Egypt. J. Plant Prot. Res. Inst. (2020), 3 (4): 1218-1240

Egyptian Journal of Plant Protection Research Institute www.ejppri.eg.net

Survey and population dynamics of scale ( :Coccoidea) infesting apple trees and thier natural enemies in Egypt EL-Amir, S. M.; Yomna, N. M. Abd Allah; Mona, Moustafa and Shaaban, Abd-Rabou Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt. ARTICLE INFO Abstract : Article History Apple (Malus domostica Borkhis) one of the most important Received: 5/ 10 /2020 deciduous fruit trees in Egypt. Scale insects (Hemiptera : Coccoidea) Accepted: 24/11 /2020 are the most important pests infested orchard trees including apple . The present work dealt with the survey of scale insects infested apple trees and their natural enemies in different locations in Egypt as well Keywords as population dynamics of the dominant infested apple of Apple trees, survey , these pests. The results indicated that 21 species of scale insects were population dynamics , recorded infested apple trees in Egypt. The dominant species were scale insects , natural Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret), (Newman) , enemies and Egypt. Lepidosaphes pallidula (Williams), Parlatoria oleae (Colvée) ((Hemiptera :Coccoidea: ) , Planococcus citri (Risso), Planococcus ficus (Signoret) (Hemiptera :Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) and Russellaspis pustulans pustulans (Cockerell) (Hemiptera :Coccoidea: ). Also, in the present work 19 parasitoids and 2 hyperparasitiods and 33 predators were recorded associated with scale insects infesting apple trees. The dominant species were, the parasitoids chrysomphali (Mercet), Aphytis maculicornis (Masi), Aphytis lepidosaphes Compere, Encarsia citrina (Craw) (: ), Leptomastidea abnormis (Girault) , Metaphycus asterolecanii (Mercet) and Zaplatycerus kemticus (Trjapitzin and Triapitsyn) (Hymenoptera : ) and the predators bipustulatus L. (Coleoptera: ), Chrysopa vulgaris L., Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera : Chrysopidae) , Dicrodiplosis manihoti Harris (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) , Exochomus flavipes Thunb. and Scymnus syriacus Mars. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Also, during the present work the populations dynamics of scale insects infested apple trees and their natural enemies were provided as well as the effect of whether factors on scale insects.

Introduction : (Hemiptera : Coccoidea) are Apple is one of the most comprising about 7,500 species in 45 important fruit in Egypt as far as its families while in Egypt, are 209 valid acreage, production and exportation species names in 12 families: potentials are concerned. Apple trees (Grass scales), are at damage of sustaining by scale Asterolecaniidae (Pit scales), insects infestations. Scale insects (Soft scales), Dactylopiidae (Cochineal

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EL-Amir et al. , 2020 scales), Diaspididae (Armored scale enemies were carried out all over Egypt insects), Eriococcidae (Felt scales), from July 2018 to July 2020. Infested Halimococcidae, Lecanodiaspididae plants with scale insects were examined (False pit scales), Monophlebidae (true in the field, using a pocket lens. Leaves, mealybug), Ortheziidae (Ensign stems and twigs were collected and scales), Phoenicococcidae (Date placed separately in paper bags for scales), Pseudococcidae further examination in the laboratory. (Pseudomealybug) (Abd-Rabou and Identification of scale insects was made Evans, 2020). by examining its adult in Canada Scale insects are the major pests Balsam. Thereafter, the leaves and infesting different horticulture crops twigs were kept in a closed paper bag including apple in Egypt (Abd-Rabou, and transferred to the laboratory for 2003, Wawrzynski and Ascerno, 2009 further examination and counting. Each and Moustafa and Abd-Rabou, 2010). leaf was stored in a well-ventilated The damage of scale insects caused emergence glass tube and monitored sucking the juices from the plants sap. daily for parasitoid emergence. Scale feeding slowly reduces plant Predators were also, collected and vigor, heavily infested plants grow identified. poorly and suffer dieback of twigs and 2. Population dynamics of scale branches. Some of scales often secrete insects infesting apple trees and their a sticky honeydew which supports the natural enemies : growth of black sooty molds, Population dynamics of scale interfering with photosynthesis and insects and their natural enemies makes the plants unattractive. Hammad infested apple trees were carried out on and Moussa (1973) reported 62 host apple during 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 plants attacked by scale insects in Alexandria, Behira, Demyaat, including, apple trees. Parlatoria oleae Gharbiya , Ismailia , Qalyubyia and (Colvee) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) and Sharqiya Governorates. The plant areas Russellaspis pustulans pustulans selected for these investigations (Cockerell) received no chemical control measures (Hemiptera:Asterolecanidae) recorded for several years. Thirty trees of apple infested apple by El-Minshawy et al. almost similar in age, size, shape and (1974).The parasitoids and predators growth condition were randomly associated with scale insects in Egypt chosen for sampling at a month interval studied by Priesner and Hosny (1940), for each location. On each sampling, 30 Hafez (1988), Abd-Rabou (1997, a, b, leaves and 15 twigs of apple were 1999, 2000, 2001, 2001a), Awadallah et chosen at random. Thereafter, the al.(1999), Morsi (1999) and Evans and leaves and twigs were kept in a closed Abd-Rabou (2005). paper bag and transferred to the The aim of the present work is laboratory for further examination and to study, a survey of scale insects counting. Each leaf was stored in a infesting apple trees and their natural well-ventilated emergence glass tube enemies in Egypt as well as the and monitored daily for parasitoid population dynamics of them and the emergence. Predators were counted in effect of weather factors. filed and transferred to the laboratory Materials and methods: for further examination. The 1. Survey of scale insects infesting meteorological data (MxT, MnT and apple trees in Egypt: RH) over 2018, 2019 and 2020 was A survey of scale insects obtained from the Meteorological infested apple trees and their natural Central Laboratory, Agricultural

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Research Center, and Ministry of (Abd-Rabou, 2000). Coccophagus Agriculture. Simple correlation and scutellaris (Dalman) (Hymenoptera: regression values were calculated to Aphelinidae) collected for the first time obtain information about the in Egypt by Priesner and Hosny (1940). relationships between the three tested The range of host plants of the weather factors and the population of monophlebid, Icerya seychellarum the pest and its natural enemies. (Westwood) includes 44 host plant 3. Statistical analysis: species (Assem , 1991). Abd-Rabou All the data obtained during the (1997) studied the parasitoids attacking trials over the tested seasons were some species of scale insects. He subjected to analysis by using SAS mentioned that total parasitism of A. (SAS Institute Inc., 1988) program. aurantii by A. chrysomphali, A. Results and discussion lingnanensis, E. citrina and Encarsia 1. Survey of scale insects infesting lounsburyi (Berlese and Paoli) apple trees in Egypt: (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) reached a As shown in Table (1) the apple maximum during September at South trees were infested by 25 scale Sinai and Qalyubiya. species: 15 species belonging to Family Tawfik et al. (1970) recorded Diaspididae, four species belonging to the insect predators associated with the family Pseudococcidae, three species black scale, in Egypt. These predators belonging to family Monophlebidae, are Chilocorns bipustulatus L. two species of family Coccidae and one (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Scymnus species of family Asterolecanidae . syriacus Muls., Pharoscymnus varius Also, in the present work 19 parasitoids Kirsch., Rodalia cardinalis Muls. and and 2 hyperparasitiods and 33 predators the larvae of Chrysopa carnea Steph., were recorded associated with scale C. bipustulatus L. seem to be the most insects infesting apple trees. Eleven important predator of this scale armored species attacking infesting apple orchard. The 62 host plant species including apple coleopterous insect predators feeding (Hammad and Moussa, 1973). The host on soft scale infesting different crops in plant crop of P. oleae and R. pustulans Mansoura region were Cydonia vicina was apple (El-Minshawy et al., 1974). isis Cr., Coccinella septempunctata L., Hafez (1988) recorded Aphytis C. undecimpunctata (Coleoptera: lingnanensis Comepre Coccinellidae), Scymnus interruptus (Hymenoptera:Aphelinidae) as the Goez, S. cyriacus, Exochomus flavipes most common species of A. aurantii on Thunb., Rodalia cardinalis Muls. and apple. Encarsia citrina (Craw) Paederus alfierii Koch. He added two (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) was neuropetrous predators, Chrysopa recorded for the first time in Egypt by carnea Steph. (Neuroptera: Priesner and Hosny (1940). Pteroptrix Chrysopidae) and C. septempunctata aegyptica Evans and Abd-Rabou Wesm.; two hemipterous predators, (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) was Orius laevigatus Fieb. and O. recorded for the first time in Egypt by albidipennis (Reuter) (Hemiptera: Evans and Abd-Rabou (2005). Anthocoridae) and two dipterous Leptomastidea abnormis (Girault) predators, Metasyrphus corollae Fab. (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)was and Paragus compeaitus Wied. (Abd recorded for the first time in Egypt by Allah, 1988). C. bipustulatus, S. Abd-Rabou and its reared from syriacus, C. carnea, C. septempunctata Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) wit and O. laevigatus , recorded associated h maximum parasitism rate was 21% with different species of soft scale

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insects in Kafr El-Sheikh (El-Agamy et reviewed the predator species of scale al., 1994). The predator R. cardinals insects in Egypt. recorded associated with Icerya spp. Later, Abd-Rabou et al. (2012) Table (1) : List of scale insects infesting apple trees and their natural enemies in Egypt . No. Scale insects Natural enemies Family Species Parasitoids Predators 1 Asterolecaniidae Russellaspis pustulans Metaphycus asterolecanii Chilocorns bipustulatus L. pustulans (Cockerell) (Mercet) 2 Coccidae Ceroplastes floridensis Scymnus syriacus Muls., Coccinella Comstock undecimpunctata L and Cydonia vicina nilotica Muls. 3 Kilifia acuminata (Signoret) Coccophagus scutellaris Clitostethus arcuatus Rossi (Dalman) Coccinella septempunctata L. Rhyzobius littura Fab. 4 Diaspididae Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) Aphytis linganensis Comper, Scymnus syriacus Mars. ,Stethorus sp. A. chrysomphali (Mercet), A. Chrysoperlla carnae Steph. and coheni DeBach, A. diaspidis Chrysopa vulgaris L. (Howad), Encarsia citrina (Craw), and E. aurantii (Howard) and the secondary parasitoids, Marietta javensis 5 Aspidiotus nerii Bouche Aphytis chrysomphali Pharoscymnus various Kirsch. and (Mercet) Orius laevigatus Fieb. 6 Dynaspidiotus britannicus Aphytis lingnanensis Comepre L., (Newstead) Coccinella undecimpunctata L., Exochomus flavipes Thunb. and Pharoscymnus various Kirsch. 7 Hemiberlesia lataniae Encarsia citrina (Craw) Coccinella undecimpunctata L., (Signoret) Exochomus flavipes Thunb. and Pharoscymnus various Kirsch. 8 Hemiberlesia rapax Encarsia citrina (Craw) Chrysopa carnea Steph., (Comstock) Rhyzobius lophanthae (Blaisdell), Scymnus syriacus Mars. and Stethorus sp. 9 Lepidosaphes beckii Aphytis lepidosaphes Compere Chilocorus bipustulatus L. , (Newman) , Encarsia citrina (Craw.) and Chrysoperlla carnae Steph., Aphytis lingnanensis Comepre Chrysopa vulgaris L and Typhlodromus sp. 10 Lepidosaphes gloverii (Le Typhlodromus sp. and (Packard) Baron) Rhyzobius lophanthae (Blaisdell) 11 Lepidosaphes pallidula Aphytis chrysomphali Chilocorus bipustulatus L., (Williams) (Mercet) Exochomus flavipes Thunb., Scymnus syriacus Mars. and Stethorus sp. 12 Lepidosaphes tapleyi Aphytis lingnanensis Comepre Coccinella undecimpunctata L, Williams Pharoscymnus various Kirsch., Rhyzobius lophanthae (Blaisdell) and Stethorus sp. 13 Encarsia citrina (Craw) Chilocorus bipustulatus L., (Linnaeus) Coccinella undecimpunctata L., Exochomus flavipes Thunb. and Scymnus syriacus Mars. Stethorus sp.

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Table (1) : Continued No. Scale insects Natural enemies Family Species Parasitoids Predators 14 Diaspididae Melanaspis inopinata (Leonardi) Pteroptrix aegyptica Evans Chilocorus bipustulatus L., and Abd-Rabou Typhlodromus sp., Exochomus flavipes Thunb., Pharoscymnus various Kirsch., Rhyzobius lophanthae (Blaisdell) and Stethorus sp. 15 Mycetaspis personata (Comstock) Encarsia citrina (Craw) Coccinella undecimpunctata L., Exochomus flavipes Thunb. and Rhyzobius lophanthae (Blaisdell) 16 Parlatoria oleae (Colvée) Aphytis chrysomphali, A. Pharoscymnus various Kirsch., diaspidis, A. maculicornis, Chrysopa vulgaris L. and Coccophagoides sp., E. Rhyzobius lophanthae (Blaisdell) aurantii , M. leopardina and Aphytis maculicornis (Mercet) 17 Parlatoria pergandii Comstock Aphytis lingnanensis Rhyzobius lophanthae (Blaisdell) Comepre Exochomus flavipes Thunb. Pharoscymnus various Kirsch. 18 Quadraspidiotus Aphytis proclia (Walker) Stethorus sp. perniciosus (Comstock) Orius laevigatus Fieb. 19 Monophlebidae Icerya aegyptiaca (Douglas) None Rodalia cardinalis Muls. 20 Icerya purchasi Maskell None Rodalia cardinalis Muls. 21 Icerya seychellarum (Westwood) None Rodalia cardinalis Muls. 22 Pseudococcidae Ferrisia virgata (Cockerell) Gyranusoidea indica Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) Shafee, Alam and (Chrysopidae) , Orius albidipennis Agarwalb and Leptomastix (Reuter) , Scymnus syriacus Mars. dactylopii Howard and Homalotylus vicinus Silvestri 23 Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) Leptomastix flava Mercet Hyperaspis vinciguerrae Capra, Nephus (Sidis) hiekei Fursch , Scymnus interruptus Goeze and Scymnus seriacus Mars. 24 Planococcus citri (Risso) Leptomastidea abnormis Scymnus syriacus Mars. , Navas and (Girault) Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens)

25 Planococcus ficus (Signoret) Neoplatycerus kemticus Dicrodiplosis manihoti Harris, Trjapitzin and Triapitsyn Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) and Chrysopa vulgaris aegyptica (Schneider) .

2. Population dynamics of scale during October 2018 (1111 / 30 leaves insects infesting apple trees and their and 15 twigs ) and May 2019 (1320 /30 natural enemies : leaves and 15 twigs ) in the first year 2.1. Hemiberlesia latania and its and in the second year the maximum natural enemies : population was during October 2019 The seasonal abundance of (658 / 30 leaves and 15 twigs ) and May Hemiberlesia latania (Signort) ( 2020 (1466 /30 leaves and 15 twigs ) Hemiptera : Diaspididae) was studied respectively. Numbers by the parasitoid for two successive years from 2018- , Encarsia citrina (Craw) ( 2019 and 2019-2020 on apple trees in Hymenoptera : Aphelinidae) reached Gharbiya Governorate. The obtained maximum (32 / 30 leaves and 15 twigs) results in Figures (1 and 2) showed that, during July and (40 / 30 leaves and 15 the insect population reached maximum twigs) during May of the first year.

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While in the second year reached /15 twigs) during October and during maximum (23/ 30 /15 twigs) during May (66/ 30 leaves and 15 twigs). February and during May (41/ 30 leaves Data in Tables (2 and 3), and 15 twigs). In case of the predator, showed that the simple correlation numbers by the predators , Exochomus between the population of parasitoids flavipes Thunb. (Coleoptera: Encarsia citrina, Exochomus flavipes, Coccinellidae) reached maximum (65 / maximum, minimum temperatures and 30 leaves and 15 twigs) during October % of relative humidity and the mean and (87/ 30 leaves and 15 twigs) during number of pests during the first and May of the first year. While in the second years. second year reached maximum (45/ 30

Encarsia citrina Exochomus flavipes Maximum temperature Minimum temperature R.H.% Hemiberlesia latania 100 1400 90 1200 Pest population 80 70 1000 60 800 50 40 600 30 400 20

Climatic factors Climatic 10 200 0 0

Date

Figure (1): Population dynamics of Hemiberlesia latania and its natural enemies on apple trees in Gharbiya Governorate during 2018-2019 season.

Encarsia citrina Exochomus flavipes Maximum temperature Minimum temperature R.H% Hemiberlesia latania 80 1600 70 1400 60 1200 pest population 50 1000 40 800 30 600 20 400 10 200

Climatic factors Climatic 0 0

Date

Figure (2): Population dynamics of Hemiberlesia latania and its natural enemies on apple trees in Gharbiya Governorate during 2019-2020 season.

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Table (2): Statistical analysis based on correlation coefficient indicating the effects of some weather factors and natural enemies on Hemiberlesia latania on apple trees in Gharbiya Governorate during 2018-2019 season. Variable Simple Probability “P"” correlation “r" Encarsia citrina 0.66337 * Exochomus flavipes 0.79859 ** Max. Temp. ◦C 0.11737 - Min. Temp. ◦C - 0.10983 - RH% -0.36288 - Table (3): Statistical analysis based on correlation coefficient indicating the effects of some weather factors and natural enemies on Hemiberlesia latania on apple trees in Gharbiya Governorate during 2019-2020 season. Variable Simple Probability “P"” correlation “r" Encarsia citrina 0.79808 ** Exochomus flavipes 0.58084 * Max. Temp. ◦C 0.16657 - Min. Temp. ◦C -0.04541 - RH% - 0.28207 -

In Egypt, there are three of parasitism ranged from 0.1 to 9.1% generations per year for this pest (El- in the first year and from 0.3 to 7.3% in Minshawy et al., 1974). Abd-Rabou the second year. The predator C. carnae (1999) recorded 2 parasitoid species was the most abundant species and associated with latania scale. These are occurred all over the years under Aphytis mytilaspidis (LeBaron) investigation on H. lataniae on olive (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) and trees in Alexandria and the maximum Haprolepis aspidioti Compere and number was 25 individuals /60 leaves Annecke (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). and 15 twigs in July in the first year and Later the same author (2006) stated that 17 individuals/60 leaves and 15 twigs in Aphytis lingnanensis Comepre June in the second year. (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) is one of 2.2. Lepidosaphes beckii and its the most important parasitoids natural enemies : associated with armored scale insects The seasonal abundance of including H. lataniae. Moustafa and Lepidosaphes beckii (Newman) Abd-Rabou (2011) mentioned that, the (Hemiptera : Diaspididae) was studied latania scale H. lataniae is a dangerous for two successive years from 2018- pest in different locations in Egypt. 2019 and 2019-2020 on apple trees in They recorded 17 species of natural Alexandria. The obtained results in enemies from samples of H. lataniae. Figures (3 and 4) showed that, the insect Abundance of the latania scale H. population reached maximum during lataniae natural enemies were October 2018 (1203 / 30 leaves and 15 evaluated in different locations in twigs ) and May 2019 (1550 /30 leaves Egypt, representing various bioclimatic and 15 twigs ) in the first year and in the regions during two successive years second year the maximum population 2009-2010. The results indicated that was during October 2019 (987 / 30 the parasitoid H. aspidioti the most leaves and 15 twigs ) and May 2020 abundant species associated with H. (2100 /30 leaves and 15 twigs ) lataniae infested mango trees in Giza. respectively. Numbers by the parasitoid The maximum rate of parasitism , Aphytis lepidosaphes Compere reached 9.1 and 7.3% in October, 2009 (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) reached and 2010, respectively. The percentage maximum (28 / 30 leaves and 15 twigs)

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EL-Amir et al. , 2020 during October and (41 / 30 leaves and second year reached maximum (31/ 30 15 twigs) during May of the first year. /15 twigs) during August and during While in the second year reached May (9/ 30 leaves and 15 twigs). maximum (43/ 30 /15 twigs) during Data in Tables (4 and 5), November and during May (46/ 30 showed that the simple correlation leaves and 15 twigs). In case of the between the population of A. predator, numbers by the predators , lepidosaphes, C. bipustulatus, Chilocorus bipustulatus L. (Coleoptera: maximum, minimum temperatures. % Coccinellidae) , reached maximum (21 of relative humidity and the mean / 30 leaves and 15 twigs) during July number of pests during the first and and (9/ 30 leaves and 15 twigs) during second years. June of the first year. While in the Aphytis lepidosaphes Chilocorus bipustulatus Maximum temperature Minimum temperature R.H.% Lepidosaphes beckii 60 2000 50 Pest population 1500 40 30 1000 20 500 10

0 0 Climatic factors Climatic

Date Figure (3): Population dynamics of . Lepidosaphes beckii and its natural enemies on apple trees in Gharbiya Governorate during 2018-2019 season.

Aphytis lepidosaphes Chilocorus bipustulatus Maximum temperature Minimum temperature R.H% Lepidosaphes beckii

70 2500 Pest Pest population 60 2000 50 40 1500

30 1000 20 500 Climatic factors Climatic 10 0 0

Date Figure (4): Population dynamics of . Lepidosaphes beckii and its natural enemies on apple trees in Gharbiya Governorate during 2019-2020 season.

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Table (4): Statistical analysis based on correlation coefficient indicating the effects of some weather factors and natural enemies on Lepidosaphes beckii on apple trees in Alexandria Governorate (Nobaria) during 2018-2019 season. Variable Simple Probability “P"” correlation “r" Aphytis lepidosaphes 0.77468 * Chilocorus bipustulatus -0.61970 * Max. Temp. ◦C -0.56645 * Min. Temp. ◦C -0.45870 - RH% 0.02324 - Table (5): Statistical analysis based on correlation coefficient indicating the effects of some weather factors and natural enemies on Lepidosaphes beckii on apple trees in Alexandria Governorate (Nobaria) during 2019-2020 season. Variable Simple Probability “P"” correlation “r" Aphytis lepidosaphes 0.70819 * Chilocorus bipustulatus -0.62850 * Max. Temp. ◦C -0.27024 - Min. Temp. ◦C -0.47377 - RH% -0.40368 -

During the present work the The seasonal abundance of results indicated that the purple scale, L. Lepidosaphes pallidula (Williams) ( beckii has two peaks on apple trees in Hemiptera : Diaspididae) was studied Alexandria . Also, one parasitoid A. for two successive years from 2018- lepidosaphes and one predator C. 2019 and 2019-2020 on apple trees in bipustulatus were recorded. Karam Behira. The obtained results in Figures (1979) studied the armored scale insects (5 and 6) showed that, the insect and their hymenopterous parasitoids on population reached maximum during the grapefruit trees. Who found two November 2018 (988/ 30 leaves and 15 parasitoids from purple scale, L. beckii, twigs ) and May 2019 (966/30 leaves namely, A. lepidosaphes and Encarsia and 15 twigs ) in the first year and in the sp. In Kafr El-Sheikh, El-Agamy second year the maximum population (1981) recorded A. lepidosaphes was during November 2019 (52 / 30 associated with L. beckii. The leaves and 15 twigs ) and May 2020 (78 abundance of the various stages of /30 leaves and 15 twigs ) respectively. ectoparasitoid, Aphytis sp. on L. beckii Numbers by the parasitoid , Aphytis in an orange orchard of apple. The chrysomphali (Mercet) (Hymenoptera: highest percentage of parasitism was Aphelinidae) reached maximum (16 / 19.5-30% by immature stages of 30 leaves and 15 twigs) during Aphytis during the winter season November and (19/ 30 leaves and 15 (November-February), with lower twigs) during May of the first year. levels present during the rest of the While in the second year reached year. The rate of adult emergence of maximum (9/ 30 /15 twigs) during Aphytis was in March through August October and during June (14/ 30 leaves (26.5- 58.6%) and lower during the and 15 twigs). In case of the predator, remainder of the year (Hafez et numbers by the predators , Scymnus al.,1987). Abd-Rabou (1997c) recorded syriacus Mars. (Coleoptera: total parasitism of L. beckii by different Coccinellidae) reached maximum (9 / aphelinid species reached a maximum 30 leaves and 15 twigs) during October during August in Behira. and (15/ 30 leaves and 15 twigs) during 2.3. Lepidosaphes pallidula and its May of the first year. While in the natural enemies: second year reached maximum (11/ 30

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/15 twigs) during October and during chrysomphali, S. syriacus, maximum, April (13/ 30 leaves and 15 twigs). minimum temperatures, % of relative Data in Tables (6 and7), showed humidity and the mean number of pest that the simple correlation between the during the first and second years. population of parasitoids , A.

Aphytis chrysomphali Scymnus syriacus Maximum temperature Minimum temperature R.H.% Lepidosaphes pallidula

80 1600 Pest population 70 1400 60 1200 50 1000 40 800 30 600 20 400 10 200 Climatic factors Climatic 0 0

Date

Figure (5): Population dynamics of Lepidosaphes pallidula and its natural enemies on apple trees in Behira Governorate during 2018-2019 season.

Aphytis chrysomphali Scymnus syriacus Maximum temperature Minimum temperature RH.% Lepidosaphes pallidula 70 1200 60

1000 Pest population 50 800 40 600 30 400

20 Climatic factors Climatic 10 200 0 0

Date

Figure (6): Population dynamics of Lepidosaphes pallidula and its natural enemies on apple trees in Behira Governorate during 2019-2020 season.

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Table (6): Statistical analysis based on correlation coefficient indicating the effects of some weather factors and natural enemies on Lepidosaphes pallidula on apple trees in Behira Governorate during 2018-2019 season. Variable Simple Probability “P"” correlation “r" Aphytis chrysomphali 0.46857 - Scymnus syriacus -0.10763 - Max. Temp. ◦C -0.27567 - Min. Temp. ◦C -0.49271 - RH% -0.35847 - Table (7): Statistical analysis based on correlation coefficient indicating the effects of some weather factors and natural enemies on Lepidosaphes pallidula on apple trees in Behira Governorate during 2019-2020 season. Variable Simple Probability “P"” correlation “r" Aphytis chrysomphali 0.82268 ** Scymnus syriacus 0.51702 - Max. Temp. ◦C 0.07807 - Min. Temp. ◦C -0.08665 - RH% 0.16397 -

The main host plant crops of L. in the first year and in the second year pallidula were mango, guava , the maximum population was during and apple trees. It has 3-4 annual October 2019 (658 / 30 leaves and 15 generations in Egypt . Abd-Rabou, S. twigs ) and May 2020 (1466 /30 leaves and Evans (2005 and 2019) recorded and 15 twigs ) respectively. Numbers the parasitoid Encarsia perniciosi by the parasitoid , Aphytis maculicornis (Tower) associated with L. pallidula. (Masi) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) he aphelinid parasitoids Aphytis attack reached maximum (32 / 30 leaves and the pest and 15 twigs) during July and (40 / 30 several Phytoseiidae developed when leaves and 15 twigs) during May of the feeding on the eggs of L. pallidula. The first year. While in the second year mean percentages of parasitism in the reached maximum (13/ 30 /15 twigs) field were 13 % on L. pallidula during November and during May (17/ (Shalaby et al., 2000). The maximum 30 leaves and 15 twigs). In case of the parasitism rates of Aphytis hispanicus predator, numbers by the predators , (Mercet) on L. pallidula on mango in Chrysopa vulgaris L. (Neuroptera : Ismailia was 9.4% during Oct., with an Chrysopidae) reached maximum (65 / 30 average rates 3.7% (Abd-Rabou, 2006). leaves and 15 twigs) during October and 2.4. Parlatoria oleae and its natural (87/ 30 leaves and 15 twigs) during May of the first year. While in the second year enemies: reached maximum (15/ 30 /15 twigs) The seasonal abundance of during December and during May (23/ 30 Parlatoria oleae (Colvée) (Hemiptera: leaves and 15 twigs). Diaspididae) was studied for two Data in Tables (8 and 9), successive years from 2018-2019 and showed that the simple correlation 2019-2020 on apple trees in Demyaat. between the population of Aphytis The obtained results in Figures (7 and maculicornis, Chrysopa vulgaris, 8) showed that, the insect population maximum, minimum temperatures. % reached maximum during November of relative humidity and the mean 2018 (112 / 30 leaves and 15 twigs ) and number of pests during the first and May 2019 (121 /30 leaves and 15 twigs) second years.

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Aphytis maculicornis Chrysopa vulgaris Maximum temperature Minimum temperature R.H.% Parlatoria oleae 80 90

70 80 Pest 60 70

60 population 50 50 40 40 30 30 20 20 Climatic factors Climatic 10 10 0 0

Date

Figure (7): Population dynamics of Parlatoria oleae and its natural enemies on apple trees in Demyaat Governorate during 2018-2019 season.

Aphytis maculicornis Chrysopa vulgaris Maximum temperature Minimum temperature R.H.% Parlatoria oleae 80 140

70 120 Pest population 60 100 50 80 40 60 30 20 40 Climatic factors Climatic 10 20 0 0

Date

Figure (8): Population dynamics of Parlatoria oleae and its natural enemies on apple trees in Demyaat Governorate during 2019-2020 season.

Table (8): Statistical analysis based on correlation coefficient indicating the effects of some weather factors and natural enemies on Parlatoria oleae on apple trees in Demyaat Governorate during 2018-2019 season.

Variable Simple Probability “P"” correlation “r" Aphytis maculicornis 0.62216 * Chrysopa vulgaris 0.82310 ** Max. Temp. ◦C -0.14095 - Min. Temp. ◦C -0.34663 - RH% -0.22930 -

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Table (9): Statistical analysis based on correlation coefficient indicating the effects of some weather factors and natural enemies on Parlatoria oleae on apple trees in Demyaat Governorate during 2019-2020 season. Variable Simple Probability “P"” correlation “r" Aphytis maculicornis 0.86554 *** Chrysopa vulgaris 0.82383 ** Max. Temp. ◦C -0.48012 - Min. Temp. ◦C -0.61807 * RH% -0.34139 -

El-Hakim and Helmy (1982) maximum (45 / 30 leaves and 15 twigs) and Kasim (1995) studied the during November and (67 / 30 leaves population dynamics of in P. oleae n and 15 twigs) during May of the first different crops including apple trees. year. While in the second year reached They recorded two peaks in Alexandria maximum (29/ 30 /15 twigs) November on olive trees and two generations of on and during May (29/ 30 leaves and 15 plum and peach in Beheira, respectively twigs). In case of the predator, numbers . While Asfoor (1997), reported two by the predators , Chrysoperla carnea generations on plum, pear and apple (Stephens) (Neuroptera : Chrysopidae) trees. reached maximum (35 / 30 leaves and 2.5. Planococcus citri and its natural 15 twigs) during November and (55/ 30 enemies: leaves and 15 twigs) during May of the The seasonal abundance of first year. While in the second year Planococcus citri (Risso) ( Hemiptera : reached maximum (24/ 30 /15 twigs) Pseudococcidae ) was studied for two during November and during May (22/ successive years from 2018-2019 and 30 leaves and 15 twigs). 2019-2020 on apple trees in Qalyubyia Data in Tables (10 and 11), The obtained results in Figures (9 and showed that the simple correlation 10) showed that, the insect population between the population of reached maximum during November Leptomastidea abnormis, Chrysoperla 2018 (1036 / 30 leaves and 15 twigs ) carnea, maximum, minimum and May 2019 (1745 /30 leaves and 15 temperatures. % of relative humidity twigs ) in the first year and in the second and the mean number of pests during year the maximum population was the first and second years. during November 2019 (810 / 30 leaves and 15 twigs ) and May 2020 (925 /30 leaves and 15 twigs ) respectively. Numbers by the parasitoid , Leptomastidea abnormis (Girault) (Hymenoptera :Encyrtidae) reached

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Leptomastidea abnormis Chrysoperla carnea Maximum temperature Minimum temperature R.H.% Planococcus citri

90 2000

80 1800 Pest population 70 1600 1400 60 1200 50 1000 40 800 30

600 Climatic factors Climatic 20 400 10 200 0 0

Date Figure (9): Population dynamics of Planococcus citri and its natural enemies on apple trees in Qalyubyia Governorate during 2018-2019 season.

Leptomastidea abnormis Chrysoperla carnea Maximum temperature Minimum temperature R.H.% Planococcus citri 80 1000 900

70 Pest population 800 60 700 50 600 40 500 30 400 300 20 200

Climatic factors Climatic 10 100 0 0

Date Figure (10): Population dynamics of Planococcus citri and its natural enemies on apple trees in Qalyubyia Governorate during 2019-2020 season.

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Ahmed and Abd-Rabou (2010) and in the second year the maximum studied in details the bionomics of the population was during November 2019 citrus mealy bug, P. citri. Their results (128 / 30 leaves and 15 twigs ) and May indicated that the citrus mealy bug 2020 (124 /30 leaves and 15 twigs ) infested 65 plant species belonging to respectively. Numbers by the parasitoid 56 genera in 36 families and distributed , Zaplatycerus kemticus (Trjapitzin in 20 Governorates. Twelve species of and Triapitsyn) (Hymenoptera parasitoids were collected and the :Encyrtidae) reached maximum (12 / 30 dominant one was L. abnormis. Also leaves and 15 twigs) during January and collected nine species of predators (34 / 30 leaves and 15 twigs) during attacked P.citri and the dominant one is June of the first year. While in the Chrysopa vulgaris aegyptica second year reached maximum (14/ 30 (Schneider) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). /15 twigs) during December and during The results also observed the host plants June (23/ 30 leaves and 15 twigs). In and temperatures greatly influenced on case of the predator, numbers by the the development of P. citri. The predator, Dicrodiplosis manihoti Harris lowering of the temperature increased (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) reached the dimension of the mealy bug and maximum (18 / 30 leaves and 15 twigs) lengthened the developmental period. during December and (24/ 30 leaves 2.6. Planococcus ficus and its natural and 15 twigs) during May of the first enemies : year. While in the second year reached The seasonal abundance of maximum (15/ 30 /15 twigs) during Planococcus ficus (Signoret) December and during May (19/ 30 (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) was leaves and 15 twigs). studied for two successive years from Data in Tables (12 and 13), 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 on apple showed that the simple correlation trees in Ismailia. The obtained results in between the population of Zaplatycerus Figures (11 and 12) showed that, the kemticus, Dicrodiplosis manihoti , insect population reached maximum maximum, minimum temperatures. % during December 2018 (127 / 30 leaves of relative humidity and the mean and 15 twigs ) and June 2019 (155 /30 number of pests during the first and leaves and 15 twigs ) in the first year second years.

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Zaplatycerus kemticus Dicrodiplosis manihoti Maximum temperature Minimum temperature R.H.% Planococcus ficus 70 180 60 160 Pest population 140 50 120 40 100 30 80 60 20

Climatic factors Climatic 40 10 20 0 0

Date Figure (11): Population dynamics of Planococcus ficus and its natural enemies on trees in Ismailia Governorate during 2018-2019 season.

Zaplatycerus kemticus Dicrodiplosis manihoti Maximum temperature Minimum temperature R.H.% Planococcus ficus 70 180 60 160 Pest population 140 50 120 40 100 30 80 60 20

Climatic factors Climatic 40 10 20 0 0

Date

Figure (12): Population dynamics of Planococcus ficus and its natural enemies on trees in Ismailia Governorate during 2019-2020 season.

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Table (12): Statistical analysis based on correlation coefficient indicating the effects of some weather factors and natural enemies on Planococcus ficus enemies on apple trees in Ismailia Governorate during 2018-2019 season.

Variable Simple Probability “P"” correlation “r"

Zaplatycerus kemticus 0.76599 ** Dicrodiplosis manihoti 0.79791 ** Max. Temp. ◦C -0.22474 - Min. Temp. ◦C -0.15851 - RH% -0.21792 -

Table (13): Statistical analysis based on correlation coefficient indicating the effects of some weather factors and natural enemies on Planococcus ficus enemies on apple trees in Ismailia Governorate during 2019-2020 season. Variable Simple Probability “P"” correlation “r"

Zaplatycerus kemticus 0.87191 *** Dicrodiplosis manihoti 0.69989 * Max. Temp. ◦C -0.13158 - Min. Temp. ◦C -0.10861 - RH% -0.16424 -

P. ficus recorded infesting apple with P. ficus. The trees by Granara et al.(1997) . The eulophids Aprostocetus individuals of mealybugs were found trjapitzini and Baryscapus throughout the year beneath the bark sugonjaevi are new records for Iran. and infestation with P. ficus began in 2.7. Russellaspis pustulans pustulans mid April and appeared in mid June. and its natural enemies: The most active period covered from The seasonal abundance of mid August to October 1st showing the Russellaspis pustulans pustulans highest peak. The population of (Cockerell) (Hemiptera: mealybugs on root showed in February Asterolecaniidae)was studied for two 1st. The decrease of mealybug successive years from 2018-2019 and individuals after this date referred to the 2019-2020 on apple trees in Sharqiya. movement of individuals from roots to The obtained results in Figures (13 and trunks (Hassan et al., 2012). Trjapitzin 14) showed that, the insect population and Trjapitsyn (2002) and Tawfik et al. reached maximum during October 2018 (2005) reported Neoplatycerus spp. (1204 / 30 leaves and 15 twigs ) and parasitized P.ficus. Later Fallahzadeh June 2019 (892/30 leaves and 15 twigs et al. (2011) studied natural enemies ) in the first year and in the second year of P. ficus in Iran. They recorded the maximum population was during seven primary, two primary/secondary, October 2019 (1128 / 30 leaves and 15 three secondary parasitoid species, two twigs ) and June 2020 (788 /30 leaves coccinellids, primary parasitoids, and and 15 twigs ) respectively. Numbers four predator species were associated by the parasitoid , Metaphycus

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EL-Amir et al. , 2020 asterolecanii (Mercet) (Hymenoptera While in the second year reached :Encyrtidae) reached maximum (47 / 30 maximum (40/ 30 /15 twigs) during leaves and 15 twigs) during October October and during June (31/ 30 leaves and (26 / 30 leaves and 15 twigs) during and 15 twigs). June of the first year. While in the Data in Tables (14 and 15), second year reached maximum (45/ 30 showed that the simple correlation /15 twigs) during October and during between the population of Metaphycus June (18/ 30 leaves and 15 twigs). In asterolecanii, Chilocorns bipustulatus, case of the predator, numbers by the maximum, minimum temperatures. % predators Chilocorns bipustulatus L. of relative humidity and the mean (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) reached number of pests during the first and maximum (46 / 30 leaves and 15 twigs) second years. during October and (38/ 30 leaves and 15 twigs) during June of the first year.

Metaphycus asterolecanii, Chilocorns bipustulatus, Maximum temperature Minimum temperature

90 R.H.% Russellaspis pustulans 1400 80 1200

70 Pest population 1000 60 50 800 40 600 30 400 20 200

Climatic factors Climatic 10 0 0

Date

Figure (13): Population dynamics of Russellaspis pustulans and its natural enemies on apple trees in Sharqiya Governorate during 2018-2019 season.

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Metaphycus asterolecanii, Chilocorns bipustulatus, Maximum temperature Minimum temperature R.H.% Russellaspis pustulans 70 1200

60 1000 Pest population 50 800 40 600 30 400 20

10 200 Climatic factors Climatic 0 0

Date

Figure (14): Population dynamics of Russellaspis pustulans and its natural enemies on apple trees in Sharqiya Governorate during 2019-2020 season.

Table (14): Statistical analysis based on correlation coefficient indicating the effects of some weather factors and natural enemies on Russellaspis pustulans on apple trees in Sharqiya Governorate during 2018-2019 season. Variable Simple Probability “P"” correlation “r"

Metaphycus asterolecanii 0.88467 *** Chilocorns bipustulatus 0.90103 *** Max. Temp. ◦C 0.78930 ** Min. Temp. ◦C .49858 0 - RH% 0.84762- ***

Table (15): Statistical analysis based on correlation coefficient indicating the effects of some weather factors and natural enemies on Russellaspis pustulans on apple trees in Sharqiya Governorate during 2019-2020 season Variable Simple Probability “P"” correlation “r" Metaphycus asterolecanii 0.89368 *** Chilocorns bipustulatus 0.95222 *** Max. Temp. ◦C 0.80119 ** Min. Temp. ◦C 0.52811 - RH% -0.80129 **

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R. pustulans pustulans is a Diaspididae) in Egypt. major pest of different orchard trees Proceeding of the First including apple (Habib, ,1943 and El- Scientific Conference of Minshawy et al. , 1972) . The former Agricultural Sciences, Faculty species had two generations, the first of Agric. Assiut Univ., II: 711- about four months from January till the 717. end of April, while the second Abd-Rabou, S. (1997b): Parasitoids generation took about 3 months from attacking some species of scale the beginning of October till the end of insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea: December (Eraki, 1991). Later Darwish Diaspididae) in Egypt. (2007) reported four peaks of the total Proceeding of the First population recorded in the two seasons; Scientific Conference of November 11th, May 5th, July 14th and Agricultural Sciences, Faculty August 25th throughout the first season of Agric. Assiut Univ., II:727- from October 21st 2004 till October 736. 20th 2005. In the consecutive season Abd-Rabou, S. (1997c): Parasitoids (2005/2006) the four peaks were attacking some species of scale recorded in November 17th, April 6th, insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea: July 13th and October 19th.. Abd-Rabou Diaspididae) in Egypt. and Evans (2010) recorded M. Proceeding of the First asterolecanii associated with R. Scientific Conference of pustulans pustulans in Alexandria. Agricultural Sciences, Faculty References of Agric. Assiut Univ., II:727- Abd Allah, L. A. (1988): Studies on 736. predator and parasite insects Abd-Rabou, S. (1999): Parasitoids attacking scale insects and attacking the Egyptian species mealybugs in Dakahlia of armored scale insects governorate. Ph. D. Thesis, Fac. (Homoptera : Diaspipidae). Agric., Mansoura University. Egypt J. Agric. Res., 77(3): Abd-Rabou, S. and Evans, G. A. 1113-1129. (2020): An Annotated Checklist Abd-Rabou, S. (2000): Parasitoids of the Scale Insects of Egypt attacking the hibiscus mealybug (Hemiptera: : Maconellicoccus hirsutus Coccomorpha: Coccoidea). (Green) (Homoptera : Acta Pytopathologica Pseudococcidae) in Egypt. Entomologica Hungarica , 55 Proceeding of the Scientific (2): In Press. Conference of Agricultural Abd-Rabou, S. (1997): Parasitoids Sciences, Faculty of Agric. attacking the olive scale insect, Assiut Univ. , II: 661-666. Paralatoria oleae (Colvee) Abd-Rabou, S. (2001): Parasitoids (Homoptera : Coccidea : attacking Mealybugs Diaspididae) in Egypt. The first (Homoptera: Coccidea: Scientific Conference of Pseudococcidae) in Egypt. Agricultural Sciences, Assuit, Egypt. J. Agric. Res., 79 (4): II: 719-726. 1355-1377. Abd-Rabou, S. (1997a): The role of Abd-Rabou, S. (2001a): Parasitoids Encarsia citrina (Hymenoptera: attacking Mealybugs Aphelinidae) in the biological (Homoptera : Coccidea : control of armored scale insects Pseudococcidae) in Egypt. (Homoptera: Coccoidea:

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