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Diplomová Práce ZÁPADOČESKÁ UNIVERZITA V PLZNI FAKULTA ELEKTROTECHNICKÁ Katedra technologií a měření Diplomová práce Vývoj a rozvoj obnovitelných zdrojů energie ve světě Václav Brašna 2012 Vývoj a rozvoj obnovitelných zdrojů energie ve světě Václav Brašna, 2012 Prohlášení Předkládám tímto k posouzení a obhajobě diplomovou práci, zpracovanou na závěr studia na Fakultě elektrotechnické Západočeské univerzity v Plzni. Prohlašuji, že jsem tuto diplomovou práci vypracoval samostatně, s použitím odborné literatury a pramenů uvedených v seznamu, který je součástí této diplomové práce. Dále prohlašuji, že veškerý software, použitý při řešení této diplomové práce, je legální. V Plzni dne ....................... ................................................ Vývoj a rozvoj obnovitelných zdrojů energie ve světě Václav Brašna, 2012 Poděkování Chtěl bych tímto velice poděkovat panu Ing. Milanu Bělíkovi, Ph.D. za cenné rady k této diplomové práci. Dále bych chtěl poděkovat mým rodičům a celé mé rodině za poskytnutí zázemí a podporu ve studiu. Vývoj a rozvoj obnovitelných zdrojů energie ve světě Václav Brašna, 2012 Anotace: Diplomová práce se zaměřuje na obnovitelné zdroje energie využívané po celém světě. Jsou zde nastíněny základní principy výroby elektrické energie pomocí těchto zdrojů. Dále jsou v této práci analyzovány přírodní podmínky dávající příležitost k výrobě elektrické energie. Jsou zde popsána základní technická zařízení v elektrárnách. V závěrečné části se práce zaměřuje na vývoj výroby elektrické energie z obnovitelných zdrojů v různých oblastech světa. Klíčová slova: obnovitelné zdroje energie, sluneční energie, větrná energie, geotermální energie, vodní energie, energie moře, biomasa Vývoj a rozvoj obnovitelných zdrojů energie ve světě Václav Brašna, 2012 Evolution and development of renewable energy sources in the world Abstract: The diploma thesis aims at renewable resources of energy that are used worldwide. There are described basic principles of producing electricity by help of these resources. Furthermore, natural conditions are analyzed, that are giving opportunity to produce electricity. Then, basic technical devices in power stations are described. The final part deals with development of producing electricity from renewable resources in different areas of the world. Key words: renewable energy, solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, hydropower, ocean energy, biomass Vývoj a rozvoj obnovitelných zdrojů energie ve světě Václav Brašna, 2012 Obsah Úvod ....................................................................................................................................................... 11 1 Obnovitelné zdroje energie............................................................................................................ 12 1.1 Sluneční energie ..................................................................................................................... 12 1.1.1 Formy využití solární energie ......................................................................................... 13 1.1.1.1 Pasivní způsob ............................................................................................................ 14 1.1.1.2 Aktivní způsob ............................................................................................................ 14 1.2 Geotermální energie .............................................................................................................. 16 1.3 Větrná energie........................................................................................................................ 17 1.3.1 Vznik větru ..................................................................................................................... 18 1.3.2 Energie větru a výkon ..................................................................................................... 19 1.3.3 Druhy větrných motorů .................................................................................................. 20 1.3.3.1 Odporový princip........................................................................................................ 20 1.3.3.2 Vztlakový princip ........................................................................................................ 20 1.4 Energie vodních toků ............................................................................................................. 21 1.4.1 Energetický potenciál vodního toku ............................................................................... 22 1.4.2 Druhy vodních elektráren .............................................................................................. 22 1.5 Energie moře .......................................................................................................................... 23 1.5.1 Elektrárny využívající energii vln .................................................................................... 24 1.5.2 Energie mořských proudů .............................................................................................. 25 1.5.3 Přílivové elektrárny ........................................................................................................ 25 1.6 Biomasa .................................................................................................................................. 26 1.6.1 Druhy biomasy ............................................................................................................... 27 1.6.2 Zpracování biomasy ....................................................................................................... 28 1.6.2.1 Spalování nebo spoluspalování biomasy ................................................................... 28 1.6.2.2 Zplyňování a pyrolýza biomasy .................................................................................. 29 1.6.2.3 Výroba bioplynu ......................................................................................................... 29 1.6.2.4 Produkce kapalných biopaliv ...................................................................................... 31 2 Přírodní a technické podmínky ...................................................................................................... 32 2.1 Sluneční energie ..................................................................................................................... 32 2.1.1 Přírodní podmínky .......................................................................................................... 32 2.1.2 Technické podmínky ...................................................................................................... 33 7 Vývoj a rozvoj obnovitelných zdrojů energie ve světě Václav Brašna, 2012 2.1.2.1 Fotovoltaické články ................................................................................................... 33 2.1.2.2 Tepelné sluneční elektrárny ....................................................................................... 36 2.2 Geotermální energie .............................................................................................................. 37 2.2.1 Přírodní podmínky .......................................................................................................... 37 2.2.2 Technické podmínky ...................................................................................................... 40 2.2.2.1 Geotermální elektrárna s principem na suchou páru ................................................ 40 2.2.2.2 Geotermální elektrárna s principem na mokrou páru ............................................... 40 2.2.2.3 Geotermální elektrárna pracující s principem na horkou vodu (binární princip) ...... 41 2.2.2.4 Další technické požadavky ......................................................................................... 41 2.3 Větrná energie........................................................................................................................ 41 2.3.1 Přírodní podmínky .......................................................................................................... 41 2.3.2 Technické podmínky ...................................................................................................... 43 2.3.2.1 Stožár větrné elektrárny............................................................................................. 44 2.3.2.2 Vrtule větrné elektrárny ............................................................................................. 45 2.3.2.3 Gondola větrné elektrárny ......................................................................................... 46 2.3.2.4 Elektrárna Darrieus se svislou osou ........................................................................... 48 2.4 Energie vody ........................................................................................................................... 48 2.4.1 Přírodní podmínky .......................................................................................................... 48 2.4.2 Technické podmínky ...................................................................................................... 50 2.4.2.1 Strojovna .................................................................................................................... 50 2.4.2.2 Typy turbín ................................................................................................................. 50 2.4.2.3 Přehradní hráz ............................................................................................................ 53 2.5 Energie moře .........................................................................................................................
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