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Can Shelterwood Logging Maintain Herb Layer Diversity in a Beech Forest in Turkey?
Yılmaz - Yılmaz: Herb layer diversity in a beech forest in Turkey - 487 - CAN SHELTERWOOD LOGGING MAINTAIN HERB LAYER DIVERSITY IN A BEECH FOREST IN TURKEY? YILMAZ, O. Y.1* – YILMAZ, H.2 1Department of Surveying and Cadastre, Faculty of Forestry, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul 34473, Turkey 2Ornamental Plant Cultivation Program, Vocational School of Forestry, Istanbul University- Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul 34473, Turkey (phone: +90-212-338-2400; fax: +90-212-338-2428) *Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]; phone: +90-212-338-2400; fax: +90-212-226-1113 (Received 9th Sep 2019; accepted 15th Nov 2019) Abstract. The abundance and diversity of forest understory vegetation can be significantly impacted by forest management. Besides having a wide geographical distribution in Turkey, the Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) is also one of the economically important timber species of the country. The aim of this study is to compare the understory herb layer communities of mature and young beech stands which regenerated as a result of the shelterwood method. We studied understory plant species diversity and composition in 16 plots in old and young beech stands in Belgrad Forest near İstanbul, Turkey. We found no significant differences between the two stand types in understory plant diversity but understory species compositions in two stand types were found to be different. Our finding can be useful for forest management planning; by focusing on stand scale to achieve forest management conserving understory plant diversity in a forest. Keywords: Belgrad Forest, understory composition, indicator species, pure beech stands, stand age Introduction Herb layer vegetation is an important component for biodiversity conservation efforts because it contains the majority of vascular plant species diversity and plays a significant role in forest ecosystem functioning (Augusto et al., 2003; Lorenz et al., 2006; Gilliam, 2007; Ellum, 2009). -
Poverty, Forest Dependence and Migration in Forest
Poverty, Forest Dependence and Migration in the Forest Communities of Turkey Evidence and policy impact analysis POVERTY, FOREST DEPENDENCE AND MIGRATION IN THE FOREST COMMUNITIES OF TURKEY A B POVERTY, FOREST DEPENDENCE AND MIGRATION IN THE FOREST COMMUNITIES OF TURKEY Poverty, Forest Dependence and Migration in the Forest Communities of Turkey Evidence and policy impact analysis JUNE, 2017 Acknowledgements This paper was prepared by a combined team1 of World Bank staff and consultants, working with local Turkish consultants and stakeholders in close collaboration.2 The team would like to acknowledge the efforts of UDA Consulting in Turkey for the survey’s design and implementation. The team would like to acknowledge the support and design contributions of the Program for Forests (PROFOR), who also funded this study. Additionally, the team would like to acknowledge the cooperation of the General Directorate of Forestry (GDF), who provided guidance and the oversight of information that led to the construction of the survey and sample design. The findings from this paper form an integral part of a much broader engagement with the Turkish GDF through a jointly-produced Forest Policy Note. 1 The Team comprised: Craig M. Meisner (World Bank, Task Team Leader and Sr Environmental Economist), Limin Wang (World Bank, Consultant), Raisa Chandrashekhar Behal (World Bank, Consultant), and Priya Shyamsundar (World Bank, Consultant), Andrew Mitchell (World Bank, Sr Forestry Specialist), and Esra Arikan (World Bank, Sr Environmental Specialist). 2 Local Turkish collaborators included: UDA Consulting for survey implementation and the Central Union of Turkish Forestry Cooperatives (OR-KOOP). CONTENTS Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................................... 3 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. -
Oystershell Scale
Quick IPM Facts W289-R Oystershell Scale Lepidosaphes ulmi Host Plants Oystershell scale attacks 85 plant genera from 33 plant families including: • Birch Mother scale • Boxwood • Crabapple • Dogwood • Elm Dead crawlers • Hawthorn • Lilac Live crawlers • Linden Description • Magnolia • Maple Oystershell scale gets its name from the oystershell appearance • Ornamental cherry of its waxy coating. This armored scale insect has two forms: the • brown/apple form and the lilac form. It is an economically important pest Pear in nurseries, landscapes and orchards. The oystershell scale is mainly a • Redbud northern species and is commonly found in most states except those • Smoketree bordering Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico. • Viburnum • Willow Life Cycle Oystershell scale overwinter as white eggs protected beneath the waxy covering of the adult female scale. The crawlers hatch in the spring and then move a small distance from their mother before settling on the bark to feed (live and dead crawlers and adult scale are circled above). Crawlers form their own protective wax coating about a week later. Because of this narrow window, coordinating spray applications with crawler emergence is very important for achieving good control. Depending on the host and geographic location, oystershell scale may produce one to two generations per year. Monitoring Adult scale Look on the bark for the oystershell-shaped scale covers. Check beneath the scale covers for healthy, white eggs in the spring to estimate the effectiveness of previous control strategies. In late May, begin scouting for crawlers from the first-generation egg hatch, then again in late July when eggs from the second generation hatch. -
ARTHROPODA Subphylum Hexapoda Protura, Springtails, Diplura, and Insects
NINE Phylum ARTHROPODA SUBPHYLUM HEXAPODA Protura, springtails, Diplura, and insects ROD P. MACFARLANE, PETER A. MADDISON, IAN G. ANDREW, JOCELYN A. BERRY, PETER M. JOHNS, ROBERT J. B. HOARE, MARIE-CLAUDE LARIVIÈRE, PENELOPE GREENSLADE, ROSA C. HENDERSON, COURTenaY N. SMITHERS, RicarDO L. PALMA, JOHN B. WARD, ROBERT L. C. PILGRIM, DaVID R. TOWNS, IAN McLELLAN, DAVID A. J. TEULON, TERRY R. HITCHINGS, VICTOR F. EASTOP, NICHOLAS A. MARTIN, MURRAY J. FLETCHER, MARLON A. W. STUFKENS, PAMELA J. DALE, Daniel BURCKHARDT, THOMAS R. BUCKLEY, STEVEN A. TREWICK defining feature of the Hexapoda, as the name suggests, is six legs. Also, the body comprises a head, thorax, and abdomen. The number A of abdominal segments varies, however; there are only six in the Collembola (springtails), 9–12 in the Protura, and 10 in the Diplura, whereas in all other hexapods there are strictly 11. Insects are now regarded as comprising only those hexapods with 11 abdominal segments. Whereas crustaceans are the dominant group of arthropods in the sea, hexapods prevail on land, in numbers and biomass. Altogether, the Hexapoda constitutes the most diverse group of animals – the estimated number of described species worldwide is just over 900,000, with the beetles (order Coleoptera) comprising more than a third of these. Today, the Hexapoda is considered to contain four classes – the Insecta, and the Protura, Collembola, and Diplura. The latter three classes were formerly allied with the insect orders Archaeognatha (jumping bristletails) and Thysanura (silverfish) as the insect subclass Apterygota (‘wingless’). The Apterygota is now regarded as an artificial assemblage (Bitsch & Bitsch 2000). -
Coleoptera: Coccinellidae): Influence of Subelytral Ultrastructure
Experimental & Applied Acarology, 23 (1999) 97–118 Review Phoresy by Hemisarcoptes (Acari: Hemisarcoptidae) on Chilocorus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae): influence of subelytral ultrastructure M.A. Houck* Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409–3131, USA (Received 9 January 1997; accepted 17 April 1998) ABSTRACT The non-phoretic stages of mites of the genus Hemisarcoptes are predators of the family Diaspididae. The heteromorphic deutonymph (hypopus) maintains a stenoxenic relationship with beetles of the genus Chilocorus. The mites attach to the subelytral surface of the beetle elytron during transport. There is variation in mite density among species of Chilocorus. Both Hemisarcoptes and Chilocorus have been applied to biological control programmes around the world. The objective of this study was to determine whether subelytral ultrastructure (spine density) plays a role in the evolution of symbiosis between the mite and the beetle. The subelytral surfaces of 19 species of Chilocorus and 16 species of Exochomus were examined. Spine density was determined for five subelytral zones: the anterior pronotal margin, medial central region, caudoventral tip, lateral distal margin and epipleural region. Spine density on the subelytral surface of Chilocorus and Exochomus was inversely correlated with the size of the elytron for all zones except the caudoventral tip. This suggests that an increase in body size resulted in a redistribution of spines and not an addition of spines. The pattern of spine density in Exochomus and Chilocorus follows a single size–density trajectory. The pattern of subelytral ultrastructure is not strictly consistent with either beetle phylogeny or beetle allometry. The absence of spines is not correlated with either beetle genus or size and species of either Chilocorus or Exochomus may be devoid of spines in any zone, irrespective of body size. -
Evaluating a Standardized Protocol and Scale for Determining Non-Native Insect Impact
A peer-reviewed open-access journal NeoBiota 55: 61–83 (2020) Expert assessment of non-native insect impacts 61 doi: 10.3897/neobiota.55.38981 RESEARCH ARTICLE NeoBiota http://neobiota.pensoft.net Advancing research on alien species and biological invasions The impact is in the details: evaluating a standardized protocol and scale for determining non-native insect impact Ashley N. Schulz1, Angela M. Mech2, 15, Craig R. Allen3, Matthew P. Ayres4, Kamal J.K. Gandhi5, Jessica Gurevitch6, Nathan P. Havill7, Daniel A. Herms8, Ruth A. Hufbauer9, Andrew M. Liebhold10, 11, Kenneth F. Raffa12, Michael J. Raupp13, Kathryn A. Thomas14, Patrick C. Tobin2, Travis D. Marsico1 1 Arkansas State University, Department of Biological Sciences, PO Box 599, State University, AR 72467, USA 2 University of Washington, School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, 123 Anderson Hall, 3715 W Stevens Way NE, Seattle, WA 98195, USA 3 U.S. Geological Survey, Nebraska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Unit, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 423 Hardin Hall, 3310 Holdrege Street, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA 4 Dartmouth College, Department of Biological Sciences, 78 College Street, Hanover, NH 03755, USA 5 The University of Georgia, Daniel B. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, 180 E. Green St., Athens, GA 30602, USA 6 Stony Brook University, Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA 7 USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station, 51 Mill Pond Rd., Hamden, CT 06514, USA 8 The Davey Tree Expert Company, 1500 N Mantua St., Kent, OH 44240, USA -
Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) As a Biocontrol Agent
CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources 2009 4, No. 046 Review Factors affecting utility of Chilocorus nigritus (F.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) as a biocontrol agent D.J. Ponsonby* Address: Ecology Research Group, Department of Geographical and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, North Holmes Road, Canterbury, Kent. CT1 1QU, UK. *Correspondence: Email: [email protected] Received: 30 March 2009 Accepted: 25 June 2009 doi: 10.1079/PAVSNNR20094046 The electronic version of this article is the definitive one. It is located here: http://www.cababstractsplus.org/cabreviews g CAB International 2009 (Online ISSN 1749-8848) Abstract Chilocorus nigritus (F.) has been one of the most successful coccidophagous coccinellids in the history of classical biological control. It is an effective predator of many species of Diaspididae, some Coccidae and some Asterolecaniidae, with an ability to colonize a relatively wide range of tropical and sub-tropical environments. It appears to have few natural enemies, a rapid numerical response and an excellent capacity to coexist in stable relationships with parasitoids. A great deal of literature relating to its distribution, biology, ecology, mass rearing and prey preferences exists, but there is much ambiguity and the beetle sometimes inexplicably fails to establish, even when conditions are apparently favourable. This review brings together the key research relating to factors that affect its utility in biocontrol programmes, including its use in indoor landscapes and temperate glasshouses. Data are collated and interpreted and areas where knowledge is lacking are identified. Recommendations are made for prioritizing further research and improving its use in biocontrol programmes. -
(Malus Domostica Borkhis) One of the -..::Egyptian Journal of Plant
Egypt. J. Plant Prot. Res. Inst. (2020), 3 (4): 1218-1240 Egyptian Journal of Plant Protection Research Institute www.ejppri.eg.net Survey and population dynamics of scale insects (Hemiptera :Coccoidea) infesting apple trees and thier natural enemies in Egypt EL-Amir, S. M.; Yomna, N. M. Abd Allah; Mona, Moustafa and Shaaban, Abd-Rabou Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt. ARTICLE INFO Abstract : Article History Apple (Malus domostica Borkhis) one of the most important Received: 5/ 10 /2020 deciduous fruit trees in Egypt. Scale insects (Hemiptera : Coccoidea) Accepted: 24/11 /2020 are the most important pests infested orchard trees including apple . The present work dealt with the survey of scale insects infested apple trees and their natural enemies in different locations in Egypt as well Keywords as population dynamics of the dominant species infested apple of Apple trees, survey , these pests. The results indicated that 21 species of scale insects were population dynamics , recorded infested apple trees in Egypt. The dominant species were scale insects , natural Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret), Lepidosaphes beckii (Newman) , enemies and Egypt. Lepidosaphes pallidula (Williams), Parlatoria oleae (Colvée) ((Hemiptera :Coccoidea: Diaspididae) , Planococcus citri (Risso), Planococcus ficus (Signoret) (Hemiptera :Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) and Russellaspis pustulans pustulans (Cockerell) (Hemiptera :Coccoidea: Asterolecaniidae). Also, in the present work 19 parasitoids and 2 hyperparasitiods and 33 predators were recorded associated with scale insects infesting apple trees. The dominant species were, the parasitoids Aphytis chrysomphali (Mercet), Aphytis maculicornis (Masi), Aphytis lepidosaphes Compere, Encarsia citrina (Craw) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), Leptomastidea abnormis (Girault) , Metaphycus asterolecanii (Mercet) and Zaplatycerus kemticus (Trjapitzin and Triapitsyn) (Hymenoptera : Encyrtidae) and the predators Chilocorus bipustulatus L. -
Habitat Selection of Small Mammals in a Mixed Forest in Turkey - 133
Bulut et al.: Habitat selection of small mammals in a mixed forest in turkey - 133 - HABITAT SELECTION OF SMALL MAMMALS IN A MIXED FOREST IN TURKEY BULUT, Ş.1* – KARATAŞ, A.2 – AYAŞ, Z.3 1Hitit University, Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Çorum, Turkey 2Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Department of Biology, Niğde, Turkey 3Hacettepe University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Ankara, Turkey *Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]; phone: +90-364-227-7000 (Received 25th May 2020; accepted 19th Nov 2020) Abstract. Small mammals is a non-taxonomic subgroup named on the basis of body size of individuals. This study was created from data obtained through the mark-recapture method of small terrestrial mammals in Populus tremula, thermophilic deciduous, steppes, conifer plantations and Abies sp. forest habitats in Turkey. Field studies were performed for a total of 14 months in 2014 and 2015. 758 individuals from seven species were captured in a total of 5250 days in trapping grid studies conducted in a total of 5 different types of habitat by a grid of 5 × 5 traps system. The average capture success in all was calculated as 14.44%. The species affected by temperature data were M. glareolus and D. nitedula. It was found that M. subterraneus showing increasing populations was negatively correlated with temperature. When considering the sex ratios, M. glareolus was under intense male pressure in steppe habitat. Indicator species were determined numerically and M. glareolus, M. subterraneus and D. nitedula were found to be decisive species for different habitats. -
(Coleoptera; Coccinellidae), from a MITE, Hemisarcoptes Cooremani
THE UPTAKE OF TRITIATED WATER BY A BEETLE, Chilocorus cacti (Coleoptera; Coccinellidae), FROM A MITE, Hemisarcoptes cooremani (Acari: Acariformes) by AURAL! E. HOLTE, B.S. A THESIS IN BIOLOGY Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Texas Tech University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Approved December, 1999 mr'-^'^-"""'^'" .——^—--— •« • "ji» • »j»«p»^"^i^»w /^n^^l C>^i^f ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank a number of people for their assistance and support in the completion of iS-f' 7^ this work. First, I would like to thank Dr. Marilyn Houck for her generous encouragement, understanding and guidance, without which I would not have been able to start or complete this project. I also thank the members of my committee. Dr. Nathan Collie and Dr. Richard Deslippe who provided valuable comments and information utilized for this research. Elizabeth Richards, Heather Roberts, and Qingtian Li were encouraging and helpful colleagues in all my endeavors as a graduate student. I also thank a number of people for personal support; foremost, Damon for without his devoted love, constant support and immutable encouragement, I would have not been able to accomplish this work. I v^sh to thank my family for all of the love and understanding they have given me, especially my mother who guided me with her example, demonstrating that I could do anything once I set my mind to it. I also would like to acknowledge all of the other friends and family members who have given me encouragement. Finally, financial support for this research was provided by the Texas Tech University Biology Department and the Bi-National Agricultural Research and Development grants (#IS-1397-87 and #US-2359-93C to M. -
This Article Appeared in a Journal Published by Elsevier. the Attached
This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues. Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party websites are prohibited. In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of the article (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website or institutional repository. Authors requiring further information regarding Elsevier’s archiving and manuscript policies are encouraged to visit: http://www.elsevier.com/copyright Author's personal copy Biological Conservation 144 (2011) 2752–2769 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Biological Conservation journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/biocon Review Turkey’s globally important biodiversity in crisis ⇑ Çag˘an H. Sßekerciog˘lu a,b, , Sean Anderson c, Erol Akçay d, Rasßit Bilgin e, Özgün Emre Can f, Gürkan Semiz g, Çag˘atay Tavsßanog˘lu h, Mehmet Baki Yokesß i, Anıl Soyumert h, Kahraman Ipekdal_ j, Ismail_ K. Sag˘lam k, Mustafa Yücel l, H. Nüzhet Dalfes m a Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0840, USA b KuzeyDog˘a Derneg˘i, Ismail_ Aytemiz Caddesi 161/2, 36200 Kars, Turkey c Environmental Science and Resource Management Program, 1 University Drive, California State University Channel Islands, Camarillo, CA 93012, USA d National Institute -
Timber Legality Risk Assessment Turkey
Timber Legality Risk Assessment Turkey Version 1.0 l September 2018 <MONTH> <YEAR> COUNTRY RISK ASSESSMENTS This risk assessment has been developed by NEPCon with support from the LIFE programme of the European Union, UK aid from the UK government and FSCTM. www.nepcon.org/sourcinghub NEPCon has adopted an “open source” policy to share what we develop to advance sustainability. This work is published under the Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 3.0 license. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this document, to deal in the document without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, and/or distribute copies of the document, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the document. We would appreciate receiving a copy of any modified version. Disclaimers This Risk Assessment has been produced for educational and informational purposes only. NEPCon is not liable for any reliance placed on this document, or any financial or other loss caused as a result of reliance on information contained herein. The information contained in the Risk Assessment is accurate, to the best of NEPCon’s knowledge, as of the publication date The European Commission support for the production of this publication does not constitute endorsement of the contents which reflect the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. This material has been funded by the UK aid from the UK government; however, the views expressed do not necessarily reflect the UK government’s official policies.