolution and Social Change mark coordinates. The presented strategy tion. The present results do not reveal (Dept. of Anthropology), Arizona State involves fitting modeled quadric surfaces any thermal advantage in lengthening the University. to unordered sets of points and subse- tibia segment. The shorter limbs of Ne- quent comparisons are performed on the andertals, despite being energetically In osteology, surface area is easily ob- modeled surfaces, rather than the meas- disadvantageous while walking, would served but because its quantification is ured surfaces. A quadratic representation indeed have been advantageous for ther- difficult to capture by traditional ap- of the surface is motivated by the typical moregulation. proaches, it is rarely included in research. description of many osteological surfaces As a result, variation in the surface area as having either one or two “curvatures”, Who was buried in the Old Frankfort of human skeletal features has never been but this method may be extended to Cemetery? Using ancient DNA to thoroughly investigated. A study that higher degree polynomials as well. The leverage anthropometrics. examined how joint surface area could coefficients of a quadratic equation form a contribute to the determination of sex, concise description of the salient qualities C. Tillquist1, P. Killoran2, F. Crespo1, M. stature, and age at death was conducted of shape and simultaneously establish a King4, B. Schwallie1, C. Gatenbee1, A. with the area of various joints captured geometric correspondence between sur- 178 AAPA Abstracts

faces. Analyses of the coefficients high- rather than true convergence or reversal. regions, often provoking questions regard- light important shape qualities that mor- These changes in character state fre- ing their origins: are they derived from phologists are often interested in quanti- quency go unseen when small sample victims of warfare or were they venerated fying. Using polar coordinates, these data sizes are used or polymorphic characters ancestors? We address this question are visualized in a manner that is simple are not scored as such. through a case study of Wari trophy heads and intuitive to interpret within a shape (AD 550-1000) recovered from a ritual context. This approach reduces errors The early modern human mosaic. structure at the site of Conchopata in the accumulated from 3D acquisition devises central Peruvian Andes. By examining the along with non-meaningful variation in E. Trinkaus. Department of Anthropol- strontium isotope ratios of their tooth actual surface data; however, the true ogy, Washington University in St. Louis. enamel and bone, we determine if the shape information contained within the trophy heads represent locals or foreign- raw data is also reduced. Therefore, this Paleoanthropology has established that ers. The strontium isotope ratio from approach should not be used if such data modern human morphology emerged in tooth enamel and bone reveals the geo- loss is not appropriate for the research eastern Africa ca.150 ka BP, experienced logical zone from which foods were con- question under study. However, the pro- a temporary ecozonal expansion ca.100 ka sumed during childhood and adulthood, posed approach has an important advan- BP into southwestern Asia, spread respectively. Thus, if the strontium iso- tage over discrete techniques in that it through sub-Saharan Africa between 50 tope ratios from trophy heads do not does not require a consistent number of and 100 ka BP, and then spread through match that of the local geologic region, sampled points on each specimen; there- north Africa and Eurasia between ca.50 then it may be suggested that trophy fore, comparisons of 3D data sets that and ca.30 ka BP. What remains debated heads represent foreign individuals and differ in point density and distribution can are the degrees of reproductive interaction not local ancestors. be performed. between early modern and late archaic Results show that all individuals sam- humans during this geographical disper- pled from the mortuary sector (n=6) ex- Polymorphism, character fixation, sal. hibit local strontium isotope values, as and soft homoplasy: Interpretations The earliest modern human fossil sam- determined through strontium isotope of intraspecific variability in omo- ple remains small, scattered and fragmen- analysis of modern fauna from Ayacucho myoid phylogeny. tary. However, assuming that the sample and from published geologic reports. All of of Omo-Kibish, Herto, Qafzeh and Skhul those burials contained local ceramics and M. A. Tornow, Saint Cloud State Univer- represents the ancestral modern human local cranial treatment. In contrast, three sity, Saint Cloud, MN 56301 morphological pattern, do the earliest of five trophy heads sampled exhibit non- modern humans in other regions possess local strontium isotope ratios. This sug- Investigations of relationships within archaic features absent in this sample? gests that, at least in some cases, trophy the primate superfamily Omomyoidea Among early candidates for modernity heads represent foreign victims, not local demonstrate the presence of high levels of elsewhere, there is an inconsistent mosaic ancestors. Given associated iconography homoplasy. The independent fixation of of archaic and modern human features. showing suspended trophy heads and character states may be considered evi- This includes: projecting mentum osseum ‘captives’ with hands tied behind the back, dence of the complexity and plasticity of absence at Klasies River Mouth and Té- it is possible that the non-local persons the dentitions and skeletons of early pri- mara, mandibular robusticity at Nazlet represent those taken in warfare or raids. mates. However, recent investigations of Khater, wide mandibular rami at Nazlet Project support to Tung: NSF (BCS- intraspecific variability among omomyoid Khater, Dar-es-Soltane and Oase, distal 0118751), Wenner-Gren Foundation for primates demonstrate that character fixa- molar megadontia at Oase, juxtamastoid Anthropological Research (No. 6690), and tion is relatively uncommon, and that eminence prominence at Oase and the Fulbright Commission. Project sup- single primate taxa can be quite variable, Mladeč, distal limb foreshortening at La- port to Knudson: NSF (BCS-0202329) particularly in dental characters. gar Velho, maxillary central incisor shov- and the Laboratory for Archaeological This research evaluates the influence of eling in the European early Upper Paleo- Chemistry at the University of Wisconsin intraspecific variability on interpretations lithic and across Asia, scapular dorsal at Madison. of character evolution within the Omo- sulci at Dolní Vĕstonice and Předmostí, myoidea. Using PAUP*4.0 and 100 dental clavicular elongation at Sunghir, south Isotopic reconstruction of paleodiet and postcranial characters, a series of five Asian dental morphology at Fa Hien and and immigration at Machu Picchu, cladistic analyses is performed on seven- Batadomba-, Australomelanesian Peru: early results. teen omomyoid species. For each analysis, facial morphology at Niah, Moh Khiew the number of specimens examined for and Tabon, and a suprainiac fossa at B.L. Turner1, J.D. Kingston1, R.L. Bur- each element is increased (n=1, n=2, n=5, Pinza-Abu. This mosaic indicates that ger2, L.C. Salazar2. 1Department of An- n=10, n=20) thus expanding the incidence intermixture between regional archaic thropology, Emory University, 2Peabody of polymorphic characters for each species. humans and geographically expanding Museum of Natural History, Yale Univer- Following the frequency bins method of modern humans was neither rare nor sity. Wiens (1995), polymorphic characters are trivial. It was the dominant pattern. scored on a scale denoting the percentage An important and elusive variable in to which each state is present. Trees are Identifying the origin of Wari trophy skeletal populations is the degree of non- then examined for topographical and sta- heads in the ancient Andes using local immigration among their constitu- tistical variance using MacClade 4.07. bioarchaeology and archaeological ents. In addition to indirect measures Results indicate that whereas the num- chemistry. such as ethnohistorical data, grave ac- ber of most parsimonious trees decreases companiments and cranial markers of when polymorphic characters are in- T.A. Tung1, K.J.Knudson2. 1Department of relatedness, stable isotope analyses pro- cluded, statistical support also decreases. Anthropology, Vanderbilt University, vide direct, independent measures of mi- Tracing characters on the cladogram dem- 2Center for Bioarchaeological Research, gration during life. Carbon (δ13C), oxygen onstrates that the increase in homoplasy, School of Human Evolution and Social (δ18O) and strontium (87Sr/86Sr) isotopes in as indicated by support statistics, is actu- Change, Arizona State University. human tissues respectively reflect the ally “soft homoplasy” that results from isotopic composition of food, meteoric wa- frequency changes and independent char- Human trophy heads have been recov- ter and surrounding bedrock in one’s place acter fixation from polymorphic ancestors ered archaeologically from several world AAPA Abstracts 179

of residence, thereby complementing other ures are closer, with 21.4% of adult males meri, femora and os coxae (vertebrae are measures of immigration. disabled compared to 19.4% of adult fe- absent). Bone metastases occur in 70% of This study presents isotopic carbon, males. The incidence of limb malformation modern cases of female breast cancer and oxygen and strontium results from an in this Awaji group is extremely high most commonly affect the vertebrae, pel- ongoing study of the Inca population from compared to that reported in the litera- vis, ribs, femur, and skull with mixed lytic Machu Picchu. Based on earlier analyses ture for other populations, and the cause and blastic lesions, offering the suggestion of burial contexts, this population is hy- remains unknown. We discuss the vari- that these two females may have suffered pothesized to consist of yanacona, mem- ance in age-sex distribution of limb mal- from familial breast cancer. bers of a heterogeneous servant class formations and implications disability These cases are significant to bioar- brought to the site from various regions of may have for males and females in this chaeological research because multiple Peru. To independently test the hypothe- female-philopatric species. cases of metastatic cancer in a pre- sis that these individuals are immigrants industrial cemetery are rare. Familial from multiple locales, enamel δ13C, δ18O The taxonomic status of the fragmen- cancer may explain the presence of these and 87Sr/86Sr from multiple teeth per indi- tary mandible, Sangiran 5 ("Pithecan- cases, but elevated levels of environ- vidual (N=45) are analyzed in order to thropus dubius"), Java, Indonesia. mental carcinogens have been reported in reconstruct patterns of residence at differ- response to Roman and medieval urbani- ent developmental periods. δ18O and D.E. Tyler, Department of Anthropology, zation. Both of these factors may explain 87Sr/86Sr data from faunal enamel (N=8) University of Idaho. higher frequencies of carcinomas. This and drinking water from Machu Picchu study considers both hereditary and envi- are included as “local” baselines. Marked There are eleven known mandibular ronmental factors that may contribute to inter- and intra-individual variation in all remains from the Lower and Middle Pleis- elevated incidence of cancer in the early isotopic measures was found, supporting tocene of Java, all but one is from the medieval period in . hypotheses that this population included Sangiran Dome region. All of these have Funding provided by National Science numerous immigrants to Machu Picchu. been assigned to Homo erectus by most Foundation support to the Global History Patterns of dental wear, cranial deforma- workers, whereas others have suggested of Health Project. tion and skeletal pathology are differen- that they represent as many as four dif- tially assessed among individuals grouped ferent hominoid taxa (note: this is not the The toughness of foods selected by of by each isotopic parameter. This ap- finding of this paper). In the case of four closely related Colobine species proach sheds new light on status-linked Sangiran 5 even its hominid status is migratory patterns in the Precolumbian disputed. If it is indeed Homo it must be L. Ulibarri1, J. O’Brien1, H.H. Covert1, Andes and highlights the importance of placed with the other “H. meganthropus” B.W. Wright2, K.A. Wright3, T. Nadler4. controlling for immigration in skeletal specimens. Here I provide detailed de- 1University of Colorado-Boulder, Depart- analysis. scriptions and comparisons with fossil ment of Anthropology, 2George Washing- hominids and great apes that show that ton University, Department of Anthropol- Congenital limb malformation and a Sangiran 5’s size and morphology are well ogy, 3Center for Functional Anatomy and census of the Awajishima Japanese beyond the known range of any H. erectus. Evolution, Johns Hopkins University macaques. If it is indeed Homo it must be placed with School of Medicine, 4Endangered Primate the other H. meganthropus specimens. Rescue Center, Cuc Phuong National S.E. Turner, L.M. Fedigan. Dept. of An- However these results may support the Park, Vietnam. thropology, University of Calgary. naming of a new species. The texture of plant foods has been Since 1967, individuals with congenital Two cases of metastatic cancer in a shown to influence food selection among limb malformations have been observed in skeletal population from early me- primates. For this reason, studies of food the free-ranging group of Japanese ma- dieval France: a bioarchaeological mechanical properties add to our under- caques inhabiting the forests surrounding perspective. standing of primate resource partitioning. the Awajishima Monkey Center (AMC), on This study investigates the toughness of Awaji Island, Japan. In this paper, we E.A. Tyler1, J. Blondiaux2. 1Department of high, medium and low priority leaves present results from a true count census Anthropology, The Ohio State University, selected by four colobine species at the of the provisioned population, conducted 2Centre d’Etudes Paléopathologiques du Endangered Primate Rescue Center over 8 weeks in July and August 2004. Nord. (EPRC), Cuc Phuong National Park, Viet- and discuss digital photography as a nam. Feeding observations of Pygathrix method for censusing provisioned groups. This study provides a differential diag- nemaeus, P. cinerea, Trachypithecus dela- We also compare the incidence and sever- nosis of two possible cases of metastatic couri, and T. laotum hatinhensis permit ity of congenital limb malformation in the cancer from the early Medieval cemetery inter- and intrageneric comparisons. Awaji group to that reported in literature (AD 500-800) of Saint Sauveur, France, Toughness data were collected using a for primates. We identified all individuals and draws implications about environ- portable field mechanical tester designed in the group and documented their traits mental context and lifestyle. by Lucas et al (2001). We were able to using digital photography, then compared The skeletal remains were examined present the primates with monospecific these data with life history information macroscopically, microscopically, and ra- bundles of leaves found in their natural collected by the operators of the AMC, as diographically. These analyses demon- habitat due to the location of the EPRC in well as published demographic informa- strated mixed blastic and lytic lesions. the primates’ habitat country. Leaves tion on the population (Nakamichi et al., Lytic lesions have no periosteal reaction exhibiting the lowest toughness values 1997; Yoshihiro et al., 1979). The provi- around resorptive regions and tumorous were preferred by each of the four primate sioned population consisted of 199 ani- cavitation occurs within trabecular bone species. The highest toughness values mals, of whom 34 (17.1%) had some de- followed by a subsequent breach of corti- were obtained from foods of medium prior- gree of limb malformation. Nineteen of cal bone. Histologically, the bones demon- ity. Pygathrix cinerea (1305.9 Jm-2) ex- the 34 monkeys with limb malformations strate neoplastic new woven bone forma- ploited the toughest medium priority were adults. While 25.0% of young males tion around existing trabecular structure. leaves on average, followed in decreasing (aged 1-4) had limb malformations, only These findings are consistent with cancer- order by T. delacouri (1177.5 Jm-2), P. 11.1% of females in the same age group ous lytic and blastic lesions. Affected nemaeus (1169.5 Jm-2), and T. l. hatinhen- had malformations. For adults, the fig- bones include clavicle, scapula, ribs, hu- sis (1155.8 Jm-2). However, no statisti- 180 AAPA Abstracts

cally significant differences were identi- mass (Grand 1977, AJPA). Almost 60% of fied among the primates for leaf class or At the historical city of Évora, a langur muscle is concentrated in the lum- for the total diet. This suggests that these UNESCO world heritage centre, an ar- bar region, hip, and thigh. Hindlimbs colobines may partition leaves according chaeological excavation performed by the comprise only 15% of total body mass, to other physical or chemical attributes. authors took place between 1996 and 1997 (compared to the macaques’ 24%), a body Funding provided in part by the CU as an outcome of the requirement for the proportion masked by the langurs’ heavy Museum’s Burt Fund, CU Anthropology construction of a new basement in the GI tract. Tail length exceeds that of body Department, Zoological Society of San Museu de Évora. This building is located length and constitutes 2.6% of total body Diego, and National Geographic Society. between the Roman temple and the Ca- mass; in macaques, the tail is well below thedral built at the 12th – 13th centuries 1%. Infant socialization in bonobos (Pan AD. From field observations during her paniscus): the influence of age, gen- From the two field seasons, 21 graves research in Sri Lanka (then Ceylon), Suz- der and maternal rank. were identified and 20 were excavated. anne Ripley (AJPA 1967) characterized The stratigraphy revealed three phases of langur posture and locomotion as acro- O.S. Ulvi1, 2M. Fortunato, W.S. McGraw1, occupation: an earlier Islamic one with batic and flexible with running, walking, 1Department of Anthropology, The Ohio three graves, with two adults and a juve- and leaping in trees and on the ground; State University, 2Department of Anthro- nile; a Christian level, with 12 adults and macaques moved more cautiously and pology, SUNY at Buffalo. two juveniles, some of them inhumed in deliberately through the trees than the anthropomorphic tombs; and finally a langurs. Our findings correlate muscle Infant development significantly im- third level, with three adults, a juvenile distribution, limb length, and tail mass pacts the structure, cohesion, and adult and fragmented human remains recovered with the locomotor breadth that Ripley behavior within primate groups. Diver- from five graves. Besides, a fetus was described. The muscle-bone-joint rela- sity in infant socialization across the Or- found under a tile. tionships in langurs and macaques, der has been linked with many variables In the current paper the results of the graphically portrayed, clarify these com- including dispersal patterns, habitat paleopathological and demographic analy- parisons. characteristics, nutritional requirements, sis of these individuals are presented. The predation, and dominance structure. For archaeological findings, namely spurs and Dental microwear texture analysis of example, the bonobo (Pan paniscus) is a buttons, relate the male individuals from primate molar wear facets. particularly interesting ape because of its the Christian level to the military Order close relationship with humans, the ten- of Évora (or freires de Calatrava) that took P.S. Ungar1, R.S. Scott1, C.A. Brown2, B.E. dency for females to dominate males, and part at the Christian Conquest of Évora, Childs2, T.S. Bergstrom2, M.F. Teaford3, the presumed advantages given to off- according to the historical documents. The and A. Walker4. 1Department of Anthro- spring of high-ranking females. This pa- anthropological analysis supports this pology, University of Arkansas, 2Surface per presents data on the dynamics of in- assumption: four adult individuals pre- Metrology Laboratory, Department of fant socialization in a captive group of sent traumatic lesions, affecting the skull Mechanical Engineering, Worcester Poly- bonobos housed at the Columbus Zoo. and limb bones, and degenerative lesions technic Institute, 3Center for Functional The bonobo colony includes four adult related to occupational stress are fre- Anatomy & Evolution, School of Medicine, females, six adult males, two juvenile quent, namely those described as the Johns Hopkins University, 4Departments females and infants ranging from 1 to 30 horse riding syndrome. of Anthropology and Biology, Pennsyl- months old. To test the hypotheses that This work shows the need of an inter- vania State University. (1) infant gender, (2) infant age and (3) disciplinary approach for the reconstruc- maternal rank significantly impact the tion of past human life, through the com- Dental microwear texture analysis has socialization process of infants, we studied bined interpretation of human skeletal recently been proposed as a repeatable, the colony’s social activity for 16 months. biology signs with historical sources. objective alternative to conventional Using both scan and focal animal sam- methods for quantifying microscopic use- pling methods, we quantified frequencies Form, function, and body composi- wear on teeth. This approach involves a of play, grooming, touching, and sexual tion in gray langurs (Presbytis (Sem- combination of white-light confocal mi- behavior for all infants as well as the so- nopithecus) entellus): a preliminary croscopy and scale-sensitive fractal analy- cial context. report. sis to characterize the texture of a mi- Results from correspondence analysis crowear surface over a range of resolu- indicate a strong correlation between age C.E. Underwood1, D.R. Bolter2, A.L. Zi- tions. Complexity, measured by area- and rate of social interaction; as age in- hlman1. 1Department of Anthropology, scale analyses, and anisotropy, measured creases the amount of interaction with University of California, Santa Cruz, by variation in length-scale properties other group members increases. We also 2Anthropology Department, Modesto Col- sampled at differing orientations have found a strong correlation between infant lege. proved promising for distinguishing gender and sociality. Surprisingly, we mammals with differing diets. found no association between maternal The folivorous-frugivorous Colobines Here we present new data for an ex- rank and the nature or rate of infant so- represent a radiation of Old World mon- panded baseline of living primates. Buc- cial interactions. We conclude that ma- keys with ruminant-like stomachs, dis- cal facets on M2s were analyzed using a ternal rank is a more dynamic aspect of tinct from the omnivorous cheek-pouched white-light confocal microscope with a bonobo sociality than previously thought. cercopithecines, the baboons, macaques lateral sampling interval of 0.18 μm and a and guenons. Gray langurs, widespread z-axis resolution of 5 nm over a region of Back to Medieval Évora (Portugal): throughout the , are 276 x 204 μm. Results indicate that Cebus confrontation of the human skeletal well known for some aspects of social be- apella and Lophocebus albigena evince remains with the histori- havior, but little for their locomotion and greater fractal complexity, whereas cal/archaeological records. muscular anatomy. We analyze body com- Alouatta palliata and Gorilla gorilla ber- position of two adult females. We meas- engei have more anisotropic surfaces. C. Umbelino1, A.L. Santos1, A. Gonçalves2. ured the stomach, intestines, and liver as Macaca fascicularis and Ateles belzebuth 1Departamento de Antropologia, 24.6% of body mass, with muscle at 23%; are intermediate for both variables. These Universidade de Coimbra, 2Arkhaios, in contrast, the GI tract of macaques is results correspond roughly to differences Apartado 8, Évora. 10-12%, and muscle 40% of total body AAPA Abstracts 181

in fracture properties of foods eaten by macaque (Macaca sinica) in Kandy, Sri which adaptations for brachiation do not each taxon. Lanka. During the study period seven appear to constrain terrestrial locomotor Here we also introduce a new variable, troops were censused. Troop size ranged abilities. This paper gives insight into the heterogeneity of complexity (HAsfc). from 20 to 76 individuals with a mean of locomotor capacities of gibbons, and, to- HAsfc measures variation in texture 37.7. On average troops comprised of 13% gether with other studies on hominoid across a wear surface at different scales. adult males, 30% adult females, 8% locomotion, it might contribute to the Preliminary results suggest that this subadult males, 32% juveniles and 18% understanding of hominin locomotion. variable may distinguish primates by the infants and approximately 58% of the Grant sponsorship: Research assistant range of fracture properties of preferred individuals in a troop were sexually im- of the Fund for Scientific Research, Flan- foods. Ateles belzebuth for example, has mature. Changes in the composition were ders (Belgium) and structural support by HAsfc values lower than Cebus apella but caused by birth; recruitment of young the Centre for Research and Conservation higher than Gorilla gorilla berengei. animals into older age classes, migration (RZSA). HAsfc is a new tool for studying mi- of animals between troops, and death. crowear texture that promises better reso- Apart from the regular bisexual troops all- Population genetics of the catechol- lution of the diets of early hominins and male troops ranging between 2 to 12 were O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene: other fossil primates. also observed. Mating was observed from insight into the evolution of human This research was supported by NSF late September to end of March. Unlike in neurological and behavior-related BCS-0315157 and BCS-0315194. Polonnaruwa a birth peak was seen from disorders. March to September. Infant sex ratio was Self-reported health status of con- 1:1 but among adults there were twice as B.C. Verrelli1, R.Y. Tito1, A.C. Stone2. temporary Alaska Natives. many females as males. Macaques regu- 1Center for Evolutionary Functional Ge- larly stray outside the sanctuary and nomics, The Biodesign Institute and C.J. Utermohle. Division of Public cause extensive damage to human prop- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State Health, Alaska Department of Health and erty, and so are treated as pests despite University, 2School of Human Evolution Social Services. their endemic status. and Social Change, Arizona State Univer- sity. Interviews from the 2001-2004 Behav- Beyond brachiation: a spatio- ioral Risk Factor Surveillance System temporal analysis of terrestrial loco- Several studies have proposed that (BRFSS) are used to evaluate the health motion of gibbons. many of the common genetic disorders in and risk factors for American Indians and human populations reflect genetic varia- Alaska Natives (AI/AN) in Alaska relative E.E. Vereecke1, 2, K. D’Août1, 2, P. Aerts1. tion that was previously beneficial during to other races within and outside of the 1Laboratory for Functional Morphology, human evolution but now results in det- state. Alaska Natives continue to be at an University of Antwerp, Belgium, 2Centre rimental effects in our current environ- increased risk for a majority of health for Research and Conservation, Belgium. ment. Many neurological and behavior- behaviors. Relative to findings from the related disorders are due to deficiency BRFSS for 1997-2000, Alaska Natives Gibbons are widely known as excellent mutations in the catechol-O- show no improvement in assessments of brachiators, but captive gibbons also methyltransferase (COMT) enzyme that overall general health or prevalence of commonly travel terrestrially, using bi- plays a key role in the degradation of the obesity and heavy drinking. The rate of pedal, tripedal and quadrupedal gaits. To neurotransmitters dopamine, epinephrine, cigarette smoking amongAlaska Natives date, terrestrial gaits have only been de- and norepinephrine. Here we present the is the highest for AI/AN and non-AI/AN of scribed qualitatively (Baldwin and Teleki, first population genetic analysis of the any region and has increased from the 1976). This study aims to describe quan- COMT gene in over 100 ethnically diverse previous period. The 5% prevalence rate titatively all observed terrestrial gaits by humans originating from global popula- of diabetes among Alaska Natives ap- analyzing footfall patterns and spatio- tions of African, European, and Asian proximates that of other races in Alaska temporal gait parameters of gibbons over descent, as well as several great ape spe- and is significantly lower than the 12% a large range of speeds. cies, to explore the possibility that COMT average among all AI/AN in the United Data is collected of five white-handed enzyme variation for neurotransmitter States. The changing picture of the gibbons (Hylobates lar) during spontane- regulation was historically an adaptive health of Alaska Natives is assessed ous terrestrial bouts on an outdoor island feature during human evolution. Our nu- through self-reports of being told having in the Animal Park of Planckendael, Bel- cleotide sequence analysis of 10K base diabetes, arthritis, and cardiovascular gium. The gibbons are filmed with a later- pairs of COMT finds a level of genetic disease, cancer and HIV screening rates, ally positioned camera (50Hz). Digitiza- variation within populations that is sig- and risk factors of high blood pressure, tion of the video images yielded duty fac- nificantly greater than is typically found high cholesterol, tobacco use, alcohol use, tors, stride lengths and stride frequencies in the genome. Of particular interest is an and lack of physical activity. of the fore- and hind-limbs. amino acid mutation that is as high as Based on the footfall patterns, we are 50% in human populations and which has Group composition and reproduction able to distinguish seven different gait previously been linked to decreased of Toque macaques (Macaca sinica) types, belonging to bipedalism, tripedal- COMT activity, schizophrenia, and de- inhabiting the Udawattakelle Sanc- ism or quadrupedalism. Although the pression, but also increased sensitivity to tuary, Sri Lanka footfall patterns of these gaits are clearly sensory perception. The presence of high distinct, the relationships between their COMT genetic variation as well as the R.P. Vandercone1, C. Santiapillai2 and spatio-temporal parameters and velocity even distribution of this variation across D.T. Rasmussen1. 1Department of Anthro- are largely similar. Importantly, the gaits global populations implies that COMT pology, Washington University in St Louis are used in an overlapping range of veloci- enzyme expression variation is not a re- MO 63130, 2University of Perdeniya, Sri ties (0.6-3.0 m/s), in contrast to most other cent phenomenon. Although much of this Lanka. species where gaits are typically used at enzyme variation may be associated with specific velocity ranges. Gibbons seem to neurological disorders today, our com- The study was carried out from Febru- choose ‘randomly’ which gait type they are parative genetic approach strongly sug- ary 2001 to December 2002 in the going to use, and switch smoothly from gests that this neurotransmitter genetic Udawattakelle sanctuary, which is an one gait to another at virtually any speed. variation may have been highly adaptive important refuge for the endemic Toque Gibbons are very versatile animals in 182 AAPA Abstracts

in regulating sensory perception during region of 48 Pan troglodytes, 43 Pan attributes common to many primate socie- human evolution. paniscus, 43 Gorilla gorilla, 47 Pongo ties). Alternatively, a “breeding group” pygmaeus, 50 modern homo sapiens, and model of evolution presented previously by Austronesian and Papuan interac- 31 early African hominin fossil crania Chesser (1991) describes the distribution tions in East Sepik Province, Papua attributed to Australopithecus arafensis, of genetic variation in populations charac- New Guinea: A mtDNA analysis. A. africanus, A. boisei, A. aethiopicus, A. terized by sex-specific dispersal strategies. robustus, and early Homo. These meth- To test hypotheses generated by the M.G. Vilar1, A. Kaneko2, F.W. Homb- ods, designed to determine discrete phy- breeding group model, we investigated the hanje3, T. Tsukahara2, A. Masta3, T. Ko- logenetic characters from geometric mor- extent of genetic structure in 107 olive bayakawa2, J.K. Lum1. 1Anthropology phometric data, effectively identified baboons (Papio hamadryas anubis) in Department, Binghamton University, many of the character states for charac- Gombe National Park, and 96 yellow ba- 2Department of International Affairs and ters that have been used in previous phy- boons (Papio hamadryas cynocephalus) in Tropical Medicine, Tokyo Women’s Medi- logenetic analyses of early hominins, from Mikumi National Park, Tanzania. Sig- cal University, 3School of Medicine and such studies as Skelton and McHenry nificant genetic differentiation among Health Science, University of Papua New 1992, Strait et al. 1997, Finarelli and social groups is found in both Gombe Guinea. Clyde 2004, and Strait and Grine 2004. (mean FST = 0.020-0.077, p< 0.00015) and The protocol, which provides visual Mikumi (mean FST = 0.006-0.039, p< Colonization of the Pacific occurred in metric distributions of complex morpho- 0.02851). These estimates are similar to two waves. By 35,000 BP humans first logical variation, frequently offered recent published estimates of differentia- reached New Guinea, and settled all inter- greater resolution on character state tion among African, European, East visible islands east to the Solomons, an variation than could be found in qualita- Asian, and Amerindian human popula- area collectively known as Near . tive descriptions of the character data. In tions sampled from different continents. About 3,500 BP, a second culturally and some cases, the geometric morphometric However, the relative contribution of genetically distinct intrusive group from data contradicted previous descriptions of adult males, adult females, and offspring Southeast Asia settled coastal Near Oce- character states. But more notably, for to genetic differentiation among groups in ania, integrated their new components several taxa, high degrees of variation both Gombe and Mikumi differs consid- with indigenous materials, and gave rise were found to be present in some charac- erably between both populations, contrary to the Lapita cultural complex, before ters. This means that, for some charac- to expectations described by the breeding expanding east to previously unsettled ters, issues of polymorphism require revi- group model. We conclude that female Pacific islands, known as Remote Oceania. sions in the way characters of the infraor- philopatry exacerbates genetic drift in Genetically, the Sepik people today (either bital anatomy have been broken down into ways not predicted by classic models or by Papuan or Austronesian speakers) are the character states. the breeding group model. Examination descendants of 3,500 years of interactions More technical conclusions can also be of the genetic consequences of sex-specific between these two groups. derived from this study. Most impor- dispersal strategy may ultimately shed In order to examine the relative influ- tantly, although 85 landmarks in the in- light on the exceptionally rapid evolution ence of environmental similarity, geo- fraorbital region were collected, the most of the primate order. graphic proximity, and language on gene effective data sets were those that defined flow, we analyzed the hypervariable re- the anatomy of any given character with Oh monkey, what a strong jaw you gion I of the mtDNA in 240 individuals fewer landmarks. Although some complex have: A preliminary comparison of from eight villages: Two villages in each of anatomy required the use of many land- symphyseal strength across monkeys, four environmental zones. Each village in marks, in most cases using a minimal galagos and non-primate mammals. a zone speaks a different language: one number avoided the statistical influence of Austronesian, one Arapesh, two Abelam, variation in anatomy not at issue. C.J. Vinyard1, M.J. Ravosa2, W.L. and four Boiken—the last three are Pap- This research was supported by grants Hylander3,4. 1Dept. of Anatomy, NEOU- uan. from the National Science Foundation, COM; 2Dept. of Cell and Molecular Biol- Language showed the strongest correla- The Leakey Foundation, and ASU GPSA. ogy, Northwestern University Feinberg tion with gene flow. The Boiken villages School of Medicine; 3Dept. of Biological found across all four zones showed no Anthropology and Anatomy, Duke Uni- significant genetic difference (average Genetic differentiation among social versity; 4Duke University Primate Center. p=0.48). Two zones (ridge and coast) also groups of savannah baboons at showed high gene flow (p>0.51). In con- Gombe National Park and Mikumi We currently categorize primates with trast, the Austronesian island village was National Park, Tanzania: significance mobile, ligamentous connections between significantly different to inland villages and relative contribution by age-class the left and right dentaries as having (p<0.09). We interpret the data to reflect a and sex. unfused symphyses. Most living strepsir- displacement across all zones by Boiken rhines are described as having unfused people moving from the Sepik Plain to the A. Vinson1,2, C. Packer1, J. Rogers2,3. symphyses. Alternatively, species with a coast and islands, and little gene flow 1Dept. of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, solid, bony connection between the two inland by Austronesians. These results Univ. of Minnesota, 2Dept. Of Genetics, dentaries, such as living anthropoids, are are consistent with local oral histories and Southwest Foundation for Biomedical described as having fused symphyses. In ethnographic accounts. Research and 3Southwest National Pri- vivo data suggest the type and magnitude mate Research Center. of symphyseal loading is correlated with Character analysis using geometric these qualitative categories in primates. morphometric data: the infraorbital Classic models of evolution in subdi- While morphological descriptions that region of early African fossil vided populations do not consider the fused symphyses are stronger than un- hominins. consequences of structure in the distribu- fused symphyses correspond with experi- tion of genotypes within demes. Such mental data, these qualitative rankings B. Villmoare. Department of Anthropol- structure may be caused by clusters of potentially confound the continuous varia- ogy, Arizona State University individuals with correlated alleles. Clus- tion in primate symphyseal strength. ters of individuals may be formed by sex- To begin quantifying symphyseal prop- The methods proposed in Villmoare specific dispersal strategies such as natal erties, formalin-fixed jaws were attached (2005) were applied to the infraorbital dispersal and philopatry (demographic to a Universal Testing Machine and AAPA Abstracts 183

loaded to failure in either simulated tained conceptions), and 7 lost to follow- bara. wishboning (lateral transverse bending) or up. The distributions with respect to time dorsoventral shear for individuals from of EPL and SC are significantly different The amenities of coastal environments seven anthropoid species (n=29), Otolemur (p<0.003). The probability that a concep- are well known to modern tourists who crassicaudatus (n=3) and several non- tion will end in an EPL increases during: flock to the world’s beaches in enormous primate mammals with unfused symphy- (1) the planting season, and (2) the end of numbers. Archaeological data show that ses - treeshrews, cats, rats and ferrets the rainy season transitioning into the the coastal environments of the Western (n=9). beginning of the harvest season. In both Hemisphere were among the first places Symphyseal strength ranges from periods, food reserves are relatively low Paleoindians colonized. Although coastal 1.4kN in baboons to 11N in rats. Strength and labor demands are high. environments are ecologically diverse and in wishboning is significantly correlated While cytological studies demonstrate offer many amenities to hunter-gatherers, with body mass (r=0.98), while the corre- that genetic abnormalities are present in they also present significant adaptive lation between body mass and dorsoven- at least half of all EPL (Goddijn and challenges that can have unhealthy con- tral shear strength only approaches sig- Leschot 2000), these data support the sequences. Although marine resources are nificance (r=0.57, p=0.08). When scaled to hypothesis that the risk of EPL varies rich in protein, they are practically devoid symphyseal area, toothrow length or body with ecological conditions. Whether this of carbohydrates. Obtaining an adequate mass, anthropoid species with their fused response to environmental stress is adap- energy supply is a limiting factor for symphyses have significantly stronger tive remains to be determined. coastal populations. Costal environments symphyses than O. crassicaudatus and Funded by the National Science Foun- are also topographically diverse with rug- non-primate mammals with unfused sym- dation, the University of California, and ged cliffs and long stretches of flat physes (M-W U-tests). Binghamton University (SUNY). beaches. As Charles Merbs noted in his Based on these preliminary results, in ground breaking study of patterns of ac- most cases qualitative categories appro- Visual ontogeny and essential lipid tivity-induced pathology in a Canadian priately distinguish variation in symphy- levels in a small-scale society. Inuit populations, such environments seal strength, but significant insight into place heavy demands on the musculo- the continuous relationship between sym- J. Wagner, Department of Anthropology, skeletal system and can result in distinc- physeal form and load-resistance will be University of New Mexico tive patterns of traumatic injuries and gained by quantifying symphyseal proper- osteoarthritis. Coastal environments also ties. Developing objective methods for meas- harbor many pathogens that can have uring cognitive development and function very harmful consequences for people who Early pregnancy loss as a reproduc- among non-western peoples is important come in contact with them. These health tive strategy: evidence from a longi- for investigating numerous issues includ- challenges of coastal environments are tudinal study of Bolivian agropastor- ing how variable ecological conditions, illustrated by significant differences in the alists. such as diet and disease, impact brain frequency of pathological lesion in the ontogeny. Small-scale societies can pro- large series of skeletons (n=12,520) from V.J. Vitzthum1, H. Spielvogel2, J. Thorn- vide unique windows into these factors coastal and inland sites studied as part of burg3. 1Anthropology Dept., Indiana Uni- given their often-unique lifestyle patterns. the History of Health in the Western versity, and Institute for Primary and Pattern-reversal visual evoked potentials Hemisphere Project. Preventative Health Care, Binghamton, (PR-VEP) – a standard tool in clinical NY 2Dept. of Bioenergetics, Instituto Bo- neurology – offer an objective indicator of Histomorphological variation in hu- liviano de Biología de Altura, La Paz, visual ontogeny and were collected among man auditory ossicles. Bolivia 3Max-Planck-Institut für Gravita- an age-representative sample of 171 Ache, 1 2 1 tionsphysik, Golm, Germany. forager-farmers of eastern Paraguay. On- R.A. Walker , T.M. Greiner , R. Cordes . 1 togenetic trends (cross-sectional) indicate Dept. of Basic Sciences, New York Chiro- 2 Life history theory argues that organ- that Ache visual development continues practic College. Dept. of Health Profes- isms have evolved to allocate resources throughout late adolescence and into early sions, University of Wisconsin, La Crosse. strategically between somatic and repro- adulthood followed by steady senescence Auditory ossicles represent bone spe- ductive investments. Several authors have across middle adulthood before rapidly cialized for transduction of sound, with suggested that anovulation in women senescing after age 60. Further, compo- diverse phylogenetic and embryological experiencing stress (whether energetic or nents of the human visual system – and origins. Previous work (Greiner and psychosocial) is an adaptive response that particularly retinal and photoreceptor Walker, AJPA Supplement 28:140) dem- temporarily prioritizes somatic and/or outer-segments – contain concentrated onstrated that human auditory ossicles do other reproductive investments (whether amounts of certain polyunsaturated es- not vary significantly between sides, nor begun or future) over a new conception. sential fatty acids (EFA). Peri-natal and between sexes. We now examine the mi- By extension, pregnancy termination may dietary levels of EFA have been variously croscopic anatomy of auditory ossicles in a also be an adaptive mechanism for re- linked to aspects of visual development series of modern humans. Within bone, allocating resources in response to chang- and function. Total fatty acid levels as- Haversian remodeling is the response of ing conditions. sessed from mother’s milk – broadly in- bone tissue to imposed mechanical forces To test this hypothesis, we evaluated dicative of community nutritional status – and external agencies, and reflects the the temporal pattern of early pregnancy are interpreted with relations among PR- forces to which bone is subjected during loss (EPL) in an agropastoral population VEP trends, lipid levels (including EFA life. While the principal function of most (Project REPA, Reproduction and Ecology components), and prior indications of ele- bone is resistance of mechanical forces, in Provincía Aroma). Lack of concordance vated disease exposure among the Ache, the function of auditory ossicles is trans- between energetically stressful seasons considered within the context of life his- mission of sound vibrations from tympanic and EPL would argue for rejecting the tory theory. membrane to inner ear. In this research hypothesis. we examine the histomorphology of audi- Representing 80% of the eligible par- A paleopathological perspective on tory ossicles derived from a sample of ticipants in 30 rural communities, cur- coastal adaptations. modern humans of various geographic rently cycling women (n=191) were moni- origins. The ossicles demonstrate unique tored longitudinally. Of 65 detected con- P.L. Walker. Department of Anthropol- morphologies compared to other human ceptions, there were 18 EPL, 40 SC (sus- ogy, University of California, Santa Bar- 184 AAPA Abstracts

lamellar bone. They are almost com- Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) lower limbs (p=0.015). This suggests that pletely solid. There may be very small variation correlates dramatically with the the equations proposed by Rak (1991) in cavities in malleus and incus bodies. Vas- geographic origins of indigenous peoples. relation to vertical movement, are also cular channels are very few, and there are This is a consequence of two factors: (1) experimentally true for medio-lateral no real identifiable secondary osteons. the sequential accumulation of mutations excursion: shorter legs might be selected Processes of malleus and limbs of stapes along radiating maternal lineages as as a consequence of australopithecines’ are made of lamellae running longitudinal women migrated out-of-Africa and into wider pelves in order to minimize the to their long axes. Bodies of incus and the temperate and the arctic zones and (2) excursion of the pelvis during walking. malleus give the appearance of being selection for those mtDNA variants that Since increased excursion may lead to made up of disjointed fragments of lamel- permitted people to adapt to the new cli- increased metabolic costs and has implica- lar bone. Lamellae in individual “frag- matic environments that they encoun- tions for the strength and development of ments” are generally straight and paral- tered during their migrations. This later hip-abductor muscles as well as the ability lel, but the lamellae in adjacent fragments influence on mtDNA variation is because to carry loads, reduction of excursion can meet one another at angles, from right the mitochondrial burn the calories in our have significant evolutionary implications angles to very oblique angles. The rela- diets with the oxygen that we breathe to and might provide a reason for the reten- tionship of histomorphology of ossicles to generate energy for two major purposes: tion of short legs by australopiths. their function and embryological origin is to generate ATP to do work and heat to discussed. This research is supported in maintain our body temperature at 37oC. Fusion of craniofacial sutures in part by the NYCC Research Department. Moreover, the mtDNA encodes 13 poly- monkey skulls with special reference peptides that are essential components of to the Finite Element Analysis Are there two human ontogenies? An the mitochondrial energy generating ma- investigation of growth trajectories chinery, oxidative phosphorylation (OX- Q. Wang1, P.C. Dechow1, B.G. Richmond2, among tropical foragers and farmers. PHOS), plus the rRNA and tRNA genes C.F. Ross3, M.A. Spencer4, D.S. Strait5, necessary for their expression. Conse- B.W. Wright2 R.S. Walker. Department of Anthropology, quently, as humans moved from tropical University of New Mexico. and sub- to temperate 1Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, Baylor Col- Eurasia and then arctic Siberia, mtDNA lege of Dentistry,2Dept. of Anthropology, This study investigates variation in mutations which changed the energy bal- George Washington Univ., 3Dept. of Or- body growth (cross-sectional height and ance for predominantly ATP in the tropics ganismal Biology and Anatomy, Univ. of weight velocity) among a sample of 20 to more heat production in the arctic per- Chicago, 4Dept. of Anthropology, Arizona small-scale societies. Intergroup variation mitted the migrants to survive. As a con- State Univ., 5Dept. of Anthropology, Univ. tends to track environmental conditions sequence, as humans crossed each cli- at Albany with groups under less favorable condi- matic transition, a very limited number of tions displaying slower growth and later mtDNAs founded the mtDNA radiation in Sutures are the boundaries where cra- puberty. However, the groups in our sam- the new climatic zone. Specifically, only niofacial bones meet and are important ple demonstrate considerable variation in two mtDNAs (M and N) succeeded in leav- sites of skull growth and strain dampen- developmental rates and timing that is ing Africa and colonizing all of Eurasia ing. How sutural fusion affects craniofa- correlated with rates of survivorship. For and only three mtDNAs (A, C, and D) cial biomechanics and morphological ad- example, African “Pygmies”, Philippine predominated in Paleolithic northeastern aptation in primates has not been studied “Negritos” and the Hiwi of Venezuela are Siberia and thus colonized the Americas. extensively. No systematic data on pat- characterized by relatively fast child- Hence, environmental selection on terns of sutural fusion in any primate juvenile growth for their adult body size mtDNA genetic variation has had a pro- species are available with concurrent in- despite less favorable conditions. In these found effect on human colonization of the formation on sex and age. This study ex- societies subadult survival is low and globe. amined the status of twenty-eight sutures puberty and menarche are relatively early in rhesus monkey skulls from a collection suggesting selection pressure for acceler- Lateral excursion of the pelvis and of animals from Cayo Santiago Island, ated development. In this faster develop- the effect of leg-length. Puerto Rico, with known age and sex. mental pattern, growth also tends to ter- Most animals died before all sutures minate early, especially for females, with C.M. Wall-Scheffler. Department of Zool- fused. Variation was large in the age at an absent or diminished adolescent ogy, University of Wisconsin-Madison. which individual sutures or sutural sec- growth spurt. In sum, the origin and tions were fused in rhesus monkeys, and maintenance of different human onto- Experimental evidence has now estab- there were significant differences in the genies requires explanations invoking lished that longer legs induce more ener- amount of sutural fusion among func- both environmental constraints and selec- getically efficient running and walking; it tional regions and between males and tive pressure. thus remains somewhat surprising that females. Most fusion of sutures took place Australopithecines maintained relatively between ages 5 and 15. Sutures in the short legs for at least one millennia, de- facial area tended to be less fused than in spite population variation that would other areas. Adult males had more fusion Adaptive mutation in the mitochon- likely have allowed for the selection of than adult females, especially in the facial drial DNA permitted humans to colo- energetically efficient longer lower limbs. area. This might be explained by (1) dif- nize the temperate zone and the Arc- Here I tested a possible selective advan- ferential biomechanical adaptations re- tic, paving the way to the Americas. tage of shorter lower limbs. A series of lated to sexual dimorphism, or (2) differ- individuals (N=12) walked on treadmill at ential aging processes, or (3) some combi- D.C. Wallace. Center for Molecular and the energetically optimal speed of 1.3 m·s-1 nation of these factors in sutural tissues. Mitochondrial Medicine and Genetics, with a marker placed on their sacrum. These findings enrich our understanding Departments of Ecology and Evolutionary The distance the marker moved laterally of growth in primate craniofacial skele- Biology, Biological Chemistry, and Pediat- was recorded and analyzed and the re- tons, and raise many questions concerning rics, University of California at Irvine, sults show that the individuals with abso- the relationship between processes of Irvine CA 92697-3940. lutely shorter limbs experience a signifi- primate craniofacial growth, function, and cantly smaller amount of lateral excursion evolutionary adaptation. Specifically, the of the pelvis than individuals with longer inclusion of information on sutural mor- AAPA Abstracts 185

phology in Finite Element Analyses will years. Dental cementum increment rent research represents the application of conceivably improve the accuracy and analysis has the potential to help us be this new approach to the interpretation of precision of functional analysis of various much more specific. the fossil Bovidae of Java. The results of skull forms. Dental cementum anchors teeth into this analysis indicate that the paleoenvi- Supported by NSF Physical Anthropol- their sockets via the periodontal ligament. ronment of the Trinil site (ca. 1 Ma) was ogy Grant 0240865. Increments are identified in the cemen- dominated by densely vegetated river tum deposits on the roots of human teeth, valleys and upland forests, broken by open Call structure of ringtailed (Lemur and under microscopic examination ap- grasslands. These grasslands expanded catta) and bamboo lemurs (Hapale- pear as alternating dark and light bands. during the period associated with the mur griseus). Research with comparative samples of Kedung Brubus locality, approximately known-age and known date-of-death indi- 0.8 Ma. This environmental change, cou- T.N. Watts1, L.L. Taylor2. 1Department of viduals has demonstrated a consistent pled with the immigration of new species, Anthropology Washington University, relationship between annual seasons and was important to the appearance and 2Department of Anthropology, University the formation of distinct increment types. future evolutionary success of Homo erec- of Miami. The winter, arrested cementum increment tus during the Middle Pleistocene. appears as an opaque band while the Bamboo lemurs (Hapalemur griseus) summer, growth increment appears as a Intralimb length proportions in an- and ringtailed lemurs (Lemur catta) are translucent band. Together these repre- cient North and South Americans. perhaps more closely related than their sent one year of an individual’s life. The current taxonomy suggests. For example, total number of increments provides a K.J. Weinstein, G.M. Russo. Department these are the only two lemur taxa which means of determining the individual’s age of Anthropology, Dickinson College, Car- exhibit wrist scent marking. If their scent at death (Wittwer-Backofen 2004). lisle, PA. communication system is similar, is the Zooarchaeologists have long used dental vocal communication system also similar cementum increment analysis to estimate Intralimb proportions vary in human in form? To these this hypothesis, we season at death in mammals (Pike-Tay populations from different climates. Popu- recorded 40 hours of calls produced by six 1991; Lubinski and O’Brien 2001), yet we lations from colder climates tend to have ringtailed lemurs and three bamboo le- are aware of no study that has tested this shorter distal limb segments relative to murs which range freely in a naturalistic method in humans. The current pilot the lengths of their proximal limb bones forest habitat at the Lemur Conservation project seeks to identify the timing of in- when compared with populations from Foundation (Myakka City, FL). All calls crement formation in humans and thus warmer regions and this variation is pre- were analyzed using PRAAT software to provide a means by which season-of-death sumed to represent long-term adaptations generate voice prints. The variables tested could be determined in forensic cases. to local environmental conditions. While were maximum pitch, maximum intensity, Results of the pilot study by age group are these ecogeographic patterns have gener- and duration in 10 discrete calls for each presented here. The method appears most ally been examined in human skeletons taxa. The overall range of pitch for L. effective in middle to older aged adults, as from Eurasia and Africa, studies of intra- catta was 244.48 Hz to 1574.9 Hz, while the increments are more clearly identified, limb proportions and climatic variation the pitch range for the H. griseus was than in adolescents and early adults when have rarely included samples from across 137.26 Hz to 932.51 Hz. We found no sig- some of the dentition has only recently North and South America despite the nificant overlap in the concentration of erupted. geographic diversity and longevity of set- maximum pitch and intensity in nine of tlement in these continents. Using both the calls analyzed. The exception is the A reinterpretation of the paleoenvi- original data collected by the authors and “click-grunt” antipredator call which is ronments associated with Indonesian published data retrieved from other stud- structurally similar in intensity an dura- Homo erectus based on Bovid func- ies, we use analysis of variance to com- tion for both taxa. This call appears to be tional morphology. pare maximum lengths of the humerus, mutually understood in the common habi- radius, femur, and tibia and brachial and tat. We suggest that difference in the D.C. Weinand. Department of Anthropol- crural indices in pre-Contact human remainder of the repertoire can be related ogy, University of Tennessee skeletons (N=652) in sex-specific groups to how sound energy travels in the open from tropical lowland and highland South often arid habitat of ringtails versus the The Middle Pleistocene sites of Trinil and Central America and subtropical, swampy reed bed habitat of bamboo le- and Kedung Brubus, Central Java, Indo- temperate, and arctic North America to murs. nesia have provided extensive faunal re- determine the degree of ecological diver- This research was supported in part by mains that are classified as part of a lar- sity in these geographically widespread a Summer Fellowship for Women (TNW) ger biostratigraphic framework. Paleoen- groups. and a General Research Grant (LLT) from vironmental reconstructions have previ- The shortest limbs and intralimb pro- the University of Miami. ously been based on the composition and portions are from the groups that inhab- perceived shared habitat preference of ited the northern-most latitudes in North Telling time with teeth: Determina- fossil and modern animal taxa. Research America and from the highest altitudes in tion of season at death using dental of the African members of the family Bo- South America. The longest limbs and cementum increment analysis. vidae has shown that a more effective way intralimb proportions are from groups of examining past environments is that inhabited mild climates in lowland V. Wedel, S. Bowman. Department of through the study of morphological traits South America and from temperate cli- Anthropology, UC Santa Cruz. that are characteristic of functional adap- mates in southwestern and eastern North tations to different environmental condi- America. This variation in intralimb pro- Forensic anthropologists are called tions. Although the previous studies util- portions suggests that climatic conditions, upon to estimate time since death in our ize discriminant analysis to achieve habi- in addition to dietary variation and activ- analyses of human remains. We base our tat predictions, a thorough examination of ity patterns, are important factors influ- estimates on the condition of the remains, discriminant analysis and recursive parti- encing body shape in ancient North and the presence of insect activity, and the tioning reveals that a combined paramet- South Americans. decomposition microenvironment. Post- ric/nonparametric model produces the Supported by a Dana Research Assis- mortem interval estimates are usually most accurate results for modern Bovid tantship award from the Dickinson Col- expressed as broad ranges of months or astragali from Southeast Asia. The cur- lege Research and Development Commit- 186 AAPA Abstracts

tee. This study examines age and sex the methodology employed by the Western differences in external metrics, muscle Hemisphere Health Index, assessing its Personality and subjective well-being markers, osteoarthritis, and cross-sections strengths in standardization of protocol, in orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus and of 131 (50 males, 69 females, 12 size of data set, and ease of application as Pongo abelii). indeterminates) prehistoric California well as its weaknesses concerning trans- Amerinds aged from infancy to 50+ years parency of score calculation and limita- A. Weiss1, J.E. King2, L. Perkins3. to determine asymmetry patterns and tions in fracture assessment. The bioar- 1Psychology, The School of Philosophy their likely causes. Asymmetry variables chaeological assessment of Windover af- Psychology and Language Sciences, The are calculated using the formula [(large fords a rare glimpse into life and health University of Edinburgh, 2Department of value-small value)/small value x 100], during Florida’s Archaic. Psychology, University of Arizona, 3Zoo converted into z-scores, and correlated Atlanta. using nonparametric Spearman tests. WLH 50 and variation amongst early External metric asymmetry generally does Australian populations: implications Orangutans are semi-solitary apes and not correlate with age. When sexes are for modern human origins. our most distant hominoid ancestor. Rat- combined, cross-sectional asymmetry does ers assessed 147 zoo-housed orangutans in not correlate with age. Male cross- M. Westaway1, A.C. Durband2. 1The Wil- the United States, Canada, and Australia sections become more asymmetrical with landra Lakes World Heritage Area, De- on 48 personality descriptors that were age (r = 0.35; P < 0.05), but surprisingly partment of Environment and Conserva- similar to questions used to rate human female cross-sections become less asym- tion; 2Department of Sociology, Anthro- and chimpanzee personality. Of these metrical with age (r = -0.22; P < 0.08). pology, and Social Work, Texas Tech Uni- orangutans, 135 were also rated on a 4- Muscle marker asymmetry generally in- versity item subjective well-being questionnaire creases with age (4 positive correlations; r designed to resemble measures of subjec- = 0.26; P < 0.05), and is more statistically Advocates of the Multiregional model of tive well-being in humans. The four items robust in males. Osteoarthritis asymme- modern human origins have consistently assessed an orangutan’s balance of posi- try increases with age (r = 0.25; P < 0.05) alleged that WLH 50 provides an example tive versus negative moods, happiness in nearly all measures and in both sexes, of an intermediate morphology between derived from social situations, ability to but owing to sampling constraints is sig- the Indonesian hominids from Ngandong achieve goals, and a global measure of nificant only in females (r = 0.35; P < and robust late Pleistocene Australians. well-being. 0.05). Especially for cross-sectional These workers claim that features such as Principal components analysis of the asymmetry, changes are most dramatic in the supraorbital torus, nuchal torus, and personality questionnaire yielded five young individuals, suggesting develop- cranial vault thickness provide evidence reliable components: Extraversion, Domi- mental asymmetry rather than acquired for genetic continuity in Australasia nance, Neuroticism, Agreeableness, and asymmetry. Further research, with large throughout the last million years. Critics Intellect. Principal components analysis of sample sizes and wide age distributions of this view have argued that WLH 50 is the subjective well-being scale yielded a are needed to better understand the com- not representative of early Australian single component. Interrater reliabilities plexity of asymmetry. populations, and instead is simply patho- of both scales ranged from good to excel- logical. lent. Correlations between the personality An assessment of health from Flor- In an effort to reexamine this question, domains and subjective well-being re- ida’s Archaic: application of the we conducted an exhaustive survey of the vealed that, as in humans, Extraversion, Health Index to available Willandra Lakes skeletal sam- Agreeableness, and low Neuroticism were the remains from Windover (8BR246). ple, including the specimens published by related to the subjective well-being score. Webb (1989) as well as a number of un- In addition, the pattern of correlations R.K. Wentz. Department of Anthropology, published individuals discovered more between the personality domains and four Florida State University. recently. Through this work we sought to items making up the subjective well-being examine whether WLH 50 fell outside the scale were consistent with the definitions Windover (8BR46) represents one of the range of variation seen in that sample. In of the personality dimensions and items. most ancient and well-preserved skeletal addition, we compared the morphologies These findings suggest that analogues of collections in North America. Excavated found in this sample with those exhibited human and chimpanzee personality and in the 1980s from a mortuary pond near by the Ngandong sample. subjective well-being existed in the com- Florida’s eastern coast, the remains repre- Our results indicate that many of the mon ancestor of the extant great apes and sent over 168 individuals, from neonates characteristics of WLH 50, including the recommend that individual differences in to elderly, enabling an evaluation of form of the brow ridge and nuchal torus, personality may influence the effective- health at all stages of life. Through the are quite similar to those found on other ness of enrichment programs. application of the Western Hemisphere specimens in the WLH sample. However, Health Index (Steckel and Rose, 2002), these features are consistently unlike Developmental influences on upper the overall health of the Windover popula- those found in the Ngandong fossils. In limb asymmetry in a skeletal tion has been assessed and compared to addition, the extreme thickness of the population from central California. populations utilizing various subsistence cranial vault in WLH 50 is unique in the practices, in a variety of geographic re- sample, falling far above the range of the E. Weiss, R. Jurmain. Department of gions spanning 7,000 years of human his- other WLH individuals as well as Indone- Anthropology, San Jose State University. tory. This assessment indicates a surpris- sian Homo erectus. Thus, WLH 50 does ingly low overall health score for a pre- not appear to represent an intermediate Non-pathological asymmetry in human agricultural population, with relatively morphology. upper limbs is common due to elevated rates of trauma, anemia, and Financial support for this project was development, handedness, and bipedality. hypoplastic defects yet low incidences of provided by the Franklin Research Grant The main support for activity causation of dental and degenerative joint disease. program of the American Philosophical asymmetry in prior research included With a mean radiocarbon date of 7442BP, Society and the Commonwealth Depart- increase in asymmetry with age and Windover comprises the oldest population ment of Environment and Heritage. differences between sexes. Age and sex yet assessed using this methodology, as differences, however, may be well as the only population from Florida. developmental rather than acquired. The analysis also affords an evaluation of AAPA Abstracts 187

Functional relationship of lumbar iors. C. jacchus gouge trees to stimulate tions are reflected in the isotopic signa- lordosis and center of mass in the exudate flow, whereas S.oedipus feed op- tures of the physical material (i.e. fossil positional biomechanics of bipeds. portunistically on gums. Previously, Tay- bone, tooth, shell, etc.) analyzed by cur- lor and colleagues showed that C. jacchus rent researchers of paleoenvironment and K.K. Whitcome. Department of Anthro- have relatively longer masseter and tem- paleodiet, the relationship between at- pology, University of Texas at Austin poralis fibers, indicating enhanced muscle mospheric conditions and oxygen isotope stretch capacity. They linked the longer fractionation values warrants further Australopithecus and Homo share ver- fibers to wide jaw gapes generated by C. study. tebral lumbar lordosis, a derived trait jacchus during gouging. This research quantifies the effect of among primates. This spinal curvature is We are investigating the neurobiology altered CO2 levels on the isotopic values of a proposed mechanism for efficient place- of mastication in these taxa to assess pos- plants. I tested the hypothesis that plants ment of total body center of mass (COM) sible differences in functional architecture of different photosynthetic pathways (C3 over supporting hip joints. While a rela- of the neural systems governing mastica- vs. C4) would respond differently to the tionship between COM and lumbar lor- tion, and how such differences are related CO2 levels experienced during growth. dosis in extinct hominins remains to divergent feeding behaviors. We began Plants were grown from seed in chambers untestable, readily quantifiable postural at the level of the brainstem trigeminal specifically designed to control the atmos- and locomotor behaviors of pregnant hu- complex, focusing on cytoarchitecture of pheric environment, simulating the range man females provide a natural experi- the trigeminal motor nucleus (which mo- of atmospheric differences throughout ment for testing the prediction in modern tivates masticatory muscles), and the hominid evolution. Twenty individuals bipeds. mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (which each of six species were grown to flores- Kinetic force-plate and 3-D positional conveys signals related to jaw propriocep- cence during in summer, 2004. Plant oxy- data were collected from 20 healthy preg- tion). Perfusion-fixed and post-mortem gen was cryogenically extracted from nant women during three gravid trimes- fixed brains of each species were frozen- plant water and analyzed using CO2- ters and a period post partum. Data were sectioned transversely from the mid- equilibration methods. The results indi- used to calculate angular segmental lum- medulla through the mesencephalon. To cate that specific corrections should be bar lordosis and fore-aft position of COM visualize the distribution of cell bodies made in interpreting ancient terrestrially- following integration introduced by Zat- and nuclear structures, sections were derived oxygen isotope values for paleoen- siorsky and King (1998). Analyses of re- stained for Nissl substance with thionin or vironmental reconstructions. Such appli- peated measures ANOVA were performed. cresyl violet, and examined with com- cation at key hominid sites can enhance Results demonstrate significant increases pound microscopy and stereological tools. the current interpretive framework. in both the fore-aft position of maternal Preliminary findings indicate little in- Research supported by NSF-IGERT, ID COM and the lumbar lordotic angle in tertaxic difference in the motor nucleus, #9972803. second and third trimesters. A significant but possible differences in the complement positional retreat of COM occurred post and distribution of first-order sensory Pilgrimage to Byzantine St. Stephen’s partum. Lumbar lordosis also signifi- neurons in the mesencephalic nucleus. monastery: a dental metric perspec- cantly decreased post partum, although We are now investigating how differences tive. unlike the COM, the lordotic angle did not in the mesencephalic nucleus might be approximate first trimester values. Parity functionally linked to masticatory muscle E. Williams1, J. Ullinger2, D.P. Van Ger- related shape remodeling in vertebral fiber architecture. We hypothesize that ven3, S.G. Sheridan1. 1Dept. of Anthropol- bodies and leverage compromise of ab- neural mechanisms subserving jaw pro- ogy, University of Notre Dame, 2Dept. of dominal muscles may have contributed to prioception may be critical components of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, the more conservative reversal of lordotic the adaptations underlying tree-gouging 3Dept. of Anthropology, University of angle. However, strong correlation and in C. jacchus. Colorado, Boulder. significant trends in both COM and lor- Supported by NSF (BCS-0452160) to dosis associated with natural withdrawal ABT. Dental metrics were used to study mi- of fetal mass supports a functional rela- gration to a Byzantine (5th-7thc. AD) mon- tionship between the two variables within An atmospheric re-enactment: impli- astery in Jerusalem. Tooth crown meas- modern humans and by inference more cations for oxygen isotope use in pa- urements were analyzed in conjunction generally among hominins. leoenvironmental reconstruction. with historical texts regarding pilgrimage Supported by the L.S.B. Leakey Foun- to Byzantine Jerusalem. Mesiodistal dation and NSF BCS-0404643. A.T. Williams. Dept. of Anthropology, (n=263) and buccolingual (n=485) meas- University of Michigan. urements were collected for the mandibu- Functional architecture of the brain- lar and maxillary teeth. Teeth that were stem trigeminal complex in two cal- Oxygen isotopes are of particular inter- heavily worn, obscured by calculus, or litrichid species with divergent feed- est to paleoanthropologists because of chipped were not included in the study. ing behaviors (Callithrix jacchus and their ability to provide information about Multiple measurements were taken by the Saguinus oedipus). past terrestrial environments. Hypotheses first author to ensure low intra-observer ranging from speciation causality to bio- error. L.E. White1,2, K.E. Jones1, C.J. Vinyard3, mechanical advantage are often inter- No significant difference was found A.B. Taylor1,4, 1Department of Community twined with paleoenvironmental and pa- between left and right teeth (p≤0.05). and Family Medicine, 2Department of leodietary reconstructions. The methodo- Comparison of the buccolingual diameters Neurobiology, Duke University School of logical application generally assumes that of the anchor teeth (I2, PM1, M1 in the Medicine, 3Department of Anatomy, plants today operate much like plants of mandible, I1, PM1, M1 in the maxilla) Northeastern Ohio Universities College of past times, yielding predictable fractiona- with 13 other collections from the south- Medicine, 4Department of Biological An- tion values. However, some data suggest ern Levant and Eurasia indicates that the thropology and Anatomy, Duke Univer- that plants in altered atmospheric condi- monks bear resemblance to populations sity. tions as may have occurred at times in from the surrounding area, including the human evolution may have a significantly Roman-era site of Qumran and Bronze Callithrix jacchus and Saguinus oedi- different oxygen isotope fractionation from Age Jericho. The similarities to the pus are closely-related callitrichids with similar plants today. Because plant iso- Levantine collections corroborate previous similar diets but divergent feeding behav- tope values and the atmospheric condi- non-metric dental studies (Ullinger 2002), 188 AAPA Abstracts

analyses of cranial and vertebral non- India are currently unknown. The Bhutia metrics, as well as Sr isotope profiles and As part of a larger project to study pa- are one of the two government-recognized trace element data. The homogeneity of leodiet on the central coast of Peru, hair tribal populations living in the north east- the group suggests that the monks origi- from 59 mummified individuals was sam- ern Indian state of Sikkim. nated in the Jerusalem area. Historical pled for stable carbon and nitrogen isotope Unlike other Indian populations, the accounts indicate that pilgrimage to Byz- analysis. The objective of the hair study diet of Bhutia generally consists of foods antine Jerusalem was a major social phe- was to compare short term versus long with high amounts of bio-available iron, nomenon; the dental metric data do not term diet and to detect fluctuations that including beef. Beef is an important com- support the textual record of St. may be related to season or migration. ponent of the Bhutia diet and most women Stephen’s. Concomitant isotope data from bone were reported eating beef on a daily basis. The This research was funded by the Na- available for 57 of these individuals. Hair goals of this study are to examine hemo- tional Science Foundation (SES grows incrementally and represents a globin levels and to investigate the rela- #0244096), and the University of Notre permanent isotopic signature of the tionship between hemoglobin levels and Dame Institute for Scholarship in the growth period (1centimeter = 1 month of the dietary patterns in young Bhutia Liberal Arts. diet); whereas, bone in constantly remod- women (25-35) living in the capital city of eled over its lifetime and represents the Gangtok. More than half of (53.7%) of the Is Papio robinsoni or Papio angus- average isotopic composition of diet over a study participants were classified as ane- ticeps a better dietary ancestor for longer period of time (10-25 years). For mic (hemoglobin levels < 12 g/dL). This Papio ursinus? this study, the hair for each individual rate of anemia is similar to the rates of was cut into one centimeter increments in anemia observed in other Indian popula- F.L. Williams, G. Clymer, D. Proctor. De- order to reconstruct the isotopic composi- tions. The relationship between beef con- partment of Anthropology and Geography, tion of monthly diet. Additionally, the sumption and other dietary components Georgia State University. entire length of hair was analyzed for its and hemoglobin levels are examined in isotopic composition. When the isotopic this sample using a combination of 24 The robust facial morphology of Pleisto- composition of the entire hair length was hour dietary recalls and food frequency cene Papio robinsoni is similar to modern compared to the isotopic composition of checklists. Papio ursinus and dissimilar to Pleisto- the corresponding bone collagen, the val- cene Papio angusticeps. Meanwhile the ues were similar; indicating that diet in The effects of developmental and two Pleistocene forms derive from sites of the months before death included similar functional interactions on mouse similar age; P. robinsoni predominates at food items as in the years before death. cranial variability at different ages. Swartkrans, but is present at Bolt’s Farm, This was interpreted as evidence for popu- and P. angusticeps is common at Cooper’s lation stability; the individuals buried at K.E. Willmore1, B. Hallgrímsson2, Cave but is also found at Kromdraai. The Puruchuco-Huaquerones were native to 1Department of Graduate Studies, Uni- prognathic muzzles of both P. robinsoni the coast. When the one centimeter in- versity of Calgary, 2Department of Cell and P. ursinus may have arisen to process crements of hair were analyzed, the iso- Biology and Anatomy, University of Cal- fall-back foods under deteriorating climate topic composition varied considerably gary. conditions. Alternatively, P. angusticeps, from month to month; indicating occa- which exhibits a shortened muzzle and sional incorporation of C3 plants (e.g., Variability in the mammalian skull and smaller teeth, may have existed in more tubers) and/or animals consuming C3 re- its affect on the phenotype has long been stable habitats. We predicted the diet sources. The monthly fluctuation in iso- of interest to physical anthropologists. In signal of P. robinsoni to be more similar to topic composition likely reflects seasonal spite of this interest and the many studies that of P. ursinus than it is to P. angus- fluctuations in resources. devoted to measuring cranial variance in ticeps. To test this hypothesis, the mi- Grant sponsors: Social Sciences and a variety of species, we have yet to deter- crowear scars on casts of dental impres- Humanities Research Council Doctoral mine the underlying factors producing sions from P. robinsoni (n = 22, Fellowship and the Faculty of Social Sci- this variance and the potentially different Swartkrans Member 1), P. angusticeps (n ences, University of Calgary. affects of these modulating factors = 18, Cooper’s and Kromdraai A) and P. through developmental time. In this ursinus (n = 27, Cape region) were com- Dietary correlates of anemia in a study we test how particular developmen- pared using low magnification stereomi- young, urban, tribal population in tal and functional interactions affect skull croscopy. Defraction of an external light Northeastern India. variability in the mouse and compare the source allowed for the characterization relative importance of these interactions and quantification of pits and scratches S.R. Williams. Center on the Demography at different adult ages. Our sample con- located within a 0.4 mm by 0.4 mm sam- and Economics of Aging, University of sists of 50 crania of random bred mice ple area, defined by an ocular reticle. P. Chicago and Department of Anthropology, aged 35, 90 and 150 days. 26 three- angusticeps and P. robinsoni both exhib- Northwestern University. dimensional landmarks were collected ited puncture pits, gauges and fine to from these skulls from reconstructed mi- coarse scratches that differed substan- Iron deficiency is the most common cro-computed tomography images. These tially from the large number of flake pits nutritional deficiency in the world. Iron landmarks were divided into subsets that and hyper-coarse scratches characterizing deficient anemia disproportionately af- outlined regions of the skull that have P. ursinus. In contrast to our expecta- fects women living in the developing often been hypothesized to form develop- tions, the diet signal of the two Pleisto- world. Anemia has significant health mental or functional modules. We meas- cene forms are much more similar to each consequences for women across the life- ured and compared the degree of canaliza- other than either is to P. ursinus. span, including growth faltering, poor tion, developmental stability and integra- pregnancy outcomes, and decline in physi- tion for each functional and developmen- Investigating dietary change using cal function. In most cases, the exact tal module for all three age groups. We the hair of ancient Inca mummies cause of anemia is unknown, though ane- predicted that canalization, developmen- from Puruchuco-Huaquerones, Peru. mia has been associated with poor diet or tal stability and integration would in- presence of disease (infectious, chronic, or crease with age, and that most of the J.S. Williams, M.A. Katzenberg, Depart- genetic). High rates of anemia have been variance would be explained by functional ment of Archaeology, University of Cal- reported in Indian populations; yet, ane- modules. Our results indicate that there gary, Calgary, AB. mia rates for most tribal populations in is no significant increase in variance or AAPA Abstracts 189

integration with age, but there is a consis- U. Woitek1, F.J. Rühli2, 3. 1Institute for rica. Despite the impact that Bantu farm- tent pattern of both canalization and de- Empirical Research in Economics, Univer- ers had on the African Y chromosome velopmental stability for particular re- sity of Zurich, Switzerland, 2Institute of landscape, clear signals of demographic gions of the skull. These results suggest Anatomy, University of Zurich, Switzer- processes occurring before the Bantu ex- that variance is modulated through par- land 3Institute for the History of Medicine, pansions remain. In this study, we pre- ticular developmental and functional in- University of Zurich, Switzerland. sent Y-linked SNP and STR data suggest- teractions. We discuss potential develop- ing that 1) Khoisan and Pygmy hunter- mental and functional factors that may be Welfare is a key research issue in social gatherer populations share a common involved. sciences. Anthropometric data - in par- ancestry that is not shared with agricul- ticular body height - are increasingly used tural populations 2) the earliest Niger- Duration of exclusive breastfeeding e.g., by the OECD, as “output”-predictor Congo speakers, from whom the Bantu and its relationship to childhood for the standard of living. The impact of are derived, likely descend from a rela- mortality among the Makushi Amer- environmental, especially economic fac- tively small number of males and 3) the indians of Guyana. tors on an individual’s anthropometric fresh water lake regions may have acted parameters has been widely described both as a refugia for ancient haplogroups W.M. Wilson1, J.A. Milner1, J. Bulkan2. before. Despite the fact that the data and a crossroads for populations carrying 1Department of Archaeology, University of situation for Switzerland is better than for derived paternal lineages. Calgary, 2School of Forestry and Envi- other countries, no interdisciplinary re- ronmental Studies, Yale University. search on this topic has been done yet. The Sorenson Molecular Genealogical The situation of Switzerland in this period Foundation (SMGF) and the con- The WHO recommends exclusive is unique if compared to the rest of the struction of a publicly accessible ge- breastfeeding (EBF) for the first six world, given the remarkable political sta- netic genealogical database. months of life primarily because of poten- bility (federalist democracy) and cultural tial immunological benefits which are diversity (e.g., 4 languages within 200 S.R. Woodward, U. Perego, N. Myres. deemed to outweigh nutritive costs for km). Starting from low income levels in Sorenson Molecular Genealogy Founda- infants. This recommendation is contro- the second half of the 19th Century, the tion, 2511 South West Temple, Salt Lake versial as studies on the relation between catch-up process to the industrialized City, Utah. duration of EBF and childhood health leading countries was outstanding. In have produced conflicting results. Among 1950, i.e. the end of our observation pe- The Sorenson Molecular Genealogy the Makushi Amerindians of Guyana, riod, per capita GDP was higher than for Foundation has constructed, and is con- recent developments are leading to an any other European country (Maddison, tinuing to build, a large, correlated ge- erosion of traditional breast feeding prac- 2001). netic and genealogical database for use in tices in favor of those advocated by the Anthropometric data of male conscripts the verification and reconstruction of WHO. The objective of this paper is to (height, body mass, arm and chest circum- human genealogies over the last 10-12 compare mortality rates for children of ferences) are linked to regional economic generations. The database currently con- Makushi mothers who practiced EBF for indicators (prices, inequality measures), sists of approximately 60,000 DNA sam- less than or more than six months. This agricultural production and income. In ples and corresponding genealogical data. analysis is based on recall data from 60 addition, we take individual physical abil- The DNA data consists of 43 STR markers mothers. On average, informants were ity records and social-cultural background on the Y-chromosome, mtDNA sequence, 40+10 years of age, had 7.5+3.0 children, information into account, as e.g., cultural both D-loop and complete mtGenome se- practiced EBF for 5.8+2.8 months, and diversity affects diet. Analyzing these quence, autosomal and X chromosome terminated breastfeeding at 19.6+6.7 time series revealed an additional meth- STR's. The genealogical data consists of months. Forty three percent of the infor- odological advantage: the data are unbi- four or more generations of names, birth- mants practiced EBF for >6 months and, ased, because of the fact that it is a draft dates, birthplaces and relationships for on average, had higher rates of childhood army; up to 90 per cent of annual male each proband. Genealogical information mortality than did those women who prac- birth cohorts are assessed. in the database have been merged to ex- ticed EBF for <6 months. The difference, Our results shed light on the relation- tend most of the genealogical lines beyond however, was not significant. Relative ship between a favorable economic envi- the four generations. Approximately risk assessment demonstrates that those ronment and improved biological condi- 15,000 Y-chromosome STR haplotypes women who practice EBF >6 months had tions. have been determined and are currently a 41% higher chance of losing a child be- searchable on a publicly accessible data- tween the ages of 1—5 years. Notably, The complex genetic landscape of base (www.smgf.org). mtDNA sequence, this is occurring among mothers who are Africa: a Y chromosome perspective both D-loop and complete genomes, are not energetically stressed. This study currently in progress. Approximately 2 suggests that early supplementation may Elizabeth T. Wood1,2, Daryn A. Stover1, million autosomal STR genotypes have be beneficial for the infant. While recall Veronica Chamberlain1, Christopher been produced. Algorithms for matching data are problematic, these data are use- Ehret3, Giovanni Destro-Bisol4, Michael F. an merging genealogical data have been ful in revealing a pattern that warrants Hammer1,2. 1Genomics Analysis and refined and population structuring based further investigation as WHO recommen- Technology Core and 2Department of on genetic data performed. dations supplant traditional Makushi Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Uni- breastfeeding practices. versity of Arizona, Tucson, AZ The Delacour’s langur in northern Funding: Iwokrama International Cen- 3Department of History, University of Los Vietnam: adaptations to a harsh envi- tre for Rainforest Conservation and De- Angeles, CA 4Deparment of Animal and ronment. velopment, University of Calgary, Wen- Human Biology, University La Sapienza, ner-Gren Foundation. Rome, Italy C. Workman. Department of Biological Anthropology & Anatomy, Duke Univer- The biological standard of living: An Africa is a diverse continent with a long sity. analysis of anthropometric data from history of migrations. The recent expan- the Swiss Army, 1865-1950. sions of Bantu-speaking farmers have had The Delacour’s langur (Trachypithecus an extraordinary impact on linguistic, delacouri) is one of the world’s most criti- cultural, and biological variation in Af- cally endangered primate species, with 190 AAPA Abstracts

only 270-302 individuals remaining in the temporomandibular joint are examined in This project was supported by the Jef- wild. Survivors are endemic to forested detail. fress Memorial Trust. limestone mountains of Northern Vietnam Our findings demonstrate that modal and are restricted to 19 small, isolated shear strain throughout the face is high- Do the number of daily jaw loading subpopulations in Ha Nam, Hoa Binh, est during incision, when muscles are cycles help explain food resource Ninh Binh, and Thanh Hoa Provinces modeled based on EMG during incision partitioning among three sympatric (Nadler et al., 2003). Van Long Nature and mastication. The most asymmetrical species of Hapalemur in Ranomafana Reserve, a 2643 hectare wetland reserve pattern of shear strain occurs during ca- National Park, Madagascar? in Northern Vietnam, contains the largest nine biting, while shear strain is most of these remaining subpopulations, with symmetrical about the face when biting N. Yamashita1, M. Cooley2, C.L. Tan3, C.J. about 80 individuals distributed in 8 with the anterior dentition or with the Vinyard4. 1Dept. Cell & Neurobiology, groups across several rugged karst moun- most distal molars. At every bite location University of Southern California, 2Dept. tain chains covering 1784 hectares, for strain decreases from the alveolar margin of Anthropology, Kent State University, which the dominant vegetation is secon- to the orbits, but the pattern of maximum 3Center for Reproduction of Endangered dary forest on limestone. shear strain decreases cranially in a less Species, Zoological Society of San Diego. During July 2005, ecological and behav- linear fashion on the working side during 4Dept. Anatomy, NEOUCOM. ioral research was conducted at Van Long, biting. concentrating on two of these eight Supported by NSF grants SBR 9706676 Behavioral observations show that groups. Average group size is 15, with an and BCS 0240865. three sympatric species of bamboo lemur average age/size group composition of one (Hapalemur simus, H.aureus, and adult male, 6-9 adult females, 3-5 Tail use during bipedalism in Pro- H.g.griseus) feed on different bamboo subadults, and 2 infants more than 4 pithecus verreauxi parts. Previous analyses indicated a size- months of age. Groups use sleeping caves correlated increase in maximal bite force at night. Eighteen soil samples were col- R.E. Wunderlich and M.R. Hrabak, De- generation and dietary mechanical prop- lected from karst microclimates to be ana- partments of Biology and Physics, James erties among these three species, which lyzed for mineral content. Since its desig- Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA. differ in size. However, we observed in- nation as a nature reserve in 2001, hunt- terspecific overlap in maximum biting ing of Delacour’s langurs has ceased Bipedalism is rare among primates; ability. This suggests individuals from a within the reserve and total population only humans, hylobatids and indrids are smaller species could mechanically break size has increased. Van Long’s resident exclusive bipeds when on the ground. down foods eaten by the next larger spe- langur groups represent the most viable Indrids, although phylogenetically dis- cies. Given overlapping, but on average chance for species perpetuation and scien- tant, share with hominoids a number of dissimilar, biting abilities, we ask tific study. behavioral and anatomical features in- whether frequency-based differences re- Supported by Conservation Interna- cluding orthograde postures, large grasp- lated to repetitive daily loading might tional’s Primate Action Fund. ing halluces, loss of the tail in some contribute to food resource partitioning. groups, and use of bipedalism terrestri- We estimated the number of biting (oral Finite element analysis of craniofa- ally. While Indri has almost completely preparation) and chewing cycles per day cial strain during incision and masti- lost its tail, the somewhat smaller Pro- for each species from video taken in the cation using a macaque model. pithecus uses bipedalism regularly and field. Bites/chews per minute were aver- possesses a tail (unique among primate aged over several feeding bouts, then B.W. Wright1, B.G. Richmond1, D.S. bipeds). Propithecus and other leaping these values were multiplied by time Strait2, P.C. Dechow3, C.F. Ross4, M.A. strepsirhines use their tails to induce spent feeding per day to estimate the daily Spencer5, Q. Wang3. 1Center for the Ad- body rotations during the aerial phase of number of biting/chewing cycles. vanced Study of Hominid Paleobiology, vertical clinging and leaping (VCL) and Preliminary estimates indicate all three Department of Anthropology, George for deceleration during landing, however species perform tens of thousands of Washington University, 2Department of it is unclear if the tail plays a role in bi- bites/chews per day. Additionally, there is Anthropology, University at Albany, pedalism. a size-correlated decrease in daily cycle 3Department of Biomedical Sciences, Here we describe the osteology and number with the smaller H.g.grisues ex- Baylor College of Dentistry, 4Department myology of the Propithecus tail and kine- hibiting the most bites/chews per day and of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, Uni- matics of the Propithecus tail during bi- H.simus the fewest. Given that certain versity of Chicago, 5Institute of Human pedal galloping. Radiographs and dissec- individuals from smaller species 1) bite as Origins, Arizona State University. tions illustrate that Propithecus possesses hard as individuals from the next larger 25 tail vertebrae that increase in length species and 2) bite/chew at least as fre- In vivo strain experiments have shown from the most proximal to the 7th vertebra quently, it is unlikely that the number of that, at several locations on the face, and then decrease in size to the tip. Mus- repetitive loads by itself plays a key role strain magnitudes and directions differ cle arrangements are similar to those in in resource partitioning. Additional fac- between anterior-tooth biting and cheek- other leaping primates with tendons tors related to dental and/or jaw-muscle tooth mastication. However, the available spanning 1-6 vertebrae. Tail kinematics mechanical efficiency merit further con- strain gage sites and experimental data during bipedalism were examined with sideration. are limited by the lack of precise control respect to a theoretical model to assess Supported by National Geographic So- over bite point location. In this study we the contribution of the tail to balance, ciety, Zoological Society of San Diego, and explore the influence of bite point location propulsion, and rotation. Propithecus NSF. on the magnitude and pattern of strain in extends the tail at touch down and flexes the face using a previously validated FE it during take-off. Mediolateral move- The benefits of using faunal DNA for model of a Macaca fascicularis cranium. ments are most prominent during lead optimizing ancient DNA techniques. We test several hypotheses regarding limb switching. Propithecus tail function relative strain magnitude and distribution during bipedalism is similar to that dur- D.Y. Yang, C.F. Speller and K. Watt, An- in the face. Strain magnitude and direc- ing VCL, decelerating the body and rotat- cient DNA Laboratory, Department of tion in specific regions of the skull, includ- ing the hindlimbs into landing position Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, ing the rostrum, palate, postorbital bar, and initiating rotations during lead limb Burnaby, BC, Canada. supraorbital torus and glenoid fossa of the switching. AAPA Abstracts 191

The field of ancient DNA has always nasal cavity were also measured to deter- N.M. Young, B. Hallgrímsson. Depart- faced two tremendous challenges: DNA mine if they co-vary with SA/V. Results of ment of Cell Biology and Anatomy, degradation and sample contamination; this analysis indicate that individuals of University of Calgary. efforts are still being made to develop European descent possess significantly more effective techniques to overcome higher SA/V ratios than both native Afri- The tetrapod forelimb and hindlimb are these difficulties. Ancient faunal DNA can cans and individuals of African descent serially homologous structures that share play a unique role in developing and op- and that nasal aperture dimensions are a broad range of developmental pathways timizing such methods because of its in- correlated with SA/V, although not as responsible for their patterning and trinsic advantage over ancient human highly as dimensions of the nasal cavity. outgrowth. Here we assess a hierarchical DNA, namely that modern human DNA This research was supported by the model of limb covariation structure which from researchers and lab supplies can be L.S.B. Leakey Foundation. is based on shared developmental factors effectively eliminated as a source of con- between limbs. Because covariation can tamination for faunal remains through Body mass distribution, forelimb introduce constraints on the production of careful primer design. Since the DNA kinematics and gait selection in pri- variation, we also test whether selection researcher can easily discriminate be- mates: an experimental test of an for morphologically divergent forelimbs or tween modern human contamination and evolutionary hypothesis. hindlimbs is associated with reduced the authentic ancient faunal DNA, ani- covariation between limbs. Our sample mals become an excellent proxy by which J.W. Young, B.A. Patel Interdepartmental includes primates, murines, a carnivoran, to monitor sample and lab contamination. Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sci- and a chiropteran that exhibit varying We conducted a series of experiments ences, Stony Brook University, Stony degrees of forelimb and hindlimb using ancient DNA from whale, salmon, Brook, NY. specialization, limb size divergence, rabbit, sheep and goat to demonstrate and/or phylogenetic relatedness. We their utility: 1) as proxy for human DNA The kinematics of primate quadrupedal analyze the pattern and significance of preservation; 2) to monitor potential lab locomotion differ from the quadrupedal between limb morphological covariation contamination by PCR products; 3) to locomotion of other mammals in several with linear distance data collected using evaluate the effectiveness of sample de- ways. Most primates use diagonal se- standard morphometric techniques and contamination methods; 4) to evaluate the quence footfall patterns rather than lat- analyzed by matrix correlations, ei- effectiveness of human contamination eral sequence footfall patterns. Addition- genanalysis, and partial correlations. controls in the DNA lab. This study dem- ally, primates walk with compliant fore- Results support a common limb onstrates how ancient faunal DNA analy- limb kinematics, characterized by pro- covariation structure across these taxa ses can benefit ancient human DNA stud- tracted arm postures at touchdown, pro- that is consistent with shared ies. nounced elbow yield and long duty factors. developmental factors, and reduced These unique aspects of primate locomotor covariation between limbs in non- Ecogeographic variation in human kinematics may stem from differences in quadruped species. These findings nasal passages. body mass distribution along the cranio- indicate that diversity in limb morphology caudal axis. If the whole-body center of has evolved without signficant T.R. Yokley. Department of Biological mass were positioned more caudally in modifications to a common covariation Anthropology & Anatomy, Duke Univer- primates than in other mammals, diago- structure, but that the higher degree of sity. nal sequence gaits would arguably be functional limb divergence in bats and to more stable and the forelimb would be some extent gibbons is associated with Nearly a century’s worth of research emancipated from its supporting function. weaker integration between limbs. This into ecogeographic variation in external We tested this hypothesis by measuring conclusion supports the hypothesis that nasal morphology has shown that indi- the gait kinematics of a female patas limb divergence, particularly selection for viduals from cold and/or dry climates tend monkey (Erythrocebus patas) wearing a increased functional specialization, to have tall, narrow noses, while individu- weighted belt (5-12% of the animal’s body involves the reduction of developmental als from hot and humid climates tend to mass) strapped above the pectoral girdle – factors common to both limbs, thereby have noses that are short and broad. This thereby shifting the position of the center reducing covariation. We discuss the pattern of variation in external nasal of mass cranially – and compared these implications of this research for the anatomy is thought to be related to the results to an unweighted control condi- evolution of primate limbs. amount of internal mucosal surface area tion. Duty factor, limb phasing, limb yield This research was funded by the relative to the volume of air within the and limb protraction angles were meas- Alberta Ingenuity Fund, the American nasal passages, but no one has explicitly ured. If body mass distribution is respon- School of Prehistoric Research, the Na- demonstrated this relationship. Individu- sible for primates’ unusual gait, increased tional Science and Engineering Research als whose ancestors evolved in colder, cranial mass should shift interlimb phas- Council grant #238992-02, Canada Fac- drier climates should possess higher sur- ing toward a lateral sequence gait and ulty Initiative grant #3923, and Alberta face-area-to-volume (SA/V) ratios than reduce the use of compliant forelimb Innovation and Science grant #URSI-01- individuals whose ancestors evolved in kinematics. Results indicate that al- 103-RI. warmer, more humid climates. A high though added weight caused significant SA/V ratio allows relatively more air to increases in forelimb duty factor, gait Workloads and activity patterns of come in contact with the mucosa, thereby selection and limb kinematics were unaf- three ancient Egyptian populations. facilitating more efficient heat and mois- fected. These results call into question ture exchange, whereas a low SA/V ratio the hypothesis that shifts in relative body M. Zabecki. Department of Anthropology, allows for better heat dissipation. To test mass may be responsible for the unusual University of Arkansas, Fayetteville. this hypothesis, mucosal surface areas gait kinematics of quadrupedal primates. and nasal passage volumes were collected Funded by NSF Grant BCS 0524988. Musculoskeletal stress markers have from a sample of CT scans of patients of been the subject of an increasing number European and African ancestry from the Serial homology and the evolution of of studies over the past decade. Other University of North Carolina Hospital as mammalian limb covariation methods of reconstructing past life ways well as a sample of native South Africans structure: Implications for primate are augmented by MSM research in the from Johannesburg Hospital. Skeletal evolution. Levant, North America, and Europe. An- dimensions of the nasal aperture and cient Egypt has not yet seen the benefits 192 AAPA Abstracts

of this type of analysis save for one pre- This paper compares these distinct data source area not only for its many indige- liminary study (Zabecki 2005). In this sets and places the results within the nous Siberian groups, but also for ances- paper, three samples from ancient Egypt context of the archaeologically recognis- tral Native Americans. At present, a are compared to investigate changing able potential sources for the cemetery number of tribes occupy the northern work patterns over time and place. population. slopes of the Altai Mountains and speak Fourteen muscle attachments on the Partially funded by the Barakat Trust closely related Turkic languages. To as- proximal limbs of individuals from two and the University of Southampton. sess their genetic structure and affinities Predynastic cemeteries (4000-3000 BC) with other native Siberian populations, we and one Old Kingdom cemetery (2500- The interface of Human Biology and analyzed over 500 maternally unrelated 2200 BC) were scored using the Medicine: applying concepts from individuals from the Southern and North- Hawkey/Merbs (1995) scoring system for human biology to growth interpreta- ern Altaic language groups. MSM. The data are approached in three tion in the clinical setting. We found that mitochondrial genetic ways in order to establish differences be- markers were significantly different in tween sites: overall workload, B.S. Zemel1,2, J.I. Schall2, 1Department of their distribution within Altaian groups, male/female differences, and age group Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania with the frequency of Eastern European differences. School of Medicine, 2Division of Gastroen- haplogroups varying from ~55% in Chel- In general, the workloads of all three terology and Nutrition, The Children's kans to about 80% in Tubalars and Altai- samples are on the low end of the scale Hospital of Philadelphia. kizhis. Although having a substantial compared with other populations from the ‘Turkic’ genetic heritage, the phy- literature. While differences between the Chronic diseases of childhood present logeographic stratification of individual three sites are not statistically significant, extraordinary opportunities to examine mtDNA haplotypes from the Tubalars and there is an obvious trend of increased unique aspects of human growth processes Altai-kizhi suggested their putative ge- habitual activity over time but a decrease and the growth reponse to adverse condi- netic links with the geographically distant in stressful activity (evidenced by enthe- tions. In clinical care, the focus, by neces- Northern Samoyed-speaking populations sopathies). Males consistently show sity is on the individual where these proc- and Paleoasiatic linguistic group of Kam- slightly higher scores than females, as is esses are difficult to detect. Yet, the con- chatka Peninsula. We believe that a com- true with all other populations. Adult age cepts of plasticity, adaptive response, mon contact zone may have existed in the groups show the most variance between population variation, genetic potential, forest-steppe belt of ancient Siberia dur- sites, with different degrees of work dis- tempo and canalization have important ing the Last Glacial Maximum. Its pres- played for each age group between the clinical implications. In pediatrics, growth ence would have allowed genetic exchange sites. Possible explanations for these is used as a screening tool and a bio- between many early Paleolithic groups, phenomena are presented. marker, and is sometimes among the first with the subsequent spread of languages Research was funded by NSF Grant presentations of underlying disease (e.g., in most recent times. The sharing of BCS-0119754. Crohn’s disease, cystic fibrosis). In other common ancestral genetic variants be- cases, growth failure is accepted by clini- tween linguistically distant populations Preliminary strontium ratio and non- cians as an unavoidable consequence of a indicates the importance of grouping metric trait analysis from a Islamic chronic disease or its treatment, as evi- separate language families in only their Spanish Medieval assemblage. denced by growth-specific growth charts linguistic contexts. It further highlights (e.g., sickle cell disease). Examples from the fact that population histories inferred S.R. Zakrzewski, K.A. Grinde, Depart- studies of children with a variety of disor- from archeological, cultural, or linguistic ment of Archaeology, University of South- ders will be presented to show that: (1) evidence do not necessarily overlap with ampton growth failure is often a stress-response in those drawn from genetic data. chronic disease. Rarely is the “adaptive” Little is known archaeologically about benefit evaluated, but such information is Skeletal and muscular comparison of the Islamic conquest of Spain in AD 711. sometimes essential to justify medical adult female chimpanzees (Pan trog- With the support of the local Imam, this is intervention ; (2) population variation and lodytes) and orangutan (Pongo pyg- being rectified by the excavation and longitudinal patterns are important indi- maeus). analysis of a large cemetery in Écija (lo- cators of patterns and magnitude of cated east of Sevilla on the Guadalquivir growth disruption; (3) the concept of ge- A.L. Zihlman1, R.K. McFarland2, C.E. plain). The cemetery contains an esti- netic potential is useful in demonstrating Underwood1. 1Department of Anthropol- mated 6000 inhumations. the magnitude of growth deficit but is ogy, University of California, Santa Cruz, A series of 60 adult skeletons have been rarely applied in clinical care; (4) both 2Biology Department, Cabrillo College. studied. Of these, 30 molar tooth samples human biologists and physicians are were obtained from 20 individuals for poorly equipped to characterize growth Chimpanzees and orangutans exhibit strontium analysis. The samples selected tempo and the potential for catch-up similar locomotor abilities but with differ- dated to the earliest period of use of the growth. ent emphases: chimpanzees through cemetery as these may represent the ini- propulsive weight-bearing during quadru- tial Islamic migrants into Iberia, poten- MtDNA story of Turkic-speaking Altai pedal locomotion, orangutans through tially made up of Berbers from North Af- populations: implication for the pre- climbing strength of long and flexible rica. The initial trace element analysis history of Siberia. forelimbs. Their locomotor preferences reveals a range of strontium Sr-87/Sr-86 correlate with bone and joint morphology, ratios for the individuals of 0.708187 to S.I. Zhadanov1, 2, L.P. Osipova2, M.C. soft tissue anatomy, and muscle and body 0.708856, indicating that the individuals Dulik1, M. Gubina2, T.G. Schurr1. mass. Our findings are built up from all resided in close proximity to one an- 1Department of Anthropology, University whole body dissections on two adult fe- other during childhood. of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; male chimpanzees and an adult female High frequencies of both unilateral and 2Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB orangutan. Chimpanzees have a relatively bilateral septal apertures (single and mul- RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia. long pelvis, femur, and short foot. Orangu- tiple) and emarginate or notched patellae tans have a relatively long clavicle, hume- were found. Furthermore a single case of The Altai region of South-Central Sibe- rus, radius, ulna, and hand, and a long os japonicum was noted. ria has been the focus of recent genetic foot equal to the length of the femur. The research because of its being the putative relatively heavy chimpanzee hindlimbs AAPA Abstracts 193

reach 20% of total body mass compared to “Meta-analysis” of Pubmed®-listed the orangutan’s 12.3%; chimpanzee fore- scientific studies performed on An- limbs fall at 16%, orangutans at 18%. cient Egyptian mummies. Muscle proportions and attachments un- derlie the flexibility of orangutan joints, L. Zweifel1, T. Böni2,3, F.J. Rühli2,4. for example, the absence of a ligamentum 1Medical Faculty, University of Zurich, teres in the hip joint is unlike any other Switzerland, 2Institute for the History of anthropoid. The chimpanzees’ more mas- Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzer- sive quadriceps femoris and less massive land, 3Orthopedic University Hospital hamstrings attach closer to the knee joint, Zurich, Switzerland, 4Institute of Anat- in contrast to the orangutan’s more mas- omy, University of Zurich, Switzerland. sive hamstrings that attach lower on the tibia, thus increasing their rotational Scientific studies of ancient Egyptian action. This report illustrates muscle, mummies have a long history, especially bone, and joint relationships and con- since the application of x-ray based meth- trasts the locomotor adaptations of these ods (König, 1896). Yet, a “meta-analytic” two great apes. review (a systematic and quantitative research tool as applied e.g. in evidence- The genetic structure of the Aleuts based medicine) of modern paleopa- and circumarctic populations and its thological studies on such mummies has implications for the peopling of North never been done before. The aim of our America. project is to analyze Pubmed®-listed stud- ies - as carried out on ancient Egyptian M. Zlojutro, R. Rubicz, M.H. Crawford. mummies / mummified tissue - by medical Department of Anthropology, University and Egyptological criteria. of Kansas. All paleopathologic studies of mummies performed since 1977- the year of the first The mtDNA variation for 198 Aleuts, as application of computed tomography (CT) well as North American and Asian popu- on mummified tissue (Lewin and Har- lations, were analyzed to reconstruct the wood-Nash, 1977) - have been included. To Aleuts’ genetic prehistory and to investi- maintain established scientific quality gate their role in the peopling of the Cir- standards, only studies published in cumarctic region. The Aleut mtDNAs Pubmed® (U.S. National Library of Medi- were found to be consistent with the Cir- cine database of biomedicine) have been cumarctic pattern by the fixation of sub- considered (n=73). Criteria to be reviewed haplogroups A3 and D2, and the exhibi- include e.g., place of study, examination tion of depressed diversity levels relative methods used or type of mummification of to Amerind and Siberian groups. Median- the mummy. joining network analysis revealed three The quality of the published data is star-like clusters in the Aleut sample. unexpectedly heterogenic; e.g. in terms of Corresponding mismatch distributions, account details of examination methods neutrality test scores, and coalescent date used or provenience information of a par- estimates for the identified clusters pro- ticular mummy. In 48% of all studies the vide evidence of two expansion events, one sex of the particular mummy was either occurring at approximately 19,900 B.P. not listed or doubtful. On the other hand, and the other at 5,400 B.P Based on these the historic age is listed in 92% of all re- findings and evidence from the archaeo- ports. A total of 29% of all studies have a logical record, four general models for the US origin. genetic prehistory of the Aleutian archi- This project helps to summarize and pelago are proposed: 1) biological continu- qualitatively validate the hitherto quite ity involving a kin-structured peopling of disperse paleopathologic information in the island chain; 2) intrusion and expan- this important field of research. Any feed- sion of a non-native biface-producing back (e.g. additional references) is most population; 3) amalgamation of Arctic welcome and shall be directed to: Small Tool tradition (ASTt) peoples char- [email protected]. acterized by subhaplogroup D2 with an older Anangula genetic substratum; and 4) biological continuity with significant gene flow from neighboring populations of the Alaskan mainland and Kodiak Island. Overall, the results of this study indicate a broad postglacial reexpansion of Na- Dene and Esko-Aleuts from reduced popu- lations within northern North America, with D2 representing a later infusion of Siberian mtDNAs into the Beringian gene pool.