DOCSLIB.ORG

(Coleoptera; Coccinellidae), from a MITE, Hemisarcoptes Cooremani

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
(Coleoptera; Coccinellidae), from a MITE, Hemisarcoptes Cooremani THE UPTAKE OF TRITIATED WATER BY A BEETLE, Chilocorus cacti (Coleoptera; Coccinellidae), FROM A MITE, Hemisarcoptes cooremani (Acari: Acariformes) by AURAL! E. HOLTE, B.S. A THESIS IN BIOLOGY Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Texas Tech University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Approved December, 1999 mr'-^'^-"""'^'" .——^—--— •« • "ji» • »j»«p»^"^i^»w /^n^^l C>^i^f ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank a number of people for their assistance and support in the completion of iS-f' 7^ this work. First, I would like to thank Dr. Marilyn Houck for her generous encouragement, understanding and guidance, without which I would not have been able to start or complete this project. I also thank the members of my committee. Dr. Nathan Collie and Dr. Richard Deslippe who provided valuable comments and information utilized for this research. Elizabeth Richards, Heather Roberts, and Qingtian Li were encouraging and helpful colleagues in all my endeavors as a graduate student. I also thank a number of people for personal support; foremost, Damon for without his devoted love, constant support and immutable encouragement, I would have not been able to accomplish this work. I v^sh to thank my family for all of the love and understanding they have given me, especially my mother who guided me with her example, demonstrating that I could do anything once I set my mind to it. I also would like to acknowledge all of the other friends and family members who have given me encouragement. Finally, financial support for this research was provided by the Texas Tech University Biology Department and the Bi-National Agricultural Research and Development grants (#IS-1397-87 and #US-2359-93C to M. A. H.). 11 II III iiiiiiiir li y*"*''* * *••»• *''*^«*»*»"J^fcjt * *Mr^f t^^m m'm m w TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ii ABSTRACT v LIST OF TABLES vh LIST OF FIGURES vm CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION Scale Insects 2 Hemisarcoptes Chilocorus. Biological Control of Scale Insects 6 Coevolutionary Relationship of Hemisarcoptes and Chilocorus 8 Research Objective 9 IL MATERIALS AND METHODS 11 Laboratory Monocultures 11 Experimental Design 11 Cohort Conditions 12 Treatment Condifions 12 Controls 13 Cohort Number 14 Data Analysis 15 III. RESULTS 18 111 ^^r-fl K ^^mimm MM ^<fc ifM I•! 1 '^ •!>^Nr» 1^ « i Tritium Levels 18 Effects of Mite Numbers on Tritium Levels 19 Comparisons 19 IV. DISCUSSION 48 Future Directions 50 LITERATURE CITED 52 APPENDIX 59 IV 3BB h^jja^m i_.>.r»iT.»w;iviir!iiTirii-Trfiinfi tv •—i-, .•-. JT, ABSTRACT Understanding the origin and evolution of symbiotic interactions between extant species plays an important role in comprehending the nature of their ecological relationships. The dynamics of such complex evolutionary relationships must be examined from multiple perspectives, using both field and laboratory methods. Phoresy is a form of symbiotic interaction that results in dispersal. It is a coevolved interaction that benefits the dispersed organism but does not affect the phoretic host. In this thesis, I address a purportedly phoretic interaction between the deutonymphal stage (subadult) of a mite Hemisarcoptes cooremani (Astigmata: Acariformes) and the adult stage of the beetle Chilocorus cacti (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae), two potentially important biological control agents of scale insects. Past radiolabeling studies indicated that the deutonymph of//, cooremani acquired tritiated water from adult C. cacti, challenging the validity of the paradigm that this relationship, and many like it among the Astigmata, is phoretic. Passage of materials from one organism to another can be indicative of a parasitic relationship. This conclusion may be an incomplete assessment of a fuller relationship in which materials are freely passed among symbionts (mutualism). To probe this Hemisarcoptes- Chilocorus relationship, I conducted a tritiated radiolabel study, similar to the previous test, to determine whether materials were being passed from the deutonymphs to the beetles. The explicit research hypothesis was that tritiated water could be passed from the deutonymphs to the beetles during the symbiotic interaction. To test this hypothesis, wr^arntmmnmK*-^. * •^'»j'?'a£iL^lQ3MMMW)ottiiaCT-iflin«PirTi nr itrrnramniiiriri ft^J^M»M"~T. deutonymphs of//, cooremani were radiolabeled and then allowed to attach to C cacti. After remaining attached for 48-Hours, the beetles were tested for tritium concentrations. The results of this experiment demonstrated that beetles acquired tritium from the deutonymphs. Both the elytra and the body of the beetle showed significantly higher levels of tritium when mites were attached than when they were not. These results have interesting implications for understanding the complex relationship between Hemisarcoptes and Chilocorus. I propose that we now tentatively redefine this relationship as mutualistic. However, this judgment must be held in reserve until verified by examination of the potential fitness advantages conferred on both members of this interaction. VI asaBSBSss esacs^^-, - iT.^ - .-*<wt^ -ijiwi»M«gw||Tit-i^'inr''TT«iiflTfiftfmftiTifirtfiim^^ i i LIST OF TABLES 2.1 Full-Blocked Design of Experiment (Treatment and Controls) 16 2.2 Experimental Blocked Design of the Treatment and Controls 17 3.1 Summary of Tritium Concentrafion in Beetle Bodies at the End of the 48-Hour Experimental Exposure 22 3.2 Summary of Tritium Concentration in Beetle Elytra at the End of the 48-Hour Experimental Exposure 22 3.3 Number of Mites Attached to Each Beefie in the Treatment and Control #1 23 3.4 Results oft-test for All Pair-Wise Comparisons of Tritium Concentrations in the Beetle Bodies after the 48-Hour Experimental Exposure 24 3.5 Results oft-test for All Pair-Wise Comparisons of Tritium Concentrations in the Beetle Elytra after the 48-Hour Experimental Exposure 24 3.6 Results of Mann-Whitney test for All Pair-Wise Comparisons of Tritium Concentrations in the Beetle Bodies after the 48-Hour Experimental Exposure. 25 3.7 Results of Mann-Whitney test for All Pair-Wise Comparisons of Tritium Concentrations in the Beetle Elytra after the 48-Hour Experimental Exposure. 25 A. 1 Tritium Concentrations (dpm) from Beetle Bodies after the 48-Hour Experimental Exposure 60 A.2 Tritium Concentrations (dpm) from Beetle Bodies after the 48-Hour Experimental Exposure 61 Vll JB ^7^-.^. ^,. ,-^,>. ........1.-.., • ,».. ^.....^ •„„.^ LIST OF FIGURES 3.1 Trifium Concentrations from Beetle Body after 48-Hour Exposure of Treatment 26 3.2 Frequency Distribufion of Tritium Concentrafion in Beefie's Bodies after 48-Hour Exposure of Treatment 27 3.3 Tritium Concentrations from Beetle Elytra after 48-Hour Exposure of Treatment 28 3.4 Frequency Distribution of Tritium Concentration in Beetle's Elytra after 48-Hour Exposure of Treatment 29 3.5 Tritium Concentrations from Beetle Body after 48-Hour Exposure of Control #1 30 3.6 Frequency Distribution of Tritium Concentration in Beetle's Bodies after 48-Hour Exposure of Control #1 31 3.7 Tritium Concentrations from Beetle Elytra after 48-Hour Exposure of Control #1 32 3.8 Frequency Distribution of Tritium Concentration in Beetle's Elytra after 48-Hour Exposure of Control #1 33 3.9 Tritium Concentrations from Beetle Body after 48-Hour Exposure of Control #2 34 3.10 Frequency Distribution of Tritium Concentration in Beetle's Bodies after 48-Hour Exposure of Control #2 35 3.11 Tritium Concentrations from Beetle Elytra after 48-Hour Exposure of Control #2 36 3.12 Frequency Distribufion of TriUum Concenlration in BeeUe\ Elytra after 48-Hour Exposure of Control #2 37 3.13 Tritium Concentrations from Beetle Body after 48-Hour Exposure of Control #3 38 3.14 Frequency Distribufion of Trifium Concentration in Beefie's Bodies after 48-Hour Exposure of Control #3 39 viii 3.15 Tritium Concentrations from Beetle Elytra after 48-Hour Exposure of Control #3 40 3.16 Frequency Distribution of Tritium Concentration in Beetle" s Elytra after 48-Hour Exposure of Control #3 41 3.17 Correlation Between Number of Deutonymphs Attached to a Beetle and the Tritium Concentration from that Beetle's Body after the 48-Hour Exposure Period in the Treatment 42 3.18 Correlation Between Number of Deutonymphs Attached to a Beetle and the Tritium Concentration from that Beetle's Elytra after the 48-Hour Exposure Period in the Treatment 43 3.19 Correlation Between Number of Deutonymphs Attached to a Beetle and the Tritium Concentration from that Beetle's Body after the 48-Hour Exposure Period in Control #1 44 3.20 Correlation Between Number of Deutonymphs Attached to a Beetle and the Tritium Concentration from that Beetle's Elytra after the 48-Hour Exposure Period in Control #1 45 3.21 Summary Boxplots and Median Tritium Concentrations from the Beetle's Bodies for the Treatment and All Controls 46 3.22 Summary Boxplots and Median Tritium Concentrations from the Beetle's Elytra for the Treatment and All Controls 47 IX ^... < a»« V'J*^-J^^^•S•^' Ji' ^>*•• ••-!' CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Coevolution has played a significant role in the adaptation of organisms to their environments. Coevolufion, reciprocal changes caused in interacting organisms over time (Brooks and McLennan, 1993), can be seen in many different types of interactions including phoresy, parasifism and mutualism. Phoresy can be defined as an interspecific relationship in which one organism attaches to another for the sole purpose of transportafion (Houck and OConnor, 1991). Phoretic relafionships can be ancient and can involve major morphological adaptations for attachment, including grasping appendages and sucker plates (Houck and OConnor, 1991; Houck, 1993). Although the goal of phoresy is simply dispersal, the relationships between the organisms involved can be complex (Krombein, 1962; Fain and Ide, 1976; Crawford, 1984; Houck and OConnor, 1991). Parasitism requires that nutritional benefit be obtained from the host, during association, without killing it (Vinson, 1974). The parasite typically adapts to the host's natural defenses while the host is selected to maintain strategies that limit the extent of the parasitic infection (Esch and Fernandez, 1993).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 2013 Newsletter
    &(17(5)25%,2/2*,&$/&21752/1(:6/(77(5 &(17(5)25%,2/2*,&$/&21752/ )$08&$)6 1(:6/(77(5 )ORULGD$ 08QLYHUVLW\ &2//(*(2)$*5,&8/785($1')22'6&,(1&(6 7DOODKDVVHH)/ 9ROXPH /DG\ELUGBHHWOH3UHGDWRU&KLORFRUXVFDFWL 0D\&RQWURO1HZ,QYDVLYH3HVWRI)ORULGD ,16,'(7+,6,668( Lambert Kanga, Ph.D. &U\SWLFHU\DJHQLVWDH (Hemiptera: Margarodidae) also known as soybean scale is an invasive scale insect native to Brazil. The insect was originally described as (GLWRULDO ,FHU\DJHQLVWDH by Hempel (1912). It has been found in Florida, Barbados, Puerto Rico, Guadeloupe, Dominican Republic and Haiti (Fig. 1). There is a very little information available on this scale insect and its biology. The overall 5HVHDUFKDQG2XWUHDFK1HZV economic significance of this scale insect varied between the different countries infested by the scale. In Florida, &U\SWLF\HUD attacked more than 50 hosts in several plant families. The insect pest has been responsible for repeated crop 6WXGHQW1HZV losses in peanut in Barbados and readily attacks plants in the Leguminoseae family, including soybeans. &U\SWLFHU\D JHQLVWDH destroyed crops in the northeast 3XEOLFDWLRQV3UHVHQWDWLRQV Haiti affecting more than 10,000 ha. Two natural enemies, the ladybird beetle ($QRYLDFLUFXPFOXVD) and a Phorid fly (6\QHJHXUD FRFFLSKLOD Coquillett) have 6HPLQDUVDQG:RUNVKRSV been reported to provide successful control of & JHQLVWDH. Preliminary results in our cage studiessuggested the ladybeetle predator, &KLORFRUXVFDFWL (Lin naeus) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) (Fig. 2) could also be a promising biological control agent for &U\SWLFHU\DJHQLVWDH. 'U/DPEHUW.DQJD 'LUHFWRU3URIHVVRU)$08&%& 'UJesusa/HJDVSL &R'LUHFWRU86'$$56&0$9(&%& 'U5REHUW7D\ORU'HDQDQG'LUHFWRU &ROOHJHRI$JULFXOWXUHDQG)RRG6FLHQFHV This Newsletter is published by the &HQWHUIRU%LRORJLFDO &RQWURO.
    [Show full text]
  • Oystershell Scale
    Quick IPM Facts W289-R Oystershell Scale Lepidosaphes ulmi Host Plants Oystershell scale attacks 85 plant genera from 33 plant families including: • Birch Mother scale • Boxwood • Crabapple • Dogwood • Elm Dead crawlers • Hawthorn • Lilac Live crawlers • Linden Description • Magnolia • Maple Oystershell scale gets its name from the oystershell appearance • Ornamental cherry of its waxy coating. This armored scale insect has two forms: the • brown/apple form and the lilac form. It is an economically important pest Pear in nurseries, landscapes and orchards. The oystershell scale is mainly a • Redbud northern species and is commonly found in most states except those • Smoketree bordering Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico. • Viburnum • Willow Life Cycle Oystershell scale overwinter as white eggs protected beneath the waxy covering of the adult female scale. The crawlers hatch in the spring and then move a small distance from their mother before settling on the bark to feed (live and dead crawlers and adult scale are circled above). Crawlers form their own protective wax coating about a week later. Because of this narrow window, coordinating spray applications with crawler emergence is very important for achieving good control. Depending on the host and geographic location, oystershell scale may produce one to two generations per year. Monitoring Adult scale Look on the bark for the oystershell-shaped scale covers. Check beneath the scale covers for healthy, white eggs in the spring to estimate the effectiveness of previous control strategies. In late May, begin scouting for crawlers from the first-generation egg hatch, then again in late July when eggs from the second generation hatch.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetically Modified Baculoviruses for Pest
    INSECT CONTROL BIOLOGICAL AND SYNTHETIC AGENTS This page intentionally left blank INSECT CONTROL BIOLOGICAL AND SYNTHETIC AGENTS EDITED BY LAWRENCE I. GILBERT SARJEET S. GILL Amsterdam • Boston • Heidelberg • London • New York • Oxford Paris • San Diego • San Francisco • Singapore • Sydney • Tokyo Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier Academic Press, 32 Jamestown Road, London, NW1 7BU, UK 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA 525 B Street, Suite 1800, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, USA ª 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved The chapters first appeared in Comprehensive Molecular Insect Science, edited by Lawrence I. Gilbert, Kostas Iatrou, and Sarjeet S. Gill (Elsevier, B.V. 2005). All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (þ44) 1865 843830, fax (þ44) 1865 853333, e-mail [email protected]. Requests may also be completed on-line via the homepage (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/permissions). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Insect control : biological and synthetic agents / editors-in-chief: Lawrence I. Gilbert, Sarjeet S. Gill. – 1st ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-12-381449-4 (alk. paper) 1. Insect pests–Control. 2. Insecticides. I. Gilbert, Lawrence I. (Lawrence Irwin), 1929- II. Gill, Sarjeet S. SB931.I42 2010 632’.7–dc22 2010010547 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-0-12-381449-4 Cover Images: (Top Left) Important pest insect targeted by neonicotinoid insecticides: Sweet-potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci; (Top Right) Control (bottom) and tebufenozide intoxicated by ingestion (top) larvae of the white tussock moth, from Chapter 4; (Bottom) Mode of action of Cry1A toxins, from Addendum A7.
    [Show full text]
  • Arthropods of Elm Fork Preserve
    Arthropods of Elm Fork Preserve Arthropods are characterized by having jointed limbs and exoskeletons. They include a diverse assortment of creatures: Insects, spiders, crustaceans (crayfish, crabs, pill bugs), centipedes and millipedes among others. Column Headings Scientific Name: The phenomenal diversity of arthropods, creates numerous difficulties in the determination of species. Positive identification is often achieved only by specialists using obscure monographs to ‘key out’ a species by examining microscopic differences in anatomy. For our purposes in this survey of the fauna, classification at a lower level of resolution still yields valuable information. For instance, knowing that ant lions belong to the Family, Myrmeleontidae, allows us to quickly look them up on the Internet and be confident we are not being fooled by a common name that may also apply to some other, unrelated something. With the Family name firmly in hand, we may explore the natural history of ant lions without needing to know exactly which species we are viewing. In some instances identification is only readily available at an even higher ranking such as Class. Millipedes are in the Class Diplopoda. There are many Orders (O) of millipedes and they are not easily differentiated so this entry is best left at the rank of Class. A great deal of taxonomic reorganization has been occurring lately with advances in DNA analysis pointing out underlying connections and differences that were previously unrealized. For this reason, all other rankings aside from Family, Genus and Species have been omitted from the interior of the tables since many of these ranks are in a state of flux.
    [Show full text]
  • Coleoptera: Coccinellidae): Influence of Subelytral Ultrastructure
    Experimental & Applied Acarology, 23 (1999) 97–118 Review Phoresy by Hemisarcoptes (Acari: Hemisarcoptidae) on Chilocorus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae): influence of subelytral ultrastructure M.A. Houck* Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409–3131, USA (Received 9 January 1997; accepted 17 April 1998) ABSTRACT The non-phoretic stages of mites of the genus Hemisarcoptes are predators of the family Diaspididae. The heteromorphic deutonymph (hypopus) maintains a stenoxenic relationship with beetles of the genus Chilocorus. The mites attach to the subelytral surface of the beetle elytron during transport. There is variation in mite density among species of Chilocorus. Both Hemisarcoptes and Chilocorus have been applied to biological control programmes around the world. The objective of this study was to determine whether subelytral ultrastructure (spine density) plays a role in the evolution of symbiosis between the mite and the beetle. The subelytral surfaces of 19 species of Chilocorus and 16 species of Exochomus were examined. Spine density was determined for five subelytral zones: the anterior pronotal margin, medial central region, caudoventral tip, lateral distal margin and epipleural region. Spine density on the subelytral surface of Chilocorus and Exochomus was inversely correlated with the size of the elytron for all zones except the caudoventral tip. This suggests that an increase in body size resulted in a redistribution of spines and not an addition of spines. The pattern of spine density in Exochomus and Chilocorus follows a single size–density trajectory. The pattern of subelytral ultrastructure is not strictly consistent with either beetle phylogeny or beetle allometry. The absence of spines is not correlated with either beetle genus or size and species of either Chilocorus or Exochomus may be devoid of spines in any zone, irrespective of body size.
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.CHILOCORUS CACTI (COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE
    Acta Zoológica Mexicana (nueva serie) ISSN: 0065-1737 [email protected] Instituto de Ecología, A.C. México Machkour-M’rabet, S.; Ferral-Piña, J.; Henaut, Y. CHILOCORUS CACTI (COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE), A POTENTIAL NATURAL ENEMY FOR THE RED PALM MITE IN MEXICO Acta Zoológica Mexicana (nueva serie), vol. 31, núm. 3, diciembre, 2015, pp. 512-517 Instituto de Ecología, A.C. Xalapa, México Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=57542699025 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative 512ISSN 0065-1737 Machkour-M’rabetActa Zoológica et al.: MexicanaChilocorus (n.s.), cacti 31(3):and the 512-517 red palm (2015) mite Nota Científica (Short Communication) CHILOCORUS CACTI (COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE), A POTENTIAL NATURAL ENEMY FOR THE RED PALM MITE IN MEXICO Recibido: 12/05/2015; aceptado: 14/08/2015 Machkour-M’rabet, S., Ferral-Piña, J. y Henaut, Y. 2015. Chilo- potentially infest a wide diversity of plants, many of corus cacti (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), enemigo natural potencial which are economically and ecologically important (Car- del ácaro rojo de las palmas en México. Acta Zoológica Mexicana rillo et al. 2012a). In Mexico, 16 species of commercially (n. s.), 31(3): 512-517. grown plants (some of which form entire genus) belong- RESUMEN. Raoiella indica Hirst (Acari: Tenuipalpidae), el ácaro ro- ing to four families (Arecaceae, Heliconiaceae, Musaceae jo de las palmas, es una plaga importante en el mundo, dañando plan- and Strelitziaceae) have been reported as hosts of the red tas comerciales y ornamentales.
    [Show full text]
  • Status Report on Arthropod Predators of the Asian Citrus Psyllid in Mexico
    Status report on arthropod predators of the Asian Citrus Psyllid in Mexico Esteban Rodríguez-Leyva Colegio de Postgraduados, Montecillo, Texcoco, MEXICO. Importance of Citrus in Mexico 525 000 ha 23 States Citrus production 6.7 million ton/year 68% Orange, 20% Mexican lime, 5% Persian lime 2.5% Grapefruit , 2.5% Tangerine The insect problem Diaphorina citri in Mexico (www.senasica.gob.mx) Searching for natural enemies of ACP on citrus trees and orange jessamine Coccinellidae Azya orbigera Brachiacantha decora Chilocorus cacti Cycloneda sanguinea Harmonia axyridis Hippodamia convergens Olla v-nigrum López- Arroyo et al. 2008 Marín 2009, personal com. Sánchez-González & Arredondo-Bernal 2009, personal com. Gaona-García et al. 2009 Chrysopidae Chrysoperla rufilabris C. comanche C. externa Ceraeochrysa sp. nr. cincta C. valida López- Arroyo et al. 2008 Cortez-Mondaca et al. 2008 Syrphidae Allographa obliqua Pseudodoros clavatus Toxomerus marginatus Toxomerus politus Miscelaneous predators of ACP Spiders, Wasps (Vespidae), Ants (Ponerinae) López- Arroyo et al. 2008 Sánchez-González & Arredondo-Bernal 2009, personal com. Abundance of ladybirds (Coccinellidae) predators on citrus trees, at Nuevo Leon (northeast), Mexico. (Insect net, two sides of each mature tree, n=30). López-Arroyo, 2010, personal com. Abundance of lacewings (Chrysopidae) predators on citrus trees, at Nuevo Leon (northeast), Mexico. (Insect net two sides of each mature tree, n=30). López-Arroyo, 2010, personal com. Abundance of lacewings (Chrysopidae) predators on citrus trees, at Nuevo Leon (northeast), Mexico. (Insect net two sides of each mature tree, n=30). López-Arroyo, 2010, personal com. Abundance of predators (specially C. rufilabris) on Diaphorina citri on citrus trees at Nuevo Leon (northeast), Mexico.
    [Show full text]
  • Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) As a Biocontrol Agent
    CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources 2009 4, No. 046 Review Factors affecting utility of Chilocorus nigritus (F.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) as a biocontrol agent D.J. Ponsonby* Address: Ecology Research Group, Department of Geographical and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, North Holmes Road, Canterbury, Kent. CT1 1QU, UK. *Correspondence: Email: [email protected] Received: 30 March 2009 Accepted: 25 June 2009 doi: 10.1079/PAVSNNR20094046 The electronic version of this article is the definitive one. It is located here: http://www.cababstractsplus.org/cabreviews g CAB International 2009 (Online ISSN 1749-8848) Abstract Chilocorus nigritus (F.) has been one of the most successful coccidophagous coccinellids in the history of classical biological control. It is an effective predator of many species of Diaspididae, some Coccidae and some Asterolecaniidae, with an ability to colonize a relatively wide range of tropical and sub-tropical environments. It appears to have few natural enemies, a rapid numerical response and an excellent capacity to coexist in stable relationships with parasitoids. A great deal of literature relating to its distribution, biology, ecology, mass rearing and prey preferences exists, but there is much ambiguity and the beetle sometimes inexplicably fails to establish, even when conditions are apparently favourable. This review brings together the key research relating to factors that affect its utility in biocontrol programmes, including its use in indoor landscapes and temperate glasshouses. Data are collated and interpreted and areas where knowledge is lacking are identified. Recommendations are made for prioritizing further research and improving its use in biocontrol programmes.
    [Show full text]
  • (Malus Domostica Borkhis) One of the -..::Egyptian Journal of Plant
    Egypt. J. Plant Prot. Res. Inst. (2020), 3 (4): 1218-1240 Egyptian Journal of Plant Protection Research Institute www.ejppri.eg.net Survey and population dynamics of scale insects (Hemiptera :Coccoidea) infesting apple trees and thier natural enemies in Egypt EL-Amir, S. M.; Yomna, N. M. Abd Allah; Mona, Moustafa and Shaaban, Abd-Rabou Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt. ARTICLE INFO Abstract : Article History Apple (Malus domostica Borkhis) one of the most important Received: 5/ 10 /2020 deciduous fruit trees in Egypt. Scale insects (Hemiptera : Coccoidea) Accepted: 24/11 /2020 are the most important pests infested orchard trees including apple . The present work dealt with the survey of scale insects infested apple trees and their natural enemies in different locations in Egypt as well Keywords as population dynamics of the dominant species infested apple of Apple trees, survey , these pests. The results indicated that 21 species of scale insects were population dynamics , recorded infested apple trees in Egypt. The dominant species were scale insects , natural Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret), Lepidosaphes beckii (Newman) , enemies and Egypt. Lepidosaphes pallidula (Williams), Parlatoria oleae (Colvée) ((Hemiptera :Coccoidea: Diaspididae) , Planococcus citri (Risso), Planococcus ficus (Signoret) (Hemiptera :Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) and Russellaspis pustulans pustulans (Cockerell) (Hemiptera :Coccoidea: Asterolecaniidae). Also, in the present work 19 parasitoids and 2 hyperparasitiods and 33 predators were recorded associated with scale insects infesting apple trees. The dominant species were, the parasitoids Aphytis chrysomphali (Mercet), Aphytis maculicornis (Masi), Aphytis lepidosaphes Compere, Encarsia citrina (Craw) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), Leptomastidea abnormis (Girault) , Metaphycus asterolecanii (Mercet) and Zaplatycerus kemticus (Trjapitzin and Triapitsyn) (Hymenoptera : Encyrtidae) and the predators Chilocorus bipustulatus L.
    [Show full text]
  • Citrus Mealybug Planococcus Citri (Risso) (Insecta: Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)1 Harsimran Kaur Gill, Gaurav Goyal, and Jennifer Gillett-Kaufman2
    EENY-537 Citrus Mealybug Planococcus citri (Risso) (Insecta: Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)1 Harsimran Kaur Gill, Gaurav Goyal, and Jennifer Gillett-Kaufman2 Introduction or several weeks. An average of 29 eggs per day is laid by females (Kerns et al. 2001, Meyers 1932). The citrus mealybug is a common pest of citrus primarily in greenhouses and of several ornamental plants in Florida. It has been recognized as a difficult-to-control pest in Europe since 1813 (where it is called the greenhouse mealybug) and in the United States since 1879 (Anonymous 2007). Distribution The pest is a native of Asia but is also found throughout the Americas, Europe, and Oceania. In North America, it is present in both Mexico and United States (Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Florida, Hawaii, Kansas, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Missouri, New Mexico, Ohio, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia) (CABI/EPPO 1999). Figure 1. Eggs are deposited as white cottony massess called ovisacs. Credits: Lyle Buss, University of Florida. Description and Life History Immatures Eggs Nymphs emerge from the ovisacs and typically settle along Eggs are deposited as white, cottony masses, called ovisacs, midribs and veins on the underside of leaves, young twigs, on the trunk and stems of citrus plants, giving the appear- and fruit buttons. They can also be found where two fruits ance of cotton spread on plants (Figure 1). The glossy, are touching each other (Figure 2) or on leaves clinging light yellow eggs are oval and approximately 0.3 mm long. to fruits. Due to their habit of hiding in crevices, light A female can lay from 300 to 600 eggs in her life period, infestations are easily overlooked.
    [Show full text]
  • Crapemyrtle Bark Scale Acanthococcus Lagerstroemiae Kuwana (Hemiptera: Eriococcidae): Analysis of Factors Influencing Infestation and Control
    CRAPEMYRTLE BARK SCALE ACANTHOCOCCUS LAGERSTROEMIAE KUWANA (HEMIPTERA: ERIOCOCCIDAE): ANALYSIS OF FACTORS INFLUENCING INFESTATION AND CONTROL A Thesis by KYLE ANDREW GILDER Submitted to the Office of Graduate and Professional Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Chair of Committee, Kevin M. Heinz Co-Chair of Committee, Mengmeng Gu Committee Members, Mike Merchant Head of Department, Phillip Kaufman December 2020 Major Subject: Entomology Copyright 2020 Kyle Andrew Gilder ABSTRACT Crapemyrtle bark scale, Acanthococcus lagerstroemiae (Kuwana), a new non-native pest from Asia first discovered in the U.S. in 2004 has now been reported in 14 states. The scale jeopardizes the future of crapemyrtles use as a popular ornamental landscape tree in the U.S. Management of this pest will likely include biological strategies. Before such strategies can be implemented it is important to examine relative abundances and distributions of arthropod species associated with the scale in the geographic area targeted for biological control. In the first objective, surveys of crapemyrtle ecology from two varietal groups of crapemyrtle trees (Lagerstroemia spp.) were undertaken in Tarrant and Brazos counties across six consecutive seasons in 2018 – 2019. A rich arthropod community was discovered. The most common predators were spiders, coccinellids, and chrysopids. Insects in the families Eriococcidae, Aphididae, and Thripidae were common herbivores on Lagerstroemia spp. Numerous phytophagous and mycophagous mites were also collected. These herbivores constitute a reservoir of alternative prey for generalist predators that may also feed on A. lagerstroemiae. A food web was constructed to illustrate direct and indirect effects of the predator community on A.
    [Show full text]
  • Beneficial Insects of Utah Guide
    BENEFICIAL INSECTS OF UTAH beneficial insects & other natural enemies identification guide PUBLICATION COORDINATORS AND EDITORS Cami Cannon (Vegetable IPM Associate and Graphic Design) Marion Murray (IPM Project Leader) AUTHORS Cami Cannon Marion Murray Ron Patterson (insects: ambush bug, collops beetle, red velvet mite) Katie Wagner (insects: Trichogramma wasp) IMAGE CREDITS All images are provided by Utah State University Extension unless otherwise noted within the image caption. CONTACT INFORMATION Utah State University IPM Program Dept. of Biology 5305 Old Main Hill Logan, UT 84322 (435) 797-0776 utahpests.usu.edu/IPM FUNDING FOR THIS PUBLICATION WAS PROVIDED BY: USU Extension Grants Program CONTENTS PREFACE Purpose of this Guide ................................................................6 Importance of Natural Enemies ..................................................6 General Practices to Enhance Natural Enemies ...........................7 Plants that will Enhance Natural Enemy Populations ..................7 PREDATORS Beetles .....................................................................................10 Flies .........................................................................................24 Lacewings/Dustywings .............................................................32 Mites ........................................................................................36 Spiders .....................................................................................42 Thrips ......................................................................................44
    [Show full text]